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Evgw, eivmi to; A[lfa. Beginning Greek for Bible Study. Class #7 Verbs. kai; to; w =. Exegetical Example. No one who abides in Him sins; no one who sins has seen Him or knows Him. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Beginning Greek for Beginning Greek for Bible StudyBible Study
Class #7Class #7
VerbsVerbs
Evgw, eivmi to; A[lfa
kai; to; w=
Exegetical ExampleExegetical Example
No one who abides in Him sins; no one who sins has seen Him or knows Him.
pa/j o` evn auvtw/| me,nwn ouvc a`marta,nei\ pa/j o` a`marta,nwn ouvc e`w,raken auvto.n ouvde. e;gnwken auvto,nÅ
Little children, make sure no one deceives you; the one who practices righteousness is righteous, just as He is righteous;
Tekni,a( mhdei.j plana,tw u`ma/j\ o` poiw/n th.n dikaiosu,nhn di,kaio,j evstin( kaqw.j evkei/noj di,kaio,j evstin\
Exegetical ExampleExegetical Example
he one who practices sin is aof the devil; for the devil 1has sinned from the beginning. bThe Son of God cappeared for this purpose, dto destroy the works of the devil.
o` poiw/n th.n a`marti,an evk tou/ diabo,lou evsti,n( o[ti avpV avrch/j o` dia,boloj a`marta,neiÅ eivj tou/to evfanerw,qh o` ui`o.j tou/ qeou/( i[na lu,sh| ta. e;rga tou/ diabo,louÅ
No one who is 1aborn of God bpractices sin, because His seed abides in him; and he cannot sin, because he is 1born of God.
Pa/j o` gegennhme,noj evk tou/ qeou/ a`marti,an ouv poiei/( o[ti spe,rma auvtou/ evn auvtw/| me,nei( kai. ouv du,natai a`marta,nein( o[ti evk tou/ qeou/ gege,nnhtaiÅ
Introduction to Greek VerbsIntroduction to Greek Verbs
Greek Verbs have:Greek Verbs have: Tense – indicates the “type” of action, and Tense – indicates the “type” of action, and
sometimes the time as wellsometimes the time as well Voice – how the action affects the subjectVoice – how the action affects the subject Mood – the action’s relationship to realityMood – the action’s relationship to reality Person – who is the subjectPerson – who is the subject Number – is the subject one or more peopleNumber – is the subject one or more people
Agreement – verbs must agree with its Agreement – verbs must agree with its subject in person and numbersubject in person and number
A Basic Verb ChartA Basic Verb ChartPerson & Person & NumberNumber
GreekGreek TranslationTranslation
11stst singular singular avkou,w I hearI hear
22ndnd singular singular avkou,eij You hearYou hear
33rdrd singular singular avkou,ei He/she/it He/she/it hearshears
11stst plural plural avkou,omen
We hearWe hear
22ndnd plural plural avkou,ete You hearYou hear
33rdrd plural plural avkou,ousi
They hearThey hear
Verbal AspectVerbal Aspect
Aspect is perhaps the most difficult Aspect is perhaps the most difficult concept to understand with Greek verbs.concept to understand with Greek verbs.
Aspect refers to the type of action a verb is Aspect refers to the type of action a verb is describingdescribing
Unlike English, Greek is primarily Unlike English, Greek is primarily interested in the interested in the type type of action, and only of action, and only secondarily, the secondarily, the timetime of the action of the action
In Greek, the tense of a verb primarily In Greek, the tense of a verb primarily reveals the type of action, and only reveals the type of action, and only sometimes, the time of the actionsometimes, the time of the action
Verbal AspectVerbal Aspect
There are three aspects:There are three aspects: Undefined (external) – this type of verb simply Undefined (external) – this type of verb simply
states the action, without any further states the action, without any further indication about the type of actionindication about the type of action
Continuous (internal) – this type of verb Continuous (internal) – this type of verb means that the action is an ongoing processmeans that the action is an ongoing process
Perfective – this type of verb means that the Perfective – this type of verb means that the action has been completed in the past but has action has been completed in the past but has effects that carry into the presenteffects that carry into the present
Lexical (dictionary) FormsLexical (dictionary) Forms
In English, if you look up a verb in a In English, if you look up a verb in a dictionary, it is given in the infinitive form: dictionary, it is given in the infinitive form: “to run,” “to speak,” “to clean.”“to run,” “to speak,” “to clean.”
In Greek, the dictionary (lexical) form is In Greek, the dictionary (lexical) form is the first person singular, present the first person singular, present indicative:indicative: avkou,w – “I hear” le,gw – “I say”
Numbering SystemsNumbering Systems
Over the years, scholars have assigned Over the years, scholars have assigned numbers to Greek words. These numbers make numbers to Greek words. These numbers make it easy to look up Greek words, even for people it easy to look up Greek words, even for people who don’t know Greek.who don’t know Greek.The most common numbering system was The most common numbering system was developed by James Strong. They are known developed by James Strong. They are known as “Strong’s numbers.”as “Strong’s numbers.”Because Dr. Strong did not number every Greek Because Dr. Strong did not number every Greek word, a new numbering system was recently word, a new numbering system was recently developed by Ed Goodrick and John developed by Ed Goodrick and John Kohlenberger. This system is known as the GK Kohlenberger. This system is known as the GK numbering system.numbering system.
Numbering SystemsNumbering Systems
Our textbook uses the GK system, as well Our textbook uses the GK system, as well as Dr. Mounce’s as Dr. Mounce’s Interlinear for the Rest of Interlinear for the Rest of UsUs..
However, the most common numbering However, the most common numbering system that the vast majority of books and system that the vast majority of books and resources use, is the Strong’s System.resources use, is the Strong’s System.
We’ll talk about how to use the numbering We’ll talk about how to use the numbering systems to look up words next time.systems to look up words next time.
Active and Passive VoiceActive and Passive VoicePerson & Person & NumberNumber
GreekGreek
ActiveActive
TranslationTranslation Greek Greek PassivePassive
TranslationTranslation
11stst singular singular lu,w I looseI loose lu,omailu,omai I am loosedI am loosed
22ndnd singular singular lu,eij You looseYou loose lu,h|lu,h| You are loosedYou are loosed
33rdrd singular singular lu,ei He/she/it He/she/it looseslooses
lu,etailu,etai He/she/it is He/she/it is loosedloosed
11stst plural plural lu,omen
We looseWe loose lu,omeqalu,omeqa We are loosedWe are loosed
22ndnd plural plural lu,ete You looseYou loose lu,esqelu,esqe You are loosedYou are loosed
33rdrd plural plural lu,ousi(n)
They looseThey loose lu,ontailu,ontai They are They are loosedloosed
Deponent VerbsDeponent Verbs
Sometimes, a Greek verb will have a Sometimes, a Greek verb will have a passive form, but will be active in passive form, but will be active in meaning. These are called deponent meaning. These are called deponent verbs.verbs.
Identifying a deponent verb is fairly easy. Identifying a deponent verb is fairly easy. Deponent verbs end in Deponent verbs end in omaiomai
Middle VoiceMiddle Voice
Unlike English, Greek also has a Middle voice. Unlike English, Greek also has a Middle voice.
The middle voice indicates that the action of the The middle voice indicates that the action of the verb in some way concerns the subject.verb in some way concerns the subject. Jesus answered nothing [in his defense].Jesus answered nothing [in his defense]. Mary has chosen [for herself] the good part.Mary has chosen [for herself] the good part. He (Ananias) kept back [for himself] some of the He (Ananias) kept back [for himself] some of the
price.price.
Often, the forms for the passive and middle Often, the forms for the passive and middle voices are identical, so context must dictate voices are identical, so context must dictate which voice is meant.which voice is meant.
