BCGCA3004B Construct Wall Framing. Wall Framing National Construction Code states that

BCGCA3004BConstruct Wall Framing

Wall Framing

• National Construction Code states that

What does this mean

• NSW law has adopted the National Construction Code (NCC) as “Building Law”

• The “Building Law” says that the methods outline in AS 1684.2 will comply with this law.

• So if you follow the methods outlined in AS 1684.2, unless otherwise stated you do not need any other design assistance e.g. Engineer etc.

AS 1684.2 ScopePage 9 Section 1.1

AS 1684.2 ScopePage 9 Section 1.1

This means that this standard only applies the Residential Buildings (Class 1) or Garages & Carports (Class 10).

Wall Frame Members

• Parts of a frame perform specific functions- supporting live & dead loads- resist Racking Forces- resist Overturning Forces- resist Sliding Forces- resist Uplift Forces -Most members provide a face to accept linings (this means that member sizes may be limited)

Live Load

Dead Load

Racking Forces

Wind

Overturning Forces

Wind

Sliding Forces

Wind

Uplift Forces

Wind

What is a Timber Frame

• Structurally Connected Timber Members

• Resist Forces

• Forming a Wall Frame to meet requirements– Height– Load

• Roof, Upper Levels etc

– Openings

Timbers Generally Used• Radiata Pine

• F5• MGP 10• Higher Grades for Lintels etc.

• Oregon• F5

• Hardwood– Generally only used for Lintels etc.

• Engineered Timbers– Generally only used for Lintels etc.

Basic Frame Components

Refer page 2 TAFE Guide

Common Stud

• Main Vertical component of the wall

• Transfer Loads from Top Plate to Bottom Plate

• Accept wall finishes– Straightness will affect the quality

• Accept fittings & Fixtures– Driers, Shelving etc.

Common Studs• Vertical members placed between the plates• The set the wall height• Studs in external frames resist Wind Loads• Generally Stud sizes are 90mm or 70mm wide by

45mm or 35mm in seasoned timbers and75mm or 100mm wide by 50mm or 38mm in seasoned timbers.

• Required Stud sizes can be found in AS 1684.2 Supplements (which we will look at Shortly)

Common Studs

• May be Straightened to provide acceptable wall

• Only 20% of Studs may be Straightened

• Studs at sides of Openings & Supporting Concentrated Loads shall not be Crippled

StraighteningRefer to Page 59 of AS 1684.2

Confirmation of Learning

• On A4 page supplied draw & label an Isometric view showing the method of Crippling Studs

Frame ComponentsCommon Studs

What Consideration For Selection• Determine Required Grade – Cost v Size, Usually MGP10• Level – Upper/Single or Lower• Select Correct Table – For member• Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Applicable to Double Storey Only• Upper Floor Load Width – Applicable to Double Storey Only• Roof Material – Tile/Metal• Rafter/Truss Spacing – Roof Panel Width• Stud Spacing – How much of Roof Panel does it carry• Stud Height – The Taller a stud the less load it can carry• Roof Load Width – Roof Panel Length

Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

Worked Example Determining Studs

• Refer to Supplied Plans• Determine minimum sizes of Studs

1. External Walls at rear (Single Storey Section)• At Point marked 1

2. External Walls at front (Two Storey Section)• At Point marked 2 (Lower Level)• At Point marked 3 (Upper Level)

Present this to your trainer for confirmation of Understanding and recording of completion of the task

Select Stud

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions

• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level –• Select Correct Table –• Upper Floor Joist Spacing –• Upper Floor Load Width –• Roof Material –• Rafter/Truss Spacing –• Stud Spacing –• Stud Height – • Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table –• Upper Floor Joist Spacing –• Upper Floor Load Width –• Roof Material –• Rafter/Truss Spacing –• Stud Spacing –• Stud Height – • Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched• Upper Floor Joist Spacing –• Upper Floor Load Width –• Roof Material –• Rafter/Truss Spacing –• Stud Spacing –• Stud Height – • Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched• Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Roof Material – Tile Roof• Rafter/Truss Spacing –• Stud Spacing –• Stud Height – • Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched• Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Roof Material – Tile Roof• Rafter/Truss Spacing – 600mm• Stud Spacing –• Stud Height – • Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched• Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Roof Material – Tile Roof• Rafter/Truss Spacing – 600mm• Stud Spacing – 600mm• Stud Height – • Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched• Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Roof Material – Tile Roof• Rafter/Truss Spacing – 600mm• Stud Spacing – 600mm• Stud Height – 2700• Roof Load Width -

3 Options


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Level• Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched• Upper Floor Joist Spacing – N/A• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Roof Material – Tile Roof• Rafter/Truss Spacing – 600mm• Stud Spacing – 600mm• Stud Height - 2700• Roof Load Width - 5400

