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CHAPTER 2Basic Building Materials

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Images & Volcans/Science Source

Lesson | Chemical Names and Symbols

6A New Language

Chemical Names and Symbols

THINK ABOUT IT

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EXPLORING THE TOPIC

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O2(g), N2(g), and CO2(g)oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in air

H and Hehydrogen and helium

in the sun

H2O(l)water in clouds and

puddles

CaCO3(s)calcium

carbonatein stucco

wall

ZnCrO4(s)zinc chromatein paint primer

Fe(s)iron in steelcar and sign

Ni(s)nickel in coinAl(s)

aluminum in hubcaps

CO(g)carbon

monoxidein exhaust

SiO2(s)silicon

dioxide inwindows

CAREERCONNECTIONJewelers can tell if a diamond is real by observing its properties, such as hardness, density, and how it bends light.

Thomas N

orthcut/Getty Im

ages

Chapter | Basic Building Materials

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CO2

Symbol for oxygen

Symbol for carbon Subscript number

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All matter is made up of elements or compounds, or mixtures

of these.Big Idea

CONSUMERCONNECTIONNeon is the gas used in neon signs. The gas is colorless but glows a bright orange-red when an electric current is run through it. Neon gas is put into glass tubes that have been bent and shaped to create colorful signs.

photovideostock/iStockphoto

From top left: Harry Taylor/Getty Images, Dmitry Gool/iStockphoto/Thinkstock, Dirk Wiersma/Science Source, Martyn F. Chillmaid/Science Source, Sawayasu Tsuji/iStockphoto, Kae Deezign/Shutterstock, Charles D. Winters/Science Source, Andrew Lambert Photography/Science Source, Charles D. Winters/Science Source

Lesson | Chemical Names and Symbols

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LESSON SUMMARY

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KEY TERMS

element

chemical symbol

compound

chemical formula

phase

aqueous

Important to Know

When solid sugar, C12H22O11( ), appears to “melt” in your mouth, it does

not become liquid sugar, C12H22O11( ). It dissolves and becomes aqueous

sugar, C12H22O11( ).

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Sino Images/G

etty Images

Christopher Ewing/iStockphoto

sulfi

From left: Andrew Lambert Photography/Science Photo Library, Ewa Brozek/iStockphoto, A. RIZZI/De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images, Millard H. Sharp/Science Source


Reading Questions

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Reason and Apply

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Lesson | The Copper Cycle

Solid copper powder

2. Add sodiumhydroxide.

3. Heat and filter.

4. Addsulfuric acid.

5. Add zincand decantthe liquid. 1. Add nitric acid.

Now You See It

The Copper Cycle

THINK ABOUT IT

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EXPLORING THE TOPIC

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7


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BIOLOGYCONNECTIONOctopus blood is blue-green in color. It contains the copper-rich protein hemocyanin as opposed to the iron-rich hemoglobin found in vertebrates.

Reinhard Dirscherl/G

etty Images

Ken Karp Photography

Ken Karp Photography

Ken Karp PhotographyKen Karp Photography

Ken Karp PhotographyKen Karp Photography

Lesson | The Copper Cycle

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HISTORYCONNECTIONCopper is not usually found as a pure element in nature. It is found in compounds. About 7000 years ago, people learned how to extract copper from rocks. They heated certain rocks together with charcoal in an oven, producing molten copper and carbon dioxide gas.

Scott P. Orr/iStockPhoto

Rusting Nail

Solution

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an/Shutterstock


LESSON SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

chemical change

chemical reaction

Reading Questions

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Reason and Apply

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Aft

Todd Wright/Blend Im

ages/Thinkstock

© Tony Freem

an/PhotoEdit

Lesson | Conservation of Matter

What Goes Around Comes Around

Conservation of Matter

THINK ABOUT IT

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EXPLORING THE TOPIC

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2

ADDING NITRIC ACID TO COPPER

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8

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a Brozek/iStockphoto

© D

orling Kindersley, Courtesy of the Science M

useum, London


Aqueous copper nitrate,Cu(NO3)2(aq)

Brown gas Gas Color

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Nitric acid Copper

fi

is added to resulting in and .

