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Bearings
Ball and roller bearings
Ball and roller bearings
Example of mechanisms
WORKING DRAWINGS
Production and Assembly
Documentation
Technical Data Presentation
Lecture 12
• Design process
• Technical documentation
• Working drawings
• Assembly working drawings
• Component working drawing
• Title block
• Modifications and revisions
• How to simplify the design process
• Checklist of a good design
• Technical data presentation
Content of the lecture
• Developed for a new product
• Includes working drawings apart from
calculations, technology details, assembly
scheme, etc.
• Working drawings include: • Assembly working drawings
• Component working drawing
• Component working drawings for the same
part may look different for different processes
Technical documentation
• One working drawing is made for each non-standard component
• All the necessary information to carry out manufacturing must be contained within the drawing
• Recommendation: use a reference (textbook) when draw a working drawing
• Assembly working drawing contain the necessary information to perform the assembly of the system
Working drawings
Working drawings
Working drawings
Working Drawings
• Includes assembly and
detailed specs for
manufacture
• Neatly made and checked
• Working drawings of
individual parts is called
detail drawing
• Details of individual parts may be drawn on single sheet or in many sheets
(one sheet per part), and assembly drawing done on separate bigger sheet
• If drawn on single sheet, space must be considered for dimensions and notes
as well
• In a detailed
drawing of an
assembly, the part
name and the
detail number are
located within the
drawing area
Detail Drawings
• A drawing must match a certain format
• The scale should be selected to make
sure that the component would fit the
format
• A preliminary evaluation should be
performed before the drawing is
completed
• Take into consideration the space for
dimensions
Drawing Form
back Drawing Form Refer front inside cover
of the book for details
Ion Stiharu
Drawing Form
• Used to record important information and keep track of the
parts a) Name and address of the company
b) Title of the drawing
c) Drawing number
d) Names of the designers and date of completion
e) Design approval
f) Additional approval
g) Predominant drawing scale
Title blocks and drawing #
h) Supply code for
manufacturers
i) Drawing sheet side
letter designation
j) Actual or estimated
weight of the item
Title blocks and drawing #
• Bill of Materials BOM -
consists of itemized list of
parts shown on a detail or
assembly drawing
• This is done above the
title strip (numbered
upward) or on separate
sheet
• It has the part numbers,
title, Qty, material and
other relevant info
• Drawing Numbers - all drawing should be numbered (lower
right or upper left corner of sheet) with serial numbers
indicating functionality of component or model No. of machine
• Revisions are required due to changes in design. So to keep track of all the modification, revisions need to be numbered and maintained
Modifications and Revisions
• The track of modifications is
kept on the drawing (some new
approaches are applied on CAD)
• If changes are considerable, new
drawing is made with
OBSOLETE stamped on old
1. Use text description whenever possible to eliminate
drawing completely.
2. Use text description whenever practical to eliminate
projected views.
3. Eliminate views where the shape can be given by
description e.g. HEX, SQ, DIA,
4. Show partial views of symmetrical objects.
5. Avoid elaborate, pictorial or repetitive detail.
How to simplify the design
process
6. When necessary to detail threads, do not show them
over the whole length.
7. Eliminate detail of nuts, bolt heads, and other standard
parts. Show outlines and position only.
8. Reduce detail of parts on assembly drawing.
9. Avoid unnecessary hidden lines that add no
clarification.
10. Use sectioning only when it is necessary for the clarity
of the drawing.
How to simplify the design
process
11. Simplify graphics for holes and tapped holes by use
of the symbols.
12. Omit views with no dimensional or written
instruction.
13. Within limits, a small drawing is usually easier and
quicker to make than a large one.
14. When two parts are slightly different, complete
graphical representation of both parts is not
required. The note: SAME AS EXCEPT …….. Or
OTHERWISE SAME AS …. may be given.
How to simplify the design
process
15. Drawings made to modify stock or commercial
parts should be as plain as possible. Avoid detail.
16. Use standard abbreviations whenever possible.
17. Whenever necessary, enlarge small details on
larger parts for clarity.
18. Draw small parts large enough to avoid crowding
so they may be easy to read, but not unnecessarily
too large to ware space on the drawing.
