Bancroft's book of the Fair-Chapter 16- Mines, Mining and Metallurgy

8/14/2019 Bancroft's book of the Fair-Chapter 16- Mines, Mining and Metallurgy

1/42

C I-I ,\ I " I ' I-:I{ THE SIXT E I':N TH:S


2/42

1111:" 1100/\ uF TilT; t lit.'of It;,!!"n dl"td'l. Illingkd "ilh th.l: of tlw I ~ t m h r c n , i ~ " " " ' < t , "hil, in Ih , 1 " J . : : . : i . , . ~ "nti b I,,,,,i< tI,,trl';,lnwnt ~ " r ( ) r ~ jf Ih Durll" ~ m \ 111


3/42

-I''''on Co"'"" to the principa l enlrance way, 10 1)(' lih"l hy rrnnps ~ n < l m""NI on I r u , . k ~ into p o ~ i i o n , Fmm ,h,.s l ' a c i o u ~ r('ntroll n,n-c, somet,mcs It'nnl,,1 Bullion boulc.'ard, c"lend l'a,tward t l\(' ~ t ; ' l t e ;'Ind territur;al p;!\';li(,nso r ~ t r u ( ' a ~ a d e s in l11


4/42


5/42

TIll; ' BOOA' OF Til l : F.-II/{and tunnels. their sinking or J ; . o r i n ~ and timbering. the ~ I o p i n g andh o i ~ t i n g of o r ~ . and the drain"ge. lighting. and wntilalion of m i n " ~ . Finally. the ,i,itor may compare the present \\"ith ancient methods.for the re arc ""m" of the earlicH " p r a r a t u ~ u""d II I mining andmelaHurgy. either as originals or rcprodudions.

Coal and irr.n arc treated in hroad l i n " ~ ; for in Ih .. I ' nilt'dStates the,;c industries represent the investment of h u n d r c d ~ of millions(If c"pital ann aiT",(1 ""'l'loym"nl to h u n d r N l ~ of t h ( ) [ , ~ ' n d s of nwn.Of bituminous coal the annual yield exceeds 100 .000 .000 tons: of,nlhrarit( n",dy h"lf a" much. and of l ' i ~ iron about 10.000.000tons: the total value of their o u t p ~ t . t h ~ two first as ddi\'ercd at themines being e ~ t i m a t e d at more than ~ J O O . o o o . o o o . ; \( 'n in order ofvalue. or vcry ncarl)' so. arc >ilver, building stones. copper. lime. gold.

r o l e ~ m . n a t ~ r a l gas. lead. and zinc. these and o t h ~ ' r metals andminerals increasing the total production to abont $(>50.000.000 a year.lil the exhibits contained in the ;'Ilinin).! hall. quality rather th"nquantity is the feature of the d i ~ p l a y : nnd here the visitor may karnmore in this connection than years of tral'el could teach him. In thecoal c o l l e e t i o n ~ for instance. arc not only the \'arie ties produced indifferent regions. but with many of the ,peeimens arc chemie more than 10 0."pecimens (,f b u i l d i n ~ stnes. with g:lass sands. the m i x t u r e ~ used for \ a r i o ~ s kinds of g l a ' ~ . and the f i n i ~ h e d product. Soapstone. nickel. manganbe. iron orcs. and the sever,,1 sta);es in the manufacture of iron. with theehan:o..'ll. anthraci te. b i t u m i n o u ~ cO


6/42

, ,, TilE HOO" OF Till< /':/1,,'til1 for the l'",ilion wllieh c ( ) l 1 l " i n ~ thl"lll. !Iud a pagoda Oil lelTa ('ona in on e uf it> corners. T h(' former isin tIll' ,hap", of a rectangular coJonnadl'. the cllLlblaturt resting on Ionic arches springillg from pill;lrs of uniform