(blue solution) (brown gas)


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Solid copperpowderCu(s) 1. Add nitric acid,

HNO3(aq).

2. Add sodiumhydroxide,NaOH(aq).

3. Heat and filter.

4. Add sulfuric acid,H2SO4(aq).

5. Add zinc, Zn(s),and decantthe liquid.

Copper nitrateCu(NO3)2(aq)

Copper hydroxideCu(OH)2(s)

Copper oxideCuO(s)

Copper sulfateCuSO4(aq)

Nitrogen dioxideNO2(g)

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is added to resulting in and and .

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ENVIRONMENTALCONNECTIONNitrogen dioxide, NO2( ), is a part of smog. It causes the red-brown color in the skies above cities with large amounts of air pollution. Nitrogen dioxide irritates the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract. Continued exposure can cause bronchitis.

Conor Caffrey/Science Source


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Law of Conservation of Mass

LESSON SUMMARY

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law of conservation of mass

HISTORYCONNECTIONPennies were last made of solid copper in 1836. Pennies made from 1962 to 1982 are 95% copper and 5% zinc. These pennies have a density of 8.6 g/cm3, which is just slightly less than the density of copper, 9.0 g/cm3. Since 1982, pennies have been made mostly of zinc with a copper coating. These pennies have a density of 7.2 g/cm3, which is very close to the density of pure zinc, 7.1 g/cm3.

Jim D

eLillo/iStockPhoto


Reading Questions

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Reason and Apply

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Purpose:

Procedure:

Observations:

Conclusions:

Analysis:

(Explain what you were trying to find out.)

(List the steps you followed.)

(Describe what you observed during the experiment.)

(What can you conclude about what you were trying to find out? Provide evidence for your conclusions.)

(Explain what happpened to the copper during the experiment.)

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Create a Table

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Be

Mg

Ca

Sr

Germanium

Ge62.7

Germanium

Ge72.6

Germanium

Ge72.6

Lesson | Properties of the Elements

Create a Table

Properties of the Elements

THINK ABOUT IT

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EXPLORING THE TOPIC

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9

REACTIVITY

© N

ation Wong/Corbis

Martyn F. Chillm

aid/Science Source

Andraz Cerar/iStockphoto


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FORMULAS OF COMPOUNDS

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Element Symbol Compound

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ATOMIC MASS

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HISTORYCONNECTIONIt took thousands of years for human beings to discover the elements that are the building blocks of matter. Ancient civilizations discovered and used seven metals: gold (Au), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), iron (Fe), and mercury (Hg). These seven elements are called the

Many of the early elements were discovered because they are less reactive than other elements and therefore more likely to be found in their pure forms.

© H

oberman Collection/Corbis

Lesson | Properties of the Elements

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left

Group I

1234

56

789

10

1112

H = 1 Li = 7Na = 23 K = 39

Cu = 63Rb = 85

Ag = 108 Cs = 133

Au = 199

Note: Mendeleyev’s symbol for iodine, “J,” has been changed to “I” to match modern symbols.

Be = 9 Mg = 24 Ca = 40

Zn = 65 Sr = 87

Cd = 112 Ba = 137

Hg = 200

B = 11 Al = 27__ = 44

__ = 68 Yt = 88

In = 113Di = 138 Er = 178

Tl = 204

C = 12 Si = 28 Ti = 48

__ = 72 Zr = 90

Sn = 118Ce = 140 La = 180

Pb = 207Th = 231

N = 14 P = 31 V = 51

As = 75Nb = 94

Sb = 122 Ta = 182

Bi = 208

O = 16 S = 32 Cr = 52

Se = 78Mo = 96

Te = 125 W = 184

U = 240

F = 19 Cl = 35Mn = 55

Br = 80 __ = 100

I = 127

Fe = 56 Co = 59 Ni = 59 Cu = 63

Ru = 104 Rh = 106 Pd = 106

Os = 195 Ir = 197 Pt = 198

Group II Group III Group IV Group V

Dmitri Mendeleyev’s Periodic Table of the Elements

Group VI Group VII Group VIII

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Big Idea Elements are arranged on the periodic table based on similarities

in their chemical and physical properties.