19. Do not duplicate dimensions.
How to simplify the design
process
20. Substitute recognized standard symbols, to simplify
greatly the drawing of common objects.
21. Eliminate repetitive data by use of general notes.
22. When drafting, do so much free-hand drawing as the
work permits, in preference to using instruments.
23. Where practical, use geometric symbols instead of
notes.
24. Where acceptable, give rectangular coordinate or
tabular dimensioning instead of dimension lines.
How to simplify the design
process
• Assembly drawing shows how each component is
positioned with respect to the others
• Each component should be identified and listed in a
parts list
• General assembly - gives a general graphic
description of the shape
• Sectioned assembly - shows the hidden features and
their interdependence
• Installation or outline assembly - indicates how the
parts, shown separated, are assembled
• Pictorial assembly - usually isometric, indicates how
the parts, shown separated, are assembled
Assembly Drawing
General Assembly Drawing
Detail
drawing of
a
automobile
connecting
rod
General Assembly Drawing
Assembly drawing of a
automobile connecting
rod
The purpose is relation
ship between parts in
assembly than
individual shape.
Minimum number of
views must be used.
Here one view is
enough to show the
relationship
This is also called a sub-assembly because this forms a part of
the bigger assembly
Sectional Assembly Drawing
Assembly drawing of a
Grinder
The purpose is relation
ship between parts in
assembly than
individual shape.
Minimum number of
views must be used.
Here (only) two views
are needed to show the
relationship
In order to avoid hidden lines (common due to interaction of many
components in assembly) sectioning is done to improve clarity
Sectional Assembly Drawing
• To distinguish parts,
section lines are
drawn in different
directions
• Change of angle (not
45°) may be done if
needed
• Thin materials like
gaskets are shown as
thick lines in section
• Standard practice is
not to section bolts,
shafts, even though
section lines pass
through them
Outline Assembly Drawing
• Made specifically to
show how to install
or erect a machine
• This is also called
installation assembly
• It outline the
relationships of
exterior surfaces
Outline Assembly Drawing • In aircraft drafting, installation assembly gives
complete information for placing details of
sub assemblies in their final positions in
airplane
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
• Made specifically to
show how to install
or erect a machine
• Here use of
isometric views to
show separated parts
that need to
assembled
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
Tabular drawing (catalog)
• Thus one
drawing serves
for a range of
sizes covered.
• But there is a
serious risk of
misreading the
table.
Is one on which the dimension are replaced by letters, and
accompanying table lists the corresponding dimensions for a series
of sizes
Standardized drawing
• Drawing is
made without
dimensioned
• Copied by any
methods
• Dimensions
filled
accordingly
To avoid misreading of tables as in tabular drawing, yet simplify
drawing process
1. Is the drawing easy to read?
2. Are the part outlines distinct from dimension lines?
3. Is the lettering neat and clear?
4. Is all of the information on the drawing?
5. Will the drawing make a good print?
6. Have all the rules of standard drafting practices
been followed?
Checklist for a good design
7. Is the nomenclature correct? Will anyone
understand it the same way?
8. Is the drawing title truly descriptive?
9. Are all the necessary views given?
10. Are all the dimensions shown?
11. Are dimensions which are given twice?
12. Are all the notes properly located?
13. Could any of the notes be misunderstood?
Checklist for a good design
14. Does the parts agree with the list?
15. Are the standard parts specified correctly?
16. Is the scale designated?
17. Are the finishes specified in the drawing?
18. Is heat treatment recommended?
19. Have standard manufacturing processes been
followed?
20. Can the part be produced simpler and more
economic?
Checklist for a good design
21. Are the materials specified?
22. Are the standard parts used to the maximum
extent?
23. Are the suppliers for the standard parts indicated?
24. The design is yours. Are you ready to approve it?
Checklist for a good design
Review
Exam Related Discussion and sample
problems
Lecture 13
Introduction to graphic language and design — means and
techniques. The third and the first angle projections.
Orthographic projection of points, lines, planes and solids.
Principal and auxiliary views. Views in a given direction.
Sectional views. Intersection of lines, planes and solids.