7/42

f l l I l I l I


8/42

Tif f : HOOK OF TlfE FAf!.'of Gothic arc'lilectare. and. together with the "ide open archway.n the centre, is huilt of cannel coal. it s eiectlllcrea.*d by COlllrast with the white marble e


9/42

TIlE /JOOK OF TIIB I-:IIN 7 5\lith silver OTeS. marble of dili('rrnt k i n d ~ and mlnrs. \ " ( ~ r c 1 e ~ n t i ' l u e and .wrpen1ine. and granite and whetstones. Th ese spert"" .mong lht"" state contribution


10/42

TilE /JOO', OF Till: ":-IIRof Lake Superior amethyst weighing- jO O pounds. ,\ group .,fj ; j ~ I " ' r ~ h < l \ \ ~ :h c hi!,!hly p o l i ~ h e d ,]I,laflt; anOllwf in lh .Tough. an d a third consis ts of cOln('d fi;.:urrat('d frieze an d balustrndt', is (;Qml)()>ed a:most entirely of 1I\;(1"rialsfurnished by the state . The b ; L ~ e is of granite from the ~ ) ' e n i t ( quarriesof south('ast('T11 \I issouri. the walls uf brio: k frvm 51 Loui" n'unl). anuthe pillars. capitals. and fri('z


11/42

rtlE /JOOI: VF TilE I ' ~ I I ' " :'lnd ~ ' t g l ' l 1 I t " S ; oe-hft's. gla"'"'"Il{:. d l ! ' ~ . mKI hricks: ~ a l l d s t o n c . limcstonc. marble. and granite, Zinc IS asl ...cial (ca ture in the coll{'Cti!>n. ns hcfits a ~ t a t e which produc{'s nlUre Ih'l11 one1131f of the ('ntin Olltl'lItof the l 'niud ~ t . l l e s Some of the spec,mens ar c remn rkable fo r f.'"ge and b r i l l ~ ..nee of c ( ) l o r i n ~ ; t]",ir~ h a c k s \';, rying. fn.m bl ack to a lightish )'l,l l",,", ",hile " o l o e ~ s crrstnls arc nrrallg(.,j in t c f u l WI,upings. Theu,iuupport of :lIi' dOli", "' "cxhihitl'd S


12/42

l i ~ TIN' trODA' OF TIlF Fi lA's,1.mpks of co . u n d ~ m . "hich , ; c r n ~ 5 as th(' , , ~ i s of many preparations Dcd by dentists an d O p I l C ~ 1 . n " , and alsohy workrs i1. metal. for g n n d i n ~ . abrading. and polis!ling their good" The mica dejX>sits of :-':orth Carolinaf ~ r n i s h an interesting collectIOn. and the exhibit di'ersified b) a number of large photographs displaying"annus k > I ; a l l t l ~ s which nature has enriched with min.::ral d ' : : l m i t ~ ,

In \ ' i r ~ i l l i ; t ' ~ sectiDn. one of Ihe n l o . ~ attractive f e a t ~ r c s is the 1 ~ ' : : I U n . ! , ; q ,cenery along the line of theChesapeake and Ohio railway. dqllc turcd in the background. Among the exllll)lt:< proper Ihe Ill'-"'t re1llrkablearc two largl' mas'lCS of iron ore and coal. Ihe fOOllCr of which is Ihe nearest approach to sled t!:at nature hasmade, "hile the latter is a coking and a h n o ~ t smokeless "'Iriety. and combines more d.::sirable qualit.es tllan

an) Ihal ha.ve yet been mined. In the North Calolina COlleclion are ~ p c e u n e n s of zmc, !tad. and tin ores. theor.::,. from wlueh mineral l)'lint is made. and granite. slate. and other buildin:;- and ornamenul Slones.Between the :\e" Jers


