Benchmarking Energy Use in Buildings and Cleanrooms. Satish... · Benchmarking Energy Use in Buildings and Cleanrooms Dr. Satish Kumar ... and cooling tower or condenser fans. ISA

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Benchmarking Energy Use in Buildings and Cleanrooms

Dr. Satish Kumar

Energy Efficiency Ambassador

Schneider Electric India Pvt. Ltd. (Formerly, Chief of Party, USAID ECO-III Project)

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore

February 21, 2011


Outline

»Commercial Building Sector in India

»Benchmarking Energy Use in the Building Sector

»Implementation Barriers & Challenges

»ECBC Implementation Strategy

»Conclusions & Recommendations


Commercial Buildings Sector in India

Commercial Buildings Growth Forecast

» Currently, ~ 659 million m2 (USAID ECO-III Internal Estimate Using MOSPI, CEA and Benchmarked Energy Use data)

» In 2030,~ 1,900 million m2 (estimated) *

• 66% building stock is yet to be constructed

Year: 2010

660 million

m2

* Assuming 5-6% Annual Growth

Current34%

Yet to be Built 66%

1,930 million m2

Source: USAID ECO- III Project, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory


Projected Growth Across Building Sector in India

Source: McKinsey Analysis


Growth of Electricity Consumption in Commercial Sector in India

28201 31381

35965 40220

46685

11.3 14.6

11.8 16.1

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

GW

h

Growth in % over the previous year

SOURCE: Central Electricity Authority (2009).


Indian Power Supply: Current Situation and Future Projections

»Installed Capacity in India – Approx. 160,000 MW

»Projected Capacity in 2030 – 800,000 MW

• 600 MW capacity addition each week

»Continued deficit supply in 2007-08 (MOP)

• Peak power deficit of 16.6%

• Energy Deficit of 9.9%

Source: Planning Commission of India and Central Electricity Authority


Electricity Scenario in India

Domestic 24%

Commercial 9%

Industry 38%

Public Lighting 1%

Traction (Railways)

2%

Agricultutre 21%

Public Water Works & Sewage

Pumping 3%

Miscellaneous 2%

1614

1486 1433

1020

623

439

188 101

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Punjab Gujarat Delhi Maharashtra MadhyaPradesh

West Bengal Assam Bihar

Ele

ctri

city

in k

Wh

Source: Central Electricity Authority's 'Year End Review 2007-08'

State-wise Per Capita Electricity Consumption During the Year 2007-08

National Average


ECBC Compliance

ENVELOPE

HVAC

LIGHTING

ELECTRICAL POWER

SOLAR HOT WATER & PUMPING

Man

dat

ory

Req

uir

emen

ts

Prescriptive

Whole Building Performance

Trade-off option (for ENVELOPE only)

COMPLIANCE APPROACHES

Required for ALL Compliance Approaches

Applicable BUILDING SYSTEMS


Energy Conservation Act 2001

» Government of India - creation of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

» Powers and Functions of BEE vis-à-vis ECBC • Prescribe ECBC for efficient use of energy • Take suitable steps to prescribe guidelines for ECBC • Link Energy Performance Index (from the EC Act) to the ECBC Prescriptive Compliance

Approach in order to facilitate the implementation of the Code

[On Page 5, clause (j) of the EC Act, 2001 currently reads: "energy conservation building codes" means the norms and standards of energy consumption expressed in terms of per square meter of the area wherein energy is used and includes the location of the building]

» Power of State Government: The State Govt., in consultation with BEE, may

• amend ECBC to suit the regional and local climatic conditions with respect to use of energy in the buildings

• direct the owner or occupier of a building (if notified as a Designated Consumer) to comply with the provisions of ECBC


Use of Benchmark Numbers

» Building Level Benchmarks – First Step, Less Costly

• Energy consumption per employee in an office

• Energy consumption per bed in a hospital

• Energy consumption per room in a hotel

» System Level Benchmarks – Requires Metering Infrastructure, More Costly and Data-Intensive

• Lighting System: 5 Watts/m2

• Equipment Power: 10 Watts/m2

• HVAC System: 50 m2/Ton of Refrigeration; 25 Watts/m2

• Chilled and Condenser water pumps: 10 Watts/GPM

• Air Handling Unit: 0.75 Watts/CFM


Benchmarking: Macro Analysis – Building Population

N=760 N=861


Baseline Energy Use in Commercial Buildings

Number of Buildings

Building Type Floor Area (m2)

Annual Energy Consumption

(kWh) Benchmarking Indices

OFFICE BUILDINGS kWh/m2/year kWh/m2/hour

145 One shift Buildings 16,716 20,92,364 149 0.068

55 Three shifts Buildings 31,226 88,82,824 349 0.042

88 Public Sector Buildings 15,799 18,38,331 115 0.045

224 Private Sector

Buildings 28,335 44,98,942 258 0.064

10 Green Buildings 8,382 15,89,508 141 -

HOSPITALS kWh/m2/year kWh/bed/year

128 Multi-specialty

Hospitals 8721 24,53,060 378 13,890

22 Government Hospitals 19,859 13,65,066 88 2,009

HOTELS kWh/m2/year kWh/room/yea

r

89 Luxury Hotels (4 and 5

Star) 19,136 48,65,711 279 24,110

SHOPPING MALLS kWh/m2/year kWh/m2/hour

101 Shopping Malls 10,516 23,40,939 252 0.05642

Source: Building Energy Benchmarking study undertaken by the USAID ECO-III Project


Why Regression Based Rating and Why Not Simple EPI Based Rating?