Development of surfaces. Drafting practices. Dimensioning,
fits and tolerancing. Computer-aided drawing and solid
modelling. Working drawings — detail and assembly
drawing. Design practice. Machine elements representation.
Case Study
Content of the Course
• Multi View Drawings
• you need to practice imagination and try doing some
missing line problems and other views given in the book
• You can also work on the example problems in the
slides.
• To help you do this, you can look at the following
website
• http://www.prenhall.com/giesecke (the website given in
the book)
Lecture 1
• Graphic constructions
– Line perpendicular to a segment passing through the middle
point
– Bisection line of an angle
– Tri-section lines of a 90° angle
– A hexagon inscribed into a given circle
– A point on a segment that divides the line in a given ratio
– Laying out an angle, transfering triangle
– Arc tangent to lines and arcs
– And other things that you see in the book as well
Lecture 2
• Sectional Views
– Full Sections, Half Sections
– Offset Sections
– Broken Sections
– Revolved Sections
• Sections through assemblies
– Do not section, shafts, bolts etc and other objects like ribs,
webs ….
– Attention to direction of section lines
– Thin objects (gaskets, seals…) are sectioned (filled) with thick
lines
– Rotate objects to avoid to improve clarity, when odd number of
spokes in a cirle etc…..
Lecture 3
• Auxiliary Views
– Primary aux view
– Depth, width and height aux view
– Folding line method
– Always take the projection lines in the direction of view, and
take the distances from the previous view
• Secondary aux view
– Drawn from the primary aux view
Lecture 3
• Particular positions of a line – horizontal, frontal or profile
• True length of a line – selected auxiliary views
• Bearing of a line (in the top view, N(S) nn E(W)
• Slope of a line (from the top view, draw a TL in aux view – elevation
view
• Point view of a line – second aux. View (first aux view to get TL)
• Relative position of a point vs. a line (to see if point is on the line or
not)
• Relative position of two lines (//, X or skew)
• Parallel lines; rule of parallel lines (exceptions) always seen parallel
except when they are perpendicular to the folding line you need the
third view
Lecture 4
• True distance between two parallel lines
– See the lines as points and find the distance between them
• Intersecting lines – identification through inspection
• Skewed lines – visibility drawn from adjacent view
• Perpendicular lines – rule of perpendicular lines
– A 90° angle appears in true size in any view showing one leg in
TL provided the other leg does not appear as point view
– Two intersecting lines are perpendicular if the TL projection is
making 90° with the other line
Lecture 4
• Distance form a point to a line
– Perpendicular to line and from the point is the shortest distance
– Go to the point view of the line and project the point too.
– Draw line between the 2 points and it has to be parallel to the
FL and 90° to the line (the distance is the TL line)
– Project the line in all the views
• Location of a perpendicular line at a give location on a line
– Same as above, find the point view of the line
– You can have multiple solutions unless a direction is given
– If direction given, Draw line from the point in that direction
– Adjacent view has to be parallel to the FL and 90° to the line
and it should be where the point is
– Project this line in all the views
• Checking for Skewed lines
– If point cannot be transmitted to adjacent views
Lecture 5
• Shortest Distance between 2 skewed lines
– Perpendicular to line and from the point view of the other line is
the shortest distance
– Go to the point view of one line and project the other line too.
– Draw line between the points and the line at 90° and it has to
be parallel to the FL and 90° to the line (the distance is the TL
line)
– Project the line in all the views
• Location of a line through a point intersecting 2 skewed lines
– Construct a plane with one line and the point
– Use cutting plane method to find the piercing point
– Draw a line from the piecing point to the given point and extend
it to the other line in the problem
Lecture 5
• Strike of a plane
– Bearing of a TL line in the plane is the strike of the plane
• Edge View of a plane
– Draw TL line (draw a line parallel to the FL in one view and
project the points of intersection with the plane to the adjacent
view)
– If you see the TL as point, you will see the plane as an edge
• Slope or dip of a plane
– The angle that the EV of a plane makes with the horizontal FL
• Shortest line from point to plane
– Find the EV of the plane and project the point as well
– Draw a line 90° to the plane from the point and make it TL by
Tracing back with perp from TL in the adjacent view.