Most middle voice verbs are deponents (75%)Most middle voice verbs are deponents (75%)
Subjects and VerbsSubjects and Verbs
A Greek sentence does not require an A Greek sentence does not require an expressed subject, since the subject can expressed subject, since the subject can often be “built into” the verb. For example:often be “built into” the verb. For example: evgw. le,gw evgw. le,gw = “I say”= “I say” le,gw le,gw = “I say”= “I say”
Greek also can drop the direct object if it Greek also can drop the direct object if it has already been expressedhas already been expressed
The Present IndicativeThe Present Indicative
The present indicative verb describes an The present indicative verb describes an action that generally occurs in the present action that generally occurs in the present from the speaker/writer’s point of viewfrom the speaker/writer’s point of view Tense = present, indicating continuous or Tense = present, indicating continuous or
undefined action. The present tense usually undefined action. The present tense usually (but not always) indicates action occurring at (but not always) indicates action occurring at the present time.the present time.
Mood – indicative, or a statement of factMood – indicative, or a statement of fact Voice – in the present tense, the middle and Voice – in the present tense, the middle and
passive voice forms are identicalpassive voice forms are identical
Uses of the Present IndicativeUses of the Present Indicative
Immediate action (instantaneous)Immediate action (instantaneous) My son, your sins are forgiven (Mark 2:5)My son, your sins are forgiven (Mark 2:5)
Ongoing action (progressive)Ongoing action (progressive) For if I am praying in a tongue, my spirit is For if I am praying in a tongue, my spirit is
praying (1 Cor. 14:14)praying (1 Cor. 14:14)
Repeated action (iterative)Repeated action (iterative) For often he falls into the fire (Matt. 17:15)For often he falls into the fire (Matt. 17:15)
Regular action (habitual)Regular action (habitual) I fast twice a week (Luke 18:12)I fast twice a week (Luke 18:12)
Uses of the Present IndicativeUses of the Present Indicative
A timeless fact (gnomic)A timeless fact (gnomic) God loves a cheerful giver (2 Cor. 9:7)God loves a cheerful giver (2 Cor. 9:7)
Past action (dramatic)Past action (dramatic) The next day, he saw Jesus coming toward The next day, he saw Jesus coming toward
him (John 1:29)him (John 1:29)
Future action (futuristic)Future action (futuristic) Yes, I am coming quickly (Rev. 22:20)Yes, I am coming quickly (Rev. 22:20)
The Future IndicativeThe Future Indicative
The future indicative describes action that The future indicative describes action that will occur in the future.will occur in the future.
In English, we simply add a helping verb to In English, we simply add a helping verb to create the future (“will” or “shall”).create the future (“will” or “shall”).
In Greek, a different form of the word is In Greek, a different form of the word is used.used.
Uses of the Future IndicativeUses of the Future Indicative
Predictive (something that will happen in Predictive (something that will happen in the future)the future) He who began a good work in you will bring it He who began a good work in you will bring it
to completion (Phil. 1:6)to completion (Phil. 1:6)
Command (imperative)Command (imperative) You shall love the Lord your God (Matt. 22:37)You shall love the Lord your God (Matt. 22:37)
Gnomic (a generic event will occur)Gnomic (a generic event will occur) Man shall not live on bread alone (Matt. 4:4)Man shall not live on bread alone (Matt. 4:4)
The Past TensesThe Past Tenses
Aorist – undefined action that normally Aorist – undefined action that normally occurs in the pastoccurs in the past
Imperfect – continuous action that Imperfect – continuous action that normally occurs in the pastnormally occurs in the past
The Past TensesThe Past Tenses
Unlike the Present tense, which can refer Unlike the Present tense, which can refer either to continuous or undefined action, either to continuous or undefined action, the Imperfect the Imperfect alwaysalways refers to continuous refers to continuous action, and the Aorist action, and the Aorist alwaysalways indicates indicates undefined actionundefined action
Both the Aorist and Imperfect tenses Both the Aorist and Imperfect tenses usually usually refer to past action, but not always. refer to past action, but not always. Remember, time is secondary! Remember, time is secondary!