Select the bestFor the Situation

70 x 35

Most Suitable 75mm

Most Suitable 90mm


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level –• Select Correct Table –• Roof Material –• Upper Floor Joist Spacing –• Upper Floor Load Width –• Rafter/Truss Spacing –• Stud Spacing –• Stud Height – • Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Lower Level• Select Correct Table –• Roof Material – • Upper Floor Joist Spacing –• Upper Floor Load Width –• Rafter/Truss Spacing –• Stud Spacing –• Stud Height – • Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 36 Studs Not Notched• Roof Material – • Upper Floor Joist Spacing –• Upper Floor Load Width –• Rafter/Truss Spacing –• Stud Spacing –• Stud Height – • Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched• Roof Material – Tile Roof• Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Rafter/Truss Spacing –• Stud Spacing –• Stud Height – • Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched• Roof Material – Tile Roof• Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Rafter/Truss Spacing –• Stud Spacing –• Stud Height – • Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched• Roof Material – Tile Roof• Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm• Upper Floor Load Width – 3000mm• Rafter/Truss Spacing – • Stud Spacing –• Stud Height – • Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched• Roof Material – Tile Roof• Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm• Upper Floor Load Width – 3000mm• Rafter/Truss Spacing – N/A• Stud Spacing –• Stud Height – • Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched• Roof Material – Tile Roof• Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm• Upper Floor Load Width – 3000mm• Rafter/Truss Spacing – N/A• Stud Spacing – 600mm• Stud Height – • Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched• Roof Material – Tile Roof• Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm• Upper Floor Load Width – 3000mm• Rafter/Truss Spacing – N/A• Stud Spacing – 600mm• Stud Height – 2700mm• Roof Load Width -


• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Level• Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched• Upper Floor Joist Spacing – N/A• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Roof Material – Tile Roof• Rafter/Truss Spacing – 600mm• Stud Spacing – 600mm• Stud Height - 2700• Roof Load Width - 3800

Most Suitable 75mm

Most Suitable 90mm


• Refer to Supplied Plans• Trainer to Provide

– Rafter/Truss Spacing– Stud Spacing– Roof Load Width = ½ Span ÷ Cos (Pitch°)

• Determine minimum sizes of Studs 1. External Walls at rear (Single Storey Section)

• At Point marked 1

2. External Walls at front (Two Storey Section)• At Point marked 2 (Lower Level)• At Point marked 3 (Upper Level)



Jamb Studs

• Additional Studs placed at sides of Openings in walls carrying structural loads

• Accommodate extra loads imposed by Lintels

Jamb Studs - Notching

Jamb Studs - Housing

Why Bother

2/75 x 3.8mm is more than enough

Housings not allowed in Load Bearing Walls

Frame ComponentsJamb Studs

What Consideration For Selection• Determine Required Grade – Cost v Size.• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Is it taking 1st Floor Load.• Select Correct Table – Common, Jamb or Concentrated Loads Studs.• Upper Floor Load Width – Floor Load Panel Length (Only Applies to 2 Storey).

• Roof Material – Tile or Metal Roof• Roof Load Width – Roof Load Panel Length• Lintel Span – Opening being Spanned• Stud Height – Taller Stud has less ability to carry load.



What Consideration For Selection• Determine Required Grade – MGP10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 11• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Roof Material – Tile• Roof Load Width –• Lintel Span –• Stud Height –



What Consideration For Selection• Determine Required Grade – MGP10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 11• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Roof Material – Tile• Roof Load Width – 5400• Lintel Span –• Stud Height –



What Consideration For Selection• Determine Required Grade – MGP10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 11• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Roof Material – Tile• Roof Load Width – 5400• Stud Height – 2700• Lintel Span –



What Consideration For Selection• Determine Required Grade – MGP10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 11• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Roof Material – Tile• Roof Load Width – 5400• Stud Height – 2700• Lintel Span – 1900


Most Suitable for 75mm

Most Suitable for 90mm

Studs for Concentrated Loads

Studs for Concentrated LoadsSee Page 67 - AS 1684.2 - 2006

• Point Load from Beam etc. that gathers load from other structural members

Studs for Concentrated LoadsSee Page 67 - AS 1684.2 - 2006

• Point Load from Beam etc. that gathers load from other structural members

• Beams etc. > 3000mm that take loads from– Strutting Beams– Roof Struts– Girder Trusses or– Hanging Beams

Frame ComponentsStuds Supporting Concentrated Loads`

What Consideration For Selection• Determine Required Grade – Cost v Size.• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Is it taking 1st Floor Load.• Select Correct Table – Common, Jamb or Concentrated Loads Studs.• Upper Floor Load Width – Floor Load Panel Length (Only Applies to 2 Storey).

• Roof Material – Tile or Metal Roof• Stud Height – Taller Stud has less ability to carry load.• Roof Area Supported – Roof Load Imposed



What Consideration For Selection• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 9• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Roof Material – Tile• Stud Height – • Roof Area Supported –



What Consideration For Selection• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 9• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Roof Material – Tile• Stud Height – 2700• Roof Area Supported –



What Consideration For Selection• Determine Required Grade – MGP 10• Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single• Select Correct Table – Table 9• Upper Floor Load Width – N/A• Roof Material – Tile• Stud Height – 2700• Roof Area Supported – (4.150 x 5.400) ÷ 4 = 5.6m2

Note – Dimensions are in metres

= 4.150

= 5.400

Therefore a 70 x 45 is sufficient

Studs supporting concentrated Loads

• It is important that you develop the ability to recognise the location of Concentrated Loads

• This will allow you to install the required studs while manufacturing the frames