– For the next view use the distance from the folding line
Lecture 5
• Shortest horizontal and grade line from point to plane
– Same as previous but the lines should have an angle parallel to
the horizontal FL for horizontal line or parallel to a line which is
at a given angle to horizontal FL for grade line
– Make it TL by Tracing back with perp from TL in the adjacent
view.
– For the next view use the distance from the folding line
• True shape of a plane
– Secondary aux view adjacent to the edge view of the plane
– Used to find TS of oblique surfaces or centre of oblique circle
etc…
• Angle of line with oblique plane
– Line in TL and plane in EV.
– First get the EV and project the line. Next get the TS of the
plane
– Next get the TL of the line in third aux view
Lecture 5
• Angle between intersecting lines in a plane
– Can be found if the plane is in its TS
• Dihedral angle
– Find the line of intersection between the planes
– Get the TL of the intersection line and its point view
– In that view you will see the planes as EV and angle is dihedral
angle
• Angle of line with oblique plane
– Line in TL and plane in EV.
– First get the EV and project the line. Next get the TS of the
plane
– Next get the TL of the line in third aux view
Lecture 6
• Shortest line between 2 skewed lines EV method
– Create a plane with one line and parallel to the other line
– EV of the plane will give 2 parallel lines. (distance (90°) between these
lines is the shortest distance
– Draw secondary aux view to see the lines as TL and they will intersect
at a point
– Project this point back to views that will give you the line in all views
• Shortest horizontal and Grade line between 2 skewed lines - EV
method
– Same as previous except point 3
– Aux views are drawn parllel to horizontal FL for horizontal line and
parallel to a line drawn at a given angle to the horizontal FL
– Project this point back to the views
• Line intersecting a plane
– If line is not parallel to plane it should intersect (piercing point)
Lecture 6
• Piercing Point - CP Method
– Draw a CP whose EV coincides with the line in any one view
– Project the points of intersection with the lines in the plane to the
adjacent view
– Draw a line between these points and find the intersection of this line
(which is the projection of the cutting plane) with the original line
– This gives the piercing point in that view. Project this point to the line
on the adjacent view
– For visibility get the information from the adjacent view
• Piercing Point - EV Method
– Draw the EV of the plane and project the line in that view
– Find the point of intersection and project the point back to the line in
the views
Lecture 6
• Intersection of Planes EV method
– Find EV of one plane project the other plane in that view
– You will get 2 piercing points in that view
– Project the points back to the corresponding lines in the views and
complete the line of intersection
• Intersection of Planes - CP Method
– Coincide the EV of CP with one of the lines in one plane and find one
piercing point in both views
– Repeat with another cutting plane and find the other piercing point
– Join these two to get the line of intersection
Lecture 6
• From lectures 7 to 9, all the points regarding the construction for
intersections and developments are clearly given next to the
drawing itself, on the slides
Lectures 7 - 9
Sample Problems
1. Missing views, auxiliary views, Section views
2. Missing views, auxiliary views, Section views
3. Points, lines and Planes
4. Points lines and Planes
5. Intersection or Development
6. Abstract design problems
• Note: All questions carry equal marks and no materials
allowed except drawing instruments and calculator
Exam Logistics
Concordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
Midterm Exam
Name and Surname I.D.#
110 Minutes Problem #1
29 Oct 2012 10 Marks
MID TERM EXAMINATION MECH 211, FALL 2012
Answer on the same sheet where the questions are. Closed book
examination. It is an exam, not group work.Total time for the midterm
examination is 110 minutes. Total value of the Midterm Exam is 40 marks
1. Given 3 points, draw the circle that passes through this points. Mark the
diameter of that circle on the drawing.
2. Draw arcs of 25mm diameter tangential to both these circles on circles
on either side
3. Inside the smaller circle there is a hexagon centrally inscribed in a circle
of dia 25mm. The sides of the hexagon has to be parallel to the
horizontal direction
Concordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
Midterm Exam
Name and Surname I.D.#
110 Minutes Problem #1
29 Oct 2012 10 Marks
MID TERM EXAMINATION MECH 211, FALL 2012
Answer on the same sheet where the questions are. Closed book
examination. It is an exam, not group work.Total time for the midterm
examination is 110 minutes. Total value of the Midterm Exam is 40 marks
Ø3.0000
Ø2.0000
1. Given 3 points, draw the circle that passes through this points. Mark the
diameter of that circle on the drawing.
