BASIN MANAGEMENT MANUAL FOR LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT …dspace.kila.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/91/1/Base... · 2018. 9. 28. · The preparation of the Manual was also helped by Water

Kerala Institute of Local AdministrationMulamkunnathukavu P.O., Thrissur – 680581

Phone: 0487-2207000 (Office), 0487-2201312 (Director), 2201062 (Fax)e-mail: [email protected]: www.kilaonline.org

March 2015

BASIN MANAGEMENT MANUALFOR

LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS

Chief EditorDr. P.P.BalanDirector, KILA

EditorDr. J.B. Rajan

Programme Director, KILA

Prepared byT.P. Harikumar

Extension Faculty, KILAe-mail: [email protected]

Editorial SupportMadhu Narayanan

Faculty in Social DevelopmentKILA-KLGSDP

PhotosT.P. Harikumar

Figur 2 www.meted.ucar.edu

Layout & Cover DesignUsman Kuttoth

Published by

Kerala Institute of Local AdministrationMulamkunnathukavu, Thrissur – 680581

Phone: 0487-2207000 (Office)0487-2201312 (Director),

2201062 (Fax)

e-mail: [email protected]: www.kilaonline.org

Printed atCo-operative Press, Mulamkunnathukavu,

Ph: 0487-2200391, 9895566621

Basin Management Manual forLocal Self Government Institutions

(English)

March 2015

ISBN No. 978-81-925633-9-8

FOREWORD

Well being of our water resources and its sources face harsh challenges these times as they are under severe

threat of over-exploitation and neglect. As custodians of natural resources Local Self Government Institutions

(LSGIs) have great role to play in their management, sustenance and allocation of resources. But considering

the complexity of issues involved, the management of our rivers and other water bodies are not an easy task.

Being the premier institute for imparting knowledge and skills to LSGIs, Kerala Institute of Local

Administration (KILA) is keen on issues related to natural resource management and water is prime on its

agenda. KILA is already involved in watershed management in LSGIs. It is in this context that KILA

decided to bring out Basin Management Manual –BMM- to support the LSGIs. The BMM is pre curser for

an in-depth understanding about the basins and water bodies to LSGIs prior to their attempt to prepare a

Basin Management Plan. The Manual documents all necessary components in basin management, its data

requirements and sources. It also brings out all stakeholders and their role in management and attempt a

governance model.

Dr. P.P. Balan

17/03/2015 Director, KILA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Writing of this Manual is heavily indebted to several documents available online, with the core idea borrowedfrom a few. Among them one is the Guidelines for Preparation of River Basin Management Plan, Basin Planning andManagement Organization, Central Water Commission Government of India, 2007. It said that ‘…Planning isa continuous process. Therefore, master plan should be reviewed and modified periodically to incorporate up-to-date information on various factors affecting decision-making.’ The insistence for maintaining a dynamic data forbasin management is derived from this. The aforementioned guideline details all relevant topics and features butstops short of a process that could be translated for practitioners on the ground.

The content flexibility to suit Basin Management Manual in its present form is inspired from the Model Guidelinesfor River Basin Management Planning in Armenia, US Agency for International Development, 2008. It is a trulyprocess intensive, ‘make do’ document that is at the same time scientific. The elaborate characterization process, itsdefinitions and method of detailing etc. offered ways to simplify/modify for the purpose of this Manual.

The preparation of the Manual was also helped by Water Sharing in the Nile River Valley, Using GIS/RemoteSensing for the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, UNEP/DEWA/GRID–Geneva, 1999-2000. It is a verydetailed and technical document that helps to understand the complexity involved in basin management andwater sharing process. All above documents are for further reading.

The premise for setting the Manual was set thanks to the internal discussions within KILA. Data requirements foreach characterization, its identification, selection of samples etc are owing to the contribution of Dr. Latha, Ms.Anita and Mr. Jayaraj. The task of identifying data sources and their possible availability was achieved throughseveral sittings with experts. Mr. D. Sanki compiled and tabulated Powers on Panchayat/Municipalities relevantfor (River) Basin Management in Kerala that is a ready reckoner and is annexed in the Manual. It truly is veryvaluable.

Finally, my gratefulness to Dr. J.B. Rajan and KILA for initiating the idea of a Basin Manual and also havingprovided the impetus to broaden the scope of the Manual both for its reach to all LSGIs as well as for multi-stakeholder practice. While this Manual is a result of efforts of various people, any limitation herein lies with me.

Hari Kumar TP

Foreword iAcknowledgement iiiAcronyms ixBasis for the Manual xi-xiv

Section I Basin CharacterizationChapter 1: Physical Characterization 1-101.1 Key Terminologies 31.2 Data Requirements 41.3 Process: Descriptive & Tabular Representation 6

Chapter 2: Hydrological Characterization 11-202.1 Key Terminologies 132.2 Data Requirements 142.3 Process: Descriptive & Tabular Representation 16

Chapter 3: Eco-Bio-Enviro Characterization 21-313.1 Key Terminologies 233.2 Data Requirements 243.3 Process: Descriptive & Tabular Representation 26

Chapter 4: Geographical Characterization 33-404.1 Key Terminologies 354.2 Data Requirements 364.3 Process: Descriptive & Tabular Representation 37

Chapter 5: Economic Characterization 41-515.1 Key Terminologies 435.2 Data Requirements 435.3 Process: Descriptive & Tabular Representation 46

Chapter 6: Social Characterization 53-606.1 Key Terminologies 556.2 Data Requirements 556.3 Process: Descriptive & Tabular Representation 57

Section II Outcome & Action Plan 61-847.1 Outcome 637.2 Action Plan 647.3 Linkages with overall Basin character 667.4 Conclusion 69

Section III Governance 85-938.1 Stakeholders 878.2 Governance Structure 888.3 Mode of Operations 908.4 Monitoring 92

Annexures 95-119I Powers on Panchayat/Municipalities 97

Relevant for (River) Basin Management in KeralaII Address of Departments for Data 120III Legal Instruments - Policies, Act & Rules 121

Contents

v

List of FiguresFigure 1 Basin Characterization xiiFigure 2 Meanders 4Figure 3 Orgin of a River 5Figure 4 Sands of Bharathapuzha 15Figure 5 Riparian Vegetation 23Figure 6 Estuarine Crab 25Figure 7 Estuary 35Figure 8 Mangroves 36Figure 9 Pilgrimage Tourists 45Figure 10 Boat on River 56Figure 11 Characterization Process 63Figure 12 Constituents of PRGS 88Figure 13 PRGS Decision Making Process 91

List of TablesSection I1.1 Key Terminologies in Physical Characterization 31.2 Data for Physical Characterization 41.3 Listing of Physical Factors & Data Sources 71.4 Particulers of Data Collection Method - LSGIs Level 91.5 Physical Factors LSLIs Level 91.6 Physical Factors District Level 91.7 Physical Factors Basin Level 102.1 Key Terminologies in Hydrological Characterization 132.2 Data Requirements for Hydrological Characterization 142.3 Listing of major Hydrological Factors & Data Sources 172.4 Pariculers of Data Collection Method LSGIs Level 192.5 Hydrological Factor: Micro Watershed Outside forested Areas LSGIs Level 192.6 Hydrological Factors: Land Use in Micro Watershed Outside Forested Areas

LSGIs Level 192.7 Hydrological Factors: Land Use in Micro Watershed Outsid Forested Areas

District Level 202.8 Hydrological Factors Basin Level 203.1 Key Terminologies in Eco-Bio-Enviro Characterization 233.2 Data for Eco-Bio-Enviro Characterization 243.3 Listing of Major Eco-Bio-Enviro Factors & Data Sources 273.4 Pariculers of Data Collection Method LSGIs Level 293.5 Eco-Bio-Enviro Factors LSGIs Level 303.6 Eco-Bio-Enviro Factors:Bird Diversity & Habitat LSGIs Level 303.7 Eco-Bio-Enviro Factors District Level 30

vi

vii

3.8 Eco-Bio-Enviro Factors Basin Level 314.1 Key Terminologies in Geographic Characterization 3354.2 Data Requirements for Geographic Characterization 364.3 Listing of Major Geographic Factors & Possible Data Sources 384.4 Particulers of Data Collection Method - LSGIs Level 394.5 Geographical Factors LSGI Level 394.6 Geographical Factors District Level 404.7 Geographical Factors Basin Level 405.1 Key Terminologzxies in Economic Characterization 435.2 Data Requirements for Economic Characterization 435.3 Listing of Major Economic Factors & Possible Data Sources 475.4 Particulers of Data Collection Method - LSGIs Level 505.5 Economic Factors LSGIs Level 505.6 Economic Factors District Level 505.7 Economic Factors Basin Level 516.1 Key Terminologies in Social Characterization 556.2 Data Requirements for Social Characterization 556.3 Listing of Social Factors & Data Sources 586.4 Particulers of Data Collection Method - LSGIs Level 596.5 Social Factors LSGIs Level 596.6 Social Factors District Level 606.7 Social Factors Basin Level 61

Section II7.1 Action Plan: Interventions 657.2 Action Paln: Sectoral & Budget Integration 657.3 Action Paln: Inter-Sub Matrix Linkages 657.4 Physical Factor - River Bank 667.5 River Bank: Data Summary 667.6 River Bank : List of Maps 677.7 Action Plan : Interventions 677.8 Action Plan: Sectoral & Fund Integration 687.9 Action Plan: Inter-Sub Matrix Linkages 687.10 Hydrological Factor - Watershed 697.11 Watershed Outside Forested Areas: Data Summary 697.12 Watershed Outside Forested Areas: Data Summary 697.13 Watershed Outside Forested Areas: Data Summary 707.14 Watershed Outside Forested Areas: Data Summary 707.15 Watershed Outside Forested Areas: Data Summary 707.16 Watershed Outside Forested Areas: List of Maps 707.17 Action Plan: Interventions 707.18 Action Plan: Sectoral & Fund Integration 727.19 Action Plan: Inter-Sub Matrix Linkages 73

7.20 Eco-Bio-Enviro Factor-Pollution Load 737.21 Pollution Load: Data Summary 747.22 Pollution Load: Impacts 757.23 Pollution Load List of Maps 757.24 Action Plan: Interventions 757.25 Action Plan: Sectoral & Fund Integration 777.26 Action Plan: Inter-Sub Matrix Linkages 777.27 Economic Factor - Sand Mining 787.28 Sand Mining: Data Summary 787.29 Sand Mining: List of Maps 797.30 Action Plan: Interventions 797.31 Action Plan: Sectoral & Fund Integration 807.32 Action Plan: Inter-Sub Matrix Linkages 807.33 Economic Factor - Rice Farming 817.34 Demography & Farming: Data Summary 817.35 Rice Farming: Data Summary 817.36 Action Plan: Interventions 827.37 Action Plan: Sectoral & Fund Integration 837.38 Action Plan: Inter-Sub Matrix Linkages 83

Section III8.1 User Group Membership 898.2 Management Cell Membership 898.3 Scrutiny Cell Membership 90

List of Boxes

Box 1 Delineation of Watersheds into Tiny Micro Watersheds 13Box 2 Stakeholders 87Box 3 Property Regimes 87Box 4 Where is All the Earth’s Water? 88Box 5 Transparency 92Box 6 Monitoring 92

viii

Acronyms

ADAC – Agency for Development of Aqua CultureBMM – Basin Management ManualBMP – Basin Management PlanBTR – Basic Tax RegisterCADA – Command Area Development AuthorityCESS – Centre for Earth Science StudiesCWC – Centre for Water CommissionCWRDM – Centre for Water Research and ManagementCZMA – Coastal Zone Management AuthorityCZMP – Coastal Zone Management PlanDTPC – District Tourism Promotion CouncilGIS – Geographical Informatics SystemIRTC – Integrated Rural Technology CentreITDC – India Tourism Development CorporationIWMP–RDD – Integrated Watershed Management Programme,

Rural Development DepartmentKFRI – Kerala Forest Research InstituteKILA – Kerala Institute of Local AdministrationKRWSA – Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation AgencyKSEB - Kerala State Electricity BoardKSREC – Kerala State Remote Sensing and Environment CentreKSWTD – Kerala State Water Transport DepartmentKTDC – Kerala Tourism Development CorporationLSGIs – Local Self Government InstitutionsNABARD – National Bank of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentNRSA – National Remot Sensing AgencyPTPC - Panchayat Tourism Promotion CouncilPCB – Pollution Control BoardPCK – Plantation Corporation KeralaPWD – Public Works DepartmentPRA – Participatory Rural AppraisalPRGS – Participatery Resource Governance SystemRRA – Rapid Rural AppraisalRMC – River Management CellSFCK – State Farming Corporation of KeralaVFPCK – Vegetable and Fruit Promotional Council of Kerala

ix

This Basin Management Manual was originally meant for Local Self Government Institutions (LSGIs) of two BackwardRegions Grant Fund (BRGF) districts of Wayanad and Palakkad, for protection and management of the Kabani Riverand the Bharathapuzha respectively. As discussions deepened, it became evident that the evolved approach and theManual could be useful to other LSGIs, stakeholders and managers in the preparation of Basin Management Plan (BMP).It is an accepted fact that there is no single river or water body in the state that is not threatened of its natural existence.Effluent discharge, waste dumping, sand mining, river and river bank encroachment, and unsustainable water extractionare major threats to all waterbodies. The impacts of these development induced threats are several and severe, while aholistic management approach is lacking. Keeping in view of these, water bodies in Kerala especially its rivers, lakes andalso the groundwater sources are considered as the basis for this Manual. The pressures and impacts are considered withinterventionist detail. This Manual is only a forerunner to preparation of a BMP. Every water body calls for detailed andin-depth study and analysis to identify its natural conditions, potentials and threats. While the threats are discussed, it isimperative to have an agency to coordinate and take a lead role in the management and protection of waterbodies. In theKerala context, this could be the LSGIs to an effective extent. If protected forest areas are delineated, the LSGIs have theirjurisdiction spread across the state through its 978 Rural, 65 Urban and 1 Cantonment. (978 GPs, 60 Municipalities, 5Municipal Corporations, 1 Cantonment.) LSGIs could bring together all stakeholders and coordinate the managementactivities. But the task ahead is painstaking, complex and costly.

Before venturing into the tempting call of basin management, it is essential that LSGIs and other stakeholders make aninformed entry. The basin management involves almost all schools of modern science and management techniques. Itmust be aligned with local wisdom and practices too. This Manual is envisioned keeping the LSGIs as central, and withthe active cooperation of other agencies and stakeholders. All essential natural, social and economic features of a waterbodyare considered so that the basin characteristics are scientifically evaluated for preparation of a realistic BMP.

Basis for the Manual

1 This Manual is conceived keeping in mind the LSGIs core mandate to decentralized governance and to instillchanges from below. The Manual intended to support the LSGIs in preparation of a Basin Management Plankeeping in mind these two central premises.

2 All LSGIs located on either bank of a river or of a water body are considered potential water managers in theManual.

3 The term basin is used in generic, qualifying for river, stream, lake, etc with all or any natural feature applicable.As basin management is usually referred to river basins the features, process described in the Manual shallreflect to that effect to a great degree. The significance however is protection and management of waterbody within the jurisdiction of LSGIs, scientifically.

4 A water body whether it is a river or lake is considered as a single unit for the purpose of management. Thatis, throughout their entire length - from the point of origin to the innate confluence with the ocean or otherwaterbody (as in a river) or the volume it occupies (as in a lake), irrespective of political boundaries.

5 It is proposed to document all natural and human activities taking place in and along a water body within thejurisdiction of each LSGI. The Manual keeps aware that each LSGI may have only a limited area in itscontrol. The intent is not fragmentation but a rational division for data accuracy while mapping the wholeand for later interventions.

6 The Manual segregates data of all available features of the water body in every possible detail. This is toconscientize the water managers and stakeholders, the magnitude and intricacy while they attempt effectiveinterventions in basin management.

Approach to the Basin Management Manual (BMM)

xi

Focus

7 The proposal is to generate ‘dynamic data’ or ‘transactional data’ denoting information that asynchronouslychanges as further updates to the information become available. This is based on the principle that the waterbody is alive and undergoes perpetual transformation; therefore all pertaining data must also be alive.

8 During preparation of the BMP, it proposes to generate a dynamic database through survey, research or bothwith the active participation of water managers, local communities and people, stakeholders, scientists, andexperts on Information Technology experts.

9 This Manual does not detail the complex analysis involved while preparing a BMP, since the analysis andoutcome in the real case scenario shall be based on authentic data or samples drawn from the ground.Instead the Manual provides an overview of the process.

10 The Manual recognizes that its prime mandate is to provide the LSGIs an action plan for effective interventionsin order to maintain healthy water bodies. It also takes into account that LSGIs have systems in place forprojects, budgets and three-tier integration for larger project implementation.

11 The Manual outlines a governance structure representing the LSGIs and the basin stakeholders for jointaction. Its functions can be flexible taking into account local situations and needs. The prime referencehowever is the basin health and the earnest desire is that it shall not be compromised.

12 Evaluation and corrective action is proposed at individual LSGI level, at district and inter-district levels toenvelop the entire water body and ultimately to fruitful basin management.

The Manual is founded on three thematic matrices represented as:1 Section I Basin Characterization2 Section II Outcome and Action Plan for LSGIs3 Section III Governance Structure

Section I1 Basin CharacterizationBasin characterization: As the preliminary step in planning, basin characterization is considered the most important. It isthe listing of all major characteristics of a basin. The Manual divides these characteristics into six categories aligning withnational and international classifications but also taking into account the indigenous requirements. They are in thefollowing order:

1 Physical Characterization2 Hydrological Characterization3 Eco-Bio-Enviro Characterization4 Geographical Characterization5 Economic Characterization6 Social Characterization

xii

Structure

BASIN CHARACTERIZATION

PhysicalCharacterization

HydrologicalCharacterization

Eco-Bio-EnviroCharacterization

GeographicalCharacterization

EconomicCharacterization

SocialCharacterization

Fig. 1: Basin Characterization

3 Data Collation, TabulationThe collected data is collated first at LSGIs level then at the level of all basin LSGIs in the district and all basin districts toarrive at basin level status. The expected outcome is the data on current status of each characteristic that stands ready forexpert analysis.

This Manual presents each of these characteristics as separate short chapters. A typical characterization chapter will havetables of:

a) Key Technical Terminologies (KTT)b) Data Requirements (DR)c) A Descriptive cum Tabular Representation (DTR) of the process depicting dynamic data requirements, its possible sources and how to collect and collate it at different levels.

This is further detailing as:a) Key Technical Terminologies (KTT)Several terminologies in basin characterization are unfamiliar to layman. Prior to proceeding to the characterizationprocess, technical terminologies are tabled first along with the definition or the description.b) Data Requirements (DR)Prior to detailing data requirements, the table provides all identified major factors and data requirements of aparticular characterization segment. This serves an ‘at a glance’ purpose prior to the detailing process.c) Process: Descriptive cum Tabular Representation (DTR)The Descriptive cum Tabular Representation is to engage the LSGIs why a particular set of data is required forbasin characterization. It is divided into two sections: 1) Data Collection and b) Data Collation and Tabulation forAnalysis.

2 Data collectionThis section reveals the magnitude of data requirements in each characterization and its sub factors, lists potentialsecondary sources and availability Primary data requirement is emphasized in the absence of or inadequacy of secondarydata.Descriptive cum Tabular Format for each Section will have a brief introductory note followed by rational for eachprocess in data collection as:

1 Why do LSGIs need data* in basin planning?2 What all data is required?3 Where do LSGIs gather the data?4 What necessary caution and criteria are required while collecting data?5 How do LSGIs validate the data?6 How do LSGIs collate the data?

xiii

Section IIOutcome and Action Plan for LSGIsThis Manual provides only an overview of the analysis process, because analyses are conducted on real data or samplesdrawn from the ground. However, samples of handpicked outcome of characterization process are provided forfamiliarizing. An Action Plan is worked out in detail since the mandate of this Manual is to empower the LSGIs foreffective Basin Management. This section has two segments:

a) Matrices for LSGIs level Action Planb) Sample handpicked factor with relevant tables and matrices

a) Matrices for LSGIs level Action PlanThe Action Plan for LSGIs is worked out so that they can take action based on the recommendations of the BMP.This is in the form of three matrices for simple but effective understanding and action. Based on the criticality of eachproblem, LSGIs are provided five interventional options for corrective action viz. regulation, restoration, protection,ban, and education.

*Note. This refers to Six Characteristics identified vice versa Physical, Hydrological, Eco-Bio-Environmental, Graphical, Economic and Social in respective sections.

xiv

LSGIs intervention to problems is aligned to their sector plans; productive, service and infrastructure. It is also linked tothree-tier integration; Grama Panchayat, Block Panchayat and District Panchayat respectively for individual or collectiveaction and also with other funds and finally, the Action Plan portrays a holistic approach to managmenet. Each factor islinked to the other, eachy characterization to the other and also their inter-linkages in the over all Basin Plan.

b) Handpicked Factors with Relevant Entries as SampleThese samples represent both the data requirement and Action Plan. One handpicked factor from the characterizationprocess with tables and output matrices represent the Action Plan and its relevant inter-linkages in LSGIs interventionin Basin Management. All but geographical characterization samples are represented.

Section IIIGovernance StructuresThe governance structure is founded on the principles of participation, rights and responsibilities i.e. if there are rightsthere are responsibilities also. This section details; (a) who and how stakeholders and their rights can be determined, (b)governance structure that takes into account all stakeholders, LSGIs and the interest of the basin, (c) the operationalmode of participatory governance and (d) monitoring mechanisms.a) Stakeholders

This Manual proposes to list out all stakeholders, their activities and stakes. This shall provide the quantum ofpressure on basin resources and their role in basin management.

b) Governance SystemThe Manual proposes a Participatory Resource Governance System (PRGS), a governance structure for all beneficiarystakeholders involved in the basin. This includes various government institutions, departments and private usergroups directly linked to the basin. Space for a neutral body to operate within the structure is also proposed.

c) Operational ModeThe operation is founded on democratic space for all stakeholders while keeping intact the powers and rights ofthe LSGIs in decision making. It is a tree-tier system with User Groups, a Scrutiny Cell and a Management Celldesigned to work in harmony.

d) MonitoringThe monitoring is proposed at several layers. They include monitoring of resource status, its extraction status,methods and practices in the basin management and also short-term and long-term monitoring mechanisms.

Key Terminologies

Data Requirements

Process: Descriptive & Tabular Representation

Physical Characterization

Chapter 1

Basin CharacterizationSection I

1.1 Key TerminologiesUnlike in our day to day usage, the characterization process uses its own terminologies to describe different featuresand facets of a basin – of a river, lake or other waterbody. Listed below are terminologies that classify the physicalcharacteristics, its description explained for the Basin Manual reader (Table 1.1).

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Table 1.1: Key Terminologies in Physical Characterization

River BasinStream or ChannelMorphologyRiver Channel

Stream Order

River Bed/RiverBank

Riparian Zone

Flood PlainDelta

Estuary

Meanders

Sediment

Tributary

The land area drained by a river and its tributaries.The structure and form of a stream or channel.A body of water, the river in this case, that flows deeper in the center and movesalong a path which is physically confined by the river bed and/or banks. “Channel”is a synonym of “strait” but that usage usually refers to a smaller body of water(fresh, salt or brackish) running along a channel and is connected by two largerbodies of water (the sea).Measure of the relative size of streams. Stream sizes range from the smallest, first-order, to the largest.A river bed/bank is the channel bottom of a stream, river or creek; the physicalconfine of the normal water flow. The lateral confines or channel margins, duringall but flood stage known as the stream banks or river banks. In fact, a floodoccurs when a stream overflows its banks and flows onto its flood plain. As ageneral rule, the bed is that part of the channel, just at the “normal” water line andthe banks are that part above the water line. However, because water flow varies,this differentiation is subject to local interpretation. Usually, the bed is kept clearof terrestrial vegetation whereas the banks are subjected to water flow only duringunusual or perhaps infrequent high water stages and therefore, might supportvegetation some or much of the time.Relating to or inhabiting the banks of a natural course of water. Riparian zonesare ecologically diverse and contribute to the health of other aquatic ecosystemsby filtering out pollutants and preventing erosion.The flat area bordering a river, composed of sediment deposited during flooding.A landform that is formed at the mouth of a river where that river flows into anocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, flat arid area, or another river. Deltas are formedfrom the deposition of the sediment carried by the river as the flow leaves themouth of the river. Over long periods of time, this deposition builds thecharacteristic geographic pattern of a river delta.A partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowinginto it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transitionzone between river environments and ocean environments and are subject to bothmarine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water; and riverineinfluences, such as flows of fresh water and sediment. The inflow of both seawaterand freshwater provide high levels of nutrients in both the water column andsediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in theworld.To follow a winding and turning course/Circuitous windings or sinuosities, as ofa stream or path/snake like windings.Soil, sand, and minerals washed from land into water, usually after rain. Sedimentcan destroy fish-nesting areas, clog animal habitats, and cloud waters so that sunlightdoes not reach aquatic plantsA stream or river that flows into a larger river or lake

Description#123

4

5

6

78

9

10

11

12

Key Terminologies

1.2 Data Requirements 1

In basin management, updating data is essential i.e. to keep data alive or dynamic. The term physical characterizationenvelops several important factors and sub-factors that call for separate recording. All significant factors for physicalcharacterization are listed so that LSGIs and stakeholders have an informed participation during Basin ManagementPlan preparation. (Table 1.2).

Fig 2 : Meanders

1 Origin of the River2 Area of the Basin3 Number of Main Tributaries in the Basin4 Inter - State Nature of the Basin1 Channel pattern2 Channel geometry at several points along a river channel, including network

of tributaries within the drainage basin1 Width and depth of channel – to be assessed during November-December1 Geological base of the river-bed - to be assessed at every 1 km interval1 Sloping land beside the river - to be assessed2 Slope stability – to be for every 1 km along the length of the river1 Length and Width – based on the stream order from which riparian zone

will be gauged2 Depending on the LSGIs through which the stream flows1 Length and Width2 Seasonal connectivity with the river3 Composition of (Sediments) of the flood plain1 History of delta formation2 Extent of delta3 Characteristics – type, sedimentary structure1 Extent2 Classification3 Seasonality Variations1. Number of meanders in the river2. Historical data – how the meanders have changed or disappeared

1 Facter listed below are general but not exhaustive; individual basin may have its physical particularities that could be listed only during thecharecterisation process

Table 1.2: Data for Physical CharacterisationData RequirementsPhysical Factors#

River Basin

Stream (Channel orFluvio) Morphology.

River ChannelRiver BedRiver Bank

Riparian Zone

Flood Plain

Delta

Estuary

Meanders( Snake like winding )

1

2

345

6

7

8

9

10

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Fig 3 : Origin of a River

Data RequirementsPhysical Factors#1 Width and depth of sand deposit2 Type of sand – clay, alluvium, gravel etc.3 Rate of deposit1 Sedimentation Inside Reservoirs2 Downstream of Dams3 Sediment Composition4 Rate of Sedimentation1 Number of Tributaries2 Origin and length of each tributary till its confluence with main river /major

tributary3 Local names of the tributary1 Major pools and riffles in the river (in upstream areas only)2 Location1 Major Waterfalls2 Location3 Length and Fall4 Seasonality1 Height2 Width3 Water spread Area

11

12

13

14

15

16

Sand Deposits - Midlands -PlainsSediment

Tributary

Pools and Riffles

Waterfalls

ReservoirCheck Dam

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1.3 Process: Descriptive & Tabular Representation

1.3.1 IntroductionIn basin characterization it is important to capture facets that constitute the basin naturally. These are the physical-geographic–biological including the hydrological characteristics that works in union to form the basin. As it is impossibleto delineate basin characteristics without human presence or interferences, such influences also shall creep into thisexercise. The significance of capturing the physical characteristics is that we get to see and familiarize a basin in itsentirety. The process is technical and calls for the presence of professionals and for their expertise to the basin fordocumenting the characteristics.

1.3.2 Data Collection(i) Why do LSGIs need physical data in basin planning?Physical data (along with other characteristics) is to assess the condition of a basin and also its status from a physicalperspective. Physical characteristics are drawn primarily to document various sensitive ecological zones and featureswhich otherwise do not get the attention they call for; but are integral parts that constitute the whole. For reasons ofaccuracy and later for basin protection strategies each of these features need careful delineation for basin characterization.(ii) What all data is required?Physical data includes every stage of the river or water body from its origin to its natural rest when it debouches intothe ocean or in some cases into another larger water body. Data on river bed, the sediment it carries and its composition,the tributaries, different formations like the delta and estuary all need to be documented in precision. Data on thestatus of river banks, the riparian vegetations etc., are essential factors that need to be documented.

(iii) Where do LSGIs gather the physical data?Secondary Dataa) The search must begin with any basin management studies conducted in full or in sections by specialized

institutions or universities or by any other agencies for secondary data purposes. Secondary data may also beavailable with government departments like research institutes like Department of Forests, Irrigation, ElectricityBoard and institutions like CESS, KFRI, etc. Though such published sources may not be studies depictingthe entire, these could nevertheless provide data on specific factors like catchment area, watersheds, riparianzones etc.

b) All general books on rivers in the state must be procured especially those relating to the basin of interest tothe LSGIs

c) Satellite and Remote Sensing imageriesd) Any and all maps available are precious and must be procured.e) Search for old photographs could be made with possible date and age ascertained.Primary Dataa) It is essential to have complete data on the physical featuresb) It is recommended that LSGIs collectively approach the primary data collection with a definite work plan.c) PRA or RRA methods are essential to gather information on changes that has occurred to features like river

banks, riparian vegetations, flood plains etc., that has vital significance to assess the changes taken place andthereby its affects and impacts.

d) Maps of all major physical features are to be prepared.e) Seek service of photographers with interest and expertise in nature/wildlife to photo/video documentation

of physical features.

Listed in table 1.3 are all major physical factors and secondary data sources required for the physical characterizationof a basin along with agencies and also methods for data collection. These agencies and sources may possess data ormaps in whole or part or none at all. LSGIs can approach these agencies for generating required data or mapsprofessionally.