Discuss Concept of Pattern Stud

• Common Studs• Lintel Positions• Trimmers



Frame Components

Bottom Plate

•Horizontal member that form the bottom of the frame.•Bottom plate must run full length of wall, except at openings (cl 6.2.2)

•Bottom plates are joined with butt joints with fixing near the joint•Joints must be fully supported

Frame Components

Bottom Plate

•Horizontal member that form the bottom of the frame.•Bottom plate must run full length of wall, except at openings (cl 6.2.2)

•Bottom plates are joined with butt joints with fixing near the joint•Joints must be fully supported•Where the Bottom Plate Supports a concentrated Load or Jamb Studs to openings > 1200, the bottom plate must be fully supported

Frame ComponentsBottom Plate

Sizing

•Bottom plate sizing is dependent on its span • If it is fully supported (e.g. Concrete Slab) only nominal 35mm

thickness required for any structural grade (cl 6.3.3)• Items to consider when determining the size of Bottom Plate are

listed in the span tables where you make the selections. (page 1 & 2 of Handout)1. Timber Grade – Strength of Timber 2. Joist Spacing – Means greater span3. Loading – Load that is to be disturbed through structure

Is it a tiled roof, Is it the lower level of a 2 storey building4. Rafter/Joist Spacing – More load concentrated at studs once

distributed.Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

Design Parameters for Bottom Plate

Worked Example

• Roof Material Sheet Roof• Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm• Joist Spacing 450mm• Roof Load Width 6000mm

Worked Example


Worked Example


Worked Example


Select most Suitable

Worked Example


v70 x 45

Or90 x 45

Confirmation of Learning• Determine Minimum Member Size Based on Following Data• (Conventional Floor System)• • Roof Load Width 4100mm• Truss Spacing 600mm• Joist Spacing 450mm• Stud 90mm Wide• Roof Material Tile• • Minimum Size ______________________• • Determine Minimum Member Size Based on Following Data• (Concrete Slab)• • Roof Load Width 4100mm• Truss Spacing 600mm• Joist Spacing N/A• Stud 70mm Wide• Roof Material Tile• • Minimum Size ______________________

Confirmation of Learning - Answer• Determine Minimum Member Size Based on Following Data• (Conventional Floor System)• • Roof Load Width 4100mm• Truss Spacing 600mm• Joist Spacing 600mm• Stud 90mm Wide• Roof Material Tile• • Minimum Size 2/ 70 x 45• • Determine Minimum Member Size Based on Following Data• (Concrete Slab)• • Roof Load Width 4100mm• Truss Spacing 600mm• Joist Spacing N/A• Stud 70mm Wide• Roof Material Tile• • Minimum Size 70 x 35 (Nominal as Fully Supported)



Top Plate

• An Important Structural Member• Provides Lateral tie to the Building

Top Plate

• An Important Structural Member• Provides Lateral tie to the Building• Provides a transition point for the connection

of Roofing Members and distribution of loads• A Component of the Bracing System

Top Plate• An Important Structural Member• Provides Lateral tie to the Building• Provides a transition point for the connection

of Roofing Members and distribution of loads• A Component of the Bracing System• A component of the uplift restraint system

Top Plate

• To Plates must run full length of the wall• Top Plate must run over openings• Concentrated Loads must be Fully Supported

Frame ComponentsTo Plate

Sizing

•Top plate sizing is dependent (See pages 3 to 6 of Handout)• Positioning of Rafter/Truss (See next Slide)• Upper or Lower Level (Pages 3 & 4 v Pages 5 & 6)

1. Timber Grade – Strength of Timber 2. Roof Material – Tile v Metal3. Rafter/Truss Spacing – How & Where the Load is applied4. Stud Spacing – How much bending will be caused by Rafters5. Roof Load Width - How wide is the Building (see next slide)


Frame ComponentsTo Plate

Sizing

•Top plate sizing is dependent (See pages 3 to 6 of Handout)(Pages 3 & 4 v Pages 5 & 6)

1. Timber Grade – Strength of Timber 2. Location – Single Level , Upper Level or Lower of 2 Storey3. Roof Material – Tile v Metal4. Rafter/Truss Spacing – How & Where the Load is applied5. Tie Down Spacing – Bending imposed on Top Plate by Uplift6. Stud Spacing – How much bending will be caused by Rafters7. Roof Load Width - How wide is the Building (see next slide)

Worked Example

• Roof Material Sheet Roof• Location Single Storey• Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm• Tie Down Spacing 600mm• Stud Spacing 450mm• Roof Load Width 6000mm

Worked Example


Worked Example


Worked Example


Worked Example


Worked Example

• Roof Material Sheet Roof• Location Single Storey• Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm• Tie Down Spacing 0• Stud Spacing 450mm• Roof Load Width 6000mm

70 x 45

90 x 45

Confirmation of Learning• Determine Minimum Member Size Based on

Following Data • Roof Material Sheet Roof• Location Single Storey• Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm• Tie Down Spacing 0• Stud Spacing 600mm• Roof Load Width 5500mm• Wall Frame Width 70mm

• Minimum Size ______________________

Confirmation of Learning - Answer• Determine Minimum Member Size Based on

Following Data • Roof Material Sheet Roof• Location Single Storey• Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm• Tie Down Spacing 0• Stud Spacing 600mm• Roof Load Width 5500mm• Wall Frame Width 70mm

• Minimum Size 70 x 45

Undersize Top Plate

Undersize Top Plate

Plates• Seasoned timbers are dressed therefore

trenching not required• Rough Sawn Timbers such as Oregon,

Hardwood require trenching.• Housing of plates for studs provides a constant

thickness• Trenching keeps Top & Bottom plates parallel• Restrains Unseasoned Studs from twisting

• Trenching usually appox 10 mm

• Trenching depth is not critical but what is left on is.

