Wall Framing Building Code of Australia states that
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AS 1684.2 Scope Page 9 Section 1.1
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AS 1684.2 Scope Page 9 Section 1.1 This means that this
standard only applies the Residential Buildings (Class 1) or
Garages & Carports (Class 10).
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Wall Frame Members Parts of a frame perform specific functions
- supporting live & dead loads - resist Racking Forces - resist
Overturning Forces - resist Sliding Forces - resist Uplift Forces
-Most members provide a face to accept linings (this means that
member sizes may be limited)
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Live Load
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Dead Load
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Racking Forces Wind
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Overturning Forces Wind
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Sliding Forces Wind
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Uplift Forces Wind
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Timbers Generally Used - Radiata Pine - Oregon (Douglas Fir) -
Various Hardwood Species Various combinations of -timbers,
-engineered wood products -materials such as steel may be
usedWHY?
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Structural Steel Radiata Pine Studs Engineered Timber (LVL)
Lintels Galvanized Steel Strap Bracing Engineered Timber (I Beams)
Deep Joists
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Other more exotic Timbers such as Cypress Pine may be used.
-Why?
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Wall Frames Frames are classified into 2 categories 1.Load
Bearing They are structural frames, they transfer loads from roof
or upper floor to the supporting floor frame. They can be either
external or internal walls. 2.Non Load Bearing - do not support any
structural loads. - They support their own weight - Non structural
loads doors and frame, kitchen cupboards, driers etc. - support
some live loads eg Doors closing. Therefore there are some minimum
requirements for these AS 1684.2 cl 6.3.5
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AS 1684.2 cl 6.3.5
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Basic Frame Components Refer page 187 TAFE Guide
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Refer AS1684.2 cl 6.1.2
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Frame Member Functions Plates Horizontal members that form the
top & bottom of the frame. Bottom plate is usually 50mm for
unseasoned timber 45mm for seasoned. Top plate is usually the same
section size as bottom plate. For trussed roof top plates will be
75mm for unseasoned and 70mm for seasoned Top plate may be made up
by 2 x 38 (35) Thicker top plates means that trusses or upper floor
joists do not need to be placed direct over a stud
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Plates AS 1684.2 cl 6.2.2
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Studs Vertical members placed between the plates The set the
wall height Studs in external frames resist Wind Loads Generally
Stud sizes are 75mm or 100mm wide by 50mm or 38mm in unseasoned
timbers and 70mm or 90mm wide by 35mm or 45mm in seasoned timbers.
Required Stud sizes can be found in AS 1684.2 Supplements
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Studs Continued Several Different types of Studs - Common -
Door & Window - Secondary Jamb Studs - Jack & Short
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Trimmers Horizontal members fixed between window studs and door
studs. Referred to as Sill or Head trimmers Usually of the same
section size bottom plates Openings wider than 1800mm require
trimmers as specified in AS 1684.2 cl6.3.6.6 & table 6.3
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Trimming Studs Run from Trimmers to Plates Used to block out
Narrow Lintel Where use in conjunction with Lintel they may take
structural loads Must be same depth as wall frame to accept
finishes May also be referred to as Jack, Soldier, or Short
studs
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Noggins Horizontal Member cut between studs to keep them -
straight - evenly spaced - prevent twisting - allows studs to carry
higher load - Maximum spacing 1350mm, there walls upto 2700mm
require only 1 row of noggins
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Noggins AS 1684.2 cl 6.2.1.5
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Blocking Placed at intersections of wall frames Normally 3
Blocks per intersection
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Blocking AS1684.2
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Lintels Also referred to as a Head Horizontal Load Bearing
Member between Studs Purpose is to transfer loads to side of
openings May be made of many materials - Timber - Engineered
Timbers - Structural Steel or Cold Rolled Steel Sections
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Bracing Provide lateral stability of Walls Provide resistance
against racking forces induced direct wind loads Provide resistance
to Roof loads induced onto top plates.
