BASICS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

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Author:Dr.S.Bharat,MD(Physician),DM(Acupuncture),MA(Yoga),PGDOWM,PGDAcu,DNYS,DBCFM,DAc,LAc,

BASICS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

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Definition: Human Anatomy is defined as the study of internal organs and structures of human

body and the study of functions of those structures is called as Human Physiology.

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Basics of Physical Body:

The basic unit of human body is Cell. Group of Cells is called as Tissue. Group of Tissues is called as Organ. Group of Organs is called as System. Group of Systems is called as Physical Body.Study of Human Body comprises study of different systems.

Systems: Systems are grouped organs based on the type and nature of the physiological functions that they are assigned to do. Each system depends on the others, either directly or indirectly, to keep the body functioning normally. Body is made up of different systems.

Here are major systems of human body:

Nervous System It includes brain, spinal cord and nerves. Nerves are further divided into afferent nerves and efferent nerves. The function of the nervous system is to conduct impulse. This system is master of any system, because it is being responsible for any other system’s functioning.

The functioning of the nervous system can very easily understood by understanding RACE Effect. It is a mnemonic.

R-Reaction > A- Afferent Nerve > C-Center > E-Efferent Nerve >Effect

Example : When the skin is being touched by a hot vessel accidentally, the nervous system functions to prevent any further damages to the skin by the following steps:

1.Skin coming in contact with a foreign object(hot vessel) forms a REACTION

2.The same information is being updated to the brain through AFFERENT NERVE


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3.The brain which is called CENTER is deciding how to react further based on the stimuli.

4.The decision is being forwarded to the spot through EFFERENT NERVE.

5.EFFECT(Moving the skin away from the hot vessel takes place)

This is how the nervous system handles any physical systems function.

Sensory System It includes eyes to see, ears to listen, tongue to speak, nostrils to smell, skin to feel. All functions with the help of corresponding nerves.


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Endocrine System It includes glands that secrete bio chemicals called hormones, which are needed for the normal healthy functioning of the body. Hormones help to achieve each and every milestone of human growth. The endocrine glands are ductless glands which supplies their secretion directly to the blood stream.Common endocrine glands includes pituitary gland, pineal gland, hypothalamus gland, thyroid gland,adrenal gland, pancreas gland and gonads.

Pituitary gland is called as the master of endocrine system because it manages all other endocrine glands.Pineal gland is responsible for acquiring knowledge.It is also referred as Third Eye.

Hypothalamus Gland- Body temperature

Thyroid Gland – Metabolism

Adrenal Gland – Managing Fear & Stress


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Pancreas – Glucose to Energy Conversion and supply to tissue

Gonads(Ovaries & Testes) – Sexual Development & Fertility

Respiratory System It includes nasal passages, bronchus, bronchioles and alveoli.

Functioning:

Outside Air Inhaled through Nasal Passage

Air gets in to the lungs through bronchus & bronchioles and reaches alveoli,which is also called air sac.It filters the oxygen the supplies oxygen to the pulmonary vein which is connected with heart.It also receives carbon dioxide waste from the heart through pulmonary artery, which along with other wastes gets exhaled through the nasal passages.


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Digestive System It includes buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.

When the food is consumed through the mouth(buccal cavity), it moves down to stomach through esophagus,where it gets broke down and necessary essentials are absorbed by liver to supply to the necessary tissue.The remnants moves to small intestine through duodenum where further absorbtion takes place.Further the wastes are transported to large intestine where minimum may take place.Then wastes forms the faeces which will come through rectum and anus.

Musculo-Skeletal System It includes all bones which gives structure to the body and muscles which holds all organs and joints which helps for mobility.


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Common Bones :Skull( Frontal, Occipital, Temporal, Parietal )

Mandible, Maxilla,

Vertebral Column(Cervical-7)(Thoracic-12)(Lumbar-5)(Sacrum-1-5),Coccgyx 1-3

Ribs: 12 Pairs

Clavicle,Scapula, Humerus,Radius, Ulna, Carpels - 8, Metacarpels – 5 , Phalanges – 14 Pelvic Bone, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals - 7, Metatarsals – 5,Digits/ Phalanges - 14

Circulatory System It includes the heart and all blood vessels. Types of blood vessels includes arteries and veins.Transporting the nutrients and oxygen to all tissues of the body is the function of Arteries.The only exception is pulmonary artery.Transporting the biochemical wastes and carbon dioxide from all the tissues to kidneys and lungs is the function of Veins.The only exception is pulmonary vein.

The heart functions as a pump to circulate the blood flow to the entire body.


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Urinary System It includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.Kidney, a paired organ receives biochemical wastes from all the tissues through blood stream. It filters the necessary bio chemicals and supplies it back to the blood stream.

The wastes and excess salts and minerals along with water being transported to urinary bladder through ureters to the urinary bladder.When the urinary bladder is filled,an urge gets developed. The urge tends to urination through urethra.


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Reproductive System It is divided into male and female reproductive systems.

Male Reproductive System After secondary sexual development which is achieved by hormones, Testes produces sperm and seminal vesicle produces semen,which is the transporter of sperm.During intercourse, semen get ejaculated through vas deferens and penis and gets into vagina.

Quality of Sperm is responsible for the Male Fertility.


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Female Reproductive System The Ovaries produces Ovum which will be in fertile fully matured form in the middle of the menstrual cycle and stays in the fallopian tube. During intercourse, the sperm gets into the uterus and in case if it reaches the ovum, they both gets fused to form zygote, which moves down to uterus and develops into foetus.

Immune System It includes any cell, tissue, organ which fights against any infection or foreign object invasion into the body. It is not an organ system.It is classified by function.

Major Immunity Functions:

Bone Marrow produces defense cells

Thymus secretes thymosin which helps in development of defense cells

Lymph nodes stores defense cells

Spleen works as a blood filter


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BASIC TERMINOLOGY • Superior – Above

• Inferior – Below

• Anterior – Front

• Posterior – Back

• Lateral – Outwards the body

• Medial – Towards the body

• Proximal – Near to the body

• Distal – Away from the body

• Foramen – Hole provided in the bone for blood vessels or nerves

• Fossa – Surface

• Radial Side – On the radial bone side


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• Ulnar Side – On the ulnar bone side

• Crease – Fold in the skin

• Dorsal Side – Back Side

• Plantar – Foot Sole

Regions: Anatomically the human body has four regions namely Head, Trunk , Upper Limb or Member and Lower Limb or Member.

ASSIGNMENT:

Prepare an assignment on the basics of human anatomy & physiology.


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BASICS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY