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BASICS OF BALLAST TECHNOLOGY. Created by the U.S. Department of Energy Rebuild America Business Partners and Advanced Transformer. Ballast Design. Design Basics. A Rapid Start Ballast Must Perform the Following Four Functions:. Electrode Preheat Voltage Lamp Ignition Voltage - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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BASICS OF BALLAST TECHNOLOGY
Created by the U.S. Department of Energy Rebuild America Business
Partners and
Advanced Transformer
Ballast Design
Design Basics
Electrode Preheat VoltageLamp Ignition VoltageRegulate Lamp CurrentRegulate Lamp Voltage
A Rapid Start Ballast Must Perform the Following Four Functions:
Electrode Voltage“Heater Voltage” Applied Across
The Pins of a Rapid Start Lamp Approximately 3.5 Volts For F40T12, F32T8 Not Present For Instant Start Lamps
Heats Electrode to Begin Thermal Emission of Electrons Voltage Across Pins Electrode Current Flow
Thermal Emission Lamp Ready to Start
.5 to 1 Second
Lamp Voltage Requirements
Voltage Applied Across The LampIgnites The Lamp
Begins Lamp Current Flow200 Volts For F40T12
Higher For F32T8 Higher or Lower Than 120/277 U.S. Line
Voltage Ballast Acts as a Transformer
Voltage Must Be Reduced After Lamp Ignition 98 Volts for F40T12 137 Volts for F32T8
Fluorescent Lamp CurrentLamp Will Draw Excessive Current
Unless Regulated Lamp Failure in 1/100 th of a Second Ballast Limits Current Flow
430 ma For F40T12 265 ma for F32T8
Maintains Proper Light OutputMaintains Correct Electrode
Temperature Too Little Will Decrease Lamp Life Too Much Will Decrease Lamp Life
Starting MethodsRapid StartRapid Start - Electrode Cutout (PowrKut)
Saves 1.5 Watts Per Electrode No Reduction in Lamp Life
Rapid Start - Soft Start “Ramps” Up Ignition Voltage Increases Lamp Life Exclusive - Advance Mark V/Mark VII
Instant Start No Electrode Voltage, Higher Ignition Voltage Possible Lamp Life Reduction if Heavily Cycled Highest Efficiency
Lamp Starting/CircuitingRapid Start Ballasts Generally
Have Their Lamps Wired in Series When One Lamp Burns Out, all Lamps are
Extinguished
Instant Start Lamps Generally Have Their Lamps Wired in Parallel
When One Lamp Burns Out, the Remaining Lamps Stay On
Lamp Life IES LM-40 Measurement Procedure
3 Hours On, 20 Minutes OFF Rapid Starting of a RS Lamp will Achieve a 20,000
Hour Lamp Life Instant Starting of a RS Lamp will Reduce Lamp Life
to 15,000 HoursLamp Life Equal at 12-16 Hours Per
Start 25,000 to 30,000 Hours
Occupancy Sensors Up to 50% Lamp Life Reduction Shorter Life, But in Fixture Same Amount of Time Tremendous Energy Savings Potential
Performance Characteristics
Ballast Factor Input WattageBallast Efficacy FactorLamp Current Crest FactorPower FactorHarmonic DistortionElectromagnetic/Radio Frequency
Interference
Ballast Factor - Light Output
Delivered Lumens/Rated Lumens 2700/3000 = .90 BF 2800 rated x .88 BF = 2464 delivered lumens
ANSI Standards .925 Minimum for Magnetic .85 Minimum for Electronic
Typical Values .95 Magnetic .88 - .92 Electronic
Thermal Effects Allow Difference Higher Lamp Bulb Wall Temperature When Operated in
an Enclosed Fixture Reduces Light Output (and Watts)
Electronic Ballast Factor Options
Higher Ballast Factor - Higher Watts Lower Ballast Factor - Fewer Watts Normal Light Output 85-92 % BF Reduced Light Output 75-84% BF
May Cause Lamp Life Reduction High Light Output 110-115% BF
Rated Lamp Current Very High Light Output 125- 130% BF
Will Cause Lamp Life Reduction
Efficiency Vs. Efficacy
Efficiency Power Out/Power In Ballast Efficiency
Watts Loss Magnetic - 20 W EE Mag - 10 W Low Freq. Elec. (Hybrid) - 8 W High Frequency Elec. - 5-8 W
Efficiency Vs. Efficacy
Efficacy Un-like Terms Lumens/Watt (LPW) Miles/Gallon (MPG)
LPW of the Lamp of the System
Input Wattage
Input Wattage to the Lamp/Ballast SYSTEM Separate Wattages are Meaningless Different Wattages for Same System
ANSI Open Fixture Enclosed Fixture
ANSI Standard is Only Repeatable Measurement Wattage Decrease Follows Light Output Manufacturer’s Catalogs are Different!
ANSI, Open, Enclosed, ???