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Bracing Methods Timber Bracing 50 to 75 mm x 19 to 25mm checked
into and nailed flush into face of studs. Braces must be installed
in opposing pairs in external bracing walls. This method is
virtually never used today. Rated 0.8 kN/m
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Types of Bracing Perforated Metal Bracing - Installed in
similar method as timber brace with a saw cut into the plates and
studs. The brace is then nailed flush onto the studs and plates.
Braces must be installed in opposing pairs in external walls. Rated
0.8 kN/m
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Types of Bracing
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Flat Metal or Hoop Iron Bracing 19mm Wide x 0.8mm Zincalume Two
braces are fixed in opposite directions Fitted with Compression
Clamps Rated 1.5kN/m
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Types of Bracing Sheet Bracing Structural Plywood (Must be
Stamped) Hardboard (Masonite) Fibre Cement Resists Strong Wind
Loads Can be used on Narrow Panels Why? Usually on external walls
in cavity Why? Minimum 7mm (Not Necessarily Correct) Must be nailed
off as per AS 1684.2 Plate Steel can be used in High Wind Load
Areas
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Bracing AS 1684.2
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Location of Bracing AS 1684 cl 8.3.6.6 states Bracing should be
evenly distributed and be provided in both directions Should be
placed initially at corners
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Spacing of Bracing Walls AS 1684.2 Cl 8.3.6.7 states For Single
Storey Building or Upper Storey of Double Storey Buildings Maximum
distance between bracing wall shall be 9000mm for Wind
Classifications up to N2
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Plan & Prepare For Wall Framing Stress Grading of
Individual Wall Frame Members Seasoned Or Unseasoned
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Stress Grading Refers to the Timbers Strength Timber must be
able to withstand stress loads placed on them. Overloading may
cause straining or failure 3 types of stress Compressive Tensile
Shear Note Torsional Stress is not discussed
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Stress Grading Members Sizes will be determined for span tables
Generally for Residential Construction sizes will not be specified
by designers Why? Architect will not want to take responsibility
Engineer will want to charge extra to do this and Why would a
client want to pay for something that he can get done for
nothing
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Stress Grading Why are members generally specified on
Commercial projects AS 1684.2 Residential Timber Framed
Construction Guide
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AS 1684.2 Limitations 1.4.4 The Maximum number of storey's of
timber shall not exceed 2 1.4.5 The maximum width of a building
shall 16 000mm, Note, if you use AS1684.2 simplified max width = 12
000mm 1.4.6 The maximum wall height shall be 3000mm excluding gable
ends 1.4.7 The maximum roof pitch shall be 35 degrees
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Structural pine grading A3P has announced that it will not
proceed with the introduction of Structural Pine (SP) grading as
previously planned. Continuing contact with A3P members, timber
merchants, truss and frame fabricators, designers and specifiers
has indicated the introduction cannot be achieved without major
disruption and unacceptable burden to industry.
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Ordering Timber Timber is ordered in lineal meters may be
priced in cubic meters Increments of 300mm Lengths over 3600mm are
charged at higher rate Timber should be ordered as required - avoid
unnecessary exposure to weather - affecting cash flows - theft -
storage
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Material Storage Timber should be stored on gluts This allows
for airflow Care should be taken in stack sizes Stacks can be
strapped for safety
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Storage of Materials Timber should be stored as close as
possible to work area
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What is a Concentrated Load ?
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Frame Construction Plates The size of plates will depend on 1.
Floor Joist Spacing 2. Rafter / Truss Spacing 3. Stud Spacing 4.
Single or Double Storey 5. Stress Grade of Timber 6. Roof Load
Width ?
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Roof Load Width (RLW)
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Plates Seasoned timbers are dressed therefore trenching not
required Rough Sawn Timbers such as Oregon, Hardwood require
trenching. Housing of plates for studs provides a constant
thickness Trenching keeps Top & Bottom plates parallel
Restrains Unseasoned Studs from twisting
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Trenching usually appox 10 mm Trenching depth is not critical
but what is left on is. Top Plates fully supported on masonary
walls will be sized based on a 300mm spacing
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Top Plates AS 1684.2 cl 6.3.4. states that may be a minimum of
35 mm if 1. not required to resist uplift forces (i.e trusses are
nominally fixed and 2. Trusses or Rafters are located directly
above studs or within 1.5 times the depth of the plate from the
stud.