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Table 1.3: Listing of Physical Factors & Data Sources

River Basin

Stream (Channel orFluvio)Morphology

River Channel

River Bed

River Bank

Riparian Zone

Flood Plain

Delta

Estuary

Meanders(Snake like winding )

Sand Deposits - Midlands - PlainsSediment

Tributary

Data SourcesPhysical Factors#

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Secondary Primary1 Landuse Board – River Basin

Map with Sub and MicroWatershed Boundaries

2 KSREC3 NRSA4 CESS5 KFRI6 Google maps7 LSGIs Vikasana Rekha

(Development Report) 19961 Department of Soil Survey2 Department of Soil Conservation3 Landuse board1 RMC (Department of Revenue)

1 RMC

1 RMC2 Panchayat Office

1 RMC2 KFRI

1 RMC2 Panchayat Office

1 RMC

1 CESS2 CWRDM3 CZMP1 KSREC2 NRSA3 Satellite Imageries4 Kerala Land Use Board5 Google Maps1 RMC2 CESS

1 RMC2 CESS3 Department of Geology1 RMC2 KSREC3 Satellite Imageries4 Google Maps

1 Watershed Master Planprepared by LSGIs2009 -12

2 Survey3 Mapping4 RRA

1 Survey2 Mapping

1 Survey2 Mapping1 Survey2 Mapping1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA4 Photographs1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA

1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA1 Survey2 RRA


-7-

(vi) What necessary caution and criteria are required while collecting physical data?a) All available secondary data should be verified with onsite visits and comparisonsb) Age of data is a prime criterion especially for secondary data, this is to ensure data consistency and uniformityc) Selecting common software by all LSGIs is mandatory for uniformity, output consistency. There are several

software available for Integrated River Modeling.(v) Data Validation

For physical characterization at LSGIs level, data collected should ensure the followings:a) Textual history of River & Physical characteristicsb) Table of Stream Morphologyc) Table of River Channel width & Lengthd) Table on River Geological Basee) Table of Reclamations (Bank & Bed)f) Topographic Maps or Imagery of the River Basing) Maps of River Banksh) Maps of Riparian Zonei) Maps of Flood Plainsj) Maps of Deltak) Map of Estuaries/sl) Maps & Imageries of Meandersm)Maps of Tributariesn) Maps of Pools & Riffles & Regionso) Maps of Waterfalls & Regionsp) Maps of Reservoirs & Check Dam locations

(vi) How do LSGIs collate the data?Data collection is a meticulous process and the data voluminous. It seeks several batches of data collectors andsupervisory personnel involvement. Therefore documenting the method has prime significance. The collating processalso involves different stages; first at LSGIs level followed by collation of all basin LSGIs at district level and finally allbasin districts put together to arrive at the basin level. The digitization and the Geographical Information System(GIS) will greatly depend on the data collection process and data accuracy.

(vii) Data TabulationPrior to collating the physical data it is important to clearly specify data collection method; whether it is survey,estimations obtained through PRA etc. The collection process should be clearly tabulated indicating whether thesource is primary or secondary and in case of secondary the date of publication and source. (Table 1.4).

Data SourcesPhysical Factors#Secondary Primary

Pools and Riffles

Waterfalls

Reservoir- Check Dam

14

15

16

1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA

1 RMC

1 RMC2 Department of Forests3 KFRI1 Department of Forests2 RMC3 DAM Authority4 Electricity Board5 Panchayat Records

-8-

(ix) District Level StatusAll LSGIs that has basin presence shall have generated its data on physical factors represent in their jurisdiction. Whenthese are collated at district level it shall reflect enhanced number of physical factors of the basin. Presence of more factorsshall be now representing as the number of LSGIs increase. Factors missing in some LSGIs could now be seen presentin other LSGIs thus giving a more elaborate and fuller representation of physical factors. Collating data from all LSGIsin the district shall provide the district level status of physical features. (Table 1.6).

(viii) LSGIs Level StatusAll major physical factors identified may not be present in all LSGIs. For example estuaries may in general be located onlywith coastal or near coast LSGIs. Similarly, river origin may not be within Panchayat jurisdiction as all major Kerala riversoriginate in the forest regions of Western Ghats. But Panchayats along river basins will have common physical factors likeriver bed, river bank, riparian zone etc. that shall be recorded at respective LSGIs level. When LSGI have thus recorded dataon its physical factors and validated it with relevant maps and also textual history it shall provide the existing status of allphysical factors of the basin under its jurisdiction.

Based on factors available, individual LSGI may tabulate and record relevant physical factors as. (Table 1.5).

2 Factors indicated are representation of the whole, might vary from LSGI to LSGI & increase at district and basin level

Table 1.5: Physical Factors LSGIs Level2

Table 1.6: Physical Factors District Level

(x) Basin Level StatusCollating data from all LSGIs present in all districts is the final move to arrive at all identified physical factors of a basin.In an emphatic bottom-up process LSGIs shall possess the ground level dynamic data, put together the district leveltotals and finally the districts together to cumulate for the entire basin. In other words, the process shall equip itself withthe status of physical factors of a basin from its origin to the confluence. (Table 1.7).

-9-

River Basin

Land Area

River BedGeological Base

(Every 1 Km)

River Bank SlopeStability

(Every 1 Km)

Riparian Zone ReclamationsRiver Bank

Check Dams

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Length Width Length WidthArea

Table 1.4: Particulers of Data Collection Method - LSGIs Level

PhysicalFactor

Secondary Data Primary DataSource MethodDate Date

#

12

Total

RiverBasin

Total

River BedGeological Base

River BankSlope Stability

RiparianZone

Reclama-tions River

BankSand

DepositsTributaries Name of

LSGI#

12

1.3.3 ConclusionSystematic collection and collation of data as above mentioned provides the quantum of physical factors in a basin.During the data collection process on real situation all micro sectoral details will be exposed. Taking stock of the statusthrough above process provide the status of all identified physical factors in the LSGI and move to the next level foranalysis. Later during the preparation of the Action Plan each of these factors will translated in prescribed matrices tosuit LSGIs interventions and action. (Ref. Section II for Sample Physical Factor - River Bank Protection, detailing the ActionPlan process).

-10-

RiverBasin

Grand Total

River BedGeological

Base

River BankSlope

Stability

RiparianZone

Reclama-tions River

Bank

SandDeposits

Tributar-ies

Nameof LSGI#

12

Table 1.7: Physical Factors Basin Level

Mean-ders

Estuary Reser-voirs/

Checkdams

Key Terminologies

Data Requirements


Hydrological Characterization

Chapter 2

2.1 Key TerminologiesCharacterization process uses its own terminologies to describe different features and facets of a basin – of a river, lake orother waterbody. Listed table 2.1 are terminologies that classify the hydrological characteristics, its description for the BasinManual reader.

Box 1:Delineation of Watersheds into Tiny Micro Watersheds

Table 2.1: Key Terminologies in Hydrological Characterization

Hydrological

Run-off

Basin Yield

Stream Order(Channel Order)

Stream Velocity

pH of Water

Turbidity

Agro Climatic Zone

Study of the water; its occurrence, circulation and distribution, its chemical andphysical properties, and its interaction with the environment, including itsrelationship to living things.Drainage or flood discharge that leaves an area as surface flow or as pipelineflow. Has reached a channel or pipeline by either surface or sub-surface routes.The annual yield of a basin (expressed in inches), which is obtained by dividingannual flow by drainage area.The designation by a dimensionless integer (figure/numeral/digit) series (1, 2,3, …) of the relative position of stream segments in the network of a drainagebasin. Also known as channel order.The speed of the water in the stream. Units are distance per time (e.g., metersper second or feet per second).An expression of the intensity of the basic or acid condition of a liquid; mayrange from 0 to 14, where 0 is the most acid and 7 is neutral. Natural watersusually have a pH between 6.5 and 8.5. The cloudy appearance of water caused by the presence of suspended andcolloidal matter. In the waterworks field, a turbidity measurement is used toindicate the clarity of water. Technically, turbidity is an optical property of thewater based on the amount of light reflected by suspended particles. Turbiditycannot be directly equated to suspended solids because white particles reflectmore light than dark-colored particles and many small particles will reflect morelight than an equivalent large particle.Four parameters that together evolve distinct agronomic environments whereina distinct cropping pattern flourishes are altitude, rainfall pattern, soil type andtopography

DescriptionKey Terminologies#1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

44A4A24A2A4A2A74A2A7 b4A2A7 b24A2A7 b2b4A2A7 b2b14A2A7 b2b1a4A2A7 b2b1a24A2A7 b2b1a2a

500000 and above500000 to 1000001000000 to 50005000 to 10001000 to 500500 to 200200 to 100100 to 5050 to 1010 to 55 to 1

1110987654321

89654321

RegionBasinCatchmentSub CatchmentWatershedSub WatershedMini WatershedMicro watershed grade 1Micro watershed grade 2Micro watershed grade 3Micro watershed grade 4Micro watershed grade 5

Watershed Grade fromRegion to micro watershed

Stream OrderNo. in Plains

Stream orderNo. in Hillsand uplands

App. Area in sq.km. Watershed Code

123456789101112

#

-13-

2.2 Data Requirements1

In basin management, updating data is essential i.e. to keep data alive or dynamic. The term hydrological characterizationenvelops several important factors and sub-factors that call for separate recording. All significant factors for hydrologicalcharacterization are listed so that LSGIs and stakeholders have an informed participation during Basin Management Planpreparation. (Table 2.2).

1 Factors listed below are general but not exhaustive; individual basin may have its hydrological particularities that could be listed only during thecharacterization process

1 Rainfall2 Agro Climatic Zone3 Temperature4 Wind Speed5 Evaporation

Run-off

Basin Yield

Perennial Stream andSeasonal Stream

Stream Order(Channel Order)Stream Velocity.Flows

Watersheds(Within the Basin)

Flash Floods

Recharge

Water Table

pH of Water

1 Rainfall pattern for the last 50 years (collected from different parts of thebasin)

2 Features & Distribution3 Seasonal/variations4 Strength/Wind Force Scale5 Rate/amount of Evaporation1 Number of Run-offs2 Position (Surface run off from different parts of the basin)1 Total water flowing through the basin2 Apportion (allocate) for different needs3 Historical, present and futuristic taking into consideration the Geological

Surprises1 Number of streams in the river basin that flow throughout the year2 Number of streams that dry up after monsoons by November – December3 Location (part of which tributary)1 Number of Stream Segments2 Relative Position (From origin to the confluence with main river)1 Flow dynamics in the river basin – through different stream orders1 Undammed River (River flows during different seasons)

a High Flowsb Low Flowsc.c In Stream Flows

2 Dammed Rivera Daily flow pattern with the fluctuations

1 Number2 Area3 Typology of Micro – Sub- watershed4 Extent of area under forest5 Human habitation6 Agriculture7 Waste land in the watershed1 Sudden floods created during monsoon2 Artificial floods by dam releases1 Wells2 Rivers3 Other water bodies – ponds, lakes, wetlands1 Ground water2 Surface water table (to be measured at regular intervals in the river basin

at different locations)1 In River2 Other water (to be measured at different locations)

Data RequirementsHydrological Factors#Table 2.2: Data Requirment for Hydrological Characterisation

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

-14-

Fig 4 : Sands of Bharathapuzha

Data RequirementsHydrological Factors#1 River2 Lake3 Other water bodies (to be assessed at fixed stations and seasons)

Turbidity13

-15-

2.3 Process: Descriptive cum Tabular Representation

2.3.1 IntroductionHydrology is the study of water and all its related properties. Basins have historically supported various water dependentactivities and it still continues to be, the difference being that the current level of exploitation has surpassed its capacity torejuvenate. In basin characterization hydrological characteristics are central along with physical-geographic–biologicalcharacteristics.

2.3.2 Data Collection(i) Why do LSGIs need Hydrological data in basin planning?Hydrological data is mainly to understand the status of water in the basin and its associates including its entire properties.LSGIs require this data in basin planning because it is the study of the water; its occurrence, circulation and distribution,its chemical and physical properties, and its interaction with the environment, including its relationship to living beings.Through hydrological characterization LSGIs will gain vital information about the water availability and quality and thesources that contribute in generating and maintaining the basin. LSGIs can utilize this data to plan their agricultural andother water dependent activities. Later in Basin Management hydrological data shall play a key role in calculating waterquality, water use and water balance.(ii) What all data is required ?

a) All data that augment water in the basin are essential for hydrological characterization. This includes data onrainfall, basin water yield, streams and its features, watersheds in the basin area etc.

b) Data on surface and ground water level and table, turbidity of river, lake and other water bodies are also essentialc) Chemical properties of water have to be measured and documentedd) Another important data requirement is the water allocation for different uses like irrigation, drinking and

municipal use, industrial purposes etce) Data for present as well as historical water use are required for future water use projections

(iii) Where do LSGIs gather the Hydrological data?Secondary dataa) As in the case of physical and biological data, the search for hydrological data must begin with any basin

management studies conducted in full or in sections by specialized institutions or universities or by otheragencies.

b) Data on rainfall is available with meteorological agencies, Dept of Forests and also with large plantations.Department of Irrigation, Electricity Board, Department of Forests, Water Authority etc., shall have data relatedto rivers, streams, water flow etc.

c) The LSGIs could have data on watersheds. Water use data can be obtained from Panchayats or Municipalrecords.

d) Universities and colleges may have data on chemical properties provided studies have been conducted. PollutionControl Board also would be helpful with data on water quality etc.

e) Acquire copy of River Atlas of Keralaf) Acquire copy of Watershed Atlas of India (Published by All India Soil & Land Use Survey, Ministry of Agriculture

and Cooperation, Govt. of India, 1990)g) All general published books on rivers and river basins in the state must be procured especially those relating to

the basin of interest to the respective LSGIsh) Satellite and Remote Sensing imageriesi) Any and all maps available on river basin and surrounds are precious and must be procured.j) Search for old photographs could be made with possible date and age ascertained.

Primary dataa) Approach to primary data collection must be similar to the physical, biological characterization method adopted

so that LSGIs collectively work on this with a definite work plan for the entire basin.

-16-

b) PRA or RRA methods are essential to gather information on historical water use, history and position ofstreams, runoffs etc.

c) Maps of all major features are to be prepared.d) Seek service of photographers with keen interest and expertise in nature/wildlife to photo/video documentation

of physical features.

Table 2.3 lists all major factors required for the hydrological characterization of a basin. What has also been attempted forthe benefit of the LSGIs is to list out agencies and also methods for data collection. Listed secondary data sources areagencies or sources that may possess data or maps in parts or specimen or none at all. But there are agencies that can beapproached for generating required data or maps professionally.

Table 2.3: Listing of Major Hydrological Factors & Data Sources

-17-

1 Rainfall2 Agro Climatic Zone3 Temperature4 Wind Speed5 Evaporation

Run-off

Basin YieldPerennial Stream and SeasonalStream

Stream Order (ChannelOrder) First order stream tofifth order streamStream Velocity

Flows

Watersheds(Within the Basin)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 Department of Meteorology2 Department of Irrigation3 Department of Forests4 Planters’ Records5 Rubber Board6 IRTC7 Electricity Board8 Public Works Department9 Agriculture University10 KISSAN Kerala11 Central Water Commission1 Department of Irrigation2 Department of Forests3 CWRDM4 Department of Ground Water5 CESS6 River Management Cell1 Department of Irrigation1 Department of Forests2 Department of Irrigation3 Satellite Imageries4 PWD/Irrigation5 CESS1 Department of Irrigation2 Satellite Imageries3 Survey Map of India – Toposheet1 Department of Irrigation2 CESS3 CWRDM1 Department of Irrigation2 CESS3 CWRDM1 Department of Agriculture2 Department of Irrigation3 Panchayat - Land Records4 Department of Soil Conservation5 Rural Development

1 RRA

1 Survey2 RRA3 Mapping

1 Survey1 Survey2 RRA3 Mapping

1 Survey2 Mapping

1 Survey

1 Survey2 Mapping


Data SourcesPhysical Factors# Secondary Primary

(iv) What necessary caution and criteria are required while collecting Hydrological data?a) All available secondary data should be verified for its history and authenticity – verify for author, publisher, date

etcb) Make on-site visits for verification of secondary data wherever applicablec) Age of data is a prime criterion especially for secondary data , this is to ensure data consistency and uniformityd) There are several software available for Integrated River Modeling. Selecting a common software by all LSGIs is

mandatory for uniformity and for output consistency(v) Data Validation

For Hydrological characterization at LSGIs level, data collected should ensure the following:a) Table of Rainfallb) Table of Perennial Streamsc) Table of Seasonal Streamsd) Table of Flows for Undammed Rivere) Table of Runoffsf) Table of Basin Yieldg) Table on Water use for Irrigation, Industries, Municipal useh) Table of Flows for Dammed Riveri) Table of Watersheds in the Basin Areaj) Table on Groundwater Tablek) Table on Surface Water Tables

-18-

Flash Floods

Recharge

Water Table/Level

pH of Water

Turbidity

Water Quality

6 Hariyali- RDD7 IWMP-RDD8 Planning Board- Western Ghats Cell9 NABARD1 Department of Irrigation2 Department of Forests3 KFRI4 CESS1 Department of Irrigation2 Department of Revenue1 Department of Ground Water2 Department of Irrigation3 Kerala Water Authority4 CESS1 Kerala Water Authority - Testing Lab2 Pollution Control Board3 Department of Irrigation4 CWRDM5 CESS6 Educational Institutions/Universities1 Kerala Water Authority2 Department of Irrigation3 CESS4 Pollution Control Board1 Kerala Water Authority2 Pollution Control Board

9

10

11

12

13

14

1 Survey2 RRA

1 Survey2 RRA1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA

1 Survey

1 Survey2 RRA

1 Survey2 RRA

Data SourcesPhysical Factors# Secondary Sources Primary Sources

l) Table on pH of Water in Riverm) Table of pH in other Waterbodiesn) Maps of Runoffso) Maps of Streams and Stream Orderp) Maps of Watershedsq) Textual History of Rainfallsr) Textual History of Watersheds in the Basin Areas) Textual History of Flash Floods, Natural and Human-Induced

(vi) How do LSGIs collate the data?Collection of Hydrological data is distinctive; that LSGIs can collect with expert support and that can be collected andcollated by scientists and specialized institutions. This is because data pertaining to hydrological factors are largely technical.The collected data can be collated first at LSGIs level followed by collation of all basin LSGIs at district level and finally allbasin districts put together to arrive at the basin level.(vii) Data TabulationData pertaining to hydrological factors belong to both secondary and primary sources. While collating it is important toclearly specify the method adopted. In case of primary data, it should specify the method; survey, RRA or through anyother process. The collection process should be clearly tabulated indicating whether the source is primary or secondary andalso the date on which the data was published in case of secondary data (Table 2.4).

viii) LSGIs Level StatusData pertaining to factors for hydrological characterization are predominantly technical, some of them in forested areasand also with several concerned departments. (Tables 2.5 & 2.6) Among hydrological factors, prominent data that LSGIscan collate is the data on watersheds that has a very crucial role in the basin management. Data on land use and crop typein watershed area is another factor that each LSGI can generate.

-19-

Table 2.4: Particulers of Data Collection Method - LSGIs LevelHydrological

FactorSecondary Data Primary Data

Source MethodDate Date#

12

Total

Table 2.5: Hydrological Factor:Micro Watershed Outside Forested Areas LSGIs LevelCharacteristics

PerinnialLength (Kms) Seasonal (Months)

12

Total

# Type

Cultivable Land (Ha)Land Use in Watershed Area Type of Crops in Watershed Area

12

Total

#

Table 2.6: Hydrological Factors: Land Use in Micro Watershed Outside Forested Areas LSGIs Level

Waste Land (Ha) Annual Crops (Ha) Seasonal Crops (Ha)

ix) District Level StatusHydrological data at district level will be concurrent with the LSGIs level as most other factors shall be technical andconsidered at basin level. However, data LSGIs generate on watersheds, land use and crop in watershed areas are centralto hydrological characterization. The district level data would provide the scope for LSGIs direct intervention later in basinmanagement. (Table 2.7).

(x) Basin Level StatusSeveral hydrological factors identified are technical requiring scientific expertise in data collection. While rain fall, basinyield, stream order etc are common to the entire basin water level, chemical quality of water etc are collected at differentpoints and frequency, requiring special instruments and laboratory facilities (Table 2.8).

2.3.3 ConclusionWater availability and the quality of water determine the life of a river. A mighty river is in fact a very delicate combinationof several factors. Over exploitation of this resource and human insensitivity greatly alters the river integrity, especially itshydrological character. By taking stock of all hydrological factors through a very intensive process the current status isdetermined. This primary level collation and tabulation shall thus provide the status of all significant hydrological factorsidentified and move to the next level for analysis. Later during the preparation of the action plan each of these factors willtranslated in prescribed matrices to suit LSGIs action. (Ref. Section II, for Sample Hydrological Factor- Watershed, detailing theAction Plan process).

LSGIs Micro Watershed Outside ForestedAreas

Total

#

Table 2.7: Hydrological FactorsLand Use in Micro Watershed Outside Forested Areas District Level

Waste Land(Ha)

Micro WatershedOutside Forested Areas

Micro Watershed OutsideForested Areas

CultivableLand (Ha)

AnnualCrops(Ha)

SeasonalCrops (Ha)

Type Length Perennial Seasonal

12

Table 2.8: Hydrological Factors Basin LevelDistricts Rainfall

Pattern

Total

#

Past

50

Year

s

Run-Off WaterLevel

pH ofWater

Watersheds Streams Basin Yield

Num

ber

Posi

tion

Gro

und

Wat

er

Surfa

ce W

ater

Riv

er

Oth

er W

ater

Bodi

es

With

in B

asin

Out

side

Fore

sted

Are

a

Pere

nnia

l

Seas

onal

Tota

l Wat

er F

low

Allo

catio

ns

12

-20-

Key Terminologies

Data Requirements


Eco- Bio- EnvironmentalCharacterization

Chapter 3

3.1 Key TerminologiesListed below are terminologies that classify the Eco-Bio-Enviro characteristics, its definition or description explained forthe BMM reader (Table 3.1).

Fig 5: Riparian Vegetation

Table 3.1: Key Terminologies in Eco-Bio-Enviro Characterization

The place where a population (e.g. human, animal, plant, microorganism) livesand its surroundings, both living and non-living.The catching or collecting of water, especially rainfallProtected areas are locations which receive protection because of their environmental,cultural or similar value. A large number of kinds of protected area exist, whichvary by level of protection and by the enabling laws of each country or rules ofinternational organization. Examples include parks, reserves and wildlife sanctuaries

Relating to or inhabiting the banks of a natural course of water. Riparian zones areecologically diverse and contribute to the health of other aquatic ecosystems byfiltering out pollutants and preventing erosionThe complex system of plant, animal, fungal, and microorganism communitiesand their associated non-living environment interacting as an ecological unit.Ecosystems have no fixed boundaries; instead their parameters are set to thescientific, management, or policy question being examined. Depending upon thepurpose of analysis, a single lake, a watershed, or an entire region could be consideredan ecosystem.“… ecological value generally as the level of benefits that the space, water, minerals,biota, and all other factors that make up natural ecosystems provide to supportnative life forms. Ecological values can accrue to both humans and nonhumansalike. To humans, these benefits typically are bestowed externally as cleaner air andwater. To nonhuman species, these ecological benefits are usually much more directand on-site. Ecosystems contribute their greatest ecological value when they are intheir most natural state. In their most natural state, they are at their peak of naturalhealth and provide their greatest level of native life support. Native life support isthe ecological value of Wilderness”.(The Natural Ecological Value of Wilderness:, Cordell, H. Ken; Murphy, Danielle; Riitters,Kurt H.; Harvard, J.E., III:, 2005)

Habitat

Catchment

Protected areas

Riparian Habitat

Ecosystem + Values(Ecosystem Values -no technical definitionfound)


2

3

4

5

-23-

3.2 Data Requirements 1

In basin management, updating data is essential i.e. to keep data alive or dynamic. The term Eco-Bio-Enviro characterizationenvelops several important factors and sub-factors that call for separate recording. All significant factors for Eco-Bio-Enviro characterization are listed so that LSGIs and stakeholders have an informed participation during Basin ManagementPlan preparation. (Table 3.2).

1 Factors listed below are general but not exhaustive; individual basin may have its particularities that could be listed only during the characterization process

1 Number and Citing2 Diversity3 Geographic Spread4 Threats5 Dependence on Habitat6 Ecosystem Values1 Number and Citing2 Diversity3 Geographic Spread4 Resident/ Migrant/ Local Migrant5 Threats6 Dependence on Habitat7 Ecosystem Values1 Number And Citing2 Diversity3 Geographic Spread4 Threats5 Dependence On Habitat6 Ecosystem Value1 Area of Forested Catchment within the Basin under Kerala Forest

Department2 Leased out Forest Land under Various Agencies (PCK, SFCK)3 Diversity4 Threats5 Value6 Ecosystem Values1 Wild Life Sanctuaries2 National Parks3 Tiger Reserves in the River Basin4 Elephant Reserve5 Threats1 Identify and2 Delineate1 Riparian Flora2 Fauna3 Riparian Islands4 Threats1 Fish2 Other Species3 Threats1 Area2 Extent3 Diversity4 Threats5 Ecosystem Values

Fish Diversity and Habitats

Bird Diversity and Habitats

Wild Life Habitats

Forested Catchment

Protected Areas

Buffer Zones around PAs

Riparian Habitat

Pools and Riffle Habitats

Backwaters

Table 3.2: Data Requirements for Eco-Bio-Enviro CharacterizationData RequirementsEco-Bio-Enviro Factors#

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

-24-

Fig 6: Estuarine Crab

Data RequirementsEco-Bio-Enviro Factors#1 Upland Valley Swamps2 Upland Wetlands3 Downstream Wetlands4 Extent5 Diversity6 Threats7 Ecosystem Values1 Area2 Diversity of Flora and Fauna3 Dependence of Flora and Fauna on Habitat4 Threats5 Ecosystem Values1 Typology2 Source of Pollution3 Amount of Pollution4 Impacts1 Saline Ingress Status2 Salinity Maps over Years1 Amphibians2 Reptiles3 Insects etc. (Depending on the available citing)1 River Stretch Mined2 Quantity of Sand Mined3 No of Kadavus4 Impacts on Aquatic Eco-system and Bio-diversity5 Impact on Water Table1 Area and Location2 Quantity Mined3 Impacts on Biodiversity4 Impact on Water Resources

Wetlands

Mangroves

Pollution Load

Salinity

Other Fauna

Sand Mining

Other Mining

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

-25-


3.3.1 IntroductionIn basin characterization ecological-biological–environmental (Eco-Bio-Enviro) characteristics should be read along withphysical-geographic–hydrological characteristics that work in union. As the title indicates it is a combination of all lifeforms, its relation to one another and living circumstances. The factors in this section are very diverse requiring expertsfrom different scientific orders.

3.3.2 Data Collection(i) Why do LSGIs need Eco-Bio-Enviro data in basin planning?The focus of this section is primarily to understand the condition of the basin and resources attached and dependent onit. All biological forms – the living organisms – the flora and fauna - present and their habitats have great significance todetermine the ecological diversity and status. The second important aspect is the impacts of pollution discharged into thebasin through various human activities. This includes the threats to wetlands, mangroves, riparian habitats etc. Theimpacts of pollution on aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity need quantification. The documenting of this is verysignificant to assess the impacts on habitats and life forms, and threats it poses that later is essential for mitigatingmeasures in BMP. The biological diversity, human activities and diverse water resources would have significant role to playwhile setting environmental objectives, ecosystem values and standards for future basin use.(ii) What all data is required?Eco-Bio-Enviro data includes all entities and their habitats collected and mapped. Data related to different habitats andecological zones are to be collected including backwaters, wetlands and mangroves. All natural vegetations are to bedocumented. Should generate data on fish and bird diversity; their habitats, regions and spread. Data on aquatic flora,fauna including aquatic invertebrates, if available would be very significant. Forested catchment areas, protected area (PAs),buffer zones etc should be documented. Other significant data requirement is the impact of different types of mining onaquatic ecosystems, biodiversity and water resources. (Economic Characterizations would collect data on mining; type,size and area).

(iii) Where do LSGIs gather the Eco-Bio-Enviro data?Secondary dataa) The search must begin with any basin management studies conducted in full or in sections by specialized

institutions or universities or by other agencies for secondary data purposes. Possibilities for secondary dataespecially on aquatic biological species are high with biological student community and science colleges anduniversities.

b) Data on PAs, Wild Life Habitats and Wild Life Reserves are well documented and available with Dept of Forestsand Park Managers.

c) Secondary data may also be available with government departments like Dept of Forests, Irrigation, CESS,CMFRI, KFRI, Electricity board, Pollution Control Board etc.

d) Acquire copy of River Atlas of Keralae) All general published books on rivers and river basins in the state must be procured especially those relating to

the basin of interest to the LSGIsf) Satellite and Remote Sensing imageriesg) Any and all maps available are precious and must be procured.h) Search for old photographs could be made with possible date and age ascertained.Primary dataa) Primary data collection is inevitable in the absenc of any prior basin management planb) Approach to primary data collection must be similar to the physical characterization method adopted so that

LSGIs collectively work on this with a definite work plan for the entire basin.c) PRA or RRA methods are essential to gather information on history and sighting of fish and bird diversity and

changes that might have occurred. General changes and threats to different habitats and ecosystems like wetlandsand mangroves can also be gathered by these methods.

d) PRA or RRA could be very productive to document impacts of pollution on human health and aquatic life overthe years.

-26-

e) Maps of all major features are to be prepared.f) Seek service of photographers with keen interest and expertise in nature/wildlife to photo/video documentation

of physical features.Listed below are all major Eco-Bio-Enviro factors and secondary data sources required for the physical characterization ofa basin along with agencies and also methods for data collection (Table 3.3). These agencies and sources may possess dataor maps in whole or part or none at all. LSGIs can approach these agencies for generating required data or mapsprofessionally. wherever blank; secondary sources are to be identified during the process of characterization

Table 3.3: Listing of Major Eco-Bio-Enviro Factors & Possible Data Sources

Fish Diversity and Habitats

Bird Diversity and Habitats

Wild Life Habitats

Forested Catchment

Protected Areas

Ecological Sensitive Areas

Buffer Zones around PAs

Riparian Habitat

1 Department of Fisheries2 CMFRI3 Department of Forests - Studies on

Western Ghats Aquatic Life4 Colleges/Universities - Studies on

Western Ghats Aquatic Life5 KFRI - Studies on Western Ghats

Aquatic Life6 Department of Irrigation1 Department of Forests2 Colleges/Universities - Studies on

Western Ghats Aquatic Life3 KFRI4 Nature Clubs1 Department of Forests2 PA & Park Managers3 Satellite Imageries4 KFRI1 Department of Forests2 Department of Irrigation3 KFRI4 Kerala State Electricity Board1 Department of Forests2 PA & Park Managers3 KFRI4 Satellite Imageries1 Department of Environment, Western

Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP)Kerala* – Report

2 Department of Environment & ClimateChange#

1 Department of Forests2 Satellite Imageries1 Department of Forests2 Department of Fisheries3 KFRI4 Colleges/Universities - Studies on

Riparian Habitats

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 Survey2 Habitat Mapping3 RRA

1 Survey2 Habitat Mapping3 RRA

1 Survey2 Mapping

1 Survey2 Mapping1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA

* River Conservation programmes# Involve in various environmental technology activities of Local Self Government institutions, information on environmental technologies and develop

a database system.