Uses of the Imperfect TenseUses of the Imperfect Tense
Ongoing action that happened in the past Ongoing action that happened in the past (Progressive)(Progressive) He was teaching his disciples (Mark 9:31)He was teaching his disciples (Mark 9:31)
Emphasize the beginning of the action Emphasize the beginning of the action (Inceptive)(Inceptive) Angels came and began to minister to him Angels came and began to minister to him
(Matt. 4:11)(Matt. 4:11)
Repeated action (iterative)Repeated action (iterative) The widow kept coming to the judge (Luke The widow kept coming to the judge (Luke
18:3)18:3)
Uses of the Imperfect TenseUses of the Imperfect Tense
Regular action (Customary)Regular action (Customary) Now at the feast, he used to release for them Now at the feast, he used to release for them
any one prisoner (Mark 15:6)any one prisoner (Mark 15:6)
Others: action that oneOthers: action that one Wishes to do (Voluntative)Wishes to do (Voluntative)
For I could wish that I myself were accursed (Rom. For I could wish that I myself were accursed (Rom. 9:3)9:3)
Tries to do (Conative)Tries to do (Conative)But John tried to deter him (Matt. 3:14)But John tried to deter him (Matt. 3:14)
Almost does (Tendential)Almost does (Tendential)
Uses of the Aorist TenseUses of the Aorist Tense
Looks at the action as a whole without further Looks at the action as a whole without further comment (constative)comment (constative) He got into the boat and went to the region of He got into the boat and went to the region of
Magadan (Matt. 15:39)Magadan (Matt. 15:39)
Emphasize beginning (ingressive)Emphasize beginning (ingressive) The king was angry (Matt. 22:7)The king was angry (Matt. 22:7)
Timeless truth (gnomic)Timeless truth (gnomic) The grass withers and the flower falls off (1 Pt. 1:24)The grass withers and the flower falls off (1 Pt. 1:24)
Future (proleptic)Future (proleptic) And those whom he justified he also glorified (Rom. And those whom he justified he also glorified (Rom.
8:30)8:30)
The Perfect IndicativeThe Perfect Indicative
The perfect tense refers to completed The perfect tense refers to completed action with present effects.action with present effects.
Uses of the perfect tense:Uses of the perfect tense: Emphasize the completion (Consummative)Emphasize the completion (Consummative)
I have fought the good fight, I have finished the I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race (2 Tim. 4:7)race (2 Tim. 4:7)
Emphasize the resulting state of the action Emphasize the resulting state of the action (Intensive)(Intensive)
Man, your sins are forgiven you (Luke 5:20)Man, your sins are forgiven you (Luke 5:20)
HomeworkHomework
Read chapter 19 in Read chapter 19 in Greek for the Rest of Greek for the Rest of UsUs (Green book) (Green book)
Do the exercises at the end of chapter 18 Do the exercises at the end of chapter 18 (Greek book)(Greek book)
Catch up and review as neededCatch up and review as needed
Advanced ClassAdvanced Class
Class #7Class #7
More on verbs!More on verbs!
Review of DeclensionsReview of Declensions
11stst declension – stem ends in alpha or eta declension – stem ends in alpha or eta
22ndnd declension – stem ends in omicron declension – stem ends in omicron
33rdrd declension – stem ends in a consonant declension – stem ends in a consonant
The good news: there are only three The good news: there are only three declensions!declensions!