• Top Plates fully supported on masonary walls will be sized based on a 300mm spacing

Joining of Plates

• Where plates are butt jointed they may be joined using a connector plate.

Joining of Plates

• Plates may be Scarfed or Lapped jointed.• Theses are time consuming and rarely used

Calculate Plate Lengths

• During Fabrication Top & Bottom Plates are the same length

• Plates should be as long as possible• Consider manpower available to stand frames• Remember Top Plate must be continuous

Roof Load WidthAS 1684 - Definition

Roof Load WidthWhy is it an Important Consideration?

Roof Load WidthWhy is it an Important Consideration?

Compare if Y= 5m & b = 0.6m

Roof Load WidthWhy is it an Important Consideration?The Top Plate in the Top example is taking more load

Compare if Y= 5m & b = 0.6m

B = 5 + 5 + 0.6 2 = 5.6m

B = 5 + 0.6 6 = 1.433m

Uplift

• Uplift is a complex item and dealt with at Cert IV level

• Generally in Sydney for a Tile Roof it is not a consideration (See next slide) except for;– Ocean Front– Top of a Hill– Isolated Buildings with no wind shielding



Lintels

• Also referred to as a Head when it is not supporting Structural Loads

• Horizontal Load Bearing Member between Studs• Purpose is to transfer structural loads that are

above an opening to load bearing studs• May be made of many materials

- Timber- Engineered Timbers - LVL’s, I Beams- Structural Steel or Cold Rolled Steel Sections

Lintels – Installation Requirements

AS 1684 Figure 6.9 page 64







From experience this is my preferred method as if there isA change in size or height, it does not require a major alterationIt is a simple change of the infill head.

Lintels – Requirement for Top Plate

The Top Plate CANNOT be cutTo fit a Lintel

Top Plate must beContinuous

Frame ComponentsLintel

Sizing

•Lintel sizing is dependent (See pages 9 & 10 of Handout)

1. Timber Grade – Strength of Timber 2. Roof Material – Tile v Metal3. Location – Upper,Single or Lower Level of 2 Storey4. Floor Load Width– Applicable to Lowers Storey of 2 Storey Only5. Roof Load Width - How wide is the Building6. Rafter Truss Spacing – Loading on Beam7. Lintel Span – Required Span


Worked Example

1. Timber Grade – MGP102. Roof Material – Tile3. Location – Single Level4. Floor Load Width– 5. Roof Load Width – 6. Rafter Truss Spacing – 7. Lintel Span –

Worked Example

1. Timber Grade – MGP102. Roof Material – Tile3. Location – Single Level4. Floor Load Width – N/A5. Roof Load Width – 3500mm6. Rafter Truss Spacing – 7. Lintel Span –

Worked Example

1. Timber Grade – MGP102. Roof Material – Tile3. Location – Single Level4. Floor Load Width – N/A5. Roof Load Width – 3500mm6. Rafter Truss Spacing – 600mm7. Lintel Span –

Worked Example

1. Timber Grade – MGP102. Roof Material – Tile3. Location – Single Level4. Floor Load Width – N/A5. Roof Load Width – 3500mm6. Rafter Truss Spacing – 600mm7. Lintel Span – 2100mm

Worked Example

6. Noggins

6. Noggins

• Stop Studs from Twisting, Cupping etc

• Assist Studs to take load – prevent buckling under load

• Form Part of Bracing System

6.Noggins• Walls > 1350mm in height must have

noggins

• Max Spacing between rows = 1350mm

• No Stress grading required

• Min 25mm Thick

• Noggins may be offset 2 x Thickness to allow for ease of Installation

• Min width = Wall Thickness – 25mm


1. How many Rows of Noggins are required for following wall heights.

1. 25502. 30003. 3800

2. Is a 70 x 35 Noggin suitable for a 90mm Wall Frame

Bracing

6. Bracing

• Member that prevents distortion of frame by– Racking Forces

You must determineWind load on Building

Bracing

• There are many materials that can be used to Brace a wall frame.

• These generally form part of a system.

• See page 4 of TAFE Notes

Diagonal Timber Bracing

• Rarely Used Today.

Diamond Bracing

• Not Mentioned in AS 1684.2.

• Must be Considered an Alternative Solution.

• Would require an Engineer to Certify.