-27-


(vi) What necessary caution and criteria are required while collecting Eco-Bio-Enviro data?a) Published data on PAs, Wild Life Habitats, National Parks etc., are abundant that shall require informed filteringb) Associate experts while PRA/RRA for fish, bird and other fauna habitats and spreadc) All available secondary data should be verified with onsite visits and comparisonsd) Age of data is a prime criterion especially for secondary data , this is to ensure data consistency and uniformitye) There is several software available for Integrated River Modeling. Selecting common software by all LSGIs is

mandatory for uniformity, output consistency.

-28-

1 KFRI2 Colleges/Universities - Studies

1 Department of Forests2 CESS3 CZM Authority for Coastal Zone

Management Plan4 Satellite Imageries1 Department of Forests2 CESS3 CZM Authority for Coastal Zone

Management Plan4 Satellite Imageries1 Department of Forests2 CESS3 CZM Authority for Coastal Zone

Management Plan4 Satellite Imageries5 Colleges/Universities1 Pollution Control Board2 Department of Environment & Climate

Change3 Industry Records4 Panchayath Records5 Department of Health1 CESS2 Departmentof Irrigation3 CZM Authority for Coastal Zone

Management Plan4 Department of Agriculture1 Department of Environment, Kerala*

– Report - Western Ghats Ecology ExpertPanel (WGEEP)

2 Colleges/Universities for Studies on WesternGhats

3 Department of Forests1 Department of Mining and Geology2 Panchayat Records3 Department of Irrigation4 CESS1 Department of Mining and Geology2 Panchayat Records3 Department of Irrigation

Pools and Riffle Habitats

Backwaters

Wetlands

Mangroves

Pollution Load

Salinity

Other Fauna

Sand Mining

Other Mining

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA



1 Survey2 RRA






-29-

(v) Data ValidationFor Eco-Bio-Enviro characterization at LSGIs level, data collected should ensure the following:a) Table listing all Ecological Zonesb) Table of Major Vegetation Typesc) Table of Riparian Vegetationd) Table of Mangrove areas, Flora & Faunae) Table of Fish & other Aquatic Speciesf) Table of Birds with special reference to its Migrant Statusg) Table of Mining sites and Typeh) Table on Major Chemical Fertilizersi) Table on Major Chemical Pesticidesj) Table on Pollution relatedhealth issues/diseasesk) Maps of Salinity Ingressl) Maps of Effluent Discharge Points/ Sitesm)Maps of Solid Waste Dumping Sitesn) Maps of all Ecological Zoneso) Maps of Wetlands, Mangroves, Backwatersp) Maps of Fish Habitatsq) Maps of Bird Habitats

(vi) How do LSGIs collate the data?Collecting and collating data on Eco-Bio-Enviro factors are very sensitive as it has to also accommodate living species likefish, mammals and birds etc. Secondary sources are prominent in Eco-Bio-Enviro data related to forest and protectedareas. As for the LSGIs documenting mining activities, pollution sources etc. are very important. Clubbing togetherecological, biological and environmental characteristics together makes its interdependency evident. As in all other casesthe collating process involves different stages; first at LSGIs level followed by collation of all basin LSGIs at district leveland finally all basin districts put together to arrive at the basin level.(vii) Data TabulationPrior to collating the Eco-Bio-Enviro data it is important to clearly specify data collection method; whether it is primaryor secondary, through survey, estimations obtained through PRA etc. The collection process should be clearly tabulatedindicating whether the source is primary or secondary and in case of secondary the date of publication and source. (Table3.4).

(viii) LSGIs Level StatusEco-Bio-Enviro Factors at LSGIs level can vary between LSGIs depending on the resource availability. But economicactivity like sand mining, human negligence and insensitivity causing water pollution etc are common to all rivers andwaterbodies. These shall be recorded at respective LSGIs level. When LSGI have thus recorded data on its Eco-Bio-Enviro factors and validated it with relevant maps and also textual history it shall provide the existing status of all Eco-Bio-Enviro factors of the basin under its jurisdiction. Based on factors available, individual LSGI may tabulate andrecord relevant Eco-Bio-Enviro factors as. (Table 3.5).

Table 3.4: Particulers of Data Collection Method - LSGIs LevelEco-Bio-

Enviro factorsSecondary Data Primary Data


12

Total

LSGIs also have to deal with live animals like birds and other living species while collecting and collating data on Eco-Bio-Enviro Factors. It is very important to document them since they are part and parcel of the basin and their presenceusually signifies the health of the waterbody they depend upon. Considering their significance LSGIs can record them indetail. (Table 3.6).

(ix) District Level StatusAs the data collating process progress to district level comprising all LSGIs in the district, the number of Eco-Bio-EnviroFactors increases as they represent presence of diverse factors, thus making the characteristics more diverse andricher. (Table 3.7).

(x) Basin Level StatusEco-Bio-Enviro factors like catchment area, Protected Area (PAs), buffer zones, wild life habitats etc., have definedauthority as most of these are within the Dept. of Forests jurisdiction. Collating data of these can be comparablystraightforward since they are well documented. But this shall require the guidance of experts while collating at basin level.Data gathered on downstream factors like the wetlands, backwaters, mangroves, fish, birds and their habitats etc. call formore accuracy while collating at basin level as these can also be in the domain of LSGIs. Factors like sand mining andmining of other resources, pollution etc., could be common factors for most LSGIs but while collating at basin levelthese factors should be carefully tabulated and recorded. It is these downstream factors that have strong bearing on theoverall health of the basin. This primary level collation and tabulation shall thus provide the status of all significant Eco-Bio-Enviro factors identified. (Table 3.8).

Table 3.6: Eco-Bio-Enviro Factors: Bird Diversity & Habitats LSGIs Level

LSGI Sand Mining PollutionLoad

Salinity Fish Diversityand Habitats

Mangroves Backwaters

Total

#Table 3.7: Eco-Bio-Enviro Factors District Level

12

-30-

Migrant

Total

LocalMigrant

Citing(Reference)

Habitats(No.)

GeographicalSpread (Area) No.Type#

Depen-dence onHabitat

E-ValuesResidentName

Species Threats

12

Table 3.5: Eco-Bio-Enviro Factors LSGIs Level2

Sand Mining

12

Pollution Load Salinity Fish Diversity and Habitats

Riv

er S

tretc

h M

ined

Qua

ntity

of S

and

Min

ed

No.

of

Kad

avus

Impa

cts o

n Aq

uatic

Eco

syst

em a

ndBi

odiv

ersi

tyIm

pact

on

Wat

erTa

ble

Typo

logy

Sour

ce o

f Po

llutio

n

Amou

nt o

fPo

llutio

n

Impa

cts

Salin

e In

gres

sSt

atus

Salin

ity M

aps o

ver

Year

s

Num

ber a

nd C

iting

Div

ersi

ty

Geo

grap

hic

Spre

ad

Thr

eats

Dep

ende

nce

onH

abita

t

Eco

syst

em V

alue

s

2 Factors indicated in Table are representative, can vary from LSGIs to LSGIs, will increase at district and basin level

3.3.3 ConclusionEco-Bio-Enviro factors are crucial to basin health. The symbiotic relationship between the living and non-living whendisturbed is disastrous to the overall basin. This shall be evidenced once the collated data is analyzed. Later during thepreparation of the action plan each of these factors will be translated in prescribed matrices to suit LSGIs action. (Ref.Section II, for Sample Eco-Bio-Enviro Factor- Pollution Load, detailing the Action Plan process).

Table 3.8: Eco-Bio-Enviro Factors Basin Level

Districts

12

Total

#

Fore

sted

Catc

hmen

ts

Wild

life

Hab

itats

Ptot

ecte

d Ar

ea

Sand

Min

ing

Salin

ity

Fish

Div

ersi

tyan

d H

abita

ts

Man

agro

ves

Back

wate

rs

Oth

er M

inin

g

Pollu

tion

Load

-31-

Key Terminologies

Data Requirements


Chapter 4

Geographical Characterization

4.1 Key TerminologiesCharacterization process uses its own terminologies to describe different features and facets of a basin of a river, lake orother waterbody. Listed below are terminologies that classify the Geographical characteristics, its definition or descriptionexplained for the basin manual reader. (Table 4.1).

Fig 7: Estuary

Table 4.1: Key Terminologies in Geographical Characterization

Lands and waters adjacent to the coast that exert an influence on the uses of the seaand its ecology, or whose uses and ecology are affected by the sea OR Coastal watersand adjacent lands that exert a measurable influence on the uses of the seas andtheir resources and biota.The opposite end of a river from its source. The mouth is where a river flows intoan ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, flat arid area or another river. It is also wherean important part of the hydrological cycle takes place - the rivers freshwatercombining with the seas saltwater.A partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowinginto it, and with a free connection to the open sea.Estuaries form a transition zonebetween river environments and ocean environments and are subject to bothmarine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water; and riverineinfluences, such as flows of fresh water and sediment. The inflow of both seawaterand freshwater provide high levels of nutrients in both the water column andsediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in theworldAreas with steep rise and slope vulnerable to landslides and erosionThe complex system of plant, animal, fungal, and microorganism communitiesand their associated non-living environment interacting as an ecological unit.Ecosystems have no fixed boundaries; instead their parameters are set to thescientific, management, or policy question being examined. Depending upon thepurpose of analysis, a single lake, a watershed, or an entire region could be consideredan ecosystem.“… ecological value generally as the level of benefits that the space, water, minerals,biota, and all other factors that make up natural ecosystems provide to supportnative life forms. Ecological values can accrue to both humans and nonhumansalike. To humans, these benefits typically are bestowed externally as cleaner air andwater. To nonhuman species, these ecological benefits are usually much moredirect and on-site. Ecosystems contribute their greatest ecological value when theyare in their most natural state. In their most natural state, they are at their peak ofnatural health and provide their greatest level of native life support. Native lifesupport is the ecological value of Wilderness”.(The natural Ecological Value of Wilderness:, Cordell, H. Ken; Murphy, Danielle; Riitters,Kurt H.; Harvard, J.E., III:, 2005).

Coastal Zone

River Mouth

Estuary

Gradient and SlopeEcosystem +Values(Ecosystem Values-no technicaldefinition found)


2

3

45

-35-


In basin management, updating data is essential i.e. to keep data alive or dynamic. The term geographic characterizationenvelops several important factors and sub-factors that call for separate recording. All significant factors for geographiccharacterization are listed so that LSGIs and stakeholders have an informed participation during Basin Management Planpreparation. (Table 4.2).

1 Factors listed are general but not exhaustive; individual basin may have its particularities that could be listed only during the characterizationprocess

Fig 8 : Mangroves

Table 4.2: Data Requirements for Geographical Characterization

The region within the (Western Ghats) in which the river basin falls. (eg. RiverChalakudy originates from Anamalais in the Southern Western Ghats)Extent of area within river basin falling in highlandExtent of area within river basin falling in midlandExtent of area within river basin falling in plains1 Estuary2 River Mouth3 Tidal influence areas of other water bodiesAreas with steep gradient and slope vulnerable to landslides and erosion1 Cultivable Land2 Grasslands3 Forests4 Urban Settlements5 Industrial/Commercial purposes1 Area Lost to Hill Mining2 Reclamation of Wetlands3 Reclamation of Paddy Lands1 Extent2 Area3 Local Names4 Use and Dependence5 Threats-Effluents6 Ecosystem Values (Features, Functions, Services & Value)

Origin of River

Highlands

MidlandPlainsCoastal Zone

Gradient and SlopeLand Use in the RiverBasin (area)

Threats to Land Use inthe River Basin

Water Resources in theRiver Basin LSGIs

- Ponds- Lakes- Wetlands- Paddy Lands

Data RequirementsGeographical Factors#1

2

345

67

8

9

-36-


4.3.1 IntroductionGeographical characteristics provide the general features such as types of land area, locations, other water bodies, resourcesand features of an area. It is best to draw these characteristics separately as it helps to have end to end features drawnespecially on the land use and the course a waterbody takes.4.3.2 Data Collection(i) Why do LSGIs need geographical data in basin planning?

The data is mainly to assess the overall land use, and locations and geographical features through which a waterbodytakes its course. The data is important to understand the different types of land and the area through which it flows.It also provides features like cultivable lands, urban and industrial land use in basin area. Geographical characteristicsalso assess the threats especially due to human interventions. Data obtained is critical to assess basin status fromorigin to the end. This shall be one of the key information along with physical and economic characterization inpressure and impact assessment. The basin management plan shall derive from this assessed and analyzed data,roles of different agencies and stakeholders including that of the LSGIs in the overall basin plan.

(ii) What all data is required?Data on land use in basin area with emphasis on geographical point of view like cultivable lands, urban settlementsand industrial land use are required. Natural features like grass lands and forest areas are also important. Data on arealost to hill mining, reclamation of wetlands and paddy lands are very essential. From the point of view of LSGIs inthe basin, data on other waterbodies like ponds, lakes etc., need to be detailed. Their use, functions and dependencyincluding threats if any, need to be collected.

(iii) Where do LSGIs gather the geographical data?

Secondary data

a) Water Atlas Kerala, Keralathile Nadikal and other published works are available on general geographic features ofrivers in Kerala.

b) Secondary Data published by various government departments on land use and forested land are available withDepartment of Revenue, Department of Agriculture, Department of Forests etc.

c) Basin dependent LSGIs have data on land use and local features like ponds and lakes in their respective panchayats.d) CZMP of Kerala will have data on estuaries and tidal influence area that the coastal LSGIs can refer to.e) All general books on rivers in the state must be procured especially those relating to the basin of interest to the

LSGIs.f) Satellite and Remote Sensing imageries.g) Any and all maps available of the river in different districts are precious and must be procured.h) Search for old photographs could be made with possible date and age ascertained.

Primary dataa) Table 4.3 lists all major geographical factors required for the geographical characterization of a basin.b) Primary data should be generated especially on human induced severe threats like extent of hill mining areas,

wetland and paddy land reclamations. This can be through surveys and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA).c) All such threats must be mapped.d) Seek service of photographers with keen interest and expertise in nature/wildlife to photo/video documentation

of physical features.Listed secondary data sources are agencies or sources that may possess data or maps in parts or specimen or none at all. Butthese are agencies that can be approached for generating required data or maps professionally e.g. Dept of Revenue,Forests etc. Wherever blank, secondary sources are to be identified during the process of characterization. These agenciesand sources may possess data or maps in whole or part or none at all. LSGIs can approach these agencies for generatingrequired data or maps professionally (Table 4.3).

-37-

Table 4.3: Listing of Major Geographical Factors & Possible Data Sources

2 Geographical factors and sources may vary according to local conditions

-38-

1 Water Atlas Kerala2 Landuse Board for Watershed

Atlas of Kerala3 Rivers of Kerala4 Keralathile Nadhikal5 Department of Forests1 Water Atlas Kerala2 Rivers of Kerala3 Keralathile Nadhikal4 Landuse Board for Watershed

Atlas of Kerala1 Water Atlas Kerala2 Rivers of Kerala3 Keralathile Nadhikal4 Landuse Board for Watershed

Atlas of Kerala1 Water Atlas Kerala2 Rivers of Kerala3 Keralathile Nadhikal4 Landuse board1 Water Atlas Kerala2 CZM Authority for Coastal Zone

Management Plan3 CESS4 Rivers of Kerala5 Panchayat Office1 Department of Forests2 CESS3 Department of Revenue - R MC4 KFRI1 Department of Revenue2 Departmentof Agriculture3 Department of Forests4 Panchayat Office5 Department of Town planning6 Department of Industries

1 Department of Revenue – Paddy Fields2 Department of Mining and Geology3 Panchayat Office – Mining Records4 Department of Agriculture5 Coastal Zone Management Authority -

Wetland & Reclamation Records1 Panchayat Office Reccords2 Panchayat for Resource Maps3 Departmentof Statistics4 Department of Revenue

Origin of River

Highlands

Midlands

Plains

Coastal Zones

Gradient and Slope

Land Use in the Basin (area)1 Cultivable Land2 Grasslands3 Forests4 Urban Settlements5 Industrial/Commercial

purposesThreats to Land Use in theBasin.1 Area Lost to Hill Mining2 Reclamation of Wetlands3 Reclamation of Paddy

LandsWater Resources in the BasinLSGIs

- Ponds- Lakes- Wetlands- Paddy Lands

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 Survey

1 Survey

1 Survey

1 Survey

1 Survey2 RRA





(iv) What necessary caution and criteria are required while collecting Geographical data?a) Geographical particulars are significant for land use and the course a river shall take. Secondary data on threats and

on land use changes need verificationb) Age of data is a prime criterion especially for secondary data , this is to ensure data consistency and uniformityc) Primary Data Collection Format Standardization is key to maintain data uniformity between panchayat, district

and overall basin characterizationd) There is several software available for Integrated River Modeling. Selection of Common Software is very essential

for Primary Data collection, tabulation and analysis to ensure output stability.(v) Data Validation

a) For Geographical Characterization at LSGIs level, data collected should ensure the following:b) Maps of all Land usesc) Maps of all threats, Areas and Land use changes and conversionsd) Maps of Gradient & Slopese) Table on length of River Basin falling areasf) Table on threats to land use in river basing) Table on Water Resources in the Basin Areah) Textual History of Lland use change, conversionsi) Textual History of Threats; Mining & Reclamationj) Textual History of Water Resources in the area

(vi) How do LSGIs collate the data?Geographical factors essential for basin characterization are within the boundaries of basin LSGIs. Most activities in thisregion are also carried out with their permission. It is voluminous and seeks several batches of data collectors andsupervisory personnel involvement. Tendencies to ignore or underplay undesired development activities should becarefully checked while collecting data. The collating process from individual LSGIs to district level followed by basin leveldata shall unfold the path through which river basin flows. Also revealing is the extent of human intervention within andalong its banks.(vii) Data TabulationPRA, RRA, mapping and photo documentation has significant role in procuring Geographical factors. It is therefore ofvital importance to clearly specify the method opted to obtain the data. In case of primary data, it should specify themethod; survey, RRA or through any other process. The collection process should be clearly tabulated indicating whetherthe source is primary or secondary and also the date on which the data was published for secondary data. (Table 4.4).

Table 4.4: Particulers of Data Collection Method - LSGIs LevelGeographical

FactorsSecondary Data Primary Data


12

Total

-39-

viii) LSGIs Level StatusAs it is evident that geographical factors vary from place to place like, highlands, midlands, coastal regions etc, individualLSGIs will have features based on their location. All data collected based on major factors identified in general and alsoin specific at individual LSGI level, should be collated to arrive at the total of each factor. For example different land usesand threats in the LSGI should be tabulated. This primary level collation and tabulation shall thus provide the status ofall identified geographical factors in the LSGI and move to the next level for analysis. ( Table 4.5).

Table 4.5: Geographical Factors LSGI Level 3Extent of Basin (Area)

Industrial/Commercial

purposes

Land Use in the River Basin (Area) Threats to Land Use in the River BasinUrbanSettle-ments

Area Lostto HillMining

Reclamationof Paddy

Lands

HighLands

MidLands

Plains CultivableLand

Grasslands

Forests Reclama-tion of

Wetlands

3 Factors indicated are representative only, might vary from LSGI to LSGI & increase at district and basin level

4.3.3 ConclusionData collected and collated on geographical features are both attractive and alarming. As the data, maps and alsophotographs would provide the natural formation of gradient and slope and different land features on the one hand.But also the devastating picture of hill mining and deforestation. Having generated and collated the geographic factorsto provide the current status, it is left to the next level for analysis. Later during the preparation of the action plan each ofthese factors will translated in prescribed matrices to suit LSGIs action.

Table 4.7: Geographical Factors Basin Level

(x) Basin Level StatusCollating data from all LSGIs present in all districts is the final move to arrive at identified geographic factors of a basin.It now provides the different terrains and land uses in the basin area. Data on factors with human intervention wouldalso have been evident now like hill mining. The collation of entire data provides the status of geographical features in itsentirety. (Table 4.7).

(ix) District Level StatusAll LSGIs that have basin presence shall have generated their data on geographic factors in their jurisdiction. When theseare collated at district level it shall reflect enhanced number of geographical factors of the basin. Factors missing in someLSGIs could now be seen present in other LSGIs thus giving. Collating data from all LSGIs in the district shall providethe district level status of geographical features. (Table 4.6).

Extent ofBasin (Area)

Total

Land Use in theRiver Basin

(Area)

Threats to LandUse in the River

Basin

Water Resourcesin the River Basin

LSGIs

Coastal ZoneName of LSGI#

12

Table 4.6: Geographical Factors District Level

-40-

Originof River

Gradient andSlope

Extent ofBasin

Land Use inthe River

Basin (Area)

Threats toLand Use in

the RiverBasin

CoastalZone

WaterResources

in the RiverBasin

Districts

Districts

12

Total

#

Key Terminologies

Data Requirements


Economic Characterization

Chapter 5

5.1 Key TerminologiesListed below are some key terminologies that are used in Economic Characterization. Its definition or descriptionexplained for the basin manual reader (Table 5.1):

Table 5.1: Key Terminologies in Economic Characterization

5.2: Data Requirements1

In basin management, updating data is essential i.e. to keep data alive or dynamic. The term economic characterizationenvelops several important factors and sub-factors that call for separate recording. All significant factors for economiccharacterization are listed so that LSGIs and stakeholders have an informed participation during Basin Management Planpreparation. (Table 5.2):


Farming carried out in the household compound for a single extended family,formally characterized by an all natural and earth friendly farming approach.Farming taking place in river bottoms where annual floods deposit richsediments and minerals on a regular basis allowing agriculture to thriveThe study of types -a system used for putting things into groups according tohow they are similar: the study of how things can be divided into differenttypesFrom the point of view of usage, forest produce can be categorized into threetypes: Timber, Non Timber [NTFPs] and Minor MineralsArea served by an irrigation project such as a canal, dam or a tankThe acreage distribution of different crops in any one year in a given farm area.A change in a cropping pattern from one year to the next can occur by changingthe relative acreage of existing crops, and/or by introducing new crops, and/orby cropping existing crops.

Homestead Farming

Floodplain farming

Typology

Forest produce

Ayacut

Cropping Pattern


2

3

4

56

Data RequirementsEconomic Factors#1 <25 cent2 25 to 250 cent3 250 to 500 cent4 >500 cent1 Income to Farm Family2 Income to dependents3 Total employment4 Fertilizers Type & Annual Use5 Pesticides Type & Annual use1 Income to Farm Family2 Income to dependents3 Total employment4 Fertilizers Type & Annual Use5 Pesticides Type & Annual use1 Income to Farm Family2 Income to Dependents3 Total Employment4 Fertilizers Type & Annual Use5 Pesticides Type & Annual use

Distribution of Land

Rice farming

Homestead farming &AnimalHusbandry

Floodplain Farming

Table 5.2: Data Requirements for Economic Characterization

1

2

3

4

-43-

Data RequirementsEconomic Factors#1 Income to Planter2 Income to Dependents3 Total Employment4 Fertilizers Type & Annual Use5 Pesticides Type & Annual use

1 Type & Size of Farm2 Livestock Census3 Water Consumption4 Energy Consumption5 Waste Generated and Management6 Effluent Treatment and Management7 Income8 Income to Dependents9 Total Employment1 Income2 Income to Dependents3 Total Employment4 Total Catch5 Major Species6 Feed and Pesticides1 Occupation2 Income1 Income2 Income to Dependents3 Total Employment4 Raw Materials1 Sand Audit Reports2 Employment & Income3 Revenue from Sand Mining to LSGIs4 River Management Funds1 Mining Area2 Employment & Income3 Revenue to the mining agency4 Revenue to the LSGIs / Government

1 Typology2 Location3 Raw Materials4 Water Consumption5 Energy Consumption6 Waste Generated and Management7 Effluent Treatment and Management8 Employment & Income9 Revenue to Industry10 Revenue to LSGI1 Type of Products2 Total harvested/collected3 Revenue

Plantations-Individual-Industrial

Livestock Farming-Dairy-Poultry

Fisheries- Wild Catch- Fish/Prawn Culture

Tribes

Other communities-Weavers-Potters-Others

Sand Mining

Other Mining-Laterite-Granite-Clay-Others

Industries

Forest Produces-Timber-Non-timber-Minor minerals

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

-44-

Fig 9 : Pilgrimage Tourists

Data RequirementsEconomic Factors#1 Location2 Type of Ownership – Private, Public, Local Initiatives3 Water Consumption4 Energy Consumption5 Solid and Liquid Waste Generation6 Waste Management Systems7 Revenue to Tourism Provider8 Revenue to LSGIs9 Employment & Income1 Details and Capacity2 Canal Length3 Ayacut Details4 Cropping Pattern5 Flow Regulation6 Threats1 Sources2 Location(s)3 Capacity4 Distribution5 Population benefitted6 Revenue Accrued7 Problems1 Name(s) & Location(s)2 Historical Use3 Present Use- Transport, Goods Movement

Tourism Facilities

Irrigation-Major-Minor

Drinking Water-Individual-Community Based-Large Scale Schemes-Industrial Purposes

Inland Waterways

14

15

16

17

-45


5.3.1 IntroductionData on Economic Characteristics is one of the key data in determining the basin characterization. It represents all humanactivities and interests on a natural resource; its monetary value as determined by our economic systems. Economic datais usually used for analysis along with social data because of its inter-dependency.

5.3.2 Data Collection(i) Why do LSGIs need economic data in basin planning?Economic data is mainly to assess three important features those have direct impact on the basin. These are the patternof water use in the basin, the runoff and wastewater discharge. In the social characterization, the major social user groupsin the basin region are identified. Here they shall be looked at in economic perspective with their earnings and incomeplaying the major role. Economic data on agriculture especially its use of fertilizer and pesticide are important as possibleimpacts on water resources. Similarly economic data on industries and service industry like tourism are important for theirwater consumption, waste and effluent discharges. Data obtained is critical to assess the economic situation along withsocial development on the basin region and the pressure on water resources. The basin management plan shall derivefrom this the presures and impacts.

(ii) What all data is required?a) Data on employment and income of all social groups are important. This includes economic data on different

types of agriculture practices and population involved Economic data on fishing and fishery practices are importantb) All types of mining activities especially sand mining and its economicsc) All types of industries including service industry like tourism is very essentiald) Another major area of economic interest in basin context is the drinking water systems distribution etce) Maps of major fishing areas, mining and sand mining areas and of irrigation systems must be generated

(iii) Where do LSGIs gather the economic data?Secondary dataa) Secondary Data published by various government departments on agriculture, industries, mining, labour,

fisheries and tourism are available.b) LSGIs will have detailed data on sand mining in their respective basin regions.c) All data pertaining to drinking water supply systems are in control of LSGIs.d) For larger water supply systems, data can be gathered from Department of Irrigation.e) Census Reports can be of general use and for comparison.

Primary dataa) It is essential to generate primary data on economic factors for its accuracy and contemporary status.b) A socio-economic survey therefore is strongly recommended.c) Equally important is to gather primary data on fertilizers and pesticides used, industrial effluents and waste,

tourism impacts on water bodies and their waste management systems.d) Opinion and experience of impacts of various industries, mining activities and tourism facilities can be generated

through PRAs and RRAs.e) Maps of mining sites, waste and effluent disposals, dumping yards etc., can be through site visits.

Table 5.3 lists all major economic factors required for the economic characterization of the basin. What is also attemptedis listing of agencies and also methods for data collection: Listed secondary data sources are agencies or sources that maypossess data or maps in parts or full. But these are agencies that can be approached for generating required data or mapsprofessionally. E.g.: Department of Agriculture, Department of Tribal Welfare, and Department of Tourism etc. Whereversecondary sources are left blank, it is to be identified during the process of characterization.

-46-

Table 5.3: Listing of Major Economic Factors & Possible Data Sources

-47-


Rice Farming/ Paddy field

Homestead Farming &Animal Husbandry

Garden Farming

Flood Plain Farming

Plantations-Individual-Industrial

Fertilizers & Pesticides

Livestock Farming-Dairy-Poultry

Fisheries- Wild Catch- Fish/Prawn Culture

1 Census Reports2 Panchayat Office Tax Records3 Department of Revenue1 Thanneerthada Data Bank2 Department of Agriculture3 Department of Revenue4 Panchayat Office for Tax Records5 Census Reports6 Department of Economic Statistics7 Village Records for BTR (Basic Tax

Register)1 Department of Agriculture2 Department of Animal Husbandry3 Panchayat Records4 Census Reports1 Department of Agriculture2 Horticorp3 VFPCK1 Panchayat Records

1 Planters Records2 Department of Revenue3 Department of Taxes4 Plantation Corporation5 Department of Forests6 Department of Agriculture7 Department of Labour8 Department of Panchayat through

Panchayat9 Panchayat Office for Employment

Records10 Census Reports1 Department of Agriculture2 Fertilizers & Chemical Dealers3 Plantation Corporation4 Planters Records1 Department of Animal Husbandry2 Dairy and Poultry farms3 Farm Owners Records4 Department of Small Scale Industries5 Veterinary Hospitals6 Census Reports1 Department of Fisheries2 Inland fisheries development authority3 Panchayat Office4 Census Reports

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 Survey

1 Survey for income& expenditure

2 Fertilizer &Pesticide Dealers

3 RRA

1 Survey2 RRA

1 Survey2 RRA

1 Survey2 RRA3 Mapping1 Survey2 RRA

1 Survey2 RRA

1 Survey2 RRA

1 Survey2 RRA


-48-

5 Farm Owners Records6 Aquaculture development

authority7 Fisheries Development Agencies1 Department of Tribal Welfare2 KILA3 Department t of Forests4 Department of Panchayats5 Census Reports1 Census Report2 Panchayat Records3 Kerala State Small Scale Industries

Development Corporation

1 LSGI Department2 Panchayat Office for Mining Records3 Panchayat Office for River Protection

Committee4 Department of Mining and Geology5 Department of Revenue6 Town Planning Reports7 Mining Contractors’ Records8 Census records1 Department of Mining & Geology2 Mining Contractors’ Records3 Panchayat Office4 Department of Labour

1 Department of Industries2 Department of Labour3 Kerala State Electricity Board4 Pollution Control Board5 Panchayat Office1 Department of Forests2 Department of Tribal Welfare3 Tribal welfare society1 Tourism Providers’ Records2 Department of Tourism3 DTPC, KTDC, ITDC, PTPC4 Kerala State Electricity Board5 Panchayat Office1 Panchayat Office2 Department of Irrigation -

Major & Minor3 CADA (Command Area

Development Authority)4 Department of Agriculture5 Kerala State Electricity Board

Tribes

Other Communities-Weavers-Bamboo workers, Grass & Rattan etc-Potters, Coir-Others

Sand Mining

Other Mining- Laterite-Granite-Clay-Others

Industries

Forest Produce

Tourism Facilities

Irrigation-Major-Minor

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17


1 Survey2 RRA

1 Survey2 RRA




1 Survey2 RRA3 Mapping1 Survey – Mapping2 RRA – (Use &

Threats)1 Survey


(iv) What necessary caution and criteria are required while collecting economic data?a) Primary data is essential for economic and social characterizationb) Data on income is tricky with respect to all economic activities, respondents are hesitant to revealc) Age of data is a prime criterion especially for secondary data, this is to ensure data consistency and uniformityd) Primary Data Collection Format Standardization is key to maintain data uniformity between panchayat, district

and overall basin characterizatione) Selection of Common Software is very essential for Primary Data collection, tabulation and analysis to ensure

output stability. There are several software available for Integrated River Modeling.(v) Data Validation

For economic characterization at LSGIs level, data collected should ensure the following:a) Maps of Floodplains and Floodplain Farmingb) Maps of all Mining Sites both old and in use currentlyc) Maps of all Sand Mining Areas (Kadavu)d) Maps of all Major Industriese) Maps of all Tourism Facilitiesf) Maps of Effluent Outlets, Waste Dumping Sitesg) Maps of Inland Waterwaysh) Table of Economic Featuresi) Table of Pesticides and Chemical Fertilizers used - crop wisej) Table of Industrial Products and raw materials used – industry wisek) Table of Chemical Effluents and Industrial Waste Generated – industry wisel) Table on Water Supply Schemes - category wisem)Textual History of Irrigation Facilities, Experiencesn) Textual History of Waterways and uses

(vi) How do LSGIs collate the data?Economic data represents direct human intervention in and along the basin. It also changes with change in economicactivities and population along the basin area. Beginning from LSGIs to district and basin level, economic data willdetermine all present and future planning and implementation. When put together, the data would also provide thequantum of economic activities and money generated by the LSGI.(vii) Data TabulationPrimary data collection through socio- economic survey and also PRA and RRA methods are very important to gathereconomic data. The importance of maintaining dynamic data system is most visible with economic data as it may changefrom year to year. As always, the collection process should be clearly tabulated indicating whether the source is primary orsecondary and also the date on which the data was published for secondary data. (Table 5.4).