13/42

TIlE /lOOK OF Till:' FAIRBdorc d e ~ c r i b i n g the exhbit" of th,' Pacific slope. ""hence

comes our ''lain suppl)' of the p r c c i o u ~ !1l


14/42

I1

rI I IE 1I00A' OF TII / , J.: l iN

tons a year , Coal. th , u!!h aUulldallt. ;; for the n o ~ t partin Ilarrow S(.'tlms. of inf"nOT (lualit)'. and in IO("llitics difficult of acccss. the only proou('ti"e H;ins of importanr,king ncar :\loU1\t [ ) ~ ' \ h l o . within a kw milts of SanFranci,;co b;,),. Of petroleum f\.ooo.ooo gallons wtre ob,tained in 1884. and since that date a much l;ITg/'r ([u,lIltity.The I:,,,.(c:st w l ) r k ~ arc: in \'entura ~ o u n t , . whencc the crud"oil is c o n " l } ' ~ d in iron p i l ) t : ~ to a shipping pmnt on thcc o o ~ t . \ s p l l < . l t u m . fOTlllt'd by the (',apOTation of th" "o!iltilcportion of Ihl' (lil. IS also plel'tiful III st,'cral of the;;outheT'\ coullti..,.,Of T''1I]xr there is \;r.ou);h 10 s..ll'l'ly th\; < . I c l l l ' U l d ~ of the world but "ith less than SIOO.OClO worth annulllywk\;n flolll its ""Ii,\; !;ilnguc. Dolil.' I . , , ~ t : l ) IHoUu\.\;J inSan Bernardino and In}o counties. from a tract 10.000 atr . ~ c l : c " t d h ."I.,):" I,,,r Dl.inJ ,.uiclic., vfbuiJdin:; matcri;tb, 'n e pOftal is constructed of \'arious kinds of stone.in tl,,; form of a triple arch, thirty,ix feet in length. with w i n ~ ~ (oi l~ i t h ( ' r ,id\. with t m ~ e of dark granite and white marble ( ; L ) ! u m n ~ fromC.,lton and In)'o q u ~ r r ; , , ~ The c a l ' ~ of the column" arc richly r ~ r \ ' " d . sUPlx)rting a hilntl"ume entablature'. and bl'hind them arc p i t a ~ t e r s ofony". J:,""ulif"lly ""i" .o:,rlr";1


15/42

TIll:" !JOO"" OF Til l :" FAIN(of a r s h a l L p h O l ~ ! : r a l . ' h s of hydr:lUlie l11i1li1l\: and mim1lg processes and d i " t r i e t ~ , among them Sutter's mill andmme, wIth Ihe pnnlltll'e rocker and p.ll!, the mining methods of Ihose: d a ) ' ~ bei1l,l: a e r o s . ~ bet" ."n Mexicantradll!,)I) and Y a n k ( ' ~ ingenuity, In m o d c l ~ illustrated the science of mine timbering, espe(:ially as applied onthe C ~ J . n , l ~ t ~ > c k I ~ e : m Kel'a,b, in whal is known as the crib system of timbering, in"erlllh of mo re than 3,000 fcel, Ins l a l l ~ L c a l and olher forms mueh "alu"ble inform:l.lion is conveyed. and here not a fe " amoog the pilJ:rims of

tht' F ~ i r wi:! Jearn for the first limc that of Ihe tOlal yield of !:old. amounling ~ i n c e 1848 to 11,,000 t " n ~ 1>


16/42

Of ni,k.1 th.-T'- i, in Doughscounty (Jnc of tlw largc,t minesin th e world r i val l in!!: th.,famous d e p o ~ i t in th c Sudburydi,triet. in the C a ~ a d i a ~ pm\"ince of Ont:lrio. Platinum : l ~ d iridium ~ r c f{'und 111 conncction\\"ith pllcer gold: c i nnaba rex:sts in several districts. andwith marble. granite. and otherblOilding Hones, few of t3ePacific ~ t a t e s arc better suppliedIn \\;.shingtons tastefulpen'ilion of tara cotla arc 15 0tons of mineral samples. gathered (n,nl c,"cry mine at whiC"hsam pIc s could bc obtained.Among them arc gold. ~ i h u . iron. l(;Id, and coppcr or(s:with CO.ll. gr.lI1ilo.:. lII r b1o.:, ..".1onyx: !'(o\'er('(i in th e Cowlitz ,alley. In 1 8 S ~ d ~ p o s i t s were found on Bellingham bar. and bet'H'CIl IRllo an dll ' i9 I'wducnl at th e rale of 13,()(X) Ions a }('ar. :'kanwhilc ml)rc valuahle beds h:ld been disdo.':d, an d th etotal output gr:ldually ;nereascd t" its maximum of 1.:64.000 tons in 1&Jo. th e yield for 1892 I,eing estmHtedat 9OO.coo I O n ~ _ I he entire

