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Bangladesh’s Experience with MDGs
Mahfuz Kabir, PhD
Senior Research Fellow, BIISS
Presented in the Special Seminar on
Moving from MDGs to SDGs: Bangladesh Experience and Expectation
Organised by BIISS
17 September 2015
Nominal Experience Endorsed by the heads of state and government in
the UNHQ in 2000 Based on numbers and targets (20 Targets and 60
indicators; in 2008) Champions of the people who are deprived Where does Bangladesh stand? – commendable
despite manifold vulnerabilities and predicaments Impressive growth and pro-poor growth Challenge is to attain inclusive growth Quantitative parameters – hope not complacency –
long way to go
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Commendable progress in eradication of poverty and hunger Incidence of poverty HCR has declined on an average 1.74
percentage points between 2000-2010 against the MDG target of 1.20 percentage points
Met one of the indicators of target 1 by bringing down poverty Poverty gap ratio to 6.5 against 2015 target of 8.0 Hunger reduced significantly in the pockets, e.g., monga-
prone, char and haor, and CHT areas Unemployment is a big challenge
56.7%
Baseline UHCR (1991-92)
26.2%
24.8%
UHCR 2013 Est. UHCR 2015Target UHCR 2015
29.0%
Projected Head Count Ratio for 2015
Regional Distribution of Poverty
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Significant progress in increasing equitable access in education (NER: 97.7%),
reduction of dropouts (currently 81%)
improvement in completion of the cycle, and
implementation of a number of quality enhancement measures in primary education
Achieved gender parity in primary and secondary enrolment
Challenges – quality and retention
Gender Parity Index in Education SecondaryPrimary
Tertiary
Female adult (15 years and above) literacyrate by upazila, Bangladesh, 2011
Out-of-school children aged 6-10 years byupazila, Bangladesh, 2011
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
Improvement in the social and political empowerment of women
Committed to attaining the objective of CEDAW, Beijing Platform for Action
Increase in the number of women parliamentarians elected (20% percent of total seats)
Wage employment for women is still low – 1/5th engaged in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
Participation of Labour in Mainstream Economic Activities
Source: MDG Progress Report 2015
Indicator 1990
2005 2010 2013
Share of women in wage employment in agricultural sector
45.5 66.54 40.84
Share of women in wage employmentin non-agricultural sector
19.1 14.6 19.87 31.6
Labour force participation rate 23.9 29.2 36 33.5
Unemployment rate 7.8(3.4)
7.04(3.35)
5.8(4.1)
7.3(3)Numbers in the parentheses imply the figures for males.
Proportion of Female Members in the Parliament
Source: MDG Progress Report 2015
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality
On track in meeting the target U-5 mortality rate, infant mortality rate and immunization against measles
Successful programs for immunization, control of diarrhoeal diseases and Vitamin A supplementation
Challenges Inequalities among the population segments Childhood injuries
146
Baseline U-5MR (1990-91)
46
U-5MR, 2014 Target U-5MR 2015
48
MDG 4: Targets with indicatorsTargets and indicators(as revised)
Base year1990/91
Current status(source)
Target by2015
U-5 mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
146 41 (2013) 48
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
92 32 (2013) 31
Proportion of 1 year old children immunizedagainst measles, %
54 86 (2013) 100
Source: MDG Progress Report 2015
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health
Maternal mortality declined from 322 in 2001 to 194 in 2010, a 40% decline in nine years
Average annual rate of decline from 1990 has been about 3.3%, while MDG requirement is 3%
43.5% of women age 15-49 years with a live birth in the last 2 years were attended by skilled health personnel in 2012-2013, which was 24.4% in 2009
Major SSNPs – maternal voucher schemes
MDG 5: Targets with indicatorsTargets and indicators(as revised)
Base year1990/91
Current status(source)
Target by2015
Maternal mortality ratio(per 100,000 live births)
574 170 (2013) 143
Proportion of birthsattended by skilled healthpersonnel (%)
5.0 42.1 (2014) 50
Contraceptive prevalencerate (%)
39.7 62.4 (2014) 72
Antenatal care coverage(at least one visit), (%)
27.5(1993-94)
78.6 (2014) 100
Antenatal care coverage(at least four visits), (%)
5.5(1993-94)
31.2 (2014) 50
Unmet need for familyplanning (%)
21.6(1993-94)
12 (2014) 7.6
Source: MDG Progress Report 2015
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh currently is less than 0.1% and thus is still below an epidemic level
Prevalence of malaria per 100,000 population was 441.5 in 2005, which came down to 202 in 2013
Children U-5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs was 80% in 2008, which was recorded at 89.50% in 2013 and the target is to achieve 90% in 2015 is almost achieved
The death rate associated with TB was 61 per 100,000, populations in 1990. The status is 45 in 2012 on track
MDG 6: Targets with indicatorsTargets and indicators (as revised)
Base year1990/91
Current status (source)
Target by2015
HIV prevalence amongpopulation, %
0.005 <0.1 (2013) Halting
Prevalence of malaria per100,000 population
776.9(2008)
433.91(2014) 310.8
Deaths of Malaria per100,000 population
1.4(2008)
0.34 (2014) 0.6
Treatment Success RateNew Smear Positive TBunder DOTS, %
73(1994)
92 (2014) Sustain >90
Source: MDG Progress Report 2015
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Only 13.4% of land tree cover with density of 30% and above and the area having tree cover is much lower than the target set for 2015 (20%)
Steady increase in CO2 emission in Bangladesh because of increasing development interventions and activities. In 2012, the emission was 0.32 MT per capita
97.9% of the population of Bangladesh is using improved drinking water source
55.9% of population is using improved sanitation in 2012-2013
Challenge - arsenic and salinity intrusion Access to safe water – challenge of inequality
MDG 7: Targets with indicatorsTargets and indicators(as revised)
Base year1990/91
Current status(source)
Target by2015
Proportion of land area covered by forest, % (tree coverage)
9.0 13.40 (2014)(density>30%)
20.0(density 70%)
Consumption of ozone depleting substances inODP MT
202.1ODP MT
64.88 65.39ODP tonnes
Proportion of terrestrialand marine areas protected
0.91 1.81% terrestrial 1.34% marine marine (2013)
5.0
Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source
78 97.9 100
Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility
39 55.9 100
Source: MDG Progress Report 2015
Proportion of households having no sanitarytoilet by district, Bangladesh, 2011
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development
Disbursed ODA as a proportion of Bangladesh’s GDP has declined from 5.59% in FY 90-91 to 1. 78% in 2013-14; annual average of 2.62%
80% people use mobile phone ‘Digital inclusion’ Challenge – texfer and making trade useful for
development International community failing to meet the pledges
1,732
Baseline US$ (1990-91)
3,084
US$ 2014 Target US$ 2015
4,175
Real Experience Comfortable Convincing Easy to understand, interpret and memorize Ownership Smooth transmission to policies, strategies,
plans and programs Retain with the positive development
trajectory Bangladesh emerged as a ‘role model’
Lessons Celebrate the achievements Bangladesh did not wait for others despite
international commitments (ODA) South-South cooperation as powerful force Setting the tone for showcasing
Bangladesh on how to build on successes and show the way for others
Promote development enterprise Catching up the well-performers
SGDsDeath of MDGs?
Just the beginning for 2030