-49-

1 Kerala Water Authority2 Panchayat Office3 KRWSA for Jalanidhi, Swajaldhara4 Kerala State Electricity Board5 Industry Records1 KSWTD2 Panchayat Office3 Tourism Department

Drinking water-Individual-Community Based-Large Scale Schemes-Industrial Purposes

Inland waterways

18

19


(x) Basin Level StatusThe basin level data represents all economic activities in its entirety. The data reveals the quantum money generated fromthe entire basin proving the significance of natural resources in human life. (Output Table 5.7).

RiceFarming

Total

HomesteadFarming

Fisheries Plantations Irrigation TourismFacilities

DrinkingWater

LSGI#

12

Output Table 5.6: Economic Factors District Level

(viii) LSGIs Level Status

Collecting and collating economic data can be a major activity in basin management plan. A socio-economic survey isstrongly recommended with clear objective type questionnaire that shall reveal investments and earnings with minimumerror. Economic data of major factors identified but specific to individual LSGI level is to be collected conscientiously.Homestead farming, fisheries, drinking water facilities etc could be common to all LSGIs. Sand mining also has becomea common economic entity among the LSGIs. But other factors like industries, plantations etc could vary and theirlocations spread in other LSGIs. Based on their presence, economic data should be collated to arrive at the total of eachfactor. For example different land uses in the LSGI should be tabulated to have the land use grand total.

This primary level collation and tabulation shall thus provide the status of identified economic factors in the LSGIlevel. (Table 5.5).

Table 5.4: Particulers of Data Collection Method - LSGIs Level

EconomicFactors

Secondary Data Primary DataSource MethodDate Date

#

12

Total


Table 5.5: Economic Factors LSGIs Level

Homestead Farming Fisheries Wild Catch Sand Mining

<25

cent

25 to

250

cen

t

250

to 5

00 c

ent

> 50

0 ce

nt

Inco

me

Frar

mFa

mily

Inco

me

Dep

ende

nts

Em

ploy

men

t Tot

alTy

pe

Annu

al U

se

Type

Annu

al U

se

Inco

me

Fish

eyFa

mily

Inco

me

Dep

ende

nts

Em

ploy

men

t Tot

al

Tota

l Cas

h

Maj

or S

peci

es

Sand

Aud

itRe

port

s

Dm

ploy

men

t &In

com

e

Rev

enue

LSG

Is

Riv

er M

anag

men

tFu

nds

Fertiliz-ers

Pesti-cides

(ix) District Level StatusThe district level data represents LSGIs in the district and economic activities carried out. Presence of more factors shallnow be represented as the number of LSGIs increase. Collating data from all LSGIs in the district shall provide the districtlevel status of economic features. (Table 5.6).

-50-

5.3.3 ConclusionEconomic factors identified here shall be a pointer to economic characterization of the basin that along with geographicand social characteristics shall form one of the major components of the BMP after the analysis. Later during thepreparation of the action plan each of these factors will translated in prescribed matrices to suit LSGIs action. (Ref. SectionII, for Sample Economic Factor- Sand Mining, detailing the Action Plan process).

Districts

Total

#

Output Table 5.7: Economic Factors Basin Level

Ric

eFa

rmin

g

Hom

este

adFa

rmin

g

Fish

erie

s

Plan

tatio

ns

Drin

king

Wat

er

Tour

ism

Faci

litie

s

Floo

dpla

inFa

rmin

g

Live

stoc

kFa

rmin

g

Fore

stPr

oduc

e

Irrig

arat

ion

Inla

ndW

ater

ways

Indu

strie

s

12

-51-

Key Terminologies

Data Requirements


Social Characterization

Chapter 6

6.1 Key TerminologiesListed below are terminologies that will be used during Social Characterization. Though some of them may be familiarand widely used, their definition or description is explained for the basin manual reader. (Table 6.1).


In basin management, updating data is essential i.e. to keep data alive or dynamic. The term social characterizationenvelops several important factors and sub-factors that call for separate recording. All significant factors for socialcharacterization are listed so that LSGIs and stakeholders have an informed participation during Basin Management Planpreparation. (Table 6.2).

DescriptionKey Terminologires#Demography

Rain-fed Agriculture

Homestead farming

Floodplain farming

Animal husbandry

Plantations

Urban settlements

Rural settlements

Study of statistics of births, deaths, marriages, disease etc and changes that occurover a period of time in human populations.Usually the term is used in agriculture to describe farming practices that rely onrainfall for water as against irrigated agricultural practicesFarming carried out in the household compound for a single extended family,formally characterized by an all natural and earth friendly farming approach.Farming taking place in river bottoms where annual floods deposit rich sedimentsand minerals on a regular basis allowing agriculture to thrive.Farming and management of animals especially cattle in large scaleLarge, artificially-established farm or estate, where crops are grown for in largescale for commercial purpose (Coffee, tea, rubber estates or plantations)An urban settlement often has a large population size and high populationdensity. An urban settlement engages predominantly in secondary and tertiaryeconomic activitiesA rural settlement is where the population size is moderate and the communityis involved predominantly in primary activities such as farming, cattle rising,artisanal activities etc

Table 6.1: Key Terminologies in Social Characterization

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Data RequirementsSocial Factors#Rice farming

Homestead Farming&Animal Husbandry

Flood Plain Farming

1 Population and Demography2 Education & Health status3 Area under Rice Farming,4 Rain- fed and Irrigated Area5 Crop Varieties6 Cropping Season and Pattern7 Dependent Population1 Population and Demography2 Education & Health status3 Area4 Crop Diversity5 Seasonality6 Type of Cattle & Number7 Dependent Population1 Population and Demography2 Education & Health status3 Farming Region(s)4 Area5 Seasonal Farming Methods

Table 6.2: Data Requirements for Social Characterization

1

2

3


-55-

Fig 10: Boat on River

Data RequirementsSocial Factors#6 Cropping Pattern7 Culture/Traditions8 Dependent Population1 Population and Demography2 Education & Health status3 Area, size and name4 Type of Agriculture Plantations within the basin– Tea, Coffee,

Cardamom etc.5 Infrastructure6 Amenities for workers7 Dependent Population1 Population & Demography2 Education & Health status3 Settlements & Locations4 Fishing Regions5 Type(s) of fishing6 Culture/Traditions7 Dependent Population1 Population and Demography2 Education & Health status3 Settlement Regions4 River/Basin/Forest Dependence5 Animal Husbandry6 Livelihood7 Culture/Traditions1 Population and Demography2 Education & Health status3 Settlement Region (s)4 Dependence on Habitat5 Livelihood6 Culture/Traditions1 Villages2 Towns3 Cities4 Urban Settlements

General Information - Name, Location

Plantations

Fishing-Inland-Backwaters-Coast

Tribes

Other Communities-Weavers-Potters-others

Inhabited Areas

General Infrastructure-Road-Rail (if any)-Hydro power Stations-Dams-Water Supply Systems

4

5

6

7

8

9

-56-


6.3.1 IntroductionTo understand people, their relations to land and water, their livelihood and organizations etc denote the content in socialcharacterization. Social and economic characteristics are often inter-twined and so is the analysis of one related to the other.Yet it is advisable to have these characteristics drawn separately for critical understanding.

6.3.2. Data Collection(i) Why do LSGIs need social data in basin planning?Social data is mainly to assess the population, historic use of land and water at basin level. The data obtained is critical toassess social development on the basin region and thereby its influence on the basin. This shall act as one of the keyinformation along with economic characterization in pressure and impact assessment. From this assessed and analyzeddata, the Basin Management Plan shall derive roles for LSGIs in the overall basin plan.(ii) What all data is required ?Data pertaining to population and its demographics, their education and health are important. Land use and agriculturepractices and irrigation pattern, both historical and present, are significant. Equally important is the water dependency onthe basin for agriculture and other human use. Apart from this, data on general infrastructure of the area should also begathered and mapped.

(iii) Where do LSGIs gather the social data?Secondary dataa) Secondary Data published by various government departments on land use and agricultural practices are available.

LSGIs can refer to previous Census Reports on population and demographic data for comparison.b) Books published on farming systems, water and land use must be procured, especially those relating to the basin

of interest to the LSGIsc) Satellite and Remote Sensing imageriesd) Maps relating to cultivable and non-cultivable areas, land use and irrigation available are precious and must be

procured.e) Search for old photographs could be made with possible date and age ascertained.Primary dataa) Primary data to be generated through socio-economic surveys to assess the current status.b) Uniform questionnaire for all LSGIs along the basin for data consistencyc) LSGIs can conduct Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) among the elderly and different community heads for

historical practices, water dependency on the basin and cultural moorings.d) PRA or RRA methods can assess changes taken place and there by its affects and impacts.e) Maps of all present major social features, settlements etc are to be prepared.f) Maps of infrastructure in the area can be prepared.g) Seek service of photographers with keen interest and expertise in nature/wildlife to photo/video documentation

of physical features.Listed secondary data sources are agencies or sources that may possess data or maps in parts or full or none at all. Butthese are agencies that can be approached for generating required data or maps professionally eg: Dept of Agriculture,Tribal Welfare etc. Wherever blank, secondary sources are to be identified during the process of characterization. (Table6.3).

-57-

(iv) What necessary caution and criteria are required while collecting Social data?a) Age of data is a prime criterion especially for secondary data, this is to ensure data consistency and uniformityb) All available secondary data should be verified with onsite visits and comparisonsc) Primary Data Collection Format Standardization is key to maintain data uniformity between panchayat, district

and overall basin characterizationd) Selection of Common Software is very essential for Primary Data collection, tabulation and analysis to ensure

output stability. Integrated River Modeling Software is available for this.(v) Data Validation

For social characterization at LSGIs level, data collected should ensure the following:a) Maps of all land uses like paddy fields, flood plains etc.

Table 6.3: Listing of Social Factors & Data Sources

-58-

Rice Farming/paddy fields

Homestead Farming &Animal Husbandry

Flood Plain Farming

Plantations

Fishing- Inland- Backwaters- Coast

Tribes

Other Communities-Weavers-Potters-others

Inhabited Areas

General Infrastructure-Road-Rail (if any)-Hydro power Stations-Dams-Water Supply Systems

1 Department of Agriculture2 Village Records for Basic Tax Register

(BTR)1 Department of Agriculture2 Panchayat Land Records3 Census Reports

1 Plantation Corporation2 Department of Forests3 Department of Agriculture4 Panchayat Office for Land Records5 Census Reports1 Department of Fisheries2 Panchayat Office3 Census Reports

1 Department of Tribal Welfare2 Department of Forests3 Panchayat Office4 Census Reports1 Census Report2 Panchayat Office3 Kerala State Small Scale Industries

Development Corporation1 Panchayat office for House Numbering

Register2 Corporation/Municipalities3 Department of Town Planning1 Panchayat Office for Resource Map2 Department of Survey for Land

Records3 Respective Government Records4 Google Maps

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 Survey2 RRA3 Mapping1 Survey2 RRA3 Mapping1 Survey2 RRA3 Mapping1 Survey2 RRA3 Mapping

1 Survey2 RRA

1 Survey2 RRA

1 Survey2 RRA


SurveyMapping


b) Maps of all key infrastructure like roads and other public institutionsc) Maps of all inhabited areas including urban settlementsd) Table on population and demographic featurese) Table on water supply schemesf) Textual history of land, water useg) Textual history of cultural practices

(vi) How do LSGIs collate the data?Data on social factors is collected together with economic data. It would consist of all social factors collected through thequestionnaire and information through PRA or RRA. The collating process involves the three different stages; first atLSGIs level followed by collation of all basin LSGIs at district level and finally at all basin districts put together to arriveat the basin level.(vii) Data TabulationWhile collating data it is important to clearly specify the method opted to obtain the data. In case of primary data, itshould specify the method; survey, RRA or through any other process. The collection process should be clearly tabulatedindicating whether the source is primary or secondary and also the date on which the secondary data was published. (Table6.4).

(viii) LSGIs Level StatusSocial factors like land use, fishery, infrastructure etc are in common to most LSGIs. Whereas industries, tourism projectsetc could be LSGIs specific. All data collected based on major identified social factors at individual LSGI level should becollated to arrive at the total of each factor. For example, different land uses in the LSGI should be tabulated to have theland use grand total. This primary level collation and tabulation validated with relevant maps and also textual history shallprovide the existing status of all physical factors of the basin under its jurisdiction.Based on factors available, individual LSGI may tabulate and record relevant social factors as. (Table 6.5).

Table 6.5: Social Factors LSGIs Level1

Distribution of Land32

Homestead Farming Fishing/Inland/Backwaters/Coast

Popu

latio

n an

d D

emog

raph

yE

duca

tion

& H

ealth

stat

us

Rai

n-fe

d an

d Ir

rigat

ed

Crop

Var

ietir

esCr

oppi

ng S

easo

n an

dD

emog

raph

y

Edu

catio

n &

Hea

lth

Area

Crop

Div

ersi

ty

Seas

onal

ity

Type

of

Cattl

e an

dN

umbe

r

Dep

ende

nt P

opul

atio

n

Popu

latio

n an

dD

emog

raph

y

Edu

catio

n &

Hea

lthSt

atus

Settl

emen

ts &

Loc

atio

ns

Fish

ing

Reg

ions

Type

(s) o

f fis

hing

Dep

ende

nt P

opul

atio

nPo

pula

tion

and

Dem

ogra

phy

Area

und

er R

ice

Farm

ing

Cultu

re/T

radi

tions

Dep

ende

nt P

opul

atio

n

-59-

Table 6.4: Particulers of Data Collection Method - LSGIs LevelSocial

FactorsSecondary Data Primary Data


12

Total

(ix) District Level StatusWhen collating data comprising all LSGIs in the district at district level, social factors become more pronounced. Sum ofall factors represented by different LSGIs emerge at district level. Comparison between LSGIs on land use, populationdensity, irrigation and water supply are possible at this stage. The status of social factors at district level thus reached cannow move to the next level. (Table 6.6).

6.3.3 ConclusionThe collated social data has great relevance in basin management. The pressure on land use, population and waterconsumption becomes apparent as the total data of all basin dependent districts emerges. Status of all infrastructures isalso emerging during this phase. Later during the preparation of the action plan each of these factors will be translated inprescribed matrices to suit LSGIs action. (Ref. Section II, for Sample Social Factor- Rice Farming, detailing the Action Plan process).

Districts

12

Total

#

Table 6.7: Social Factors Basin Level

Land

Use

(All

Sour

ces)

Crop

s (Al

l Var

ietie

s)

Irrig

atio

n (A

llSo

urce

s)

Wat

er S

uppl

ySc

hem

es (A

ll Ty

pes)

Oth

er C

omm

uniti

es(A

ll Ca

tego

ries)

Popu

latio

n &

Dem

ogra

phy

(Tot

al)

Inha

bitte

d Ar

ea

Gen

eral

infra

stru

ctur

e(A

ll Ca

tego

ries)

Trib

es (A

ll Ca

tego

-rie

s)

(x) Basin Level StatusAs collation of basin level data progresses, the district status of all social factors emerges. The status of all factors like landuse, crop varieties, water distribution schemes and infrastructure etc and their grand totals are available at this point. Likein economic characterization where the basin dependent economy emerged in social characterization, the populationdependency on land is made clear. (Table 6.7).

Table 6.6: Social Factors District Level

-60-

Land Use(All Sources)

Total

Crops (AllVarieties)

Irrigation(All Sources)

Water SupplySchemes

(All Types)

Tribes (AllCategories)

GeneralInfrastructure(All Catego-

ries)

OtherCommuni-

ties (AllCategories)

LSGI#

12

Sample 1 River Bank

Sample 2 Watershed

Sample 3 Pollution Load

Sample 4 Sand Mining

Sample 5 Rice Farming

Characterization -Outcome & Action Plan

Chapter 7

Outcome & Action PlanSection II

7 Characterization – Outcome & Action Plan1

7.0 IntroductionThe Manual in the previous section has detailed all indicative steps for basin characterization through data collection atdifferent levels. Through Descriptive and Tabular Representation (DTR) these were further detailed step by step. Theintent being that the LSGIs will be guided through while drawing the status of basin under their jurisdiction. The datathus collected and collated shall now lead to the next phase for analysis. The quantitative and qualitative analysis processand its outcome shall be the major content of the BMP representing the status of all characteristics. It will also providean overall Action Plan. This section primarily focuses to interpret the Action Plan for LSGIs interventions. An attemptis also made to familiarize the LSGIs with key outcomes of the analysis process.7.1 OutcomeThe dynamic data provides status of each factor in the six identified characterization of the basin. It is also seen at thecollation process that these are at three levels; (a) individual LSGI level (b) district level representing all LSGIs in thedistrict, and (c) basin level representing all districts. It is based on these data that experts analyze to determine characterizationof the basin in its entirety. The analysis shall provide the status and determine the criticality of the characteristics also atthree levels; the threats at the Panchayat, district and overall basin level. (Fig.11).

1 This section shall be post analysis and for the LSGIs implementation based on recommendations by the Basin Management Plan

7.1.1 Outcome of Analysis: Samples

Calculation of Water BalanceThe purpose is to present a feasible method for calculation of water balance in basins. Water balance is a relation ofwater inflow, outflow and accumulation (change of storage) in any basin in a given period (year, month, decade andother)The water balance analysis is critical for understanding the relationship between water availability and water usein the basin. This is drawn during hydrological characterization.What this signifies to LSGIs ?LSGIs have in the economic and social data collection process identified the water requirements and schemes. Oncethe calculation of water balance is available LSGIs can redraw their plans for water supply among different users anduses.Calculation of Aquifer BalanceAssessment of water balance for aquifers (underground layer of water) provides information on potential undergroundwater resources in the river basin. Calculation helps to estimate long-term sustainable water yield to support economicdevelopment, as well as to implement optimal distribution of underground waters.What this signifies to LSGIs ?With technical support from experts, LSGIs can assess input and output of waters to and from the aquifer and setsustainable water yield.Setting Ecological flowEcological flow is the minimum level of river flows required to maintain the proper functions of the river networkecosystem under natural conditions. The significance of this is that river flow is not constant throughout the year butseasonality dependent; it decreases in summer and increases during rains.What this signifies to LSGIs ?For LSGIs, setting ecological flow is of utmost importance for its water requirements and more importantly for longterm sustenance of the river.

Fig. 11: Characterization ProcessBasin Characterization

Process

LSGI LevelFactors>

District/s LevelFactors>>

Basin LevelFactors

Status

-63-

Setting Environmental Objectives for Water Bodies

Setting environmental objectives is primarily the analysis of anthropogenic (caused or produced by humans) pressuresand environmental impacts on water bodies. The analysis focuses on how to measure future progress in improvingwater resources, in terms of water quality, flow management, and biological resources.

What this signifies to LSGIs ?

LSGIs have a significant short term and long term role to play in maintaining the environmental objective byregulating human activities and banning environmentally hazardous development activities.

Identification of Pressures and Measures

Through analyses of various water uses, human activities and developments the pressure on water resources, itsproblems and the reasons become evident i.e. why water bodies are not achieving their environmental objectives. Thisanalysis, if properly done, usually clarifies at a conceptual level, what types of solutions or measures are needed toresolve the water resource problems.


LSGIs are duty bound to address these issues beyond the conceptual recommendations. LSGIs have jurisdiction overseveral development and human induced pressures (license for setting up development projects, prevent pollutionand hazardous activities in the basin etc). The status of our water bodies can be greatly improved if the LSGIs imparttheir duties to river basins sensibly.

Updating of River Basin Management Plans

Key component of management plan provides guidance on updating the appropriate parts and data. The guidelineidentifies factors embedded in the different characterizations and also sets a time line for updating. For example, thehydrographical characteristics of watersheds once implemented, it is recommended to again implement monthlyaverage flows of main watersheds once in five years whereas for the water withdrawal data collection, it is once a year.These are scientific and expert interventions that also set permanent mechanisms for monitoring.


Only through uninterrupted and continuous flow of data can the BMP be updated and kept as a live document. Thepower of dynamic data scheme and the LSGIs responsibility to maintain it uninterruptedly is significant to this keyactivity.

7.2 Action planThis Manual is envisaged as an action oriented document for LSGIs to act individually as well as collectively. Theirinterventions will be guided by BMP, its findings, recommendations and guidelines. The Action Plan proposed in thisManual is designed to meet this purpose effortlessly for the LSGIs while not deviating from their systems. The ActionPlan consists of (1) Interventions) (2) Sectoral & Budget/Fund Integration and (3) Inter- Sub-matrix linkages. At LSGIlevel this makes sense since they are equipped with dynamic data on identified factors in their respective jurisdiction. WhileInterventions in the Action Plan creates space for remedial and corrective actions, and Sectoral & Budget Integration isfounded on basic functional modes of the LSGIs. The Inter- Sub Matrix Linkages locates each factor within the overallbasin for the LSGIs and for the managers to locate its significance while planning actions.2

7.2.1 Action Plan: InterventionsThe Action Plan is founded on judicious actions based on the severity of problems. The approach is founded on‘precautionary principle’ while dealing with natural resources. After locating an issue it is put forward through a series ofactions with an intervention mode; Regulate, Restore, Protect, Ban and Educate. Regulative and corrective action will haveprecedence. Banning of an activity is considered giving first preference to the basin health. If no alternatives exist for anactivity, in the worst case scenario, the activity can be banned. Prime importance is given to educate all involved, stakeholdersand also the LSGIs as this can reap long-term benefits. (Table 7.1).

2 See samples from different characteristics, dynamic data, action plan detailed in this section

-64-

Table 7.1: Action Plan - Interventions3

Action# Problem Reason Stakeholder(s) InvolvedRegulateRestoreProtectBanEducate

12345

3See samples from different characteristics for completed Output Matrix for Interventions in this section

7.2.2 Action Plan: Sectoral & Budget IntegrationLSGI plans and budgets are regulated through its own governance mechanisms. It is mandatory that all projects,interventions and actions are in sync with this. Put more simply, LSGI’s budget allocation and implementation can onlybe through three sectors. They are; (a) Productive sector, (b) Service Sector and, (c) Infrastructure Sector. The identifiedissues in the Action Plan for Basin Management also have to be within the ambit of this. But this shall only be one partof the LSGIs regimen. While there are actions that individual LSGIs can handle in Basin Management, there are othersthat could be implemented only complementarily between Panchayat and also between upper tiers of LSGIs namelyBlock and District Panchayats. This is perfectly appropriate as the basin in its entirety is spread across districts thatcomprises of Grama Panchayats, Block Panchayats and District Panchayats. Such a milieu helps all three tiers to identifyschemes and funds for vertical integration, for corrective interventions and for management of factors that cut acrossadministrative boundaries. In cases where issues are critically critical, they can earmark mandatory fund allocation in theirbudgets too or can jointly seek direct government or funds from other sponsored schemes. (Table 7.2).

7.3 Linkages with Overall Basin CharacterFor the purpose of our understanding and for ease of data collection and analysis, each characterization is separated fromthe overall basin characteristics. But in its natural function it has integral linkages with all others. For example in its naturalfunction, physical characteristics has integral linkages with geographic–biological and hydrological characteristics of thebasin. In the BMP, it has linkages with social and economic characteristics too since several human interventions canimpact the physical characteristics of the basin. It is common sense that each human action impacts the overall basinfunction and intervenes with its natural self. It is therefore important that identified factors and their linkages with othersub matrices are properly documented with due priority (Table 7.3).

Factors Sub Matrix Linkages Role in Basin Management12

#Table 7.3: Action Paln - Inter-Sub Matrix Linkages5

4 See samples from diffrent characteristircs for completed output matrix for sectoral & budget integration in this section.5 See samples from diffrent characteristics for completed output matrix for inter-sub matrix linkages in this section

-65-

#

Table 7.2: Action Paln - Sectoral & Budget Integration4

Productive

Panchayat/s Block DistrictOther

Schemes/Funds

Critical Physical Factor (s)Scheme & Funds

12

Service12

Infrastructure12

Table 7.4: Physical Factor - River Bank1

(Sample)

1 Sample considering River Bank Protection are important to LSGIs

Table 7.5: River Bank - Data Summary

Secondary DataData Requirements#

Data, Source & MethodPrimary Data

Source MethodDate DateRiver Bank underPanchayat

Slope Stability

Erosion prone Areas

Bank Reclamation

Bed Reclamation

Extraction Areas-Sand-Gravel-Clay-Others

Near Bank Land Use- Agriculture- Industries- Tourism- Housing

1 Panchayat Records

1 River -Management Cell2 Photographs

1 River Management Cell2 Photographs

1 Panchayat Land - Records2 Cadastral Map3 Land Survey Records

1 Panchayat Land Records2 Land Survey Records

1 Panchayat Records

1 Panchayat Land Records2 Panchayat Building Tax

Records

1 Survey2 RRA3 Mapping4 Photographs1 Survey2 Mapping3 Photographs1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA (History)1 Survey2 RRA3 Mapping4 Photographs1 Survey2 RRA3 Mapping4 Photographs1 Survey2 RRA3 Mapping4 Photographs

1 Survey

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Near Bank Land Use (No & Area)Extraction AreaRiverRecla-mation

BankRecla-mation

ErosionproneAreas

Length ofBank(Kms)

Slope Stability(Details)

1

#

2 3 4 Agri-culture

Indus-try

Tourism Other

Area

Sand

Gra

vel

Clay

Oth

ers

No

Area

Area

Nam

e

Area

Area

Area No

No

No

No

No

No

12

-66-

7.4 ConclusionAs evident, all factors will not be present for all LSGIs, but are spread throughout the entirety of the basin – differentLSGIs may have different factors. Even when there are common factors for many LSGIs the severity of the problem maynot be uniform, as the status of data will indicate. It is however important that the LSGIs realize the inter-relationshipsand thereby plan each of their activities to support the overall health of the basin.