Perforated Metal Angle

Where there a 2 in a wall,They should oppose each other

Hoop Iron Cross Bracing

A very good and efficient method and should be 1st choice


Tensioning should be done during the hottest part of the day


Final Nailing off should be done as late as possibleLeave temporary bracing as long as possible

Sheet Bracing• Plywood or Hardboard (Masonite)

6. Bracing

• Member that prevents distortion of frame by– Racking Forces– Section 8 of Standard

(a) Determine Wind Classification

Limitations of Classification

Same Limitations AS 1684.2


• AS 4055 Outline the Process to Determine

1. Geographic Wind Speed2. Terrain Category3. Topographic Class4. Shielding



1. Geographic Wind Region2. Terrain Category3. Topographic Class4. Shielding

1.Geographic Wind Region

Exercise• What Region are the following Cities or towns located in

– Sydney ______________

– Brisbane ______________

– Melbourne ______________

– Darwin ______________

– Perth ______________

– Grafton (NSW) ______________

– Townsville (Qld) ______________

– Alice Springs (NT) ______________

– Perisher Valley (NSW) ______________

– Launceston (TAS) ______________

– Port Hedland (WA) ______________

Exercise - Answer• What Region are the following Cities or towns located in

– Sydney A

– Brisbane B

– Melbourne A

– Darwin C

– Perth A

– Grafton (NSW) B

– Townsville (Qld) C

– Alice Springs (NT) A

– Perisher Valley (NSW) A•

– Launceston (TAS) A

– Port Hedland (WA) D




2.Terain Category

2.Terain Category

Exercise• Determine The Follow Terrain Categories

1. An Isolated House at Woomera with no significant Topographical features for 15km in all directions.

Classification _________________

2. A House at Bronte located on the Ocean Front.


3. House Build adjacent to Richmond Air force Base


4. A house in Alexandria (NSW)


Exercise - Answer• Determine The Follow Terrain Categories

1. An Isolated House at Woomera with no significant Topographical features for 15km in all directions.

Classification TC1

2. A House at Bronte located on the Ocean Front.

Classification TC2

3. House Build adjacent to Richmond Air force Base

Classification TC2

4. A house in Alexandria (NSW)

Classification TC3




3. Topographic ClassTopographic class determines the effect of wind on a house considering its location on a,

• hill,

• ridge or escarpment and

• the height and average slope of the hill, ridge or escarpment.

3. Topographic Class

Where average slope isGreater than 1 in 20 is theStart of the “Hill” .


Height of Hill.


Height of Hill.

Note Parameter for Escarpment

3.Topographic Class

AS 4055 - 2006

Topography for Hills Explained

Determine Average SlopeThe average slope of a hill, ridge or escarpment (φa) shall be the slope measured by averaging the steepest slope and the least slope through the top half of the hill, ridge or escarpment.

AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 1

Average Slope < 1 in 10

All H

eigh

ts

T1

T1

T1


Average Slope < 1 in 10 & > 1 in 7.5

*Less than 20m all T1

T1

T1

T2*


Average Slope < 1 in 7.5 & > 1 in 5

T1

T1


*H > 30 T3*H ≤ 30 T2


Average Slope < 1 in 5 & > 1 in 3

T1

T2

H > 30 T4H ≤ 30 T3

H


Average Slope > 1 in 3

T1

T2

H > 30 T5H ≤ 30 T4

H

Topography for Escarpments Explained

3.Topographic Class

AS 4055 - 2006

Determine Average SlopeThe average slope of a hill, ridge or escarpment (φa) shall be the slope measured by averaging the steepest slope and the least slope through the top half of the hill, ridge or escarpment.


Average Slope < 1 in 10

All H

eigh

ts

T1

T1

T1T1


Average Slope < 1 in 10 & > 1 in 7.5


T1

T1

*T2T1


Average Slope < 1 in 7.5 & > 1 in 5

T1

T1


*H > 30 T3*H ≤ 30 T2 T1


Average Slope < 1 in 5 & > 1 in 3

T1

T2

H > 30 T4H ≤ 30 T3

H

T2


Average Slope > 1 in 3

T1

T2

H > 30 T5H ≤ 30 T4

H

T3

Worked Example

For Our Purposes in this course we will always use T1You will go into more detail in the CERT IV Course




4.Shielding

• The affect of local obstructions on wind flow

• The 5 year likely impact must be considered– Growth of Trees etc.– Proposed Developments etc.

• Classes– Full Shielding (FS)– Partial Shielding (PS)– No Shielding (NS)

Full Shielding (FS)

1. Surrounded by 2 Rows of Houses

2. Heavily Wooded Areas (Zones A & B Only)

3. Typical Suburb consisting of 10 houses per Ha

4. Roads or Parks less than 100m wide are ignored

Partial Shielding (PS)

• 2.5 Houses, Trees, Sheds etc. per Ha

• In Regions C & D heavily wooded areas

No Shielding (NS)

• No Permanent Obstructions

• Less than 2.5 obstructions per Ha

• First 2 Rows abutting Open Parkland, Open Water, Airfield etc.

