LAN 401 BEGINNING GREEK I

Class II: English and Greek Nouns

English and Greek Nouns

1.1 Important Concepts and Definitions

English grammar first! Inflection Subjective case Indirect object Etc.

We cannot learn Greek grammar before we know English grammar!

English and Greek Nouns Inflection – “when words change their form”

He his He is the king ---- The king imprisoned him.

She her She has read the book ----- She has read her book

Know knew Prince princess

Word may change when it performs different functions in the sentence

Greek is highly inflected!

English Nouns

1.2 Case in English Function of a noun as it related to verb in a

sentence (or other parts of the sentence) case

Three cases in English Subjective case

Possessive case

Objective case

English Nouns

1.2.1 Subjective case If the word is the subject of a verb subjective

case

John went to the gym The dog ran away

To locate subject, ask “who” or “what”

English Nouns

1.2.2 Possessive Case

If the word demonstrates possession possessive case

Her New Testament has been taken away

Our dog is in a neighbor’s yard

English Nouns

1.2.3 Objective Case If a word is a direct object objective case

Direct object = person /thing directly affected by the action of verb

John failed his test The preacher preached the word

To locate direct object, ask “whom” or “what”

English Nouns

Most English word do not change their form in different cases

Teacher likes him (subjective case) He likes the teacher (objective case) BUT: He is teacher’s pet (possessive case)

CaseFunction Examples Subj. Subject He borrowed my computerPos. Possession He borrowed my computerObj. Direct object He borrowed my computer

English Nouns

1.3 Number Words can be singular or plural

One student

Three students

One or many

English Nouns

1.4 Gender Words are either masculine, feminine, or neuter

He She it

Some words change their form

He gave it to her. (all are sg.3 pronouns)

Also: steward – stewardess; prince - princess

English Nouns

1.5 Declension in English Declension

Grouping of nouns according to endings A noun is a word which designates a person, place, or

thing

Ex. English plural nouns Adding “s” OR “es” OR irregular plural nouns

Cat – cats wish – wishes mouse – mice

Meaning remains the same

A declension is a pattern of inflection!

Parts of Speech

1.6 Parts of Speech Noun

a word that stands for someone or something

Bill threw his big red book at the teacher

Adjective A word that modifies a noun (or another

adjective)

‘big’, ‘red’

Parts of Speech Preposition

A word that shows a relationship between two other words

My Greek book is under the table

Subject and Predicate Sentence has two parts: subject and predicate

Subject: subject of the verb & what modifies the subject

Predicate: rest of the sentence

My favorite Greek book is placed inside my desk.

Parts of Speech

Articles

Definite article: “The” The book I read is excellent

Specific book

Indefinite article: “a”/”an” I read a book yesterday

Some book in general

Case in Greek

2.1 Nominative and Accusative2.1.1 Nominative - designation

Main idea – subject of a sentence (“naming” case)

ὁ ἀπόστολος γινώσκει The apostle knows

Masculine singular word

ἀπόστολο - ς

Stem Case Ending

Case in Greek

2.1.2 Accusative - limitation Main idea: the direct object (I see the ball)

ὁ ἀπόστολος διδάσκει τόν υἱόν

The apostle teaches/is teaching the son

Masculine singular word

υἱόν υἱό – ν Accusative stem+ acc. ending

Case in Greek

2.1.3 Word order in GreekCase endings, not the word order, determines

meaning English word order: subject – verb – object

Matt saw a car

Greek word order – And listen you must to Yoda! More freedom in arrangement of the words