aT(a of coal L'Inds has been~ t a l c d al Il:Io.OOO a , r ~ ~ . m o ~ t of it wilhin 40 miks of tidewater. :l single co II I pal l yowning claims on the Squak";'cr 1\ \" " , i l c ~ in lcnJ.;lh.with veins occurring at int c n ' a l ~ from h,C 10 I"ckcf..,el in thickness. and ~ a i d to conlain IO,OOQ,Q(X> Ionsof merchantable coal. Bogiron ore is 3J,l1nd"nl. ~ n d inlre,n mllunta in . ncar IheSno'lu:llm;r pass. arr ,rinsof magneti\(! from to 130fef't in tllicknts., On Kettlcrwer are copper or"s a",,-..ying from 50 to i' i p.:r (ent,all the,;e an d other r"S(lllrces

.. as )"ct " I m o ~ t unt(>uclwd.Turning to the adjacentco


17/42

TilE JJOOA' OF TIlE FAIR66.000.000 pounds of lead. Idaho ranking nextto Colorado in production of the [aller. Saysone who h : l ~ made a careful stud) of hermines: "Co'ur d' Alene is most h"omb[),~ i \ u a l e d for produeing [cad. the silver !Jc opera ledat a profit ",nh the pnce of wnite metal solow Ihat othel"!i arc compelled to shul down."

AI' , l frvm Ihe p n : c i v u ~ 'lIct"I>. h t ,h",has an abundance of c0.11 iron. COI)per. suiphur. nnd ,... It . From th e N a r r ~ l t a n ! \ o C t t minein Ow)hce courtty iron orC:s han: been taken..,,, rid, ;" met:\1 , , ~ t O he c a ~ t inlO d i e ~ fors t a m p . m i l l ~ . and elsewhere arc veins whichyield from 50 to 60 [Wr cent. ",hili' II1/'oopper orcs of Ihe Bear lake district assay .lS high as 75 per een\. Near Soda ~ p r i n g , is an immcnse dep""itof sulphur. much of it oontlining 70 to 80 per cent of mineral,

and at the Oneida salt works a marketable qualit), of salt is produced by simpl)' boiling the waItt of springs in galvanized Iron,"ess.:I,. In northern Idaho there arc mica. marble. f;ranitt, ands a n d ~ t o n e . and almost throughout the entire country metals andmincr"b uf ... ,unulllic mlue arc widely d i ~ t r i b u t e d . Fir:st amor.g the hundreds of exhibits C()ntaincd in Idaho',c l a ~ ~ i c IM,il;n. c"lure - C ~ the h ~ r d n e s s of the finc,\ steel. and is used. a m o ~ ~ olher purposes.(ur .. ;t...,nomical. $Ur\"cY'''g. an d electrieal i n " l T 1 J m e n l ~ . tbe main


18/42

-- --


19/42

supply coming from South .\nwr.rean c"urrtrllS.Of pure aluminium tlwre ~ r ( ' sample. C X l r ~ ' , , \ c d from tIlt' ('];,)hanks of 1"lOl'Iontana is also oneof the largcM producers. her )'idd of sih-cr exceededonly h}' thM of Colo",do. Of told. sit.'er, lead andcopper her total output for tite dl.'cade cndin,: with ,890,las e'tilnaled al 5250.00Cl,ooo. of which more thant,,o-thrrds cnn,istcd of gold and sit-'cr. In Ih"l rear","s cbirned for Ihis ~ t a t e the b r r : ; c ~ t gold mine, theI;Lrgl.'s\ ~ i t . ' e r mine. ;rnd the largest c0l'l"cr mIne I! I IheC