Worked Examples

Wind Classification

Worked Example

TAFEUNI

Randwick Town Centre

Worked Example

• Geographic Wind Region Region A

Worked Example

• Geographic Wind Region Region A• Topography T1

House is not On a hill

Worked Example

• Geographic Wind Region Region A• Topography T1• Shielding FS

Shielded by 2 Rows of Houses

Worked Example

• Geographic Wind Region Region A• Topography T1• Shielding FS• Terrain Category TC 3

Worked Example• Geographic Wind Region Region A• Topography T1• Shielding FS• Terrain Category TC 3




Wind Category is N1

Worked Example

Bronte Ocean Front

Worked Example

• Geographic Wind Region Region A

Worked Example

• Geographic Wind Region Region A• Topography T5

House is located on topOf 30m escarpment

Worked Example

• Geographic Wind Region Region A• Topography T5• Shielding NS

No Shielding on Ocean Side – You must always use worst case example

Worked Example

• Geographic Wind Region Region A• Topography T5• Shielding NS• Terrain Category TC1

Worked Example• Geographic Wind Region Region A• Topography T5• Shielding NS• Terrain Category TC1

Worked Example• Geographic Wind Region Region A• Topography T5• Shielding NS• Terrain Category TC1•

Worked Example• Geographic Wind Region Region A• Topography T5• Shielding NS• Terrain Category TC1•

Worked Example• Geographic Wind Region Region A• Topography T5• Shielding NS• Terrain Category TC1

Wind Category = N5

Determine Wind Pressure• Determined by;

– Wind Classification

– Tables 8.1 to 8.5 AS 1684.2

– Is dependant on the shape of the Building

Is it a Gable or Hip or a more Complex shape? – Explained in Next Slides

Area of Elevationh = ½ height of the wall (half of the floor to ceiling height). For wind direction 2, the pressure on the gable end is determined from Table 8.1

pressure on the hip section of the elevation is determined from Table 8.2.

The total of racking forces is the sum of the forces calculated for each section. Eaves < 1m2 can be ignored.

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Tabl

e 8.

2

Table 8.2

Table 8.2

Area of Elevation

You must determineArea of each part of the elevation Of the Building.

5000

6000

11000

1500

0

8000

7000

Area of Elevation

Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes

1.1 = 14m2

1.2 = 16m2

12

12Wind Direction 2 has 2 Shapes

1.1 = 14m2

1.2 = 14m2

(d) Calculating Racking Force

• Formula• Area of Elevation x Wind Pressure

• Required Data• Pitch = 30°



1.1 = 14m2 x Wind Pressure ?1.2 = 16m2

12


1.1 = 14m2

1.2 = 14m2

Racking Force = Area x Wind Pressue

50006000

Wind Pressure Direction 1.1



1.1 = 14m2 x 0.75 = 10.51.2 = 16m2 x Wind Pressure ?

12


1.1 = 14m2

1.2 = 14m2


50006000




1.1 = 14m2 x 0.75 = 10.51.2 = 16m2 x 0.74 = 11.84

Total Racking Force = 22.34

12




50006000

8000 7000

Important NoteWhich Wind Pressure to Use ?

As shape is the same from both directionsWe use the same Table (8.2)

15 000

8 00

0

Pitch 25°

Wind N2

Pressure = 0.73 in Both Directions


As shape is different in each elevation we must determine individually for each directionAnd use WORST case.

15 000

8 00

0

Pitch 25°

Wind N2

Table 8.2Table 8.1

Pressure = 0.92

Pressure = 0.71


As the worst case is the Gable End, we must use the wind Pressure from Table 8.1 = 0.92

15 000

8 00

0

Pitch 25°

Wind N2

Table 8.2= 0.71

Table 8.1= 0.92

The Gable End will ALWAYS have the highest pressure

Pressure = 0.71

(d) Calculating Racking Force - Revisited


1.1 = 14m2 x 0.75 = 10.51.2 = 16m2 x 0.74 = 11.84


12




50006000


You must use this table as it is a Gable End



1.1 = 14m2 x 0.75 = 10.51.2 = 16m2 x 0.74 = 11.84


12


2.1 = 14m2 x 0.92 = 12.882.2 = 14m2 x Wind Pressure ?


50006000

8000 7000




1.1 = 14m2 x 0.75 = 10.51.2 = 16m2 x 0.74 = 11.84


12

12


2.1 = 14m2 x 0.92 = 12.882.2 = 14m2 x 0.72 = 10.08



50006000

8000 7000

Before we do this lets see what (f) says


Clause 8.3.6.6

We must start placing Bracing at,1. External Walls &2. At Corners


Clause 8.3.6.7Single or Upper Level BracingMax Spacing is 9m for N2 & N2 Wind Classification

For N3 & above refer Tables


Table 8.18

• List Types of Bracing Systems that are “Deemed to Satisfy”

• Gives a value per/m length of Bracing Panel

• Theses values are used to counteract the Racking Forces calculated.


Clause 8.3.6.4 &Table 8.19

Lets Design

Design Wind Direction 1.1Racking Force = 10.5

Wind Direction 1.2Racking Force = 11.84



5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500

Nominal Wall Bracing

Design – Area 1.1 Wind Direction 1.1Racking Force = 10.5

5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500

Length Value Total15.000 0.45 6.750

8.000 0.45 3.6003.000 0.75 2.2504.500 0.75 3.3753.600 0.75 2.700

18.6755.25Max Allowable

Wind Direction 1.1Nominal Wall Bracing

Total

Bracing Required 10.500

Nominal 5.250

Still Required 5.250

Wind Direction 1.1


5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500

Metal Cross Strapping to CornersAs per Table 8.14 (b)

Length Value Total2.700 1.5 4.0502.700 1.5 4.0502.700 1.5 4.0502.700 1.5 4.050

16.2

Wind Direction 1.1Hoop Iron as per 8.14(b)