2. Draw arcs of 25mm diameter tangential to both these circles on circles
on either side
3. Inside the smaller circle there is a hexagon centrally inscribed in a circle
of dia 25mm. The sides of the hexagon has to be parallel to the
horizontal direction
Concordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
Midterm Test
Name and Surname I.D.#
Date: 29 Oct 2012
Problem # 2
10 Marks
A
Given the Front, Top and Isometric view of the object, draw the :
1. Missing Right Side View at the appropriate position
2. Parital auxiliary view to show the true shape of the surface 'A'
Draw the Isometric View here Draw the Partial Auxiliary View here
Time: 110 Mins
Concordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
Midterm Test
Name and Surname I.D.#
Date: 29 Oct 2012
Problem # 2
10 Marks
A
Given the Front, Top and Isometric view of the object, draw the :
1. Missing Right Side View at the appropriate position
2. Parital auxiliary view to show the true shape of the surface 'A'
Draw the Isometric View here Draw the Partial Auxiliary View here
Time: 110 Mins
Concordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
Midterm Test
Name and Surname I.D.#
Time: 110 Mins
Date: 29 Oct 2012
Problem # 2
10 Marks
64.7858
45.7311
A
Given the Front, Top and Isometric view of the object, draw the :
1. Missing Right Side View at the appropriate position
2. Parital auxiliary view to show the true shape of the surface 'A'
Draw the Isometric View here Draw the Partial Auxiliary View here
Given the partial FV and SV, complete Drawing the Front View with the
revolved section of the spoke, and Right Side View with full section
Also show the section line on the drawing
29 Oct 2012
Problem # 3110 Minutes
I.D.#Name and Surname
Midterm ExamConcordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
10 Marks
Given the partial FV and SV, complete Drawing the Front View with the
revolved section of the spoke, and Right Side View with full section
Also show the section line on the drawing
29 Oct 2012
Problem # 3110 Minutes
I.D.#Name and Surname
Midterm ExamConcordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
10 Marks
Given the partial FV and SV, complete Drawing the Front View with the
revolved section of the spoke, and Right Side View with full section
Also show the section line on the drawing
29 Oct 2012
Problem # 3110 Minutes
I.D.#Name and Surname
Midterm ExamConcordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
10 Marks
Concordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
Midterm Exam
Name and Surname I.D.#
110 Minutes Problem # 4
29 Oct 2012
S
A
A
S
10 Marks
Views of points A and S are given.
a) Draw a line AB such that B is 100mm to the right of, 50mm
below and 50mm behind A
b) Find the bearing and slope of line AB
c) What's the shortest distance between Point S and Line AB
Hint: use the Arrow point for intersection of
aux fold lines. Also the arrow points North
Concordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
Midterm Exam
Name and Surname I.D.#
110 Minutes Problem # 4
29 Oct 2012
B
S
A
A
S
B
10 Marks
Views of points A and S are given.
a) Draw a line AB such that B is 100mm to the right of, 50mm
below and 50mm behind A
b) Find the bearing and slope of line AB
c) What's the shortest distance between Point S and Line AB
Hint: use the Arrow point for intersection of
aux fold lines. Also the arrow points North
N63E
Concordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
Midterm Exam
Name and Surname I.D.#
110 Minutes Problem # 4
29 Oct 2012
B
S
A
A
S
B
10 Marks
24°
Views of points A and S are given.
a) Draw a line AB such that B is 100mm to the right of, 50mm
below and 50mm behind A
b) Find the bearing and slope of line AB
c) What's the shortest distance between Point S and Line AB
Hint: use the Arrow point for intersection of
aux fold lines. Also the arrow points North
N63E
Concordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
Midterm Exam
Name and Surname I.D.#
110 Minutes Problem # 4
29 Oct 2012
B
S
A
A
S
B
10 Marks
24°
Views of points A and S are given.
a) Draw a line AB such that B is 100mm to the right of, 50mm
below and 50mm behind A
b) Find the bearing and slope of line AB
c) What's the shortest distance between Point S and Line AB
Hint: use the Arrow point for intersection of
aux fold lines. Also the arrow points North
N63E
A,B
S15.5
FH
The solution can be found based on the print-out of this question. In the
first auxilary view, find the point d on line c-e and with a length of 20
mm. Project point d back to the top view and the front view. The bearing
of line b-d can be then found.