Data Requirements Particulars#River Bank

Reclamation

Extraction

Near bank LandUse

Total LengthSlope stability every KmErosion prone locations, nature of erosionBank Reclamation: location, extend & numberRiver Reclamation:, location, extend & numberSand extraction: location & numberGravel extraction: location & numberClay extraction: location & numberAgriculture: location, area & cropIndustry: location, area & typeTourism: location & areaHousing: Location, number & area

Table 7.6: River Bank - List of MapsRemarks

1

2

3

4

ProblemAction#

Table 7.7: Action Plan - InterventionsReason

Regulate

Regulate

Regulate

Restore

Protect

Protect

Ban

Ban

Hard options for bankprotection

Constructions onreclaimed banks

1 Permanent agricultureactivities on near bankor reclaimed land, bank& bed

2 Chemical fertilizers andpesticides

Vegetation along Banks

Slope Stability

100 mtr. set back zone forriver banks as stipulated byCZMP

All types of Reclamations (Bank & Bed)

All types of Extractions

Hard options (concrete,masonry) interfere with naturalbank formations, flows, naturalflooding1 Impacts the bank sensitivity2 Loss of property in times of flood1 Obstructs natural flooding2 Loss of property3 Pollutes the river

1 Protects river bank againsterosions

2 Many are of Medicinal Value

1 Avoid bank erosion2 Avoid Sudden landslides

during monsoon and heavyrains

Salinity ingress areas in riversand other freshwater bodies areecologically sensitive regions

1 Serious impact on water flowpattern

2 Serious impact on riparianhabitats

Serious impact on river banksystems & stability

Stakeholder/s Involved1 Panchayat2 Households

Multiple

1 Farmers2 Households

1 Panchayat2 Farmers3 Department of Soil -

ConservationPanchayat

1 Panchayat2 Department of Soil-

Conservation

Panchayat

1 Panchayat2 Livelihood Dependent

groups3 Workers

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 Assuming the General Trend in Kerala River Bank Threats

-67-

ProblemAction# Reason Stakeholder/s InvolvedFloodsLoss of property & livelihood

For Healthy & Productive River

1 Panchayat2 Farmers3 Households4 NGOs5 Professionals1 Panchayat2 Farmers3 Households4 NGOs5 Professionals

Educate

Educate

9

10

Fallouts of bank andriver reclamation

Bank StrengtheningTechniques

#

Alternatives to nearbankagricultureRiver Bank Management

Table 7.8: Action Plan - Sectoral & Fund Integration

1

2

3

4

Conscien tizeRiver BankProtection Techniques

Soft Options for Bank Protection

Annual plans& Schemes

Annual Plan

-Schemes-Three-tier-Integration

-Schemes-Three-tier--Integration

-Schemes-Three-tier--Integraion




Productive

Service

Infrastructure


Schemes/Funds

Sector in LSGIs PlanScheme & Funds

Conscientize = to educate (someone) about, or raise awareness (in someone) of, an issue or idea

Table 7.9: Action Plan: Inter - Sub Matrix LinkagesRiver Bank Sub Matrix Linkages#

Reclamations

Near Bank Land useAgricultureNear Bank Land useIndustries Tourism

Hydrological CharacteristicsBiological CharacteristicsSocial & EconomicCharacteristicsSocial & EconomicCharacteristics

Role in Basin Management1

2

3

Assessing overall basin health &managementTotal agriculture land use,Basin landmanagementNon-Agricultural Land Use,Waterconsumption, Pollution – pressures inBasin Management

-68-

Table 7.10: Hydrological Factor - Watershed1

(Sample)



Source MethodDate DateWatershed: Typology &Characteristics

a Typeb Areac Lengthd Slopee Seasonalf Perennial

Rainfall

Land Use in Watershed Areaa Cultivable Landb Waste Landc Area of Habitation

Land Ownershipa Private LandHoldingsb Revenue Landc Panchayat Landd Forest Lande Public/Common Land

Crop Varieties & Area inWatershed Area

a Seasonal Cropsb Annual Crops

Cultivated Area & WaterDependency in Watershed Area

a Irrigated Areasb Seasonal Irrigated Areasc Rain-fed Areas

1 Panchayat Records2 Department of Irrigation3 Farmers’ Records

1 Department of Meteorology2 Department of Irrigation1 Panchayat Records2 Revenue Records

1 Panchayat Records2 Revenue Records3 Department of Forests

1 Department of Agriculture2 Panchayat Records

1 Panchayat Records2 Department of Irrigation3. Farmers’ Records


RRA





1 Sample Considering River Bank Protection areImportant to LSGIs

1

2

3

4

5

6

Typology

Total

Size (SqKm) Length (Km) Width(Average) (Km)

Gradient(m/m)

PerennialSeasonal(Months)

#

12

Table 7.11: Watershed Outside Forested Areas - Data Summary

Land Use - TotalCultivable Land (Ha)

Total

Waste Land (Ha) Area of Habitation (Ha) Total (Ha)#

Table7.12: Watershed Outside Forested Areas - Data Summary

12

-69-

- Rapid and unchecked erosionreduces the depth of fertiletopsoil

- Creates gullies in the land- Causes sedimentation of streams

& chokes the water flow

- Hard construction removesvegetation, leaving the areasusceptible to surface erosion

- Road surfaces reduce or blockwater infiltration rates



Type

Total

Area (Ha)#


123

IrrigatedSeasonal IrrigatedRain-Fed

Land Ownership - TotalPrivate Holdings

(Ha)

Total

PanchayatLand (Ha)

Revenue Land(Ha)

# Forested Land(Ha)

Public/Common Land(Ha)

Total

12

Cultivated Area & Water Dependency

1

2

3

Table 7.16: Watershed Outside Forested Areas - List of MapsWatershed

Land Use & Ownership

Crop Varieties & Irrigation Pattern

Sub & Micro WatershedsNumber/sArea/SizeTypesEmphasis on WastelandOwnership patternCrops & Area CultivatedIrrigation Pattern

Total

Crop Varieties & Area in Watershed

Annual Crops

# TotalArea(Ha)

Crop(Name)

Area(Ha)

Crop(Name)

Area(Ha)

Crop(Name)

Type

Total

Seasonal Crops12

12

Problem#Table 7.17: Action Plan - Interventions2

Stakeholder/s InvolvedReasonRegulate

Regulate

ActionSoil Erosion

Construction ofRoads andPavements

1 Dept of Geology2 Soil Conservation

Agencies3 Farmers & Planters4 Panchayat5 Department of

Agriculture1 Panchayat2 Department of Public

Works

1

2

-70-2 Watershed Protection is LSGIs key focus in Kerala

-71-

Problem# Stakeholder/s InvolvedReasonAction- Roads transport sediments in the

stream system- Runoff that drains from roads can

initiate landslides or gullies- Diversion of streams for water-

intensive agriculture- Overexploitation of ground water- Depletion of groundwater table- drying up of streams- Prevents slope destabilization- Tree roots protect and stabilize

steep watershed slopes- Enhances water storage ability &

capacity- Many native plants are medicinal- By preventing eroded soil through

runoffs into watersheds- By preventing entry of pollution

from chemical fertilizers andpesticides

- By preventing untreated disposalof industrial & service sectorwastes & effluents

- By preventing untreated disposalof domestic and municipal waste

- Watersheds are the life-line offreshwater repositories -Majorsupport to agriculture & otherdomestic purposes especially inrural areas

- Through simple vegetativemeasures ensuring maximum soilcover

- Moisture absorption, waterrecharge, biomass and biodiversityenhancement along with organicfarming

- Degrade the watershed- untreated pollutants cause

eutrophication- Create dead zones in river mouths- Severe impacts on economic

activities like fishing, agriculture& drinking water

- Long-term gains & advantages oforganic farming

- Safe living environment

Non-Traditional- Water IntensiveFarming Practices

1 Native Plants & Trees in Watershed2 Water Quality in Watersheds

Watersheds

Watersheds

Untreated Industrial& MunicipalEffluents inWatersheds

Organic Farming &Use of Organic

Regulate

Restore

Protect

Protect

ProtectBan

Ban

Educate

1 Department ofAgriculture

2 Farmers & Planters3 Panchayat1 Panchayat2 Farmers3 NGOs/Nature/Youth/

Women/organizations

1 Basin ManagementCommittees

2 Three-tier3 LSGIs4 Citizens5 District Collector6 Department of

Agriculture7 Department of Irrigation8 Department of Industries9 Department of Tourism10Pollution Control Board1 Basin Management

Committees2 Three-tier3 LSGIs4 Citizens5 NGOs/Nature/Youth/

Women organizations1 Basin Management

Committees2 Panchayat3 Farmers4 Citizens5 NGOs/Nature/Youth/

Women organizations1 Pollution Control Board2 Department of Industries3 Panchayat

1 Panchayat2 Farmers3 Department of Agriculture

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Service

#


Organic Farming

Watershed Protection & Management

Water Treatment Plants

Waste Management Plants

Productive

Sector in LSGIs Plan

Schemes & Funds

Infrastructure

Panchayat/s Block District OtherSchemes/

Funds

Annual Plans &SchemesAnnual Plans &Schemes

- Schemes- Three-tier- Integration- Schemes- Three-tier- Integration- Schemes- Three-tier- Integration

Annual Plans &SchemesAnnual Plans &Schemes

Annual Plans &Schemes

-Schemes-Three-tierIntegration-Schemes-Three-tier-Integration


Annual Plans&Schemes

- Schemes- Three-tier- Integration-Schemes-Three-tier-Integration

-Schemes-Three-tier-Integration

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Conscientize = to educate (someone) about, or raise awareness (in someone) of, an issue or idea

Conscientize Organic Farming

Conscientize Watershed Land-WaterLinkages

Conscientize Site Designs

-72-

Problem# Stakeholder/s InvolvedReasonAction

- About integrated land & watermanagement

- About link between upstreamland, water use & downstreamimpacts

- About roles & responsibilities &multiplicity of stakeholders

- About appropriate farmingpractices

- About site designs- About best management practices- Stream classification & its

significance- About best management

practices

4 NGOs/Nature/Youth/Women organizations

5 Professionals6 Institutions1 Three-Tier Panchayats2 Farmers & Planters3 Department of Irrigation4 Department of

Agriculture

1 Panchayat2 Farmers3 Property Owners

Three-Tier Panchayats

Fertilizers &Pesticides

Key WatershedLinkages

Farmers & PropertyOwners about Micro-watershed

LSGIs about Sub-watershed

Educate

Educate

Educate

10

11

12

#

Table 7.19: Action Plan - Inter-Sub Matrix LinkagesRole in Basin ManagementSub Matrix Liankages

Physical CharacteristicsWater Yield

Physical Characteristics AgricultureEconomic Characteristics EducationEconomic Characteristics EmploymentWater UsesEducation

Physical CharacteristicsLand-Water LinkagesUpstream-Downstream LinkagesEducationPhysical Characteristics EconomicCharacteristics Education

Watershed OutsideForested Areas

Watershed: Typology &Characteristics

Soil Erosion

Water Quality

Watershed Linkage

Sub & Micro Watersheds

Basin Management WaterFlow & Runoff WaterBalanceBasin Management WaterFlow & RunoffBasin Management Impact& Pressures AnalysisWater Balance

Basin Management

Basin Management Impact& Pressures Analysis

1

2

3

4

5

-73-



Source MethodDate DateAgricultural

LivestockFarming

Industrial

ServiceIndustries

Municipal,Sanitary &Sewage

1 Department of Agriculture2 Pollution Control Board3 Traders4 Farmers’&Planters’ Records5 Institutions for Scientific

Studies/Reports6 Panchayat Records1 Department of Agriculture2 Department of Diary

Development3 Department of Industries4 Farm Records5 Panchayat Records1 Department of Industries2 Pollution Control Board3 Traders4 Industry Records5 Panchayat Records

1 Department of Industries2 Pollution Control Board3 Industry Records4 Panchayat Records1 Town Planning Records2 Panchayat Records3 Records on Urban

Settlements4 Records on Slums

SurveyRRA

SurveyRRAMapping

SurveyRRAMapping

SurveyRRAMapping

SurveyRRAMapping

Table 7.20: Eco-Bio-Enviro Factor-Pollution Load 1(Sample)

Source Typology Quantitya Typology of

Chemical Fertilizersb Typology of

Chemical Pesticides

a Typology ofLiquid Waste

b Typology ofSolid Waste

a Typology ofIndustrial ChemicalsUsed

b Typology ofEffluentsDischarged

c Typology ofSolid Waste





1

2

3

4

5

1 Sample assuming the General Pollution Load Trends in Kerala Water Bodies

#

Table 7.21 : Pollution Load - Data Summary

Source

Typologies

Typ

e

Qua

ntity

(Ton

)

Typ

e

Qua

ntity

(Ton

)

Typ

e

Qua

ntity

(Ton

)

Typ

e

Qua

ntity

(Ton

)T

ype

Qua

ntity

(Ton

)

Tota

l(T

on)

Agriculturea Chemical Fertilizersb Chemical Pesticides

Livestock Farminga Liquid Wasteb Solid Waste

Industrya Chemical Raw Materialsb Effluent Dischargec Solid Waste

Service Industrya Liquid Wasteb Solid Waste

Municipal, Sanitary & sewagea Liquid Wasteb Solid Waste

1

2

3

4

5

-74-

Secondary DataData Requirements# Primary DataSource MethodDate DateSource Typology Quantity

Impacts–Surface Water Sources

Impacts – Ground Water

Impacts - Habitats

Impacts - Wildlife

Impacts – Health

1 Kerala Water Authority2 Department of Irrigation3 Pollution Control Board4 Panchayat Records1 Kerala Water Authority2 Department of Irrigation3 Pollution Control Board4 Panchayat Records1 Colleges & Universities2 CMFRI3 Department of Forests1 Department of Forests2 KFRI1 Department of Health2 Hospital & Primary

Health Centre Records3 Records on Waterborne

Diseases4 Panchayat Record

SurveyRRA

SurveyRRA

SurveyRRA

SurveyRRASurveyRRA

6

7

8

9

10

#

Table 7.22: Pollution Load - Impacts

Source ConcernsSurface Water Ground Water Habitats Wildlife Health

Agriculturea Chemical Fertilizersb Chemical Pesticides

Livestock Farminga Liquid Wasteb Solid Waste

Industrya Chemical Raw Materialsb Effluent Dischargec Solid Waste

Service Industrya Liquid Wasteb Solid Waste

Municipal, Sanitary & Sewagea Liquid Wasteb Solid Waste

1

2

3

4

5

#Table 7.23: Pollution Load - List of Maps

Effluent Discharge Points

Solid Waste Dump Yards/Sites

Drainage & Storm Water Runoff

AreaNumber(s)Type of EffluentSpread of effluentAreaNumber(s)Type(s) of Solid WastesLocationNumbers

1

2

3

#Table 7.24: Action Plan - Interventions2

Regulate

Regulate

Regulate

Restore

Chemical Fertilizer andPesticide Use

Untreated WaterDischarge ofIndustrial/ServiceIndustriesDumping of Non-degradable materials(eg: Plastic Carry Bags,wrappers & packing,etc.) in and aroundWaterbodiesOrganic AgriculturalPractices

1 Hazardous agriculturalpractice

2 Regulation time required toroll back to organic farming& fertilizers

1 Carry potential Pollutants2 Could contain pathogens,

which is harmful to humansor plants

1 Impacts water flow2 Contaminates water3 Affects plant and animal life

1 No chemical fertilizer inputs2 Enhance soil fertility3 Provide poison-free

products

1 Department of Agriculture2 Farmers & Planters3 Panchayat

1 Panchayat2 Pollution Control Board3 Industries

1 Panchayat2 Domestic & Industrial

Waste Management Experts3 Citizens Basin4 Management Committees


Action Problem Reason Stakeholder(s) Involved1

2

3

4

2 Assuming the general pollution trend in Kerala Waterbodies-75-

Pollution Load Maps

1 Basin ManagementCommittees

2 Three-tierLSGIs3 Citizens4 District Collector5 Department of Agriculture6 Department of Irrigation7 Departmentof Industries8 Department of Tourism9 Pollution Control Board1 Basin Management

Committees2 Panchayat3 Department of Forests4 Educational Institutions5 Nature Clubs & Wide lifeEnthusiasts6 Citizens1 Pollution Control Board2 Department of Industries3 Panchayat4 Peoples Forum & NGOs

1 Panchayat2 Industries3 Farm Owners4 Citizens1 Department of Agriculture2 Farmers & Planters3 Panchayat


1 Panchayat2 Farmers3 Dept of Agriculture4 NGOs, SHGs, Nature/

Youth Clubs5 Professionals6 Institutions1 Households2 Panchayat3 NGOs, SHGs, Nature/

Youth Clubs

4 Reduces pollution load onwater bodies

5 Ensures cleaner andhealthier water bodies

1 There is only limited supplyof fresh water on earth

2 Living organisms need freshwater

3 Most economic activitiesare dependent on riverbasins and waterbodies

1 Habitats co-ordinatedifferent functions of theRiver Basin

2 Wildlife are integral part ofthe food-chain Habitats andwildlife posses

3 Immense scenic andaesthetic beauty

1 Contaminates water &waterbodies

2 Makes it unsafe for human& other animal use

3 Fatal to fish aquaticvertebrates & invertebrates

4 Potential health hazards1 Pollutes waterbodies2 Seepage to waterbodies3 Seepage to groundwater

1 Reduces soil fertility2 Affects micro-organisms3 Pollutes waterbodies4 Adverse impacts on health1 Pollutes air & water2 Acute direct human health

issues3 Fatal impacts on animal &

plant life1 Long-term gains &

advantages of organicfarming

2 Safe living environment

1 Clean & healthy homes2 Prepare bio-manure for

home gardens

River Basin & OtherWaterbodies

Habitats & Wildlifefrom Effluents

Industrial and otherEffluent Discharge inWater Bodies

Waste Dumping in andaround Waterbodies

Chemical Fertilizer Use

Chemical Pesticides

Use of OrganicFertilizers & Pesticides

Domestic WasteManagement systems

Protect

Protect

Ban

Ban

Ban

Ban

Educate

Educate

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

-76-

# Action Problem Reason Stakeholder(s) Involved

-77-

1 Alternative to non-degradable plastic carrybags

2 Income generation

# Action Problem Reason Stakeholder(s) Involved


Service

#

Productive

Sector in LSGIs Plan Schemes & Funds

Infrastructure


Schemes/Funds

Water Treatment Plants

Waste Manage-ment Plants

- Annual Plans- Integration

- Common- Project- Integration- Common- Project- Integration

Agriculture Bio-Fertilizers

Eco-friendly Industrial Products Bio-Packing ManufactureDegradable Waste Bins & Holders

Basin Management

- Annual Plans -IntegrationAnnual PlansAnnual PlansAnnual Plans

Annual Plans

- Common Project- Common Project- Common Project

- Common Project

- Common Project- Integration- Common Project- Integration

-Annual Plans- Integration

- Common- Project- Integration- Common- Project- Integration

1

234

5

678

9

10

11

Educate Workers Health IssuesEducate Industrial Best PracticesEducate Agriculture BestPracticesEducate Waste Management BestPractices

1 Households2 Panchayat3 NGOs, SHGs, Nature/

Youth Clubs

Manufacture ofBio-degradablematerials and PackingMaterials

Educate13

#Table 7.26: Action Plan - Inter-Sub Matrix Linkages

Role in Basin ManagementSub Matrix Linkages1 Physical Characteristics2 Biological Characteristics3 Hydrological

Characteristics4 Economic Characteristics5 Social Characterization1 Basin Dependent

Agriculture2 Employment3 Workers Health, Education1 Basin Dependent

Industries2 Employment3 Workers Health4 EducationPlanning Education

Pollution LoadPollution (All Types)

Agriculture Pollution

Industrial Pollution

Municipal, Sanitary &Sewage

1 Basin Management Impact & PressuresAnalysis

2 Water Quality3 Flora, Fauna Status4 Environmental Standards

1 Basin Management Impact & Pressures2 Analysis3 Assessing overall Basin Dependent4 Employment, Health1 Basin Management Impact & Pressures2 Analysis,3 Assessing overall Basin Dependent4 Employment, Health

1 Basin Management Impact & Pressures2 Analysis,3 Role of LSGIs

1

2

3

4

Table 7.29: Sand Mining-List of Maps

Total Employment& Wages(No. & Rs)

LSGIsShare (Rs)

Total(Rs)

#

Table 7.28: Sand Mining-Data Summary

Total sandmined/

auctioned

RsNo ofKadavu

Area For EachKadavu

Total RsMale Female Total

Revenue LSGIs River ManagmentFund

Sand AuditReport(s)

Total SandMining Area

12

Total

Data Requirements Particulars Remarks1

23

#Mining Area(s)

Mining Area(s)Mining Area(Unauthorized)

RegionNumber of Kadavu with namesApproach Road(s) with namesRegion, Number, Name and approach Roadswith Names

Total



Source MethodDate DateMining Area

Sand Audit Reports

Employment & Income

Revenue from Sand Miningto LSGIs

River Management Funds

1 Kerala Protection of River Banksand Regulation of Removalof Sand Act, 2001

2 Panchayat Records3 Department of Geology4 District Expert Committee Reports5 Institutions forScientific Studies/

Reports6 Legal Records, Judgments,

Objections1 Panchayat Records2 Institutions forScientific Studies/

Reports1 Panchayat Records2 Employee Union Records

1 Panchayat Revenue Records2 Panchayat Check Post Records3 Income & Expenditure Audit

Reports1 District Collector2 Panchayat Records3 Income & Expenditure Audit

Reports

SurveyMining Area

RRA(Mining timings,Unauthorized miningareas, local objections)

MappingMining Area

SurveyRRA (Validation,verification purposes)

Table 7.27: Economic Factor-Sand Mining1

(Sample)

1

2

3

4

5

1 Sample considering sand mining related issues are important to LSGIs

-78-

Problem#Table 7.30: Action Plan-Interventions2


Regulate

Regulate

Restore

Protect

Protect

Protect

Ban

Ban

1 Mining/Constructions lobbies andThugs rule this

2 Total Unscientific ExtractionPractices

1 LSGI’s Excessise & EffortlessDependency

2 Revenue Earned from Overexploitation of Natural Resource

3 LSGI’s tendencies to move awayfrom Genuine Productive &Environment Friendly IncomeGeneration Sources

1 Absence of Audit/Scientific Studyabout Sand Deposits and Health ofKadavu

2 Absence of Basin ManagementReport

Based on Audit/Scientific Study aboutSand Deposits and Health of Kadavu

Based on Audit/Scientific Study aboutSand Deposits and Health of Kadavu

During Mining Regulation or Ban basedon Basin Management Report

During Mining Regulation or Ban basedon Basin Management Report

1 Affects River Health2 Accident Possibilities and threat toWorkers Lives

1 Acute Basin Health issues2 On Recommendation of Basin

Management Report

ActionOverall SandMiningActivities

Revenue fromSand Mining

Mining

Sand DepositRiver Bed

River BedKadavu

Employment& Workers

LSGIsRevenue

Mining TimeViolations

Sand Mining

1 District Collector2 Police3 Panchayat4 Workers5 Peoples’6 Committees Local NGOs1 Govternment of Kerala2 Panchayat3 Peoples’ Forums

Women’s & Youth Forums4 Alternative Income

Generation Advisors &Management Groups

1 District Collector2 Panchayat3 Scientific Institutions/

Communities4 River Management

Committees1 District Collector2 Panchayat3 River Management



Committees4 Workers Union5 Workers Families1 Government of Kerala2 Panchayat all Tiers3 River Management

Committees1 District Collector2 Panchayat3 Police4 River Management

Committees1 Government of Kerala2 District Collector3 Panchayat4 Police5 River ManagementCommittees Workers Unions

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

2 Sample Assuming the general trend in Kerala Sand Mining

-79-


Role in Basin ManagementSub Matrix Linkages1 Physical Characteristics2 Biological Characteristics3 Hydrological Characteristics4 Eco-Bio-Environmental Characteristics5 Social Characteristics1 Agricultural Workers, Industrial

Workers, Mining Workers1 LSGIs Revenue2 Agriculture3 Industry4 Mining 5 Services

Sand MiningSand Mining

Employment &WorkersMining Revenue

Basin Management Impact &Pressures Analysis

Assessing Overall Basin DependentEmployment & Worker PressureLSGIs Basin Dependent OverallRevenue

1

2

3

#


Productive

Sector in LSGIs PlanSchemes & Funds


Schemes/Funds

Common Project

- Project- Integration- Projects- Integration

EmploymentBasin ManagementServiceWorkers Health Issues

Conscientiz-ationBasin HealthInfrastructureKadavu Approach RoadsMaintenance

Annual PlansAnnual Plans

- Projects- Integration- Projects- Integration

CommonProjects

Common Project

- Projects- Integration- Projects- Integration

12

3

4

5

-80-

Problem# Stakeholder/s InvolvedReasonAction10 Educate About

NaturalResources andBasins –Protection &Purpose

Callousness and Indifference towardsCommon Property Resources

1 Elected Representatives2 Panchayat & Working Staff3 River Protection Committees4 Workers & Families5 Youth6 Local NGOs7 Specialized Institutions

Total Population(Rice Farming)

12

Table 7.34: Demography & Farming - Data SummaryTotal Area under

Rice Farming(In Ha)

Irrigation Type& Area

1 2 3

CroppingSeason &Pattern

Crop Varieties& Area(In Ha)

Demography(All Features)

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Tota

l

Rai

n-fe

d

Wel

l

Cana

lO

ther

s

Mon

ths

Type

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Tota

l

# DependentPopulation

Table 7.33: Economic Factor - Rice Farming1

(Sample)

1 Sample Considering Rice Farming Related Issues are Important to LSGIs

-81-

Secondary DataData Requirements# Primary DataSource MethodDate Date

Population and DemographyEducation

Health

Area under Rice Farming

Rain - fed and Irrigated Areas

Crop Varieties

Cropping Season and Patterns

Dependent Population(Agriculture Labourers)

Census Report1 Census Report2 Department of Education3 Panchayat Records1 Department of Health2 Primary Health Centre3 Panchayat Records1 Department of Agriculture2 Panchayat Records, Maps

Department of Agriculture



Panchayat Records

SurveySurvey

Survey

1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA (History)1 Survey2 Mapping3 RRA (History)1 Survey2 RRA (History)1 Survey2 RRA (History)Survey

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

2011

Data, Source & Method

#Area under Rice Farming

Rain- fed Area

RegionNumber of PlotsCrop VarietySeasonCropping PatternRegionNumber of PlotsCrop VarietySeasonCropping Pattern

1

2

RemarksTable 7.35: Rice Farming - Data Summary

DataFarming Area

Problem#Table 7.36: Action Plan - Interventions2


Regulate

Restore

Protect

Ban

Educate

Drastic fall in Paddy cultivation inthe stateReduced flow in rivers

1 Land filling of watersheds2 Land conversion3 Soil erosion

1 Local varieties have moreadaptability

2 Less Water Intensive1 Health hazards2 Soil and water contamination1 Better Economic Sense2 Better Watershed

Management

ActionPaddy LandConversionBasin WaterDependency

WatershedsSoil fertility

Local CropVarieties

PesticidesChemicalFertilizers1 Optimum Yield

withoutPesticideManagement

2 In situ Generationof OrganicManure

3 More Crop perDrop throughImprovedWater UseEfficiency

1 Panchayat2 Paddy Land Owners1 Farmers2 Panchayat3 Department of Irrigation1 Panchayat2 Farmers3 Department of Agriculture4 Department of Soil

Conservation1 Farmers2 Department of Agriculture

1 Farmers2 Panchayat3 Traders1 Panchayat2 Farmers3 Department of Agriculture4 NGOs5 Professionals

2 Assuming general trend in Kerala Rice Farming

1

2

3

4

5

6

-82-

# RemarksRegionNumber of plotsType – well, ponds, canals, othersCrop VarietySeasonCropping PatternRegionAreaProximity to Basin

Irrigated Area

Settlement Pattern

3

4

#


Productive

Sector in LSGIs Plan Project & Funds


Schemes/Funds

Rice Farming

Watershed Management

ServiceConscientization on Rice Farming &Management TechniquesInfrastructureMeasures to Prevent Land filling & SoftOptions for Soil Erosion

Annual Plan& Project-Annual plan-Integration

-Projects-Integration

-Projects






Role in Basin ManagementSub Matrix LinkagesEconomic Characterization GeographicCharacterization

Economic Characterization GeographicCharacterizationOther agricultural land useHydraulic CharacterizationWater use & irrigation

Rice FarmingPopulationIncludingDependentPopulationLand use

Watershed

Assessing overall basin population,pressure

Total Agricultural Land Use BasinLand Management

Total water availability, Water Balanceand Basin Management

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

-83-

Stakeholders

Governance System

Participatory Framework

Monitoring

Governance

Chapter 8

GovernanceSection III

8 Stakeholders8.1 IntroductionBasin Management is the art of stakeholder participation and informed consensus. As water managers, LSGIs need toidentify all stakeholders in the basin during pre management plan preparations and involve them in the BMP process.This shall help them realize the complexities of basin conservation and resources as they get hands-on experience of theoverall status of the basin. Later, as basin management, resource use and conservation strategies are planned, thisexperience may come of good use.8.1.1 Redefine Stakeholders?People and institutions that have interest in the use of water and other resources come under the category of stakeholders.Communities that lived along the basin had enjoyed the resources uncontested in earlier times in the form of traditionalor customary rights. But as new user groups emerge, there is severe erosion ofrights to the local community in a gamut of resources. It is therefore stronglyrecommended to determine user right priorities. Traditional water and resource usegroups such as farmers, fisher people, basin dependent tribal communities etcshould be identified and bestowed with the first-right-user category.Irrespective of the category, a critical point to drive home is that if stakeholdersenjoy rights they also have responsibilities. Every user group is bound to shoulderresponsibilities. Their commitment to the basin is not just in resource dependenceor in resource exploitation but also in basin conservation. Based on resourceexploitation and its impact, the BMP would provide measures for mitigation andresponsibilities to the stakeholders.8.1.2 Limiting Factor in the System of Resource ManagementThe practice of natural resource distribution prevalent today are; (a) Resource is allocated but without resource management,(b) There are licensing authorities but no resource managers. Natural resources especially water based resources are liveillustrations of this practice. Licenses and permits for resource exploitationare issued irrespective of resource sustenance. Transparency and publicconsultation are also absent while flouting of rules and regulations arealarmingly high. Resource management is about rational distribution,regulation and corrective measures that custodians and authorities shouldinsist upon.8.1.3 Challenges to LSGIsIn managing a basin, the LSGIs are to face all disadvantages inherent toboth Open Access Resources and also to Common Property Resources.Exploitation, especially that of fresh water resources, is at an all timehigh as the requirements of new generation service and infrastructureindustry are mounting every day. Even the custodians (LSGIs and StateGovernment) are unable to resist the temptation as in the case of increasedsand mining permits granted to every Grama Panchayat and the revenueaccrued. Our rivers and basins have increasing numbers of stakeholdersand claims on its resources. The dynamic data generation provides theplethora of economic activities in and around the basin.The LSGIs need to therefore critically contemplate resource claims. Todistribute resources rationally while maintaining the optimum basinlevel and basin health, will be a tight rope walk to the LSGIs. They mayhave to consider regulating or even banning activities if the need arises.Managing common property resources or open access resources arediametrically opposite to ownership defined private property.The six characterizations and their sub factors provide an in-depthscientific insight to what constitutes a basin. (Ref: Section I) What itsignifies is that there are a whole range of scientists, experts, techniciansand planners involved in translating it into the realm of action. Each

Who is a stakeholder?

Can all Stakeholders be equal?

Can all stakeholders hold samerights?

Do stakeholders haveresponsibilities too?

Box 2

Open-access resources are those that can beaccessed by anyone at any time withoutrestraint. When the resource is abundantrelative to the demand for it, an open-accessregime may not only be unproblematic, itmay actually be the best management regimesince it involves so little oversight.However, when the resource is scarce, open-access resources may be subject to excessiveuse. Since the user’s claim over the resourceis only established by “the rule of capture”,users have an incentive to harvest as muchas they can as rapidly as they can. Instead ofmore conservative behavior preserving theresource in this circumstance, it could simplylead to resource degradation as other userssimply increase their share.Open-access resources should bedistinguished from common-propertyresources. Common-property resourcesmay allow many users to share the resource,but they may also do so in a way that restrictsaccess (either formally or informally) to levelsthat are sustainable.

The Encyclopedia of Earth

Box 3Property Regimes

-87-

Where is all of the Earth’s water?The ocean holds 97 percent of the Earth’swater!The remaining three percent (3%) is freshwater found in glaciers and ice, below theground, or in rivers and lakes.Of the three percent of the water that isnot in the ocean, about 69 percent is lockedup in glaciers and icecaps. Ninety percentof that frozen water is in Antarctica andabout nine percent covers Greenland.Of the remaining fresh water, 30 percentof it is groundwater, captured below ourfeet.About 0.3 percent is found in rivers andlakes.This means that the water source we aremost familiar with in our everyday lives,rivers and lakes, accounts for less than onepercent of all freshwater that exists on Earth.A very small percentage of water (0.1percent of all water) is also found in theatmosphere.