LESSON SUMMARY

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KEY TERMS

reactivity

average atomic mass

atomic mass unit, amu

periodic table of the

elements


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Reading Questions

Reason and Apply

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Lesson | The Periodic Table

10Breaking the Code

The Periodic Table

THINK ABOUT IT

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EXPLORING THE TOPIC

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ELEMENT SQUARES

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15

PPhosphorus

30.97Name of the element

The whole numberis the atomic number.

The decimal number is theaverage atomic mass of theelement.

Symbol


Metals

Metalloids

Nonmetals

1A

2A

3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Periodic Table of the Elements

Lanthanides

Actinides

Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkali Metals*

Main Group Elements

1

2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Transition Elements

* Group 1A, except for hydrogen, H

The value in parentheses is the average atomic mass of the longest lasting isotope of the element at the time of writing.

Solids

Liquids

Gases

1

HHydrogen

1.008

3

LiLithium6.941

4

BeBeryllium

9.012

11

NaSodium22.99

12

MgMagnesium

24.31

19

KPotassium

39.10

20

CaCalcium40.08

21

ScScandium

44.96

22

TiTitanium

47.87

23

VVanadium

50.94

24

CrChromium

52.00

25

MnManganese

54.94

26

FeIron

55.85

27

CoCobalt58.93

37

RbRubidium

85.47

38

SrStrontium

87.62

39

YYttrium88.91

40

ZrZirconium

91.22

41

NbNiobium

92.91

42

MoMolybdenum

95.94

43

TcTechnetium

(98)

44

RuRuthenium

101.1

45

RhRhodium

102.9

55

CsCesium132.9

56

BaBarium137.3

72

HfHafnium

178.5

73

TaTantalum

180.9

74

WTungsten

183.8

75

ReRhenium

186.2

76

OsOsmium190.2

77

IrIridium192.2

87

FrFrancium

(223)

88

RaRadium(226)

57

LaLanthanum

138.9

89

AcActinium

(227)

104

RfRutherfordium

(267)

105

DbDubnium

(268)

106

SgSeaborgium

(271)

107

BhBohrium

(272)

108

HsHassium

(277)

109

MtMeitnerium

(276)

58

CeCerium140.1

59

PrPraseodymium

140.9

60

NdNeodymium

144.2

61

PmPromethium

(145)

62

SmSamarium

150.4

90

ThThorium

232.0

91

PaProtactinium

231.0

92

UUranium

238.0

93

NpNeptunium

(237)

94

PuPlutonium

(244)

71

LuLutetium

175.0

103

LrLawrencium

(262)


Atomic number

Symbol

Name

Average atomicmass

1

HHydrogen

1.008

2

HeHelium4.003

5

BBoron10.81

6

CCarbon12.01

7

NNitrogen

14.01

8

OOxygen16.00

9

FFluorine19.00

10

NeNeon20.18

13

AlAluminum

26.98

14

SiSilicon28.09

15

PPhosphorus

30.97

16

SSulfur32.07

17

ClChlorine

35.45

18

ArArgon39.95

28

NiNickel58.69

29

CuCopper63.55

30

ZnZinc65.39

31

GaGallium69.72

32

GeGermanium

72.64

33

AsArsenic74.92

34

SeSelenium

78.96

35

BrBromine

79.90

36

KrKrypton83.80

46

PdPalladium

106.4

47

AgSilver107.9

48

CdCadmium

112.4

49

InIndium114.8

50

SnTin

118.7

51

SbAntimony

121.8

52

TeTellurium

127.6

53

IIodine126.9

54

XeXenon131.3

78

PtPlatinum

195.1

79

AuGold197.0

80

HgMercury200.6

81

TlThallium

204.4

82

PbLead207.2

83

BiBismuth209.0

84

PoPolonium

(209)

85

AtAstatine

(210)

86

RnRadon(222)

110

DsDarmstadtium

(281)

111

RgRoentgenium

(280)