Declension and GenderDeclension and Gender
mascmasc femfem neutneut
Nom sgNom sg jj -- nn
Gen sgGen sg uu jj uu
Dat sgDat sg ii ii ii
Acc sgAcc sg nn nn nn
Masc/femMasc/fem neutneut
jj --
ojoj ojoj
ii ii
a a // n n --
1st and 2nd declension 3rd declension
Declension and GenderDeclension and Gender
mascmasc femfem neutneut
Nom plNom pl ii ii aa
Gen plGen pl wnwn wnwn wnwn
Dat plDat pl ijij ijij ijij
Acc plAcc pl ujuj jj aa
Masc/femMasc/fem neutneut
ejej aa
wnwn wnwn
sisi((nn)) sisi((nn))
ajaj aa
1st and 2nd declension 3rd declension
The ArticleThe Article
22 11 22
MasculineMasculine FeminineFeminine neuterneuter
Nom sgNom sg o`o` h`h` to,to,
Gen sgGen sg tou/tou/ th/jth/j tou/tou/
Dat sgDat sg tw|tw| th|/th|/ tw|tw|
Acc sgAcc sg to,nto,n th,nth,n to,to,
Nom plNom pl oi`oi` ai`ai` ta,ta,
Gen plGen pl tw/ntw/n tw/ntw/n tw/ntw/n
Dat plDat pl toi/jtoi/j tai/jtai/j toi/jtoi/j
Acc plAcc pl tou,jtou,j ta,jta,j ta,ta,
The Greek verbThe Greek verb
Tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Aorist, Tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Aorist, Perfect)Perfect) Tense signifies verbal aspectTense signifies verbal aspect Tense sometimes can signify verbal timeTense sometimes can signify verbal time
Voice (Active, Middle, Passive)Voice (Active, Middle, Passive)Mood (Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, Mood (Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, Infinitive, Participle)Infinitive, Participle)Person (1Person (1stst, 2, 2ndnd, 3, 3rdrd))Number (Singular, Plural)Number (Singular, Plural)
How to Build a VerbHow to Build a Verb
StemStem
Connecting vowelConnecting vowel
Personal endingsPersonal endings
lu + o men
+
Present Active IndicativePresent Active Indicative
Describes an action that normally occurs Describes an action that normally occurs in the present, either continuous or in the present, either continuous or undefined.undefined.
Present tense stem + connecting vowel + Present tense stem + connecting vowel + primary active personal endingsprimary active personal endings
Present Active IndicativePresent Active IndicativePerson & Person & NumberNumber
GreekGreek
ActiveActive
TranslationTranslation Connecting Connecting vowelvowel
Personal Personal endingending
11stst singular singular lu,w I looseI loose oo22ndnd singular singular lu,eij You looseYou loose ee jj
33rdrd singular singular lu,ei He/she/it He/she/it looseslooses
ee ii
11stst plural plural lu,omen
We looseWe loose oo menmen
22ndnd plural plural lu,ete You looseYou loose ee tete
33rdrd plural plural lu,ousi(n)
They looseThey loose oo nsinsi
Master Verb ChartMaster Verb ChartTenseTense Aug/RedupAug/Redup Tense stemTense stem Tense formTense form Connecting Connecting
VowelVowelPersonal Personal EndingsEndings
11stst sing sing paradigmparadigm
Present Present activeactive
presentpresent oo / / ee Primary Primary activeactive
lu,wlu,w
Present Passive IndicativePresent Passive IndicativePerson & Person & NumberNumber
Greek Greek PassivePassive
TranslationTranslation Connecting Connecting VowelVowel
endingsendings
11stst singularsingular
lu,omalu,omaii
I am loosedI am loosed oo maimai
22ndnd singularsingular
lu,h|lu,h| You are loosedYou are loosed ee saisai
33rdrd singularsingular
lu,etailu,etai He/she/it is He/she/it is loosedloosed
ee taitai
11stst plural plural lu,omelu,omeqaqa
We are loosedWe are loosed oo meqameqa
22ndnd plural plural lu,esqlu,esqee
You are loosedYou are loosed ee sqesqe
33rdrd plural plural lu,ontalu,ontaii
They are They are loosedloosed
oo ntaintai
Present Middle IndicativePresent Middle IndicativePerson & Person & NumberNumber
Greek Greek PassivePassive
TranslationTranslation Connecting Connecting VowelVowel
endingsendings
11stst singularsingular
lu,omalu,omaii
I am loosedI am loosed oo maimai
22ndnd singularsingular
lu,h|lu,h| You are loosedYou are loosed ee saisai
33rdrd singularsingular
lu,etailu,etai He/she/it is He/she/it is loosedloosed
ee taitai
11stst plural plural lu,omelu,omeqaqa
We are loosedWe are loosed oo meqameqa
22ndnd plural plural lu,esqlu,esqee
You are loosedYou are loosed ee sqesqe
33rdrd plural plural lu,ontalu,ontaii
They are They are loosedloosed
oo ntaintai
Master Verb ChartMaster Verb ChartTenseTense Aug/RedupAug/Redup Tense stemTense stem Tense formTense form Connecting Connecting
VowelVowelPersonal Personal EndingsEndings
11stst sing sing paradigmparadigm
Present Present activeactive
presentpresent oo / / ee Primary Primary activeactive
lu,wlu,w
Present Present middle / middle / passivepassive
PresentPresent o o // e e Primary Primary middle / middle / passivepassive
lu,omlu,omaiai
Future TenseFuture Tense
The future tense refers to action that will The future tense refers to action that will take place in the future.take place in the future.