National Ocean Service

Box 4

stakeholder resource-demand would require the assistance of one or several of these expertises to gauge the impact on theresource and to the overall basin. The sub-matrix linkages of each factor justify this. (Ref: 3.2 in Section II)LSGIs would require strong backing of experts to consult on different issues bound to arise in basin management. Asshall be evidenced during preparation of the management plan, these issues could be related to basin health, its resources,environmental and conservation laws, best practices in agriculture, fisheries, service industries and water management etc.Decision making will have to be strictly through consultative process, acceptable to all. LSGIs are bound to adhere to thisto make sure that their decisions are not challenged as unapprised and/or as out of ignorance.8.2 Governance StructureA new governance structure for basin management has to go hand in hand with the spirit of local governance prevalentin the state. Such a structure should also be capable of implementing the recommendations of the BMP effectively.Informed decision making, functional transparency and monitoring needsto be incorporated into the new governance structure. LSGIs have to takeinto consideration the demands of stakeholders, create new revenuegenerating models and simultaneously conserve the basin health, throughconsensus.8.2.1 Seeds of New Resource GovernanceFresh water is a precious resource with significant pressures on itsavailability. There is only 0.3 percent (less than 1 per cent) surface waterflowing through rivers and lakes on earth! (See Box 3) This scare resourceis vital for the existence of all living beings; plants, animals, humansincluded. The threat to this precious resource is further magnified by theincreasing number of stakeholders competing for the same resources.The resource management ought to reflect these complexities. Unlessimplemented scientifically, conceiving a viable governance system thataddresses all interests including that of the basin for long-term sustenancewill be an uphill task for water managers.LSGIs while representing the management of basin and its resourcesshould take into account all stakeholders involved their resource interestsand stakes. They should rise to the level of resource managers willing tolearn the nuances of the water body and of new management practices.Stakeholders need to be thoroughly educated in areas other than in theirinterest of resource exploitation. They need to be apprised about theirresponsibilities, institutional and legal aspects of water and of resourcemanagement.Taking these factors into consideration, the Manual proposes aParticipatory Resource Governance System (PRGS) (Fig:12) with a three-tier representation to Basin Management: a User Group constituting allstakeholders, a Management Cell whose main representation shall be LSGIs through its elected representatives, and aScrutiny Cell consisting of experts from various disciplines. It keeps the custodianship of the LSGI intact whileaccommodating representation for all beneficiary stakeholders.

PRGS

User Groups Scrutiny CellManagement Cell

Fig 12: Constituents of PRGS

-88-

1. Farmers2. Fisher folk3. Tribes4. Basket/Mat weavers5. Potters6. Weavers7. Others8.9.10.11.12.

1. Mining (Basin Specific)2. Industries (Basin Specific)3. Water Packaging and Soft drink Industry4. Distilleries5. Tourism6. Water Theme Parks7. Hospitals8. Textiles9. Tanning10. Clay and Tiles Industries11. Agro Industries12. Others

Traditional/CustomaryUser Groups

Non Traditional/Non CustomaryUser group

Table 8.1: User Group Membership1

8.2.2 User GroupThe user group will consist of members who, as a general rule, have an interest in the basin resources. But as stated earlier,such user groups have to be segregated as traditional rights and non-traditional user groups. Members of farmingcommunity, fisher folk, resource dependent tribal community etc, are users with traditional/customary rights. Thesetraditional water users, with livelihood dependency on the basin, shall be given first-user priority. Industries, mining,water packaging services, tourism and a plethora of others shall constitute users with non-traditional/non-customaryinterests.

8.2.3 Management CellThe LSGIs shall head this cell as water bodies in the state have been transferred and vested in them2. (For a detailed accountof LSGIs Rights & Responsibilities Ref: Annexure I) It is suggested that each LSGI select/elect a team to their representation.Elected representatives from all basin wards must represent the team. LSGIs can also nominate officials/people withexpertise, concern for basin health, resources and peoples’ interests.Apart from LSGIs, the cell will also consist of representatives from selected government departments such as theDepartment of irrigation, revenue, agriculture, fisheries etc. The representation of these departments in the managementcell is due to the fact that these government bodies have traditionally been involved in the administration of the waterresources.

1 These are indicative; characterization process will list actual number of users in LSGI2 ‘All public water courses the beds and Banks of river streams lakes, back waters and water courses and all standing and flowing water, springs, reservoirs, and also any adjacent land, not being private property appertaining there to shall stand transferred to and vest absolutely in the village panchayat/ the Municipality’ [Panchayat Raj Act:218, 218(2) & Municipality Act: 208, 208(2)]3 This are indicative, characerization process shall list actual management cell members

1 Elected Ward Representative2 Elected Ward Representative3 Elected Ward Representative4 Other Nominees5

1 Revenue2 Irrigation3 Agriculture4 Fisheries5 Others

Traditional/CustomaryUser Groups

Non Traditional/Non CustomaryUser group

Table 8.2: Management Cell Membership3

-89-

1 Nature Club2 Youth Clubs3 Women’s Group4 Local History and Tradition5 Non Governmental Organization6 Others

Expert Representatives Local Representatives

Table 8.3: Scrutiny Cell Membership4

1 Hydrologists2 Economist3 Environmental Scientist4 Women studies5 Social Scientists6 Medical Practionars7 Agriculture Experts8 Service industry Experts9 Legal & Environmental Law Experts10 Others

8.3 Mode of OperationsUser Group project proposals shall be submitted to the Management Cell. The management cell in turn shall forward thisto the Scrutiny Cell members based on the type of projects. Simultaneously, the Grama Sabha shall be apprised about theproposals. The Scrutiny Cell members shall review the proposals, their merits, accompanying documents like environmentalclearance and deliver their recommendations. It is based on their guidance that the Management Cell takes decisions. Theprocess can be through a collective sitting of all three groups. The three-tier system can arrive at a consensus on theperiodicity for sittings and for the review process. The Grama Sabha shall be apprised of the decisions on all approvedprojects along with the grounds for approval and conditionality, if any.

4 Invitation to Scrutiny cell Membership shall be issue based

8.2.4 Scrutiny CellMembership to this cell is considered voluntary. The members shall be selected based on the uses the basin is put into andalso the conservation needs that the Basin Management Plan identifies. They shall be neutral, with allegiance only to thebasin. Two sets of membership is considered in the scrutiny cell; the first consisting of different expertise and the secondthat shall bring in local interests and wisdom. Experts on river basin, women studies, environmental scientists,educationalists, legal experts, specialists in organic farming, sociologists, economists and experts required to tackle otheridentified issues shall represent the former. While members from nature clubs, women’s groups, non-governmentalorganizations and community elders shall form the latter. In the interest of the basin, it is desirable that the scrutiny cellmembers are chosen in consensus with both User Groups and the Management Cell. The composition of this groupand their terms in office etc can be worked out through consultative processes.

-90-

User Groups

Managment Cell

Scrutiny Cell

User Groups-Management Cell-Scrutiny Cell

Management Cell

Submission of Project Proposals

Receives and Forwards to Scrutiny CellAppraises Grama Sabha

Reviews for Merits, Accompanying Documents, Compatibility withBasin Management Plan

Joint Sitting for Project Proposal Appraisal, Suggestions for NewRevenue Models, Recommendations, Final Decisions

Appraises Grama Sabha formal accouncement to User Groups

Fig 13. PRGS Decision Making Process

-91-

8.3.1 TransparencyIt is obligatory that the general public is aware of the status of the basin. The basin management plan, sections relevantto each LSGI are to be in public domain.LSGIs have to ensure access to the status of ongoing projects and decisions onnew projects. It is important that the rationale for acceptance or rejection is publicknowledge. Make public the revenue generated through resource allocation tovarious stakeholders.All activities related to basin conservation, regeneration and education should beannounced. The budget allocations, contributions from stakeholders and usergroups shall also be made public. Ensure local participation in conservationactivities, especially that of the youth and women.8.3.2 Conflict ResolutionDisputes are inevitable mainly between the User Groups and the ManagementCell. It is also possible that the Management Cell circumvents recommendationsof the Scrutiny Cell.At times of conflict between Management Cell and User Groups, the role of theScrutiny Cell becomes significant. Their recommendations are guided by informed,scientific methods and also by experiences and collective knowledge. TheManagement Cell can rely on their recommendations as a sound basis for decisionmaking and to ease out conflicts.Disagreements between Scrutiny Cell and the other two are more crucial to Basin Management. For the latter the objectiveis resource extraction while the former intervene to rationalize the resource use.External interventions could be a way out as a worst case scenario. There are several scientific bodies and institutions thatthe basin PRGS can rely upon. Agencies such as STEC, River Management Cell, Environmental Protection Cell, CoastalManagement Authority etc, can be approached for conflicts that do not get resolved within the ambit of PRGS.8.4 MonitoringMonitoring mechanisms have to consider the diverse resource demand, extraction and its pressures on the basin, as wellas the methods and practices of extraction. Recommendations from the BMP, towards the well-being of the basin shallbe the cornerstone for monitoring. The monitoring shall focus on easing competition for basin resources and onprevention of practices that are detrimental to the basin and life forms. Teams could be constituted for long termmonitoring and also on a case by case basis at times of conflict of interests. PRGS can initiate monitoring teams inconsultation and advice of the Scrutiny Cell.8.4.1 Monitoring: Resource Extraction StatusThe BMP would provide the status list of all resource demand and quantum ofextraction. It would also have calculated resource availability in the basin for eachresource. The apprehension is about the tendency to extract resources ‘as much asthey can and as rapidly as they can’. In the mad chase for profit, future is seldomkept in mind. The intervention therefore is to monitor the present use keepingfocus on reserves for future use.8.4.2 Monitoring: Methods and PracticesAlmost all human activity in and around the basin will need radical reorientation.This is applicable to agricultural practices, fishing methods, industries and tourismprojects etc. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, fishing gears andseasonality, industrial pollutants, solid and liquid waste disposal from tourismprojects etc are common hazardous practices to pin point. The monitoring has toverify the best practices and the hazard free land and water use by stakeholders.8.4.3 Monitoring: Permanent MechanismsKeeping human economic interest aside, the basin has to sustain for its naturalself. One of the paramount benefits of a Basin Management Plan is that the

Box 5Transparency

Hoardings in Public Places

• Detailing basin protectionschemes LSGI has initiated

• Funds allocated for conservation• Stakeholder contributions to

basin health & conservation• Visible/measurable changes to

basin and surrounds

News Letter on BasinSupport local nature/youth club topublish news and initiatives on the

basin

Box 6Monitoring

• Short Term• Issues arising out of flash floods• Erosion of banks• Monsoon flooding impacts• Diseases & threats to fish and

other aquatic life

• Long Term• Rehabilitation of near-bank

settlements and encroachments• Soft options for bank protection• Basin friendly agricultural practice

promotion• Planting and regeneration of

riparian vegetation

-92-

basin and its natural constituents – Physical, Hydrological, Eco-Bio-Environmental – are translated for water managers,stakeholders and general public for practical understanding. Maintaining the basin in its natural self demands a holisticapproach. There are short-term and long-term interventions to be made for the basin sustenance. Short-term interventionsare those seeking quick mitigations of sudden and unprecedented happenings. Long-term on the other hand calls fordetailed and in-depth planning for a healthy and free flowing basin.8.5 ConclusionParticipatory Resource Governance System (PRGS) is an informed and rational consensus-driven approach to basinmanagement. It balances short-term and long-term interests on resources. Lays down a platform for LSGIs to take thelead in the process and demand an enhanced level of custodianship. In order to be effective, such a system requires thestakeholders involved to cross the critical threshold of understanding resources. They have to shift from a narrow one-dimensional functional perspective on resources to a multi-dimensional living entity with larger implications to existenceof all live beings. To enable this, LSGIs and the user groups have the opportunity to transcend their knowledge base andadvance their learning through productive engagement within the PRGS.

-93-

Annexures

I Powers on Panchayat/MunicipalitiesII Address of Departments for DataIII Legal Instruments - Policies, Act & Rules

Pow

ers

on P

anch

ayat

/ M

unic

ipal

ities

Rel

evan

t for

(Riv

er) B

asin

Man

agem

ent i

n Ke

rala

(1) s

hall

from

the

date

of

such

ves

ting

beth

e rig

hts a

nd li

abili

ties o

f th

e Vi

llage

Panc

haya

t.(4

) It s

hall

not b

e law

ful f

or a

ny p

erso

n to

rem

ove

or a

ppro

priat

e fo

r him

self

any

tree,e

arth

, san

d, m

etal

, lat

erite

, lim

eshe

ll or

such

oth

er a

rtic

les o

f va

lue

as m

ay b

eno

tifie

d by

the

villa

ge p

anch

ayat

from

any

land

whi

ch is

tran

sfer

red

to o

r ves

ted

in th

eV

illag

e Pa

ncha

yat,

unde

r thi

s Act

whe

ther

apo

ram

boke

or n

ot e

xcep

t und

er a

nd in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith th

e te

rms a

nd c

ondi

tions

of a

per

mit

issue

d by

the

villa

ge p

anch

ayat

in th

is be

half

and

on

paym

ent o

f su

ch fe

esan

d co

mpe

nsat

ion

at th

e ra

te d

eter

min

ed b

yth

e vi

llage

pan

chay

at.

S.21

8 (4

)

3

Rig

hts &

Res

pons

ibili

ties

of th

e LS

GIs

Rel

evan

ce to

(Riv

er) B

asin

Man

agem

ent

Rem

arks

/ O

ther

Act &

Rul

esK

eral

a Pa

ncha

yat R

ajAc

t/ R

ule

Ker

ala

Mun

icip

ality

Act /

Rul

e(1

) All

publ

ic w

ater

cou

rses

the

beds

and

Bank

s of

river

stre

ams l

akes

, bac

k w

ater

san

d w

ater

cou

rses

and

all

stan

ding

and

flow

ing

wat

er, s

prin

gs, r

eser

voirs

, and

also

any

adja

cent

land

, not

bei

ng p

rivat

epr

oper

ty a

pper

tain

ing

ther

eto

shal

l sta

ndtra

nsfe

rred

to a

nd v

est a

bsol

utel

y in

the

Vill

age

Panc

haya

t/ th

e M

unic

ipal

ity.

(2)

Subj

ect t

o th

e pr

ovisi

ons o

f th

is A

ct,

all r

ight

s and

liab

ilitie

s of

the

Gov

ernm

ent i

n re

latio

n to

the

wat

erco

urse

s, sp

rings

, res

ervo

irs v

este

d in

the

Villa

ge P

anch

ayat

und

er su

bsec

tion

All

right

s an

d lia

bilit

ies

ofth

e G

over

nmen

t in

relat

ion

to R

iver

– a

re n

owtra

nsfe

rred

and

ves

ted

with

Gra

ma

Panc

haya

t &M

unic

ipal

ity

i) 2.

Def

initi

ons.

- In

this

Act,

unl

essth

e con

text,

otherw

ise re

quire

s –(x

xxiii

)‘wat

er cou

rse’ i

nclu

des a

ny ri

ver,

strea

m or

chan

nel w

heth

er na

tura

l or

artif

icial;

ii) N

ote-

There

is n

o Gaz

ette N

otifie

dRi

vers i

n th

e Sta

te , e

xclu

ding i

t fro

m th

eJu

risdic

tion

of a

ny V

illag

e Pan

chay

at/

Mun

icipa

lity.

CH

APT

ER

XX

PU

BLIC

SAFE

TY,

CON

VE

NIE

NCE

AN

DH

EA

LTH

S.2

18. V

estin

g of

water

course

, spr

ings,

reser

voirs

,etc

., in

Vill

age P

anch

ayat

s

S.21

8 (2

)

S.20

8A.

Tran

sfer

of

wat

erco

urse

s, sp

rings

,re

serv

oirs

, etc

, to

Mun

icip

aliti

es

1#

Regu

latin

g p

ublic

act

iviti

esby

pre

scrib

ing

term

s and

cond

ition

s

2

-97-

Anne

xure

I

Func

tions

of

Villa

ge P

anch

ayat

s/M

unic

ipal

ityA.

Man

dato

ry F

unct

ions

.2.

Pro

tect

ion

of p

ublic

land

s aga

inst

encr

oach

men

t3.

Mai

nten

ance

of

tradi

tiona

l drin

king

wat

erso

urce

s.4.

Pre

serv

atio

n of

pon

ds a

nd o

ther

wat

erta

nks

5. M

aint

enan

ce o

f w

ater

way

s and

can

als

unde

r the

con

trol o

f V

illag

e Pa

ncha

yats.

Mun

icip

ality

6. C

olle

ctio

n an

d di

spos

al o

f so

lid w

aste

and

regu

latio

n of

liqu

id w

aste

disp

osal

.7.

Sto

rm w

ater

dra

inag

e.8.

Mai

nten

ance

of

envi

ronm

enta

l hy

gien

e.6.

Issu

e of

lice

nses

to d

ange

rous

and

offe

nsiv

e tra

des.

21. P

rovi

ding

bat

hing

and

was

hing

gha

ts.22

. Pro

visio

n fo

r fer

ries.

3b. 1. C

olle

ctio

n an

d up

datin

g of

ess

entia

lst

atist

ics.

2. O

rgan

ise v

olun

tary

wor

kers

and

mak

eth

em p

artic

ipat

e in

col

lect

ive

activ

ities

.6.

Org

anise

relie

f ac

tiviti

es d

urin

g na

tura

lca

lamiti

es.

7. In

culc

atin

g en

viro

nmen

tal a

war

enes

s and

mot

ivat

ing

loca

l act

ion

for e

nviro

nmen

tal

upgr

adat

ion

4a. 1. U

tilise

Gov

ernm

enta

l-non

-Gov

ernm

enta

lte

chni

cal e

xper

tise

at b

lock

leve

l.2.

Pro

vide

tech

nica

l ass

istan

ce to

Vill

age

Panc

haya

ts.3.

Pre

pare

sche

mes

taki

ng in

toco

nsid

erat

ion

the

sche

mes

of

Vill

age

Panc

haya

ts in

ord

er to

avoi

d du

plic

atio

nan

d to

pro

vide

bac

kwar

d fo

rwar

d lin

kage

.

172.

Pow

ers,

dutie

s and

func

tions

of b

lock

pan

chay

ats.

- (1

) 103

[ ] It

shal

l be

the

duty

of th

e Bl

ock

Panc

haya

t to

mee

t the

requ

irem

ents

of th

e Bl

ock

Panc

haya

t are

a in

resp

ect o

fthe

mat

ters

enu

mer

ated

inth

e Fo

urth

Sch

edul

e.

FOU

RT

H S

CH

ED

ULE

[See

Sub

-sec

tion

(1) o

fse

ctio

n 17

2] fu

nctio

ns o

fBl

ock

Panc

haya

tsA)

Gen

eral

Fun

ctio

ns

TH

IRD

SC

HE

DU

LEA.

Man

dato

ry F

unct

ions

166.

Pow

ers,

dut

ies a

nd fu

nctio

nsof

vill

age

panc

haya

t.68

[Pro

vide

d th

at it

shal

l be

the

duty

of th

e vi

llage

pan

chay

at to

rend

erse

rvic

es to

the

in h

abita

nts o

f th

evi

llage

pan

chay

at a

rea

in re

spec

tof

the

mat

ters

enu

mer

ated

asm

anda

tory

func

tions

in th

e Th

irdSc

hedu

le].

30. P

ower

s, fu

nctio

ns a

ndre

spon

sibi

litie

s of

Mun

icip

ality

.—

Pro

vide

d th

at, i

t sha

ll be

the

duty

of th

e M

unic

ipal

ity to

rend

erne

cess

ary

serv

ice

to th

ein

habi

tant

s of

the

Mun

icip

al a

rea

in re

spec

t of

the

mat

ters

enu

mer

ated

as m

anda

tory

func

tions

in th

e Fi

rst

Sche

dule

];

FIR

ST S

CH

ED

ULE

[See

Sec

tion

30(1

)]FU

NCT

ION

S O

FTH

E M

UN

ICIP

ALI

TY

4 5 6

Prot

ectio

n /P

rese

rvat

ion

/M

aint

enan

ce &

Prov

idin

gfo

r pub

lic u

sabi

lity

of R

iver

and

the

Rive

r bas

in

166.

Pow

ers,

dutie

s and

func

tions

of v

illag

e pa

ncha

yat.

It sh

all b

eth

e du

tyof

the

Vill

age

Panc

haya

t to

mee

t the

requ

irem

ents

of

the

villa

ge p

anch

ayat

are

a in

resp

ecto

fth

e m

atte

rs e

num

erat

ed in

the

Third

Sche

dule

:

Man

agem

ent a

ctio

n pl

anpr

epar

atio

n by

the

Vill

age

Panc

haya

th /

Mun

icip

ality

TH

IRD

SC

HE

DU

LEB

. Gen

eral

Fun

ctio

nsFI

RST

SC

HE

DU

LEB

. Gen

eral

Fun

ctio

nsFI

RST

SCH

ED

ULE

C.

Bloc

k Pa

ncha

yats

are

resp

onsib

le -t

o pr

ovid

eba

ckw

ard,

forw

ard

linka

ge in

the

Man

agem

ent

Plan

-98-

5a.

1. M

obili

satio

n of

the

tech

nica

l exp

ertis

eav

aila

ble

from

Gov

ernm

ent-n

on-

Gov

ernm

ent i

nstit

utio

ns.

2. P

rovi

de te

chni

cal a

ssist

ance

to B

lock

Panc

haya

ts, V

illag

e Pa

ncha

yats

and

Mun

icip

aliti

es.

3. P

repa

re sc

hem

es a

fter t

akin

g in

to a

ccou

ntth

e sc

hem

es o

f th

e V

illag

e Pa

ncha

yata

ndth

e Bl

ock

Panc

haya

t to

avoi

d du

plic

atio

nan

d to

pro

vide

forw

ard,

bac

kwar

d lin

kage

4a.

1. A

gricu

lture

1.2.

Soi

l pro

tect

ion

III.

Min

or Ir

rigat

ion1.

Mai

nten

ance

and

impl

emen

tatio

n of

all

min

or ir

rigat

ion

proj

ects

with

in th

e ar

ea o

fa V

illag

e Pa

ncha

yat.

2. Im

plem

enta

tion

and

mai

nten

ance

of a

llm

icro

irrig

atio

n pr

ojec

ts.3.

Put

into

pra

ctic

e w

ater

con

serv

atio

n.4.

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

gro

und

wat

erre

sour

ces d

evel

opm

ent

IV. F

isheri

es1.

Dev

elop

men

t of

fishe

ries i

n po

nds,

pisc

i-cu

lture

in fr

esh

wat

er a

nd b

rack

ish w

ater

and

mar

icul

ture

.2.

Impr

ovem

ent o

f fis

h se

ed p

rodu

ctio

nan

d di

strib

utio

n of

off

sprin

gs.

3. D

istrib

utio

n of

fish

ing

impl

emen

ts.4.

Pro

vide

ass

istan

ce fo

r fish

mar

ketin

g.5.

Pro

vide

min

imum

bas

ic fa

cilit

ies f

orfis

herm

en fa

mili

es.

6. Im

plem

enta

tion

of fi

sher

men

Wel

fare

Sche

mes

.7.

Dev

elop

men

t of

tradi

tiona

l lan

ding

cent

res.

8. A

dmin

istra

tive

cont

rol o

f fis

herie

ssc

hool

s.

Sect

or-w

ise

func

tions

.

[FIF

TH

SCH

ED

ULE

[See

Sub

sect

ion

(1) o

f Sec

tion

175]

Func

tions

of D

istri

ctPa

ncha

yats

A) G

ener

al F

unct

ions

TH

IRD

SC

HE

DU

LEC

. Sec

tor-w

ise

func

tions

.16

6. P

ower

s, du

ties a

nd fu

nctio

nsof

vill

age

panc

haya

t.It

shal

l be

the

duty

of th

e vi

llage

panc

haya

t to

mee

t the

requ

irem

ents

of

the

villa

gepa

ncha

yat a

rea

in re

spec

t of

the

mat

ters

enu

mer

ated

in th

e Th

irdSc

hedu

le:

(Sl.N

os. I

II.4

and

IV. 7

& 8

ar

e on

lyfo

r Mun

icip

aliti

es )

7 8

Dis

trict

Pan

chay

ats a

rere

spon

sible

-to

prov

ide

back

war

d, fo

rwar

dlin

kage

in th

e m

anag

emen

tpl

an.

Man

agem

ent f

unct

ions

and

resp

onsib

ilitie

s of

the

Vill

age

Panc

haya

th/

Mun

icip

ality

-99-

4b.

1. A

gricu

lture

4. M

anag

emen

t of

wat

ersh

eds f

allin

g w

ithin

the

Bloc

k Pa

ncha

yat a

rea.

III.

Min

or Ir

rigat

ionIm

plem

enta

tion

and

mai

nten

ance

of a

ll Li

ftIr

rigat

ion

Sche

mes

and

Min

orIr

rigat

ionS

chem

es c

over

ing

mor

e th

an o

nevi

llage

pan

chay

ats.

IV. F

isheri

esD

evel

opm

ent o

f tra

ditio

nal l

andi

ng c

entre

s.5b

.I.

Agri

cultu

re2.

Inte

grat

ed w

ater

-she

d m

anag

emen

t in

wat

er sh

eds c

over

ing

mor

e th

an o

ne b

lock

panc

haya

t are

a.II

I. M

inor

Irrig

ation

1. D

evel

opm

ent o

f gr

ound

wat

er re

sour

ces.

229

Subs

titut

ed b

y A

ct 1

3 of

199

9.2.

Con

stru

ctio

n an

d m

aint

enan

ce o

f m

inor

irrig

atio

n sc

hem

es c

over

ing

mor

e th

anon

ebl

ock

panc

haya

t.3.

Com

man

d ar

ea d

evel

opm

ent.

IV. F

isheri

es1.

Arr

ange

men

ts fo

r fish

mar

ketin

g2.

Man

agem

ent o

f fis

h fa

rm d

evel

opm

ent

agen

cy.

[FO

UR

TH

SC

HE

DU

LE[S

ee S

ub-s

ectio

n (1

) of

Sect

ion

172]

Func

tions

of B

lock

Panc

haya

ts(B

) Sec

tor w

ise

func

tions

FIFT

H S

CH

ED

ULE

[See

Sub

sec

tion

(1) o

fSe

ctio

n 17

5] fu

nctio

ns o

fD

istri

ct P

anch

ayat

s (B

)Se

ctor

wis

e Fu

nctio

ns

Sl.n

o. X

VII

I.-t

here

is

no p

aral

lel

prov

ision

in th

e M

unic

ipal

ities

Act

.

V. S

ocial

Fores

try1.

Gro

win

g tre

es fo

r cat

tle fe

ed, f

ire w

ood

and

grow

ing

of fr

uit t

rees

.2.

Org

anise

cam

paig

ns fo

r pla

ntin

g of

tree

san

d to

bui

ld e

nviro

nmen

tal a

war

enes

s.3.

Aff

ores

tatio

n of

was

te la

ndX

VII

I. N

atur

al ca

lamiti

es Re

lief

2. C

ondu

ct w

orks

relat

ing

to n

atur

alca

lam

ity. T

he w

ork

to c

ompe

nsat

eda

mag

esca

used

to th

e as

sets

shou

ld b

edo

ne b

y th

e re

spec

tive

Panc

haya

ts.9 10

-100-

Ker

ala P

anch

ayat

Raj

Act

Sec.

239

3. M

anag

emen

t of

dist

rict l

evel

pisc

i-cu

lture

cen

tres,

net m

akin

g un

its, f

ishm

arke

ts, fe

ed m

ills,

ice

plan

ts a

nd c

old

stor

ages

.4.

Man

agem

ent o

f fis

herie

s sch

ools.

5. In

trodu

ctio

n of

new

tech

nolo

gies

.6.

Pro

vide

impl

emen

ts re

quire

d fo

rfis

herm

en.

7. P

rom

otio

n of

fish

erm

en’s

co-o

pera

tive

soci

etie

s.V

II. W

ater

Supp

ly1.

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

wat

er su

pply

sche

mes

cove

ring

mor

e th

an o

ne V

illag

e Pa

ncha

yat.

2. T

akin

g ov

er o

f w

ater

supp

ly sc

hem

esco

verin

g m

ore

than

one

Vill

age

Panc

haya

t.V

III.

Elec

tricit

y & E

nerg

y1.

Tak

ing

over

of

mic

ro-h

ydal

pro

ject

s.

239.

Pow

er o

f Pa

ncha

yat f

or c

arry

ing

out t

heir

func

tions

. - (1

) A P

anch

ayat

shal

lex

erci

se a

ll th

e po

wer

s con

ferr

ed o

n, a

ndpe

rfor

m a

ll th

e fu

nctio

ns e

ntru

sted

to th

atPa

ncha

yat b

y or

und

er th

is A

ct o

r any

oth

erlaw

and

shal

l also

exe

rcise

such

oth

erpo

wer

sand

per

form

such

oth

er fu

nctio

ns a

sm

ay b

e co

nfer

red

on o

r ent

rust

ed to

it b

yth

e G

over

nmen

t for

car

ryin

g ou

t the

prov

ision

s of

this

Act

.(2

) A P

anch

ayat

shal

l hav

e po

wer

to d

o al

lac

ts n

eces

sary

for a

nd in

cide

ntal

to,

carr

ying

out

the

func

tions

ent

rust

ed o

rde

lega

ted

to it

.(3

) With

out p

reju

dice

to th

e ge

nera

lity

ofth

e fo

rego

ing

pow

er, a

Vill

age

Panc

haya

tsh

all h

ave

pow

er, -

(c) t

o pr

ohib

it th

e us

e of

the

wate

r of

any

stre

am, w

ell,

pond

or a

ny o

ther

exca

vatio

n be

lieve

d to

be

dang

erou

s to

publ

ic h

ealth

; and

Rele

vanc

e inB

asin

Man

agem

ent f

or e

cono

mic

activ

ities

, wat

er u

se

11G

ram

a P

anch

ayat

s pow

erov

er c

erta

in W

ater

sour

ces

-101-

(d) t

o re

gula

te o

r pro

hibi

t the

wat

erin

gof

cat

tle o

r bat

hing

or w

ashi

ng in

any

stre

am, w

ell,p

ond

or o

ther

exc

avat

ion

rese

rved

for d

rinki

ng w

ater

.C

ON

TR

OL

OVE

R W

ATE

R e

tc;

416.

Pro

hibi

tion

ofco

nstr

uctio

n of

wel

ls, t

anks

, etc

.,w

ithou

t the

per

mis

sion

of

the

Secr

etar

y.—(1

) No

new

wel

l, ta

nk, p

ond,

cist

ern,

foun

tain

or t

he li

ke sh

all b

e du

g or

cons

truc

ted

with

out t

he p

erm

issio

n of

the

Secr

etar

y.(2

) The

Sec

reta

ry m

ay g

rant

per

miss

ion

subj

ect t

o su

ch c

ondi

tions

as h

e m

ay d

eem

nece

ssar

y, or

may

, for

reas

ons t

o be

reco

rded

in w

ritin

g, re

fuse

it.