Total


Nominal 5.250Hoop Iron to External Corners as (b) 16.200

Total 21.450

Wind Direction 1.1

Note you must do all cornersRegardless of Overkill


5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500



16.2


Total


Nominal 5.250Hoop Iron to External Corners as (b) 16.200

Total 21.450

Wind Direction 1.1

You Still would placeBracing on Internal WallsTo assist During Constructions

Using any Method (a) is easiest


5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500


Length Value Total2.700 1.5 4.0502.700 1.5 4.0502.700 1.5 4.050

12.15


Total


Nominal 5.250Hoop Iron to External Corners as (b) 16.200Hoop Iron to External Corners as (b) 12.150

Total 33.600

Wind Direction 1.1

You Still would placeBracing on Internal WallsTo assist During Constructions

Using any Method (a) is easiest

Design – Area 1.2

5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500


8.45.92Max Allowable


Total


Nominal 5.920


Wind Direction 1.2Wind Direction 1.2Racking Force = 11.84

Design – Area 1.2

5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500



Length Value Total2.700 1.5 4.0502.700 1.5 4.050

8.100


Total


Nominal 5.920Hoop Iron 8.14(b) 8.100

Total 14.020

Wind Direction 1.2

Design – Area 1.2

5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500



8.100


Total


Nominal 5.920Hoop Iron 8.14(b) 8.100Hoop Iron 8.14(b) 8.100

Total 22.120

Wind Direction 1.2

Bracing to Internal Walls to1. Spread Bracing thru Structure2. Assist During Construction

Design – Area 2.1


5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500


Nominal 6.440


Wind Direction 2.1


6.000 0.45 2.70013.000 0.75 9.750

18.36.44


TotalMax Allowable

Design – Area 2.1


5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500


Nominal 6.440Hoop Iron as 8.14(b) 16.200

Total 22.640

Wind Direction 2.1



16.2


Total

Design – Area 2.1


5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500


Nominal 6.440Hoop Iron as 8.14(b) 16.200Hoop Iron as 8.14(b) 8.100

Total 30.740

Wind Direction 2.1


8.100


Total

Bracing to Internal Walls to1. Spread Bracing thru Structure2. Assist During Construction

Design – Area 2.2

5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500



8.255.04


TotalMax Allowable


Nominal 5.040


Wind Direction 2.2

Design – Area 2.2

5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500


Nominal 5.040Hoop Iron as 8.14(b) 8.100

Total 13.140

Wind Direction 2.2


8.1


Total


Design – Area 2.2

5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500


Nominal 5.040Hoop Iron as 8.14(b) 8.100Hoop Iron as 8.14(b) 4.050

Total 17.190

Wind Direction 2.2


4.05


TotalBracing to Internal Walls to1. Spread Bracing thru Structure2. Assist During Construction

Lets Design

Clause 8.3.6.9

• Top of INTERNAL Bracing Walls must be fixed to Ceiling or Upper Floor Structure with equivalent Shear Capacity as to its Bracing Capacity

See Next Slide for Explanation

Confirmation Learning

• Complete Exercise 42 of your workbook

Connection of Internal Brace Walls

5000

6000

8000

7000

3000

3000

4500

3500

3500

In our Exercise we use Crossed Hoop Iron

Bracing Value = 1.5Bracing Panel Length = 2.7

Total Force = 1.5 x 2.7 = 4.05kN

Total Force = 4.05kN

Seasoned Radiata Pine = JD41 Fixing at each end of Bracing Panel

= 2 x 2.1kN= 4.2 (Sufficient)

Wall Frames• Frames are classified into 2 categories1. Load Bearing – They are structural frames, they transfer

loads from roof or upper floor to the supporting floor frame. They can be either external or internal walls.

2. Non Load Bearing –- do not support any structural loads.- They support their own weight- Non structural loads doors and frame, kitchen cupboards, driers etc. - support some live loads eg Doors closing.

Therefore there are some minimum requirements for these AS 1684.2 cl 6.3.5

AS 1684.2 cl 6.3.5

Wall Components

Trimmers

• Horizontal members fixed between window studs and door studs.

• Referred to as Sill or Head trimmers• Usually of the same section size bottom plates• Openings wider than 1800mm require

trimmers as specified in AS 1684.2 cl6.3.6.6 & table 6.3

Trimmers

Refer Table 6.3 of your Australian Standard

Trimming Studs•Run from Trimmers to Plates – Use same Timber Size•Used to block out Narrow Lintel•Where use in conjunction with Lintel they may take structural loads •Must be same depth as wall frame to accept finishes•May also be referred to as “Jack”, “Soldier”, or “Short” studs

Wall Intersections Blocking

• Placed at intersections of wall frames• Normally 3 Blocks per intersection

Blocking AS1684.2

What is a Concentrated Load ?>3000

Stress Grading

• Refers to the Timbers Strength• Timber must be able to withstand stress loads

placed on them.• Overloading may cause straining or failure• 3 types of stress

CompressiveTensileShear

Note Torsional Stress is not discussed

Stress Grading• Members Sizes will be determined for span

tables• Generally for Residential Construction sizes will

not be specified by designers

• Why?• Architect will not want to take responsibility• Engineer will want to charge extra to do this and • Why would a client want to pay for something

that he can get done for nothing

Stress Grading

• Why are members generally specified on Commercial projects

• AS 1684.2 Residential Timber Framed Construction Guide

AS 1684.2 Limitations1.4.4 The Maximum number of storey's of timber shall not exceed 2