63

EuEuropium

152.0

64

GdGadolinium

157.3

65

TbTerbium158.9

66

DyDysprosium

162.5

67

HoHolmium

164.9

68

ErErbium167.3

69

TmThulium168.9

70

YbYtterbium

173.0

95

AmAmericium

(243)

96

CmCurium(247)

97

BkBerkelium

(247)

98

CfCalifornium

(251)

99

EsEinsteinium

(252)

100

FmFermium

(257)

101

MdMendelevium

(258)

102

NoNobelium

(259)

3A 4A 5A 6A 7A

8A

8B 1B 2B

Halogens Noble Gases

Main Group Elements

112

CnCopernicium

(285)

113

UutUnuntrium

(284)

114

FlFlerovium

(289)

115

UupUnunpentium

(288)

116

LvLivermorium

(292)

117

UusUnunseptium

( )

118

UuoUnunoctium

(294)

10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17

18


PARTS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

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3

2

1

1A 8A

2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A

3B 4B 5B 6B 7B8B

1B 2B

4

5

6

7

6

7

Vertical columns arecalled groups or families.

Alkalineearth metals

Noble gases

Halogens

Horizontal rowsare called periods.

Alkalimetals

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Main group elements

Transition elements

3

2

1

Perio

d

4

6

5

7

6

7

Lanthanidesand actinides

HEALTHCONNECTIONTransition elements are important to human health. For example, iron is a central component of the protein hemoglobin, which helps to transport oxygen in the blood. Chromium helps our bodies metabolize glucose, and zinc helps to protect our immune systems.

Stockbyte/Getty Im

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SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GASES

A few elements are liquidsnear room temperature.

Several elements are gasesat room temperature.

Most of the elements aresolids at room temperature.

Properties of these elements are unknown.

METALS, METALLOIDS, AND NONMETALS

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CAREERCONNECTIONSilicon Valley is a region in northern California that is known for its many high-technology and computer-based businesses. Silicon is a Group 4A element and a metalloid. It is the main component of semiconductor devices, such as the microchips used in computers and electronic equipment.

PhotosIndia/Getty Im

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Metals are excellent conductors of heat and electricity. They are generally shiny and malleable, meaning they can be rolled into sheets.

Nonmetals are poor conductorsof heat and electricity. They includegases, such as nitrogen and oxygen,and brittle solids, such as sulfur.

Properties of theseelements are unknown.

Metalloids have properties of both metals and nonmetals. Boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium are all metalloids.

REACTIVITY

left

Cu

Ag

Au

The elements in the middle of the periodic table are not very reactive.

Reactive elements. There is an explosion when elements in the upper right come in contact with metals.

Reactive elements. Elements in the lower left explode upon contact with water.

The elements in Group 8A are very unreactive.


Iodine, I

Solution

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Coinage Metals

Solution

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LESSON SUMMARY

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KEY TERMS

atomic number

group

alkali metal

alkaline earth metal

halogen

noble gas

period

main group elements

transition elements

lanthanides

actinides

metal

nonmetal

metalloid


Reading Questions

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Reason and Apply

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Chapter | Summary

Alchemy Update

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REVIEW EXERCISES

A fi

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Element Profi leResearch an element. Write a report including

• Your element’s name, symbol, and description.

• A list of your element’s uses.

• A description of how your element is mined or obtained.

CHAPTER 2

SUMMARY

KEY TERMSelementchemical symbolcompoundchemical formulaphaseaqueouschemical change (chemical reaction)law of conservation of massreactivityatomic massatomic mass units, amuperiodic table of the elementsatomic numbergroupalkali metalalkaline earth metalhalogennoble gasperiodmain group elementstransition elementslanthanidesactinidesmetalnonmetalmetalloidaverage atomic mass

29

CuCopper63.55

79

AuGold197.0

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Basic Building Materials€¦ · lopxo fmfnfout " gfx bsf tipxo ifsf )fsf bsf tpnf uijoht zpv njhiu opujdf th f difnjdbm tzncpmt gps uif fmfnfout dpotjtu pg pof ps uxp mfuufst th