(3) W

here

any

such

wor

k is

begu

n or

com

plet

ed w

ithou

t suc

h pe

rmiss

ion,

the

Secr

etar

y m

ay e

ither

-(a

) by

notic

e, re

quire

the

owne

r or o

ther

pers

on w

ho h

as d

one

such

wor

k to

fill

upor

dem

olish

such

wor

k in

such

man

ner a

sth

e Se

cret

ary

dire

cts;

or(b

) gra

nt p

erm

issio

n to

reta

in su

ch w

ork:

Prov

ided

that

such

per

miss

ion

shal

l not

exem

pt su

ch o

wne

r fro

m b

eing

pro

ceed

edag

ains

t for

con

trave

ning

the

prov

ision

s of

sub-

sect

ion

(1).

417.

Fill

ing

in p

ools

, etc

., w

hich

are

sour

ces o

f nu

isan

ce.—

(1) W

here

, in

the

opin

ion

of th

e Se

cret

ary-

(a) a

ny p

ool,

ditc

h, ta

nk, w

ell,

pond

, bog

,sw

amp,

qua

rry,

hole,

dra

in, c

ess p

ool,

wat

erco

urse

or a

ny c

olle

ctio

n of

wat

er; o

r(b

) any

land

on

whi

ch w

ater

may

at a

nytim

e ac

cum

ulat

e, is

likel

y to

bec

ome

abr

eedi

ng p

lace

of m

osqu

itoes

or i

n ot

her

Ker

ala M

unici

palit

iesA

ct S

l.No.

416

to 4

25M

unic

ipal

ities

pow

er o

ver

cert

ain

Wat

er so

urce

s12

-102-

resp

ect a

sour

ce o

f nu

isanc

e, th

e Se

cret

ary

may

, by

notic

e, re

quire

the

owne

r or p

erso

nha

ving

con

trol t

here

of to

fill

in, c

over

ove

r,de

mol

ish, w

eed

and

stoc

k w

ith la

rvic

idal

fish,

pet

roliz

e, dr

ain-

off

the

sam

e in

such

man

ner a

nd w

ith su

ch m

ater

ials

as th

eSe

cret

ary

dire

cts a

nd o

r mak

e su

ch o

rder

for r

emov

ing

or a

batin

g th

e nu

isanc

e.(2

) Whe

re a

per

son

on w

hom

a re

quisi

tion

is m

ade

unde

r sub

-sec

tion

(1) t

o fil

l in,

cov

er o

ver,

or d

rain

of

a w

ell,

deliv

ers t

o th

e Se

cret

ary,

with

in th

e tim

esp

ecifi

ed fo

r com

plia

nce

ther

ewith

, writ

ten

obje

ctio

ns to

such

requ

isitio

n, th

e Se

cret

ary

shal

l rep

ort s

uch

obje

ctio

ns to

the

Coun

cil,

and

shal

l mak

e fu

rthe

r inq

uiry

in to

the

case

, and

he

shal

l not

inst

itute

any

pros

ecut

ion

for f

ailu

re to

com

ply

with

such

requ

isitio

n ex

cept

with

the

appr

oval

of

the

Coun

cil,

but t

he S

ecre

tary

may

, nev

erth

eles

s,if

he

deem

s the

exe

cutio

n of

the

wor

kca

lled

for b

y su

ch re

quisi

tion

to b

e of

urge

nt n

atur

e pr

ocee

d in

acc

orda

nce

with

sect

ion

533

and

pend

ing

the

Coun

cil’s

disp

osal

of t

he q

uest

ion

whe

ther

the

said

wel

l sha

ll be

per

man

ently

fille

d in

, cov

ered

over

or o

ther

wise

dea

lt w

ith, m

ay c

ause

such

wel

l to

be se

cure

ly c

over

ed o

ver s

o as

to p

reve

nt th

e in

gres

s of

mos

quito

es, a

nd in

ever

y su

ch c

ase

the

Secr

etar

y sh

all

dete

rmin

e w

ith th

e ap

prov

al o

f th

e Co

unci

lw

heth

er th

e ex

pens

es o

f an

y w

ork

alre

ady

done

as a

fore

said

shal

l be

paid

by

such

owne

r or b

y th

e Se

cret

ary

out o

f th

em

unic

ipal

fund

or s

hall

be sh

ared

and

if so

,in

wha

t pro

port

ion.

418.

Reg

ulat

ion

or p

rohi

bitio

n of

cer

tain

kind

s of

culti

vatio

ns.—

-103-

A M

unic

ipal

ity m

ay, o

n a

repo

rt o

f th

eD

irect

or o

f H

ealth

Ser

vice

s, th

e he

alth

offic

er o

f the

Mun

icip

ality

or t

he lo

cal

med

ical

off

icer

app

oint

ed b

y th

eG

over

nmen

t tha

t the

cul

tivat

ion

of a

nyde

scrip

tion

of c

rop

or th

e us

e of

any

kin

dof

man

ure

or th

e irr

igat

ion

of a

ny la

nd in

any

plac

e w

ithin

the

mun

icip

al a

rea

is in

inju

rious

to th

e pu

blic

hea

lth, w

ith th

epr

evio

us sa

nctio

n of

the

Gov

ernm

ent,

bypu

blic

not

ice,

regu

late

or p

rohi

bit t

hecu

ltiva

tion,

the

use

of m

anur

e or

irrig

atio

nof

repo

rted

to b

e in

jurio

us:

Prov

ided

that

whe

re su

ch c

ultiv

atio

n or

irrig

atio

n ha

s bee

n pr

actis

ed d

urin

g th

e fiv

eye

ars p

rece

ding

the

date

of

such

pub

licno

tice

with

such

con

tinui

ty a

s the

ord

inar

yco

urse

of

husb

andr

y ad

mits

of,

com

pens

atio

n sh

all b

e pa

id fr

om th

em

unic

ipal

fund

to a

ll pe

rson

s aff

ecte

d fo

ran

y da

mag

e ca

used

to th

em b

y ab

solu

tepr

ohib

ition

. 4

19. C

lean

ing

of in

sani

tary

priv

ate

tank

or w

ell,

the

wat

er o

f w

hich

is u

sed

for

drin

king

etc

.—(1

) The

Sec

reta

ry m

ay, b

y no

tice,

requ

ire th

eow

ner o

r per

son

havi

ng c

ontro

l ove

r any

priv

ate

wat

er c

ours

e, sp

ring,

tank

, wel

l or

othe

r pla

ce th

e w

ater

of

whi

ch is

use

d fo

rdr

inki

ng, b

athi

ng o

r was

hing

clo

thes

, to

keep

the

sam

e in

goo

d re

pair

and

to c

lean

seit

of si

lt, re

fuse

or v

eget

atio

n an

d to

pro

tect

it fr

om p

ollu

tion

by su

rfac

e dr

aina

ge in

such

man

ner a

s he

may

thin

k fit

.(2

) Whe

re th

e w

ater

of

any

plac

e w

hich

isus

ed fo

r drin

king

, bat

hing

or w

ashi

ngcl

othe

s, as

the

case

may

be,

is pr

oved

to th

esa

tisfa

ctio

n of

the

Secr

etar

y to

be

unfit

for

-104-

the

said

pur

pose

, the

Sec

reta

ry m

ay, b

yno

tice,

requ

ire th

e ow

ner o

r per

son

havi

ngco

ntro

l the

reof

to-

(a) r

efra

in fr

om u

sing

or p

erm

ittin

g th

e us

eof

such

wat

er; o

r(b

) clo

se o

r fill

in su

ch p

lace

or e

nclo

se it

with

a su

bsta

ntia

l wal

l or f

ence

.[4

20.

Dut

y of

Mun

icip

ality

in re

spec

t of

publ

ic w

ell e

ess p

ools

.— T

he M

unic

ipal

itysh

all k

eep

and

mai

ntai

n in

a c

lean

con

ditio

nal

l wel

ls, p

onds

and

rese

rvoi

rs w

hich

are

not

in p

rivat

e pr

oper

ty a

nd o

pera

te it

in a

man

ner u

sefu

l to

the

publ

ic.]

423.

(3) W

here

suff

icie

nt n

umbe

r of

publ

ic w

ash

hous

es o

r pla

ces a

re n

ot m

aint

aine

d un

der

sub-

sect

ion

(1),

the

Mun

icip

ality

may

,w

ithou

t mak

ing

any

char

ge th

eref

ore,

spec

ify su

itabl

e pl

aces

for t

he e

xerc

ise b

yw

ashe

r men

of

thei

r cal

ling.

424.

Pro

hibi

tion

of w

ashi

ng b

yw

ashe

rmen

at u

naut

horis

ed p

lace

s.—

(1) T

he S

ecre

tary

may

, by

publ

ic n

otic

e,pr

ohib

it th

e w

ashi

ng o

f cl

othe

s by

was

herm

en in

the

exer

cise

of

thei

r cal

ling,

with

in th

e m

unic

ipal

are

a, ex

cept

at-

(a) p

ublic

was

h ho

uses

and

pla

ces

mai

ntai

ned

or p

rovi

ded

unde

r sec

tion

423,

or (b) s

uch

othe

r pla

ces a

s it m

ay sp

ecify

for

the

purp

ose.

(2) W

here

any

such

pro

hibi

tion

has b

een

impo

sed,

no

pers

on w

ho is

by

calli

ng, a

was

herm

en sh

all,

in c

ontra

vent

ion

of su

chpr

ohib

ition

, was

h cl

othe

s exc

ept f

or h

imse

lfor

for p

erso

nal a

nd fa

mily

serv

ice

or fo

r hire

on a

nd w

ithin

the

prem

ises o

f the

hire

r at

-105-

Act

31/2

009

Eng

lish

not a

vaila

bleA

ctiv

ities

to

Regu

late

, Ban

Act

ion

Plan

13 14

any

plac

e w

ithin

the

mun

icip

al a

rea

othe

rth

an a

pub

lic w

ash

hous

e or

pla

cem

aint

aine

d, p

rovi

ded

or sp

ecifi

ed u

nder

sect

ion

423.

20.

[Sec

tion

420

subs

titut

ed b

yA

ct 1

4 of

199

9, w

.e.f.

24-3

-199

9].

425.

Pro

hibi

tion

of d

efili

ng o

f wa

ter o

fta

nks,

etc

., w

heth

er p

ublic

or p

rivat

e.—

It sh

all n

ot b

e law

ful f

or a

ny p

erso

n to

- [(a

)ba

the

in o

r in

any

othe

r man

ner d

efile

the

wat

er sp

ecia

lly k

ept i

n an

y pl

ace

by th

eM

unic

ipal

ity fo

r by

any

owne

r or d

rinki

ng;

or (a

a) d

efile

the

wat

er k

ept f

or b

athi

ng in

any

man

ner,

or] (

b) d

epos

it an

y of

fens

ive

orde

lete

rious

mat

ter i

n th

e dr

y be

d of

any

plac

e se

t apa

rt fo

r drin

king

pur

pose

s; or

(c)

was

h cl

othe

s in

any

plac

e se

t apa

rt fo

rdr

inki

ng o

r bat

hing

; or (

d) w

ash

any

anim

alor

any

coo

king

unt

ensil

s or w

ool,

skin

or

othe

r fou

l or o

ffen

sive

subs

tanc

es o

rde

posit

any

off

ensiv

e or

del

eter

ious

mat

ter

in a

ny p

lace

set a

part

for b

athi

ng o

r was

hing

clot

hes;

or (

e) c

ause

or s

uffe

r to

drai

n in

toor

upo

n an

y pl

ace

set a

part

as a

fore

said

for

drin

king

bat

hing

or w

ashi

ng c

loth

es o

rca

use

or su

ffer

any

thin

g to

be

brou

ght t

here

into

or d

o an

ythi

ng w

here

by th

e w

ater

may

be fo

uled

or c

orru

pted

.

Proh

ibiti

on &

Pun

ishm

ent o

n po

llutin

griv

er, e

tc18

4[23

4A. -

Ves

ting

of th

e ex

istin

g wa

ter

supp

ly a

nd se

wer

age

serv

ices

und

er th

ewa

tera

utho

rity

with

the

Panc

haya

t. - (

1)N

otw

ithst

andi

ng a

nyth

ing

cont

aine

d in

the

Ker

alaW

ater

Sup

ply

and

Sew

erag

e A

ct, 1

986

(14

of 1

986)

or i

n an

y ot

her l

aw fr

om su

chda

te,o

n th

e G

over

nmen

t may

by

notif

icat

ion

in th

e ga

zette

app

oint

, in

resp

ect o

f th

e W

ater

Aut

horit

y be

fore

such

-106-

Clau

se (i

ii) o

f sub

-sec

tion

(2) o

fSe

ctio

n 25

4 of

the

Ker

ala

Panc

haya

tRa

j Act

, 199

4 (1

3 of

199

4)em

pow

ers t

he G

over

n-m

ent t

om

ake

rule

s reg

ardi

ng th

e pr

ohib

ition

or re

gula

tion

of u

se o

f any

pub

licsp

ring,

tank

, wel

l, w

ater

cour

se o

ran

y pr

ivat

e sp

ring,

tank

, wel

l, w

ater

cour

se, w

ith th

e co

nsen

t; of

the

owne

r set

apa

rt fo

r spe

cific

purp

ose.G

over

nmen

t hav

e de

cide

dlo

mak

e ru

les f

or th

e pu

rpos

e,H

ence

this

Not

ifica

tion.

(Reg

ulat

ion

and

Proh

ibiti

on o

f U

se o

fPu

blic

or P

rivat

eSp

rings

, Tan

ks, W

ells

and

othe

rWat

er C

ours

es)

Rule

s 199

6

date

and

inte

nded

for t

he b

enef

it of

the

panc

haya

t at a

ny le

vel a

ndsit

uate

d w

ithin

its

area

,23

4B. A

dmin

istra

tive

pow

ers o

f th

ePa

ncha

yat i

n re

spec

t of

the

exis

ting

wate

r sup

plya

nd se

wer

age

sche

mes

.(1

) Not

with

stan

ding

any

thin

g co

ntai

ned

inth

e K

eral

a W

ater

Supp

ly a

nd S

ewer

age

Act

,19

86 (1

4 of

198

6) o

r in

any

othe

r law

, the

mai

nten

ance

and

adm

inist

ratio

n of

the

wat

ersu

pply

and

sew

erag

e sc

hem

es w

hich

can

not

be v

este

d in

and

trans

ferr

ed to

the

Panc

haya

tun

der s

ectio

n 23

4A a

nd is

ben

efic

ial t

o th

ere

siden

ts w

ithin

the

area

of m

ore

than

one

Loca

l Sel

f G

over

nmen

t Ins

titut

ions

shal

lve

st in

the

com

mitt

eeto

be

cons

titut

ed b

yth

e G

over

nmen

t for

the

purp

ose.

234

C. T

he p

ower

of

the

Panc

haya

t in

the

prep

arat

ion

and

exec

utio

n of

sche

mes

rela

ted

to w

ater

supp

ly a

ndse

wer

age

wor

ks

(1) T

hese

rule

s may

be

calle

d th

e K

eral

aPa

ncha

yatR

aj (R

egul

atio

n an

dPr

ohib

ition

of

Use

of

Publ

ic o

r Priv

ate

Sprin

gs, T

anks

, Wel

ls a

nd o

ther

Wat

erC

ours

es) R

ules

, 199

6.(2

) The

y sh

all c

ome

into

forc

e at

onc

e.

15

-107-

(1) T

hese

rule

s may

be

calle

d th

e K

eral

aPa

ncha

yatR

aj (R

emov

al o

f en

croa

chm

ent

and

impo

sitio

n an

d re

cove

ry o

f pe

nalty

for u

naut

horis

edoc

cupa

tion)

Rul

es,

1996

.(2) T

hey

shal

l com

e in

to fo

rce

at o

nce.

9.Pr

ovid

ing

of p

ublic

urin

als a

ndba

thin

g gh

ats.

—(1

) Pub

lic u

rinal

s and

bat

hing

ghat

s sha

ll be

prov

ided

for t

he u

se o

f th

e pu

blic

inde

nsel

y po

pula

ted

plac

es a

nd th

e pl

aces

whi

chPa

ncha

yat t

hink

s fit.

(2) T

he P

anch

ayat

may

, tak

e its

ow

nm

easu

res t

o ke

ep th

e pu

blic

urin

als a

ndba

thin

ggha

ts c

lean

and

to p

rote

ct th

em o

ren

trus

t suc

h wo

rks w

ith a

ny p

erso

n or

esta

blish

men

t and

levy

fees

from

the

publ

icin

the

man

ner a

s may

be

deci

ded

by th

ePa

ncha

yat a

nd th

e rig

ht to

col

lect

the

fee

may

be

give

n by

auc

tion

or li

cenc

e:Pr

ovid

edth

at, n

o fe

es o

f any

kin

d sh

all b

e le

vied

from

the

publ

ic fo

r bat

hing

gha

tspr

ovid

edw

ith th

e ta

nks,

river

s and

stre

ams,

owne

d by

the

Panc

haya

t.(3)

The

Pan

chay

atsh

all m

ake

avai

labl

e fr

esh

wat

er re

quire

d in

the

publ

ic b

athi

ng g

hats

and

urin

als a

ndsh

all p

rovi

de n

eces

sary

dra

inag

e fa

cilit

y to

drai

n th

e fil

thy

wat

er.

19. P

rohi

bitio

n of

impr

oper

dis

posa

l of

carc

asse

s, ru

bbis

h an

d fil

th. —

(1) N

o

Clau

se (x

xix)

of s

ub-s

ectio

n (2

) of

Sect

ion

254

of th

e K

eral

a Pa

ncha

yat

Raj A

ct, 1

994

(13

of 1

994)

empo

wer

s the

Gov

ernm

ent t

o m

ake

Rule

s reg

ardi

ng th

e im

posit

ion

and

reco

very

of

pena

lty fo

r una

utho

rised

occu

patio

n of

any

land

or p

ublic

path

way

bel

ongi

ng to

or v

este

d in

any

Gra

ma

Panc

haya

t and

the

reco

very

of

com

pens

atio

n fo

r any

loss

caus

ed d

ue to

such

occ

upat

ion.

The

Gov

ernm

ent h

ave

deci

ded

tom

ake

such

rule

s. Th

is no

tific

atio

n is

inte

nded

to a

chie

ve th

e ab

ove

obje

ct.

(Rem

oval

of

encr

oach

men

t and

impo

sitio

n an

d re

cove

ryof

pen

alty

for

unau

thor

ised

occu

patio

n) R

ules

1996

(Con

stru

ctio

n an

dM

aint

enan

ce o

f Pub

licLa

trine

s, U

rinal

s,Ba

thin

g Pl

aces

and

Sani

tatio

n of

Priv

ate

Prem

ises

) Rul

es, 1

998.

16 17

-108-

pers

onsh

all,

afte

r due

pro

visio

n ha

s bee

nm

ade

unde

r Rul

e 10

by

the

Panc

haya

t for

the

depo

sit a

ndre

mov

al o

f ru

bbish

, sol

idw

aste

, car

cass

es a

nd fi

lth, d

epos

it th

e sa

me,

—(a

) in

any

stre

et, o

r on

the

vera

ndah

of

any

build

ing

or o

n an

y un

occu

pied

gro

und

alon

g th

esid

e of

any

stre

et o

r in

any

publ

icqu

ay, j

etty

or l

andi

ng p

lace

or o

n th

e ba

nkof

a w

ater

cour

se o

r tan

k, o

r10

9A. R

oofto

p Ra

in W

ater

Har

vest

ing

Arr

ange

men

ts.-1

) The

mun

icip

ality

shal

len

forc

e w

orka

ble

artif

icia

l gro

und

wat

erre

char

ging

arr

ange

men

ts a

s an

inte

gral

par

tof

all

new

bui

ldin

g co

nstr

uctio

ns th

roug

hco

llect

ion

of ro

of to

p ra

inw

ater

.5)

The

com

pone

nt o

f wo

rkab

le a

rtifi

cial

grou

nd w

ater

rech

argi

ng a

rran

gem

ents

as

stip

ulat

ed in

sub

rule

(1) a

bove

, sha

llin

clud

e:i)

Roof

cat

chm

ent a

rea

ii) R

oof

gutte

rsiii

) Dow

n pi

peiv

) Filt

er u

nit

v) R

echa

rge

wel

l/pe

rcol

atio

n pi

t 6)

Whe

reve

r roo

ftop

rain

wat

er h

arve

stin

gar

rang

emen

ts a

s stip

ulat

ed in

sub

rule

s (1)

to (3

) abo

ve a

re p

rovi

ded,

add

ition

alar

rang

emen

ts fo

r car

ryin

g th

e sp

ill o

ver

wat

er fr

om st

orag

e ta

nk to

rech

arge

wel

l or

perc

olat

ion

pit n

eed

only

be

prov

ided

4) T

he o

wne

r(s)/

occu

pier

(s) s

hall

mai

ntai

nth

e ro

ofto

p ra

inw

ater

har

vest

ing

arra

ngem

ents

and

art

ifici

al g

roun

d w

ater

rech

arge

arr

ange

men

ts in

hea

lthy

wor

king

cond

ition

8) T

he M

unic

ipal

ity m

ay, i

n ex

cept

iona

lca

ses s

uch

as w

ater

logg

ing

or im

perm

eabl

esu

bsoi

l con

ditio

ns to

con

sider

able

dep

ths,

Ker

ala

Panc

hayt

Raj

Build

ing

Rule

s, 20

11.

Chap

ter.

X,V

I,101

,102

The

Gov

ernm

ent o

f In

dia

has

dire

cted

the

Stat

e G

over

nmen

t to

prov

ide

cert

ain

prov

ision

s in

build

ing

rule

s, pe

rtai

ning

toin

corp

orat

ion

of ro

ofto

p ra

inw

ater

harv

estin

g ar

rang

emen

ts in

bui

ldin

g.In

the

abov

e co

ntex

t, th

eG

over

nmen

t con

sider

it n

eces

sary

tom

ake

furt

her a

men

dmen

ts to

the

Ker

ala

Mun

icip

ality

Bui

ldin

g Ru

les,

1999

the

Ker

ala

Mun

icip

ality

Bui

ldin

g(A

men

dmen

t) R

ules

,20

04“

Cha

pter

XVI

-AR

AIN

WAT

ER

HAR

VEST

ING

” 10

9A,

109

B

18

-109-

exem

pt c

onst

ruct

ion

from

The

man

dato

rygr

ound

wat

er re

char

ging

arr

ange

men

ts.

12. G

enera

l con

dition

s for

the s

and

remov

alop

eratio

ns in

a K

adav

u.—

(1) T

he G

ram

aPa

ncha

yat o

r the

Mun

icip

ality

con

cern

edsh

all,

befo

re c

arry

ing

out t

he sa

nd re

mov

alop

erat

ion

obta

in p

asse

s fro

m th

e G

eolo

gyD

epar

tmen

t whi

ch sh

all i

ssue

them

on

the

reco

mm

enda

tion

of th

e D

istric

t Exp

ert

Com

mitt

ee fo

r a p

erio

d of

one

mon

th in

adva

nce,

on p

aym

ent o

f ro

yalty

as p

rovi

ded

for i

n th

e law

app

licab

le fo

r the

pay

men

t of

roya

lty.

(2) N

o sa

nd re

mov

al o

pera

tion

shal

l be

carr

ied

out i

n a

Kad

avu

befo

re 6

a.m

. and

afte

r 3 p

.m.

(3) T

he G

ram

a Pa

ncha

yat o

r Mun

icip

ality

conc

erne

d sh

all s

ubje

ct to

the

othe

rpr

ovisi

ons o

f th

is A

ct a

nd th

e ru

les m

ade

ther

eund

er, m

ake

nece

ssar

y ar

rang

emen

tsto

car

ry o

ut th

e sa

nd re

mov

al o

pera

tions

15. O

bliga

tion

of th

e Loca

l Aut

horit

ies to

main

tain

the K

adav

u or

river

ban

ks in

safe

condit

ion.—

(1) E

very

Loc

al A

utho

rity

in th

eSt

ate

havi

ng K

adav

u or

rive

r ban

k fo

r san

dre

mov

al sh

all m

aint

ain

such

Kad

avu

or ri

ver

bank

in a

safe

con

ditio

n an

d pr

otec

t its

bio

-ph

ysic

al e

nviro

nmen

t sys

tem

by

taki

ngef

fect

ive

step

s to

cont

rol r

iver

ban

k sli

ding

.(2

) Eve

ry lo

cal a

utho

rity

shal

l ere

ct c

oncr

ete

pilla

rs a

t the

Kad

avu

or ri

ver b

ank

in su

ch a

way

that

no

vehi

cle

shal

l hav

e di

rect

acc

ess

to th

e ba

nk o

f th

e riv

er.

(3)T

he lo

cal a

utho

rity

shal

l est

ablis

h a

chec

kpo

st a

t eac

h K

adav

u or

rive

rban

k an

dm

aint

ain

prop

er a

ccou

nt o

f the

san

dre

mov

ed fr

om th

e K

adav

u .

(4)B

ambo

o an

d “A

ttuva

nchi

” m

ay b

e

Ker

ala

Prot

ectio

n of

Riv

er B

anks

and

Regu

latio

n of

Rem

oval

of

Sand

Act

, 200

1Pr

eamb

le.—

WH

ERE

AS

it ha

s com

eto

the

notic

e of

the

Gov

ernm

ent

that

indi

scrim

inat

e an

d un

cont

rolle

dre

mov

al o

f sa

nd fr

om th

e riv

ers

caus

e la

rge

scal

e riv

er b

ank

slidi

ngan

d lo

ss o

f pr

oper

ty;

AN

D W

HE

REA

S la

rge

scal

edr

edgi

ng o

f riv

er sa

nd a

lso d

istur

bth

e bi

ophy

sical

env

ironm

ent s

yste

mof

the

river

in d

iffer

ent d

egre

es;

AN

D W

HE

REA

S du

e to

the

exec

utiv

e re

gulat

ory

orde

rs in

forc

e,co

mpl

aint

s hav

e be

en re

ceiv

edre

gard

ing

the

hard

ship

to th

eem

ploy

ees e

ngag

ed in

con

stru

ctio

nw

orks

;A

ND

WH

ERE

AS,

in th

e pu

blic

inte

rest

, it i

s exp

edie

nt to

pro

vide

for r

egul

ator

y m

easu

res f

or th

epr

otec

tion

of ri

ver b

anks

and

rem

oval

of

sand

from

rive

rs;

19

-110-

plan

ted

on th

e riv

er b

ank

with

the

help

of

Fore

st D

epar

tmen

t to

cont

rol r

iver

ban

ksli

ding

17. R

iver M

anag

emen

t Fun

d an

d iss

ue o

fPa

sses.—

(1) T

he D

istric

t Col

lect

or sh

all

mai

ntai

n a

Fund

cal

led

the

“Riv

erM

anag

emen

t Fun

d” fr

om w

hich

all

expe

nses

tow

ards

man

agem

ent o

f th

e K

adav

u or

rive

rba

nk sh

all b

e m

et.

(2) E

very

Loc

al A

utho

rity

havi

ng a

Kad

avu

or ri

ver b

ank

shal

l con

tribu

te fi

fty p

er c

ent

of th

e am

ount

col

lect

ed b

y th

e sa

le o

f sa

ndto

war

ds th

e Ri

ver M

anag

emen

t Fun

dm

aint

aine

d by

the

Dist

rict C

olle

ctor

:Pr

ovid

ed th

at th

e co

st o

f co

llect

ion

of sa

ndan

d th

e Ro

yalty

pai

d sh

all n

ot b

e in

clud

ed in

the

amou

nt o

f col

lect

ion.

Exp

lanat

ion.—

For

the

purp

ose

of th

is su

b-se

ctio

n, “

cost

of c

olle

ctio

n” sh

all i

nclu

deth

e m

aint

enan

ce c

harg

es a

nd th

e co

st o

fer

ectio

n of

con

cret

e pi

llars

in th

e K

adav

u.(3

) The

Dep

artm

ent o

f M

inin

g an

d G

eolo

gysh

all e

nsur

e th

at n

o pa

ss is

issu

ed to

the

Loca

l Aut

horit

y w

ithou

t set

tling

the

acco

unts

as p

rovi

ded

in su

b-se

ctio

n (5

)(4

) Eve

ry p

ass i

ssue

d by

the

Dep

artm

ent o

fM

inin

g an

d G

eolo

gy sh

all c

onta

in th

esig

natu

re o

f the

aut

horis

ed o

ffic

er o

f tha

tD

epar

tmen

t and

his

seal

, whi

ch sh

all b

eco

unte

rsig

ned

by th

e Se

cret

ary

of th

e Lo

cal

Aut

horit

y co

ncer

ned

befo

re th

e sa

ndre

mov

al o

pera

tion.

(5) T

he a

mou

nt p

ayab

le to

war

dsco

ntrib

utio

n to

fund

by

a Lo

cal A

utho

rity

shal

l be

paid

by

mea

ns o

f ch

eque

or d

eman

ddr

aft t

o th

e D

istric

t Col

lect

or o

r an

offic

erau

thor

ised

by h

im in

this

beha

lf, w

ho sh

all

coun

ters

ign

it in

toke

n of

hav

ing

rece

ived

it.

The

acco

unt s

hall

be se

ttled

bef

ore

the

10th

-111-

day

of th

e su

ccee

ding

mon

th b

y re

mitt

ing

the

bala

nce

amou

nt d

ue fo

r pay

men

t16

. Pow

ers a

nd fu

nctio

ns o

f th

eSe

cret

arie

s of

Loc

al S

elf

G

over

nmen

tIn

stitu

tions

.- Th

e Se

cret

arie

s of

the

Loca

lSe

lf G

over

nmen

t Ins

titut

ions

shal

l be

the

Conv

ener

of

the

Kad

avu

com

mitt

ees a

ndth

ey h

ave

the

follo

win

g po

wer

s of

func

tions

, nam

ely:

-(a

) to

impl

emen

t the

dec

ision

s of

the

Kad

avu

Com

mitt

ee;

(b) t

o re

cord

his

opin

ions

on

all i

ssue

sco

min

g up

for c

onsid

erat

ion

of th

e K

adav

uCo

mm

ittee

and

pla

ce e

ach

item

of

agen

da,

with

his

spec

ific

opin

ions

, bef

ore

the

mee

ting

of K

adav

u Co

mm

ittee

;(c

) to

repo

rt th

e de

cisio

ns o

f th

e K

adav

uCo

mm

ittee

to th

e D

istric

t Col

lect

or;

(d) t

o ke

ep th

e in

com

e an

d ex

pend

iture

acco

unts

of

the

Kad

avu

accu

rate

ly;

(e) t

o de

liver

the

amou

nt p

ayab

le to

war

dsRi

ver M

anag

emen

t Fun

d by

Che

que

orD

eman

d D

raft

to th

e D

istric

t Col

lect

or a

tth

e ap

prop

riate

tim

e;(f)

to ta

ke n

eces

sary

step

s to

rem

ove

encr

oach

men

t fro

m R

iver

Ban

ks o

rK

adav

us a

t the

righ

t tim

e;(g

) to

exer

cise

all

the

pow

ers a

nd p

erfo

rmdu

ties s

peci

fical

ly e

ntru

sted

on

the

Conv

ener

of

the

Kad

avu

Com

mitt

ee u

nder

the

Act

or t

hese

Rul

es;

(h) t

o im

plem

ent t

he b

an im

pose

d by

Gov

ernm

ent o

r Dist

rict C

olle

ctor

on

sand

min

ing;

(i) to

bro

ught

to th

e no

tice

of th

e D

istric

tCo

llect

or th

e di

sput

es a

mon

g Lo

cal S

elf

Gov

ernm

ent I

nstit

utio

ns re

gard

ing

sand

min

ing

-112-

(j) to

issu

e pa

ss fo

r eac

h lo

ad o

f sa

ndtra

nspo

rted

from

the

Kad

avu.