1.4.5 The maximum width of a building shall 16 000mm, Note, if you use AS1684.2 simplified max width = 12 000mm

1.4.6 The maximum wall height shall be 3000mm excluding gable ends

1.4.7 The maximum roof pitch shall be 35 degrees

Ordering Timber

• Timber is ordered in lineal metersmay be priced in cubic meters

• Increments of 300mm• Timber should be ordered as required

- avoid unnecessary exposure to weather- affecting cash flows- theft- storage

Material Storage

• Timber should be stored on gluts

• This allows for airflow• Care should be taken

in stack sizes • Stacks can be

strapped for safety

Storage of Materials

• Timber should be stored as close as possible to work area

Stud Spacing – Other ConsiderationStud Spacing may also be determined by

sheeting

Studs

• Not all external sheeting require critical stud placement

• Check with LATEST manufactures manual as to requirements

Harditek (Blue Board)For Sheet Products Stud Placement is Important

Calculating Stud Lengths

• Finished Floor to Ceiling govern stud length• Minimum Habitable Room is 2400mm Clear• Floor Finishes

1. Carpet 20mm2. Timber Flooring 40mm (Depending on Batten)

• Ceilings1. 10mm Plasterboard2. 13mm Plasterboard

Calculating Stud Length

• Double Storey building may have FFL (Finished Floor Level).

• Allowance must be made for structural members

• Most Importantly Determine if there are any height restrictions

• Type of Roof Will affect Stud Heights

Top & Bottom Plates = 90 x 45 F5

Step 1 – Determine Floor & CeilingFloor Carpet = 20mmCeiling Gyprock = 13mm

Step 2 – Calculate Stud Length

Minimum Clearance = 2400mm Plus Flooring = 20mmPlus Ceiling = 20mm

Wall Height = 2440mmless Wall Plates = 90mm

Stud Length = 2350mm

Ground Floor

First Floor

Ground Fl Finish = Timber (40mm)First Floor = Carpet (20mm)Upper Level Joists = 200 x 50 F5Top & Bottom Plates = 90 x 45

Step 1- Determine SFL (Structural Floor Level)SFL First Floor = 28.950 (FFL First Fl)

-20 (Carpet) SFL= 28.930

SFL Ground Fl = 26.200 (FFL Gnd) - 40 (Timber)

SFL = 26.160Step 2 – Calculate Height Difference

SFL First Floor = 28.930 –SFL Ground Fl = 26.180Height Difference = 2.750

Step 3 – Structural Elements

Height Diff = 2.750Less Flooring = 0.017Less Floor Joist = 0.200Less T & B Plate = 0.090

Stud Length = 2.443Ground Floor

First Floor

Carpet Both Floors (20mm) Ceilings 10mm Plasterboard (Allow 20mm)Dimensions are clear measurementsLower level plates Upper Level PlatesBottom Plate = 90 x 35 F5 Bottom Plate = 90 x 45 F5Top Plate = 90 x 45 F5 Top Plate = 90 x 70 F5

Calculating Door Heights

• On Concrete Slab• Using a standard 2040mm x 820mm • Allow 22mm for Carpet (17mm + 5mm)• 2040 mm Door Height• 2mm Clearance between Door & Jamb• 20mm for Jamb• 10mm Clearance between Jamb & Head• 15mm Clearance between Jamb & Lintel• Total = 2094mm Say 2100mm

Calculation of Door Width

Calculation of Window

•Check with manufacturer if windows are not on site•Generally at same height of doors•Check on elevations for window heights•15mm Clearance between Jamb & Lintel•Allow 10mm under sill

Window Width

•Care should be taken when setting out to brick bond!• Client may want window to line up with internal fitting • Client may want window dead center of room

Lintels

Construct Wall Frames

• Number Wall Frames• Clock Wise Direction• Internal Walls Left to Right• Top To Bottom

Setting Out Plates

• Confirm Dimensions of Slab/ SubfloorSelect Suitable Timber & Cut to LengthTack TogetherMark Appropriate ID Number on Plate

• Mark Required Studs – In Following OrderEnd StudsWall IntersectionsOpeningsCommon Studs

Setting Out Plates

• If required prepare a storey rod with the appropriate markings (ie Horizontal & Vertical Bond)

• Set out position of window and doors studs remembering to allow for required jamb studs

• If required adjust position to match brickbond• Set out Common Studs, Jack Studs at required

spacing

Preparing Studs

• Use Storey Rod (Pattern Stud) to cut required studs

• Mark and check out window and door studs

Fixing Wall Frames To Floors

• AS 1684.2

Wall Frame Assembly

What are Advantages & Disadvantages of Prefabricated Wall Frames?

Assembling Wall Frames

Frame Erection

Nominal Fixings For Bottom Plates AS 1684.2

Documents

BCGCA3004B Construct Wall Framing. Wall Framing National Construction Code states that