20/42

TilE /J00f{ OF Ti lE FAIRand m;lttc to ~ h c c l . tube. WlIl', and other n1anufacturcd forms. Of sih-er. gold. and silverlead orcs thous-lods" f . : d l l n . : n ~ ,lie c.\hilmcd hy mvrc than -100 c \ ) n t r i L u l v ~ . T IlI.'rc j,; ,Lis.) the lar);est (OlIeCllon of nuggetscontained in the ~ l i l 1 i n g hall. OIlC of them weighing nearly 4S l for r S 9 ~Another c u r i o ~ i t y is an old WOOdCll ca m",hkh did ~ ( ' n ' i e e ;1\ 1 ~ 6 ~ at a four_stampmill on G r a ~ s h o p p c r creek. in the Bannackdi'lrkl. whN" r\l" Y"1rs befM" were d i ~ -covered its placeT'! and quartz Icuges.But tIll' (,"Iltr" of ~ U ! ' ; l ( ' ; " n ;n \[(\n_tana's beautiful pavilion. at the t:ntrance ofwhich stands a ca!'C of sped me ns from the Elkhcrn dist rict, is the sta.tue of u ~ t i c e , f a ~ h i n n " c l . nf nati"" ~ ; I v .....

and with orthodO:l: ,;cales and sword. In this statue, placed under a canopy of maroon Ie;vet. in the centre ofthe pal-ilion. and ~ u a r d c d by two bronte l i o n ~ . was u>"ed nearly a ton of su::rlinl;: silver. the figure n,sting on asilver globe, beneath which an cagle with outstretched win,:;:s. Thc lower portion of th e pedestal is of eoony.and UpO:l t h i ~ is a plinth of pure gold, more thOin t\\'o feet square. and repw.;('nting. as is >..wrtmcrtl. From "U"'N '" " c. . "the more prominent mil'e:> there are al>o contributions, and from business, manufacturing. and other firms andc o m p a n ; ~ ~ .re c"hil..ils of "".,1. (oke. iron. ",,,rUe. belldin): ~ I v n c . s:atc. cI;oJ. ; o _ ~ p h a l t u " ' . petlvt..:u"" miner1waters. and other pr


21/42

TIlE BOOK OF TilE FAIRFrom A,pen come samples of sill'er ore that a\'emge from ;0 to as much as 20.00CI ounces to the ton, the

latter rather CCLmens from the Blue Gem mine at \,iUa gro\'e, and in a word nearly aU theminera ls of economic value contained in the centennial state arc here on exposition.Arizona's exhibits, adjoining the Colorado section, arc displayed to excellent ad\'antC


22/42

Coal i. the f ~ ' a t u r ( : in < ; " l 1 i n g ' ~ ('"hihit. rt'prescnting an industry who..c OUlput f>r J ! ~ ' ) 2 \\ IS 'H,(XX)I U I I ~ . I"'1l 0",,1 CO'l'l""), M" ,,;,1..1) d i ~ " i l > u I " d : but n";lhcr h;l\'c bn'n as )""\ e " I t ' n ~ i y c l r worked. though inAH:mny count)' is a nwunlai ll of krrut.:inoui rock as>''. c o n ~ i ~ l i n g prineip,.!I), of cahinl'1 'Ic";"". : \ ~ \ a d a . a"d Colorado> I > l ' < : i l ' l c , , ~ , conring Ihe enlire...."h:oilGof dlcir

min.ral ",,'al1h. ' (" 'a,h, In ",hi"h no ~ p ; r n ",as ;'IlIoUNi "n Ihl' ((rool1-tals and orllal:wntal stones the collecti(Hl isc ~ l ' n ' i a l l y rich. T he Gunnis.: 'n r