17. P

ower

s and

func

tions

of

the

Loca

lSe

lf G

over

nmen

t Ins

titut

ions

-Su

bjec

t to

the

prov

ision

s of

the

Act

and

othe

r pro

visio

ns o

f th

ese

rule

s, th

e Lo

cal

Self

Gov

ernm

ent I

nsitu

tions

shal

l hav

e th

efo

llow

ing

pow

ers a

nd fu

nctio

ns n

amel

y:-

a) to

ens

ure

the

com

plia

nce

of re

stric

tions

impo

sed

on sa

nd m

inin

g in

the

Act

and

Rule

s mad

e th

ereu

nder

;(b

) to

follo

w a

nd im

plem

ent t

hein

stru

ctio

ns g

iven

by

Gov

ernm

ent,

Dist

rict

Exp

ert C

omm

ittee

and

Dist

rict C

olle

ctor

from

tim

e to

tim

e;(c

) to

take

step

s to

prev

ent t

he fi

lling

up

ofw

et la

nd o

r low

land

usin

g riv

er sa

nd;

(d) t

ake

step

s to

pre

vent

the

flow

of

fllth

ness

to ri

vers

;(e

) tak

e st

eps

to p

reve

nt th

e flo

w o

ffil

thne

ss to

wat

er c

ours

es w

hich

ext

end

toriv

ers;

(f) to

pre

vent

all

type

s of

encr

oach

men

t on

river

por

ambo

ke a

nd to

reco

mm

end

the

Dist

rict C

olle

ctor

evi

ct th

e ex

istin

gen

croa

chm

ents

;(g

) to

cons

truc

t che

ck d

ams t

o av

oid

loss

by

flow

of

rain

wat

er av

aila

ble

durin

g ra

iny

seas

on;

(h) t

o pr

ohib

it or

con

trol b

athi

ng o

fan

imal

s, w

ashi

ng c

loth

es a

nd c

lean

ing

othe

rth

ings

in th

e riv

ers c

onsid

erin

g pu

blic

healt

h;(i)

to a

ssist

the

Kad

avu

Com

mitt

ees t

opr

epar

e Ri

ver B

ank

Dev

elop

men

t Pla

n;(j)

to p

ublis

h th

e lis

t of s

and

min

ing

labo

urer

s wor

king

in th

e K

adav

u un

der t

heco

ntro

l of

Loca

l Sel

f G

over

nmen

tIn

stitu

tions

;

-113-

Ker

ala

Prot

ectio

n of

Riv

er B

anks

and

Regu

latio

n of

Re

mov

al o

fSa

nd R

ules

, 200

2

(k) t

o iss

ue p

erm

its to

cou

ntry

boa

ts b

eing

used

sand

min

ing

and

publ

ish it

s list

;(l)

to m

ake

all a

rran

gem

ents

for s

and

min

ing

oper

atio

ns in

the

Kad

avu

as d

ecid

edby

the

Dist

rict E

xper

t Com

mitt

ee, K

adav

uCo

mm

ittee

s and

Dist

rict C

olle

ctor

;(m

) to

erec

t con

cret

e pi

llars

in K

adav

u or

river

ban

k in

such

a w

ay n

ot to

get

ent

ry o

fve

hicl

es d

irect

ly to

rive

r ban

ks;

(n) t

o es

tabl

ish c

heck

pos

ts to

insp

ect t

hetra

nspo

rtat

ion

of sa

nd fr

omK

adav

u;(o

) to

rem

it th

e am

ount

tow

ards

Riv

er B

ank

Man

agem

ent F

und

at th

e ap

prop

riate

tim

e;(p

) to

assis

t the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

Riv

erBa

nk D

evel

opm

ent P

lan.

1[(q

) to

supe

rvise

the

sale

and

auc

tion

ofsa

nd fr

om a

ll K

adav

u;(r)

to is

sue

iden

tific

atio

n bo

ards

to th

eco

untr

y bo

ats u

sed

for s

and

rem

oval

;(s

) to

assis

t the

col

lect

or in

con

fisca

ting

the

impl

emen

ts a

nd c

ount

ry b

oats

use

d fo

r the

unau

thor

ised

sand

rem

oval

and

the

lorr

ies

and

othe

r veh

icle

s use

d fo

r tra

nspo

rtin

gsu

ch sa

nd:

(t) to

issu

e id

entit

y ca

rds t

o th

e sa

ndre

mov

ing

wor

kers

of

each

Kad

avu;

(u) t

o as

sist t

he P

olic

e an

d Re

venu

eO

ffic

ials

in ta

king

act

ion

agai

nst t

he la

ndow

ners

and

ow

ners

of

unau

thor

ised

Kad

avu,

who

faci

litat

e un

auth

orise

d sa

ndre

mov

al fr

om ri

vers

;(v

) to

set u

p ch

eck

post

s in

the

Kad

avu

havi

ng ju

ngar

serv

ice.

18. P

repa

ratio

n of

Riv

er B

ank

Dev

elop

men

t Pla

n.-

(1) T

he D

istric

t Exp

ert C

omm

ittee

may

prep

are

plan

for c

ompr

ehen

sive

deve

lop

men

t of

Rive

r Ban

ks in

the

dist

rict a

nd it

sca

tchm

ent a

reas

, for

Pro

tect

ion

of R

iver

-114-

Biol

ogic

al D

iver

sity

Rule

s, 20

0420

Bank

s, Co

nstr

uctio

n of

Kad

avus

on

Rive

rBa

nks a

nd u

p ke

ep o

f bi

o-ph

ysic

alen

viro

nmen

t of

Rive

r Ban

ks, i

nco

nsul

tatio

n w

ith th

e K

adav

u Co

mm

ittee

ifne

cess

ary.

(4) T

he D

istric

t Exp

ert C

omm

ittee

shal

lpr

epar

e Ri

ver B

ank

Dev

elop

men

t Pla

nco

nsid

erin

g th

e pr

opos

al su

bmitt

ed b

yLo

cal S

elf

Gov

ernm

ent I

nstit

utio

ns.

[21.I

mpl

emen

tatio

n of

sche

me

thro

ugh

Dev

elop

men

t Blo

cks,

Pub

lic W

orks

(Loc

al W

orks

), D

epar

tmen

t, an

d Lo

cal

Auth

oriti

es.-

(1) A

ny w

ork

unde

r the

Riv

er B

ank

Dev

elop

men

t Sch

eme,

for w

hich

adm

inist

rativ

e sa

nctio

n is

acco

rded

by

the

Gov

ernm

ent u

nder

thes

e ru

les,

shal

l be

caus

ed to

be

exec

uted

by

the

Dist

rict

Colle

ctor

, thr

ough

Dev

elop

men

t Blo

cks i

nV

illag

e ar

eas a

nd P

ublic

Wor

ks (L

ocal

Wor

ks) D

epar

tmen

t in

urba

n ar

eas,

byfo

llow

ing

the

proc

edur

e be

ing

obse

rved

for

the

exec

utio

n of

relie

f w

orks

in c

onne

ctio

nw

ith n

atur

al c

alam

ities

.(2

) The

act

iviti

es o

f pl

antin

g sa

plin

gs,

impl

emen

ted

unde

r the

Riv

er B

ank

Dev

elop

men

t Sch

eme

may

be

exec

uted

thro

ugh

Loca

l Aut

horit

ies.]

22. C

onst

itutio

n of

Bio

dive

rsity

Man

agem

ent C

omm

ittee

s(1

) Eve

ry lo

cal b

ody

shal

lco

nstit

ute

a Bi

odiv

ersit

yM

anag

emen

tCom

mitt

ee (B

MCs

)w

ithin

its

area

of j

urisd

ictio

n.(2

) The

Bio

dive

rsity

Man

age

men

tCo

mm

ittee

as c

onst

itute

d un

der s

ub ru

le(1

)sh

all c

onsis

t of

a Ch

airp

erso

n an

d no

tm

ore

than

six

pers

onsn

omin

ated

by

the

loca

l bod

y, of

who

m n

ot le

ss th

an o

ne th

ird

-115-

shou

ld b

ewom

en a

nd n

ot le

s tha

n 18

%sh

ould

bel

ong

to th

e Sc

hedu

ledC

aste

s/Sc

hedu

led

Trib

es.

(3) T

he C

hairp

erso

n of

the

Biod

iver

sity

Man

agem

ent C

omm

ittee

shal

l bee

lect

edfr

om a

mon

gst t

he m

embe

rs o

f the

com

mitt

ee in

a m

eetin

g to

be c

haire

d by

the

Chai

rper

son

of th

e lo

cal b

ody.

The

Chai

rper

son

ofth

e lo

cal b

ody

shal

l hav

e th

eca

stin

g vo

tes i

n ca

se o

f a

tie.

(4) T

he C

hairp

erso

n of

the

Biod

iver

sity

Man

agem

ent C

omm

ittee

shal

lhav

e a

tenu

reof

thre

e ye

ars.

(5) T

he lo

cal M

embe

r of

Legi

slativ

eA

ssem

bly/

Mem

ber o

f Le

gisla

tiveC

ounc

ilan

d M

embe

r of

Parli

amen

t wou

ld b

esp

ecia

l inv

itees

to th

emee

tings

of

the

Com

mitt

ee.

(6) T

he m

ain

func

tion

of th

e BM

C is

topr

epar

e Pe

ople

’s Bi

odiv

ersit

yReg

ister

inco

nsul

tatio

n w

ith lo

cal p

eopl

e. T

he R

egist

ersh

all c

onta

in c

ompr

ehen

sive

info

rmat

ion

on a

vaila

bilit

y an

d kn

owle

dge

oflo

calb

iolo

gica

l res

ourc

es, t

heir

med

icin

al o

ran

y ot

her u

se o

r any

oth

er tr

aditi

onal

know

ledg

e as

soci

ated

with

them

.(7

) The

oth

er fu

nctio

ns o

f th

e BM

C ar

e to

advi

se o

n an

y m

atte

r ref

erre

d to

it by

the

Stat

e Bi

odiv

ersit

y Bo

ard

or A

utho

rity

for

gran

ting

appr

oval

, tom

aint

ain

data

abo

utth

e lo

cal v

aids

and

pra

ctiti

oner

s usin

gth

ebio

logi

cal r

esou

rces

.(8

) The

Aut

horit

y sh

all t

ake

step

s to

spec

ifyth

e fo

rm o

f th

e Pe

ople

’sBio

dive

rsity

Regi

ster

s, an

d th

e pa

rtic

ular

s it s

hall

cont

ain

and

thef

orm

at fo

r ele

ctro

nic

data

base

.(9

) The

Aut

horit

y an

d th

e St

ate

Biod

iver

sity

Boar

ds sh

all p

rovi

de

-116-

TH

E K

ER

ALA

GR

OU

ND

WAT

ER

(CO

NT

RO

L AN

DR

EG

ULA

TIO

N)A

CT, 2

002

An

Act

To p

rovid

e for

the c

onser

vatio

n of

grou

ndwa

ter a

nd fo

r the

regu

lation

and

contro

l of

its ex

tracti

on a

nd u

se in

the S

tate

ofKe

rala.

Prem

ble- W

here

as it

isex

pedi

ent t

o pr

ovid

e fo

r the

cons

erva

tion

of G

roun

dWat

er a

ndfo

r the

regu

latio

n an

d co

ntro

l of i

tsex

tract

ion

and

use

in th

e St

ate

ofK

eral

a;And

Whe

reas

in c

erta

in,

area

s of

the

Stat

e th

e te

nden

cy o

fin

disc

rimin

ate

extra

ctio

n of

Gro

und

Wat

er is

con

tinui

ng; A

nd W

here

as it

is fe

lt th

at th

e er

ratic

ext

ract

ion

ofgr

ound

wat

er is

foun

d to

r esu

lt in

unde

sired

env

ironm

enta

l pro

blem

sin

such

are

as;A

nd W

here

as th

egr

ound

wat

er is

a c

ritic

al re

sour

ce o

fth

e St

ate;

And

Whe

reas

it is

cons

ider

ed n

eces

sary

in th

e pu

blic

inte

rest

to re

gula

te a

nd c

ontro

l any

form

of

deve

lopm

ent o

f gr

ound

wat

er in

Sta

te o

f K

eral

a;

21

guid

ance

and

tech

nica

l sup

port

to th

eBi

odiv

ersit

y M

anag

emen

t Com

mitt

ees

forp

repa

ring

Peop

le’s

Biod

iver

sity

Regi

ster

s.(1

0) T

he P

eopl

e’s B

iodi

vers

ity R

egist

ers

shal

l be

mai

ntai

ned

and

valid

ated

by th

eBi

odiv

ersit

y M

anag

emen

t Com

mitt

ees.

(11)

The

Com

mitt

ee sh

all a

lso m

aint

ain

aRe

gist

er g

ivin

g in

form

atio

n ab

outth

e de

tails

of th

e ac

cess

to b

iolo

gica

l res

ourc

es a

ndtra

ditio

nal k

now

ledg

e gr

ante

d, d

etai

ls of

the

colle

ctio

n fe

e im

pose

d an

d de

tails

ofth

ebe

nefit

s der

ived

and

the

mod

e of

thei

rsh

arin

g.10

. Pro

tect

ion

of P

ublic

drin

king

wat

erso

urce

s:-(1

) No

with

stan

ding

any

thin

g co

ntai

n in

this

Act

, no

pers

on sh

all w

ithou

t the

perm

issio

n of

Aut

horit

y di

g w

ell f

or a

nypu

rpos

e w

ithin

thir

ty m

eter

s fro

m a

nydr

inki

ng w

ater

sour

ce fr

om w

here

wat

eris

pum

ped

for p

ublic

pur

pose

.Pro

vide

dth

at th

e pr

ovisi

on in

sub-

sect

ion

(1) s

hall

not a

pply

to th

e di

ggin

g of

a w

ell f

or a

nydr

inki

ng w

ater

sche

me

impl

emen

ted

by th

eG

over

nmen

t or l

ocal

bod

ies.

(2) E

very

app

licat

ion

for p

erm

issio

n un

der

sub-

sect

ion

(1) s

hall

be in

such

form

as m

aybe

pre

scrib

ed a

nd sh

all b

e su

bmitt

ed to

the

Aut

horit

y w

ith su

ch fe

es a

s may

be

fixed

.(3

) On

rece

ipt o

f an

appl

icat

ion

unde

r sub

-se

ctio

n (2

) and

if it

is sa

tisfie

d th

at d

iggi

ngof

wel

l sha

ll no

t adv

erse

ly a

ffec

t the

pub

licdr

inki

ng w

ater

sour

ce, p

erm

issio

n m

ay,

subj

ect t

o su

ch re

stric

tions

and

con

ditio

nsm

entio

ned

ther

ein,

beg

rant

ed to

dig

the

wel

l for

the

purp

ose

of d

rinki

ng w

ater

or

for a

gric

ultu

re:

Prov

ided

that

if th

e de

cisio

n of

the

Aut

horit

y is

not c

omm

unic

ated

to th

e

-117-

Wat

er (P

reve

ntio

n an

d C

ontro

l of

Pollu

tion)

Act

, 197

4Sn.

55Ch

apte

r VII

22

Ker

ala

Stat

e Bi

odiv

ersit

y Bo

ard

–E

nviro

nmen

t Dep

artm

ent –

Sta

teE

nviro

nmen

tPol

icy,

2009

-A

ppro

ved

– O

rder

s iss

ued.

Env

iron-

men

t Dep

artm

entG

.O(M

S) N

o.04

/09/

Env

t. da

ted,

Thiru

vana

ntha

pura

m 3

1.12

.200

9

appl

ican

t with

in n

inet

y da

ys fr

om th

e da

teof

app

licat

ion

perm

issio

n sh

all b

e de

emed

to h

ave

been

gra

nted

and

the

perm

issio

n so

deem

ed to

hav

e be

en g

rant

ed sh

all b

esu

bjec

t to

the

laws i

n th

is re

gard

.55

. Loc

al A

utho

ritie

s to

assi

stA

ll lo

cal

auth

oriti

es sh

all r

ende

r suc

h he

lp a

ndas

sista

nce

and

furn

ish su

ch in

form

atio

n to

the

Boar

d as

it m

ay re

quire

for t

hedi

scha

rge

of it

s fun

ctio

ns, a

nd sh

all m

ake

avai

lable

to th

e Bo

ard

for i

nspe

ctio

n an

dex

amin

atio

n su

ch re

cord

s, m

aps,

plan

s and

othe

r doc

umen

ts a

s may

be

nece

ssar

y fo

rth

e di

scha

rge

of it

s fun

ctio

ns.

24.2

. Gra

ma

Panc

haya

ts T

he G

ram

apa

ncha

yats

shou

ld ta

ke u

p th

e fo

llow

ing

resp

onsib

ili ti

es.C

ompa

red

to a

ll-In

dia

leve

l,K

eral

a’s G

ram

a Pa

ncha

yats

are

larg

e, w

ithab

out 2

0,00

0 pe

ople

in e

ach,

and

spre

adin

gov

er a

rbitr

arily

del

inea

ted

terr

itory

.Th

eref

ore,

it is

nece

ssar

y to

org

aniz

e at

war

d le

vel a

nd a

t eve

n m

ore

prim

ary

colle

ctiv

ists,

peop

le’s

orga

nisa

tions

und

erth

e Pa

ncha

yat u

mbr

ella

. Suc

h gr

oupi

ngs

shal

l be

base

d on

mic

ro-w

ater

shed

s, so

that

they

are

cle

arly

def

ined

from

an

ecol

ogic

ally

mea

ning

ful v

iew

poi

nt. A

ll pr

ogra

ms f

orso

il co

nser

vatio

n an

d fo

r pre

vent

ing

soil

degr

adat

ion,

mon

itorin

g of

soil

fert

ility,

enco

urag

emen

t of

crop

ping

sys

tem

s in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith la

nd c

apab

ility

clas

sific

atio

n, a

nd o

ther

wor

ks in

relat

ion

toag

ricul

tura

l lan

ds w

ill d

evol

ve o

n V

illag

ePa

ncha

yats.

The

y sh

all a

rran

ge th

ese

wor

ksac

cord

ing

to th

e id

entif

ied

mic

ro-

wat

ersh

eds,

and

entr

ust t

he w

orks

to th

em

ulti-

tiere

d pe

ople

’s or

gani

sat i

ons,

to b

efo

rmed

as m

entio

ned

abov

e.

-118-

24.3

. Blo

ck a

nd D

istri

ct P

anch

ayat

sThe

Bloc

k an

d D

istric

t Pan

chay

at w

ould

unde

rtak

e th

e re

spon

sibili

ty fo

r the

follo

win

g:31

24.3

.1. C

ondu

ct tr

aini

ng c

lass

es, b

ringi

ngab

out a

ttitu

dina

l, an

d co

mpe

tenc

e ch

ange

toen

able

the

peop

le to

be

cons

ciou

s of

ecol

ogic

al im

pera

tives

, whi

le se

ekin

gec

onom

ic m

axim

izat

ion

goal

s.24

.3.2

. Co-

ordi

nate

and

enc

oura

gepr

ogra

mm

es su

ch a

s bio

-gas

pla

nts,

min

i - a

ndm

icro

-hyd

rel p

roje

cts,

win

den

ergy

farm

s, so

lar e

nerg

y pl

ants

, and

plan

tatio

nof

fuel

woo

d sp

ecie

s.24

.3.3

. Pio

neer

and

enc

oura

ge th

epr

oduc

tion

and

spre

ad o

f fod

der p

lant

ing

mat

eria

land

the

culti

vatio

n of

thes

e sp

ecie

sby

farm

ers s

o th

at se

lf-su

ffic

ienc

y in

fodd

erne

eds i

s app

roac

hed

/ re

ache

d.24

.3.4

. Sup

plem

ent,

com

plet

e, an

d ex

tend

effo

rts u

nder

take

n by

vill

age

Panc

haya

tsan

d gr

assr

oots

org

anisa

tions

to m

axim

ize

bene

fits.

24.3

.5. E

nsur

e th

at p

ublic

dem

and

and

prof

it-dr

iven

bus

ines

s in

scar

ce m

ater

ial

areh

arm

oniz

ed w

ith e

co-s

peci

ficre

quire

men

ts.24

.3.6

. Lin

k an

d fo

rm ‘a

ssoc

iatio

ns o

fas

soci

atio

ns’ a

t the

vill

age

Panc

haya

t and

smal

ler l

evel

s, en

gage

d in

eco

logi

cal

cons

erva

tion

and

enric

hmen

t act

iviti

es,an

dbu

sines

ses b

ased

on

non-

inva

sive

land

use

,so

that

bet

ter e

cono

mie

s and

stro

nger

barg

aini

ng fo

r adv

anta

ge a

re se

cure

d.

-119-

Address of Departments for Data

Annexure II

1. Agency For Development of Aquaculture(ADAK)Thiruvananthapuram – 695014, Kerala.Tel. 0471 2333059e-mail: [email protected]: www.fishnetkerala.gov.in

2. Boomi Keralam Project Kerala Land InformationMissionState Project Office, Museum Bains CompoundThiruvananthapuramTel. 0471 2313734e-mail: [email protected]: www.bhoomi.kerala.gov.in

3. ChairmanCentral Water CommissionMinistry of Water ResourcesSewa Bhawan, RK Puram, New Delhi-110 066Website: www. cwc.gov.in

4. The Chairman,Kerala Dam Safety AuthorityLegislature ComplexThiruvananthapuram – 33Tel: 0471-2302814, 2305160e-mail: [email protected]

5. Commisionarate of Rural Development4th Floor, Swaraj BhavanNanthancode, Kowdiar – 695 003Tel: 0471 2314526e-mail: [email protected]: www.rdd.kerala.gov.in

6. Department of Environment & Climate Change(Doecc)DevikripaPallimukku, Pattah POThiruvananthapuram- 695024Tel: 0471 2742264, 274554Website: www.envt_kerala.gov.in

7. Director,Directorate of Mining & GeologyKeshavadasapuram, Pattam Palace P.O.Thiruvananthapuram – 695 004Tel: 0471-2556119e-mail: [email protected]: www.dmg.kerala.gov.in

8. Department of Town And Country PlanningSwaraj Bhavan, Nanthancode ,Thiruvananthapuram-695 003Tel: 0471-2721447e-mail: [email protected]: www.townplanning.kerala.gov.in

9. Directorate of Industries & CommerceVikas BhavanThiruvananthapuramTel: 0471 2302774e-mail: [email protected];[email protected]: www.kearalindustry.org

10. Executive DirectorCentre For Water Resources Development AndManagementKunnamangalam, Kozhikode-673 571, Kerala, IndiaTel: 0495 2351800, 2351801, 2351804e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]: www.cwrdm.org

11. Geological Survey of IndiaKendriya Bhavan Building4th Floor, Airport Road, Csez Kakkanad,Ernakulam – 682 037Tel: 0484-2428938e-mail: [email protected]: www.gsi.gov.in

12. JalanidhiKerala Rural Water Supply And Sanitation AgencyTC Towers, SS Kovil Road, Thampanoor,Thiruvananthapuram – 695 001Tel: 0471-2337002, 2337003e-mail: [email protected]: www.jalanidhi.kerala.gov.in

-120-

13. Kerala State Biodiversity BoardL-14, Jai Nagar, Medical College P.O.ThiruvananthapuramTel: 0471 2554740e-mail: [email protected]: www.keralabiodiversity.org

14. Registrar,Kerala Forest Research InstitutePeechi P.O., Thrissur DistrictKerala, India. Pin – 680653Tel: 0487-2690100; Fax: 0487-2690111Website: www.kfri.res.in

15. Kerala State Council For Science Technology abdEnvironmentSasthra Bhavan, PattomThiruvananthapuram – 695004Tel: 0471-2548200e-mail: [email protected]: www.kscste.kerala.gov.in

16. Kerala Rural Water Supply And Sanitation AgencyTC Towers, SS Kovil Road, Thampanoor,Thiruvananthapuram – 695001Tel: 0471-2337002, 2337003e-mail: [email protected]: www.jalanidhi.kerala.gov.in

17. Kerala State Pollution Control Board,Pattom P.O., Thiruvananthapuram – 695 004Tel: 0471-2318153, 54, 56, 56, 2312910Website: www.keralapcb,nic.in

18. Land Use Commissioner & DirectorKSREC Vikas Bhavan P.O.Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala – 695 .033Phone No. +91 0471 2302231, 2307830Fax: +91 0471 2300624e-mail: [email protected]

19. Member SecretaryKerala Coastal Zone Management AuthoritySastra Bhavan, PattomThiruvananthapuram – 695004,Kerala – IndiaTel: 0471-2548258, 2548316Website: keralaczma.gov.in

20. Metrological CentreObservatory HillsVikas Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram-695033Tel: 0471-2322894, 2322184e-mail: [email protected]: www.imtvm.gov.in

21. National Centre for Earth Science StudiesPost Box No. 7250Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 011Tel: +91 471-2511501Fax: +91 471-2442280Website: www.cess.res.in

22. Suchithwa MissionLekshmi NivasT.C. 24/2054, Panavila Junction, Thycad P.O. ,695 014Tel: 0471 12327730e-mail: [email protected]: www.sanitation.kerala.gov.in

23. The Additional Surveyor General,Indian Institute of Surveying & MappingUppal, Hyderabad, Pin-500 039Tel: 040-27201503e-mail: [email protected]: www.soisti.as.nic.in

24. The DirectorCentral Marine Fisheries Research InstitutePost Box No. 1603, Ernakulam North P.O.Kochi-682 018Tel: 0184 2394357e-mail: [email protected]: www.cmfri.ortg.in


-121-

25. DirectorDirectorate of AgricultureVikas Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 003Tel: 0471 2304480, 2303990e-mail: [email protected]: www.keralaagriculture.gov.in

26. DirectorDirectorate of FisheriesVikas Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram – 33Tel: 0471 2303160e-mail:[email protected];fishydirvkbnWsancharnet.inWebsite: www.fishnetkerala.gov.in

27. Director of Agriculture(Soil ConservationUnit)Directorate of Soil ConservationSree Sabari Builiding Chalai P.O.,Thiruvananthapuram – 36Tel: 0471-2479890, 2451433Website: www.soilconsnetkeral.gov.in

28. The DirectorKerala State Remote Sensing AgencyPlanning & Economic Affairs Department5th Floor, Annexes Building , Secratariat,ThiruvananthapuramTel: 0471-2326436, 2518695

29. Managing DirectorKerala Water AuthorityHead OfficeJalabhavan, VellayambalamThiruvananthapuram – 695033Tel: 0471-2328654, 2328652, 2328652, 2333205Website: www.kwa.kerala.gov.in

30. The Public Relations Officer Keral AgriculturalUniversityDirectorate of Extension, Mannuthy- 680 651Thrissur, Kerala, IndiaTel: 0487 2370051e-mail: proWkau.inWebsite: www.kau.edu

31. Vice ChairmanKerala State Planning BoardPattom, ThiruvananthapuramTel: 0471-2540707, 2540208Website: www.spb.kerala.gov.in


-122-

Listed below are legal instruments that have bearing on water resources and environment protection andregulation.

I State Laws and Acts1 Kerala State Water Policy 20082 Act 18 of 2001 the Kerala Protection Of River Banks and Regulation of Removal of Sand

Act, 2001 [1]3 The Kerala Ground Water (Control and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2005 [1]4 Act 19 of 2002 the Kerala Ground Water (Control and Regulation) Act, 2002 [1]5 Act 8-2009 - Kerala Water Supply and Sewage (Amendment) Act6 Kerala Water and Waste Water Ordinance, 1984 (Ordinance No. 102).7 Kerala Water Supply And Waste Water Ordinance 19848 The Kerala Water Supply And Sewerage Act, 19869 The Kerala Water (Prevention and Control Of Pollution) Appellate Authority Rules 197710 Water (Prevention and Control Of Pollution) Rules, 197611 Water (Prevention and Control Of Pollution) Act, 1974 No. 6 of 197412 Municipal Waste Rules - PCB13 Schedules-BMW-Bio Medical Waste – PCB14 Water & Air Pollution - PCB15 The Kerala Conservation of Paddy Land And Wetland 200816 Kerala State Environment Policy17 Draft Land Policy18 Industrial & Commercial Policy 200719 Urban policy – Govt. of Kerala

II State Departmental Lawsa) Forest1 Forest Policy2 Act 21 of 2005 the Kerala Forest (Vesting and Management of Ecologically Fragile Lands)

Act, 20033 Act 32-2009- The Kerala Forest (Vesting And Management of Ecologically Fragile Lands

(Amendment) Act4 Ordinance 20-2009 the Kerala Forest (Vesting And Management of Ecologically Fragile Lands)

b) Fisheries1 Fisheries Policy2 Act15_2010 the Kerala Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Act. 20103 Act 13 of 2007 The Kerala Monsoon Fishery (Pelagic)

c) Tourism1 Tourism Policy2 Ordinance No. 2 Of 2011 The Kerala Tourism (Conservation and Preservation of Areas)

Amendment Ordinance, 20113 Ordinance No. 27 Of 2011 The Kerala Tourism (Conservation And Preservation Of Areas)

Amendment Ordinance, 2011

Annexure III

Legal Instruments - Policies, Act & Rules

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III. Central Laws1 Environment Protection Act 1986 Ministry Of Environment & Forests, Government Of India2 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) 1991 Notification3 Biodiversity Act 20024 National Green Tribunal5 S.O.583 (E) Water Quality Assessment Authority, Order, Dated 29 May, 20016 S.O.2151 Water Quality Monitoring Order 2005, Notification, Dated 17 June, 20057 Wetlands (Conservation & Management) Rules 2010

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