Often : conjunction-verb-subject-object Unusual word order points to an emphasis

Case endings, not the word order, determines meaning

Case in Greek

Examples of Greek word order

ὁ ἀπόστολος βλέπει τόν υἱόν τόν υἱόν βλέπει ὁ ἀπόστολος

The apostle sees the son // The apostle sees the son

ἠγάπησεν ὁ θέος τὸν κόσμον (Jh 3:16) God loved the world

Case in Greek2.2 Greek Nouns

Case Masculine Feminine Feminine Neuter

Nom. Sg. λόγος γραφή ὥρα ἔργον

Acc. Sg. λόγον γραφήν ὥραν ἔργον

Nom. Pl. λόγοι γραφάι ὥραι ἔργα

Acc. Pl. λόγους γραφάς ὥρας ἔργα

Case in Greek

2.3 Definite ArticleCase Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. Sg. ὁ ἡ τό

Acc. Sg. τόν τήν τό

Nom. Pl. οἱ αἱ τά

Acc. Pl. τούς τάς τά

Case in Greek

Examplesοἱ ἀπόστολοι βλέπουσι τοῦς υἱόυς The apostles see the sons

τήν βασιλείαν βλέπωI see the kingdom

ἠγάπησεν ὁ θέος τὸν κόσμον (Jh 3:16) God loved the world

Case in Greek

Workbook pp. 11-14

Case in Greek

3.1 Genitive and Dative3.1.1 Genitive in English Possessive case

“of” or “s”

The Word of God

The apostle’s word was ignored

Case in Greek

3.1.2 Dative in English Indirect object

Person/object is indirectly affected by the action of the verb

Karin threw the ball to Brad

Indirect object answers the question ‘to whom’ ‘to what’

Case in Greek

3.2 Genitive Case in Greek Genitive as possession

Main idea: specifies/qualifies the idea or a word it modifies

Often refers to possession

ὁ οἶκος τοῦ ἀποστόλου

The house of the apostle

ἀποστόλο - υ stem Case ending

Case in Greek Genitive as separation

Main idea indicates separation Same case as genitive – different function

ὁ ἀπόστολος πέμπει τὸυς δούλους τοῦ οἴκου

The apostle sends the servants from the house

More uses of genitive on pp. 52-53

“of” is the main idea of genitive!

Case in Greek

3.3 Dative Case in Greek Dative as reception

Main idea: indirect object of a verb (I spoke “to the crowd”)

ὁ ἀπόστολος λέγει τῷ ὄχλῳ

The apostle talks to the crowd

Case in Greek

Dative as location Main idea: location

ὁ ἀπόστολος διδάσκει τῷ οἴκῳ

The apostle teaches in the house

Case in Greek

Dative as means/instrument Main idea: means or instrument

ὁ ἀπόστολος διδάσκει νόμοις

The apostle teaches with laws

More uses of dative on pp. 53-54

“to” is the main idea of dative!

Case in GreekCase Masculin

eFeminine Feminine Neuter

Nom. Sg. λόγος γραφή ὥρα ἔργονGen. Sg. λόγου γραφῆς ὥρας ἔργουDat. Sg. λόγῳ γραφῇ ὥρᾳ ἔργῳAcc. Sg. λόγον γραφήν ὥραν ἔργονNom. Pl. λόγοι γραφαί ἔργαGen. Pl. λόγων γραφῶν ἔργωνDat. Pl. λόγοις γραφαῖς ἔργοιςAcc. Pl. λόγους γραφάς ἔργα

Case in GreekCase Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. Sg. ὁ ἡ τό

Gen. Sg. τοῦ τῆς τοῦ

Dat. Sg. τῷ τῇ τῷ

Acc. Sg. τόν τήν τό

Nom. Pl. οἱ αἱ τά

Gen. Pl. τῶν τῶν τῶν

Dat. Pl. τοῖς ταῖς τοῖς

Acc. Pl. τούς τάς τά

Exegesis and case

3.4 Luke 2:14 – Good will and peace to who?

14Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men. KJV

14 “Glory to God in the highest heaven,    and on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests.” NIV

14 "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace among those with whom he is pleased!“ ESV

what’s the differences?

Exegesis and Case

Greek text variants:

Nominative or genitive

14 Δόξα ἐν ὑψίστοις θεῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς εἰρήνη ἐν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκίας.

Case in Greek

Workbook pp. 15-18

Homework: p. 18, no: 11-17 (translate sentences)