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Joining of Plates Where plates are butt jointed they may be
joined using a connector plate.
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Joining of Plates Plates may be Scarfed or Lapped jointed.
Theses are time consuming and rarely used
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Calculate Plate Lengths During Fabrication Top & Bottom
Plates are the same length Plates should be as long as possible
Consider manpower available to stand frames Remember Top Plate must
be continuous
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Studs Stud Sizes are determined by 1.Stress Grade 2.Stud
Spacing 3.Rafter/ Truss spacing 4.Wall Height 5.Roof Load Width
6.AS 1684.2 tables only specify 450mm or 600mm spacing. These are
the most common spacing's
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Stud Spacing Stud Spacing Determined by 1.Stress Grade 2.Stud
Spacing 3.Rafter/ Truss spacing 4.Wall Height 5.Roof Load Width and
6.If applicable External Sheeting Joints (ie Blue Board etc)
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Studs Not all external sheeting require critical stud placement
Check with manufactures manual as to requirements Generally studs
should be aligned with the internal face.
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Harditek (Blue Board)
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Studs Stud sizes are determined from tables in AS 1684.2
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Calculating Stud Length Finished Floor to Ceiling govern stud
length Minimum Habitable Room is 2400mm Clear Floor Finishes 1.
Carpet 20mm 2. Timber Flooring 40mm (Depending on Batten) Ceilings
1. 10mm Plasterboard 2. 13mm Plasterboard
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Calculating Stud Length Double Storey building may have FFL
(Finished Floor Level). Allowance must be made for structural
members Most Importantly Determine if there are any height
restrictions Type of Roof Will affect Stud Heights
Step 3 Structural Elements Height Diff = 2.750 Less Flooring =
0.017 Less Floor Joist = 0.200 Less T & B Plate = 0.090 Stud
Length = 2.443 Ground Floor First Floor
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Carpet Both Floors (20mm) Ceilings 10mm Plasterboard (Allow
20mm) Dimensions are clear measurements Lower level plates Upper
Level Plates Bottom Plate = 90 x 35 F5Bottom Plate = 90 x 45 F5 Top
Plate = 90 x 45 F5Top Plate = 90 x 70 F5
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Straightening of Studs
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Calculating Door Heights On Concrete Slab Using a standard
2040mm x 820mm Allow 22mm for Carpet (17mm + 5mm) 2040 mm Door
Height 2mm Clearance between Door & Jamb 20mm for Jamb 10mm
Clearance between Jamb & Head 15mm Clearance between Jamb &
Lintel Total = 2094mm Say 2100mm
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Calculation of Door Width
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Calculation of Window Check with manufacturer if windows are
not on site Generally at same height of doors Check on elevations
for window heights 15mm Clearance between Jamb & Lintel Allow
10mm under sill
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Window Width Care should be taken when setting out to brick
bond! Client may want window to line up with internal fitting
Client may want window dead center of room
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Lintels
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Construct Wall Frames Number Wall Frames Clock Wise Direction
Internal Walls Left to Right Top To Bottom
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Setting Out Plates Confirm Dimensions of Slab/ Subfloor Select
Suitable Timber & Cut to Length Tack Together Mark Appropriate
ID Number on Plate Mark Required Studs In Following Order End Studs
Wall Intersections
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Setting Out Plates If required prepare a storey rod with the
appropriate markings (ie Horizontal & Vertical Bond) Set out
position of window and doors studs remembering to allow for
required jamb studs If required adjust position to match brickbond
Set out Common Studs, Jack Studs at required spacing
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Preparing Studs Use Storey Rod (Pattern Stud) to cut required
studs Mark and check out window and door studs
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Fixing Wall Frames To Floors AS 1684.2
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Wall Frame Assembly What are Advantages & Disadvantages of
Prefabricated Wall Frames?