Given the front and top views of a plane, a-b-c. Question: (1) starting from
point c, draw a declined line, c-d, with a true length of 20 mm and
parpendicular to the plane a-b-c; and (2) connect points b and d and find
the bearing and slope of the line b-d.
c
cb
b
a
a
Problem #Date:
I.D.#Name and Surname
Midterm TestConcordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
Sample Problems
e
e
FH
The solution can be found based on the print-out of this question. In the
first auxilary view, find the point d on line c-e and with a length of 20
mm. Project point d back to the top view and the front view. The bearing
of line b-d can be then found.
Given the front and top views of a plane, a-b-c. Question: (1) starting from
point c, draw a declined line, c-d, with a true length of 20 mm and
parpendicular to the plane a-b-c; and (2) connect points b and d and find
the bearing and slope of the line b-d.
c
cb
b
a
a
Problem #Date:
I.D.#Name and Surname
Midterm TestConcordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
d
d
d
e
e
e
c
1H
FH
The solution can be found based on the print-out of this question. In the
first auxilary view, find the point d on line c-e and with a length of 20
mm. Project point d back to the top view and the front view. The bearing
of line b-d can be then found.
Given the front and top views of a plane, a-b-c. Question: (1) starting from
point c, draw a declined line, c-d, with a true length of 20 mm and
parpendicular to the plane a-b-c; and (2) connect points b and d and find
the bearing and slope of the line b-d.
c
cb
b
a
a
Problem #Date:
I.D.#Name and Surname
Midterm TestConcordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
38°db
S61°W
d
d
d
e
e
e
c
1H
FH
The solution can be found based on the print-out of this question. In the
first auxilary view, find the point d on line c-e and with a length of 20
mm. Project point d back to the top view and the front view. The bearing
of line b-d can be then found.
Given the front and top views of a plane, a-b-c. Question: (1) starting from
point c, draw a declined line, c-d, with a true length of 20 mm and
parpendicular to the plane a-b-c; and (2) connect points b and d and find
the bearing and slope of the line b-d.
c
cb
b
a
a
Problem #Date:
I.D.#Name and Surname
Midterm TestConcordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
F
H
Edge view of the circle with quadrants abcd is given in the
top view. Draw the missing views and the auxiliary view
to show the true size of the circle and mark its diameter.
aH
cH
bHdH
Problem #Date:
I.D.#Name and Surname
Final ExamConcordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
Sample Problems
PF
AH
F
H
R1.0000
Edge view of the circle with quadrants abcd is given in the
top view. Draw the missing views and the auxiliary view
to show the true size of the circle and mark its diameter.
aA
dA cA
bA
aFcF
dF
bF
aH
cH
bHdH
aPcP
dP
bP
Problem #Date:
I.D.#Name and Surname
Final ExamConcordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
Sample Problems
The top view of the Throttle Body is given.
Draw the full sectional front view using the guide in
dotted line and the auxiliary view for height details.
Follow the conventions of drawing sectional views.
Problem #Date:
I.D.#Name and Surname
Final ExamConcordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
Sample Problems
Concordia UniversityDepartment of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering
Final Exam
Name and Surname I.D.#
Date: Problem #
The top view of the Throttle Body is given.
Draw the full sectional front view using the guide in
dotted line and the auxiliary view for height details.
Follow the conventions of drawing sectional views.
Sample Problems
1 6 2 5 4 3
1
6
25
43
1 62 5
43
1 6 2 5 4 3
1
6
25
43
1 62 5
43
1 6 2 5 4 3
1
6
25
43
1 62 5
43
1 6 2 5 4 3
1
6
25
43
1 62 5
43