»Simple EPI based rating does not take into account

• Physical characteristics

• Location characteristics

• Operating characteristics

Regression based methodology:

Energy consumption of a benchmarked building

= function (Building use, physical, operational and location characteristics).


Performance Based Rating

1. Estimate energy consumed by benchmarked building log(kwh) = c0. + c1.climate + c2.log(%ac) + c3.log(bua) + c4.log(hrs) + c5.log(emp)

2. Calculate performance relative to the benchmarked building (BPI)

BPI=Actual Energy Consumed / Energy Consumed by the benchmarked building

3. Compare candidate buildings’ BPI to other buildings and assign score to the performance differential

0 1 2 3 4

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Building Performance Index (BPI)

BPI (Actual Annual KWH consumed/ Predicted KWH)

Cum

ulat

ive

Per

cent

DataFitted Curve

10 12 14 16 18

1012

1416

Actual Electricity Consumed(Log)

Est

imat

ed E

lect

ricity

Con

sum

ed(L

og)

lkwh

-3 -2 -1 0

0.17 0.87

8.0 8.5 9.0

0.093

1012

1416

18

0.83

-3-2

-10

lpac20.082 0.29 0.081

lbua0.11

46

8100.80

8.0

8.5

9.0

lhrs0.19

10 12 14 16 18 4 6 8 10 12 3 5 7 9

35

79lemp

Offices


10 12 14 16 18

1012

1416

Actual Electricity Consumed(Log)

Est

imat

ed E

lect

ricity

Con

sum

ed(L

og)


Building Performance Index (BPI) =

Energy consumed by the benchmarked building

Actual Energy Consumed

BPI < 1 Efficient Bldgs.

BPI > 1 Inefficient Bldgs.



EPI Percentile ~ 82 25%

132 50%

200 ~ 75%

Building Type Office

Built up area (m2) 2,000

Annual Elec. Purchased (kWh) 100,000

Annual Elec. Generated (kWh) 40,000

Select Climate zone Hot and Dry

Hours per day 12

Days per Week 5

Percent conditioned space 0.75

Total number of employees 150



EPI Percentile ~ 72 25%

116 50%

175 ~ 75% Dynamic!

Building Type Office

Built up area (m2) 2,000

Annual Elec. Purchased (kWh) 100,000

Annual Elec. Generated (kWh) 40,000

Select Climate zone Hot and Dry

Hours per day 12

Days per Week 5

Percent conditioned space 0.75

Total number of employees 150


Benchmarking of Cleanroom Facilities


Cleanroom Energy Benchmarking

» Cleanroom energy benchmarking data shows that there is a variety of chiller plant designs and operating efficiency for cleanroom facilities.

» Chiller plants usually serve cleanroom facility and adjacent spaces simultaneously and use significant energy and water.

» The efficiency level of the overall chiller plant is influenced by the efficiency of individual components and subsystems in the plant.

» Major components include chillers, water pumps, and cooling tower or condenser fans.


Benchmarked cleanroom energy usages in a semiconductor

cleanroom facility

Central Plant Chilled Water for Cleanroom

Cooling12%

Central Plant Chilled Water for Process

Cooling7%

Glycol Chilled Water40%

Heating10%

Cleanroom Fans14%

Process16%

Lighting1%


Benchmarked HVAC energy usages in a semiconductor cleanroom facility

Chillers39%

Cooling Towers

7%

Pumps17%

MUAH + RCU Fans9%

Hot Water + Steam25%

Exhaust Fans3%


HVAC Air Systems

» Air Change Rates

• Recirculation air change rates (ACRs) are an important factor in contamination control in a cleanroom and are the single largest factor in determining fan and motor sizing for a recirculation air handling system.

• Many air change rate recommendations were developed decades ago with little scientific research to back them up. The recommended design ranges for ISO Class 5 (Class 100) cleanroom ACRs are from 250 to 700 air changes per hour. Higher ACRs equate to higher airflows and more energy use, and don’t always achieve the desired cleanliness.

• Benchmarking has shown that most facilities are operated at or below the low range of recommended ACRs. A Sematech study has also verified that lowered air change rates in cleanrooms are adequate in maintaining cleanliness. The actual operating ACRs documented for ten ISO Class 5 cleanrooms was between 94 and 276 air changes per hour.


Global Trends

» Building Performance

» Labeling of Buildings and Facilities

• EN 16001

• ISO 50001

• IPMVP

» Automation and Controls Innovation

» Next Generation of Energy Management Systems


Thank You

» Contact Information: Satish Kumar, Ph.D. Energy Efficiency Ambassador Schneider Electric India Pvt. Ltd. Phone: +91-124-3305-039 Email: [email protected]

» Useful Web Sites:http://www.bee-india.nic.in/ecbc.php http://www.eco3.org http://www.buildingenergytools.in/benchmarking http://www.buildingenergytools.in/econirman

Acknowledgements:

1. Bureau of Energy Efficiency, USAID, and ECO-III Project Team

2. Kumar, S. et. al. (2010): Developing an Energy Conservation Building Code Implementation Strategy in India, ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Asilomar, CA

3. Kumar, S. et. Al. (2010): Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India, BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.

http://www.bee-india.nic.in/ecbc.php



http://www.eco3.org

http://www.buildingenergytools.in/benchmarking

http://www.buildingenergytools.in/benchmarking

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Benchmarking Energy Use in Buildings and Cleanrooms. Satish... · Benchmarking Energy Use in Buildings and Cleanrooms Dr. Satish Kumar ... and cooling tower or condenser fans. ISA