Formation of the future active indicative:Formation of the future active indicative:Future active stem + tense formative (Future active stem + tense formative (ss) + ) +
connecting vowel + primary active endingsconnecting vowel + primary active endings
lulu + + ss + + oo + + menmen = = lu,somenlu,somen
Future Active IndicativeFuture Active IndicativePerson & Person & NumberNumber
Greek Greek ActiveActive
TranslationTranslation Tense Tense formativeformative
Connecting Connecting VowelVowel
endingsendings
11stst singularsingular
lu,swlu,sw I will looseI will loose ss oo
22ndnd singularsingular
lu,seijlu,seij You will looseYou will loose ss ee jj
33rdrd singularsingular
lu,seilu,sei He/she/it will He/she/it will looseloose
ss ee ii
11stst plural plural lu,somlu,somenen
We will looseWe will loose ss oo menmen
22ndnd plural plural lu,setelu,sete You will looseYou will loose ss ee tete33rdrd plural plural lu,souslu,sous
iiThey will looseThey will loose ss oo nsinsi
Future Middle IndicativeFuture Middle IndicativePerson & Person & NumberNumber
Greek ActiveGreek Active TranslationTranslation Tense Tense formativeformative
Connecting Connecting VowelVowel
endingsendings
11stst singularsingular
poreu,soporeu,somaimai
I will goI will go ss oo maimai
22ndnd singularsingular
poreu,sh|poreu,sh| You will goYou will go ss ee saisai
33rdrd singularsingular
poreu,setporeu,setaiai
He/she/it He/she/it will gowill go
ss ee taitai
11stst plural plural poreu,soporeu,someqameqa
We will goWe will go ss oo meqameqa
22ndnd plural plural poreu,sesporeu,sesqeqe
You will goYou will go ss ee sqesqe
33rdrd plural plural poreu,sonporeu,sontaitai
They will They will gogo
ss oo ntaintai
Future of Future of eivmi, eivmi, (mid dep)(mid dep)
Person & Person & NumberNumber
Greek ActiveGreek Active TranslationTranslation
11stst singularsingular
e;somaie;somai I will beI will be
22ndnd singularsingular
e;sh|e;sh| You will beYou will be
33rdrd singularsingular
e;staie;stai He/she/it He/she/it will bewill be
11stst plural plural evso,meqevso,meqaa
We will beWe will be
22ndnd plural plural e;sesqee;sesqe You will beYou will be
33rdrd plural plural e;sontaie;sontai They will They will bebe
Master Verb ChartMaster Verb ChartTenseTense Aug/RedupAug/Redup Tense stemTense stem Tense formTense form Connecting Connecting
VowelVowelPersonal Personal EndingsEndings
11stst sing sing paradigmparadigm
Present Present activeactive
PresentPresent oo / / ee Primary Primary activeactive
lu,wlu,w
Present Present middle / middle / passivepassive
PresentPresent o o // e e Primary Primary middle / middle / passivepassive
lu,omlu,omaiai
Future Future activeactive
Future Future activeactive
ss o o // e e Primary Primary activeactive
lu,swlu,sw
Future Future middlemiddle
Future Future activeactive
ss o o // e e Primary Primary middle / middle / passivepassive
poreu,soporeu,somaimai
HomeworkHomework
Read chapters 17, 20-22 in Read chapters 17, 20-22 in Basics of Basics of Biblical GreekBiblical Greek (blue book) (blue book)
Do the workbook exercises for chapters Do the workbook exercises for chapters 15-16, 18-19.15-16, 18-19.
Memorize your charts!Memorize your charts!
Catch up on vocabulary!Catch up on vocabulary!