Input Wattage ComparisonFour Lamp F32T8 Electronic BallastANSI Input wattage
112 WattsOpen Fixture Wattage
109Enclosed Fixture Wattage
106Applicable to 1,2,3,4 Lamp BallastsTwo Lamp T8 Electronic
Advance RS - 60 w ANSI Competitor - 60 w OPEN ( equiv. to 62/63W ANSI) Same Rated Light Output
Ballast Efficacy FactorBallast Factor/ANSI Input Watts
95BF/96W = .99 BEF Magnetic T12 90BF/72W = 1.25 BEF Electronic T12
Basis of Legislation 1.06 BEF Minimum for (2) F40T12 Lamps @120V
Measurement of Efficacy of Lamp/Ballast System
Use Lumens per Watt (LPW) to Compare DIFFERENT Lamp/Ballast SYSTEMS 60 LPW - F40T12 Magnetic System 85 LPW - F32T8 Electronic System
Lamp Current Crest Factor
Ipeak divided by Irms
Measurement of “Smoothness” of Lamp Current Waveform
Sine Wave = 1.414 ANSI Maximum = 1.7 Rapid StartTypical Magnetic - 1.6-1.7Typical Electronic - 1.5-1.6
Power FactorDetermines the Relationship Between the
Voltage and the Current WaveformsNormal Power Factor is 50-60%High Power Factor is >= 90%Magnetic Ballasts are Typically 95%-99% PFElectronic Ballasts are Typically 97-99% PFNo Discernible DifferenceBe Careful of Large Load Reductions!
Reflectors Delamping
Harmonic Distortion
Created by Non-Linear Loads Computer Power Supplies Adjustable Speed Drives Arc-Discharge Lighting
Every Device Except a ResistorMagnetic Ballasts Have itElectronic Ballasts Have itComputers and ASD’s Have MUCH
MORE!!
Effects of Harmonic Distortion
Overheating of Phase Conductors Circuit Breaker TrippingTransformer OverheatingOverloading of Neutral ConductorA Properly Designed Lighting
System Will Cause None of This!
Linear & Non-Linear Loads
Electronic Power Supply
Distortion of the Fundamental Waveform with Harmonic Waveforms
3 Phase Supply Circuit
Fundamental (60 Hz) Current Addition
Phase A Phase B - 120 Degrees
Phase C - 240 Degrees
Fundamental Current Cancels on the Neutral
Harmonic Current Addition
Phase A
-1
-0 .8
-0 .6
-0 .4
-0 .2
0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
Phase B - 120 Degrees
-1
-0 .8
-0 .6
-0 .4
-0 .2
0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
Phase C - 240 Degrees
-1
-0 .8
-0 .6
-0 .4
-0 .2
0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
Triplen Harmonics Add on the Neutral
-1
-0 .8
-0 .6
-0 .4
-0 .2
0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
Harmonic Percentages
ANSI Standard is 32%IEC Standard is 34.8%Magnetic Ballast
Typically 20-30%Electronic Ballast
Typically 10-20%Magnetic Ballasts Draw More CurrentTypical Electronic T8 has 50% Less
Harmonic Current Than Magnetic T12
Electromagnetic/ Radio Frequency Interference
Electronic Ballasts Designed to meet U.S. FCC Class A Standards
Class A Commercial/Industrial Requirements 450 - 2000 KHz 60 dB 2.0 - 30 MHz 71 dB
Class B Residential Requirements 450 KHz - 30 MHZ 48 dB
Electronic Ballasts are Class A, and Could Interfere with Residential Devices Put on Separate Circuits Place Farther Away From One Another
High Frequency Electronic Application Concerns
Power Line Carrier SystemsLocal RF TransmissionsLibrary Book Security SystemsGFI Circuits Infrared Control DevicesEMI/RFI Sensitive LocationsHigh Efficiency PowrKut Low Frequency
Electronic Ballasts are Recommended in These Applications.
System Performance Comparisons
T8 vs. T10 vs. T12Magnetic vs. Hybrid vs.
Electronic
Several Lamp and Ballast Choices
Lamp Comparisons
F40T12 3050Lm/40w = 76.3 LPW
F40T12/34w 2750Lm/34w = 80.9 LPW
F32T8 2800Lm/32w = 87.5 LPW 3050Lm/32w = 95.3 LPW
F40T10 3700Lm/40w = 92.5 LPW
Ballast Choices
Magnetic - Operates at 60 HzHybrid - Electrode Cutout -
Operates at 60 HzElectronic - High Frequency -
Operates >20,000 Hz
Magnetic Ballasts
Most CommonSteelCopperCore & Coil60 Hz Lamp OperationLamp Flicker not Noticed Audible Noise, Sound Rated ALowest Initial Cost
Hybrid Ballasts Core & Coil Electronic Circuit Provides Electrode Voltage Electrode Heat Removed After Lamp Ignition
Saves 1.5 Watts per Electrode Electronic Circuit Provides Stable Voltage
Rated Lamp Life or BETTER No Harmful Lamp Effects 1.4-1.5 Crest Factor
97-99% as Efficient as Electronic Rapid Start Lower Initial Cost Than Electronic
Electronic Power Flow Input
EMI Filter, Transient ProtectionRectification
60 Hz AC to DCHigh Frequency Converter
DC to 20,000 Hz AC Power Factor Correction THD Correction
Output to Lamp
Electronic BallastOperates at High Frequency
20,000 Hz to 60,000 Hz6-16% Lamp Efficacy GainCombines Electronic Components with
Small Magnetic Transformers No “Fully Electronic” Ballast
Highest EfficiencyHighest Initial CostNo Lamp Flicker25-75% Less Noise
Electronic Dimming Systems
Architectural 100 - 1% Dimming Expensive
Energy Management 100%-20% Dimming
Code Requirements 100%/50% Step Dimming 5 Level Step Dimming
Energy Management Dimming
DaylightingOccupancy SensingLumen MaintenanceManual ControlTime of Day Lighting
ScheduleIntegrated Building
Management System