23/42

TilE 11001.' UF TilE FAIRIons; of pig iron. 4.900.000 tons; of sulphur and sulphuricacid. 4Ji.OOO; 01 7,inc. qo,ooo; 01 lead. 98.000. and of copper.25.000 tons; t h ~ > : r c p r ( ' ~ c n t i n g the principal ccli,ks d rolled and forged iron. the metal !>Cing d;splaycd in many~ l r u u u I . 1 1 furm . i"dudin!; ~ v i b uf "ill ' wI'e l ,ng like sume huge tropicalplan!. almost to the roof of the building. In thc background is I I te rr:lce ofr a i l ~ . and abo,"e it a cold bent "pceimen. ~ I r e c h i n g in :serpentine {uTln alungthe rear " a l l ~ . Here :llso is reproduced the iron s u p e ~ t r u c t u r c of the GOl1-han[ r a i l w ~ y sloti"n. and near by " r ~ m o d d ~ of the mill. and ,ho dwellinl;soccupied by mechanics.Nenr the "oUlhrrn poria I 0/ th, hall. not far (rom Ill


24/42

Till:' /JOO/-: OF rill:' I,: II/.'r c p r ( ' ~ ( ' n t l l 1 g in ~ . , . , t i " n s lilt' fl.'lolIl'" )ic:d of lllineral plO(\UCb, ,,\mlx'r is ffl.'ely displ'l}ed, an d in lllany of thesl)('Cimens ar,' imll('dd.'d \';.rious f"rm" "f in_n't :if", 01l1('r at1T;u-li"1S "n' 'I 1","'r " f ;,,,n ,m''', a mN1f'1 ofth e Hop i Pllls,ian s It-wIlrk", and a >-('i"nofic c.,l1('ction of c r y s ~ " l s . . . jlh n w d d ~ of crpt"llinc forms. ~ h " " , i l l g eec,mctric figH.,,, in difT"r.nt m;n,'mls "n d th"ir int.rior lines of cnnlact. Hul II,,, 1,,;lIu ... .,f Ihe galkry grou l1'-is the mudd, of min," inu,trati,,: of PT


25/42

TIll: ' HOOK OF TIlE F.-liN 49'

FiNt among the British elhibit, may l>c mentioned the large c o l l ~ c t i o n s of minerals, somewhat toowidely scattered around the pavilion. but represcnting together all the minerals of economic value found in theL'nited i l l ~ d o m Among them arc many specimens of interest to the scientist. as of the blue-ball cla),s usc

,\mong the blocks of coal is one econd only to the Washington specimen. contained in her state pavilionand I ' r c ~ c n t l y to l>


26/42

Till: /JOOA' OF TIlE I:-IIRproVInce S ( ' n d ~ many ~ p e c i m c ' l s . must of tl1("II' from hl'r gO"ernml'nt ,"oll("Ction. and of nali,-e silver, ~ i l n ' r orcs. andargl'ntiftrous ~ a ! l ' r m s e:C' " I < : ~ .,ull I ' J , i l " ~ ,He in l'kntiful "upl'l)" thelargest m ~ ~ s being of eopper.nick


27/42

TI/I /JOOK OF 1'1/1 FAIR5!o.) of . i lHr mll""g.


28/42

j

-


29/42

l i l t : IIOVA' OF 71IE f: l iNw,, , , ' ~ u r n a t ~ , < 1 "I :6.CX>o.ooo ton . ~ n d \dwith i m p ( ) r L ~ "f 10.000,000 IOnoldi ,ariet)'. T heI lO",S. ei;:IHeen feel in height. w('re hammered from ingots. ac c n : r c ' p i ~ c e and sl"'cral cases within rcpresentinl: ,-ariolls com'n l < ' l ~ i , 1 l f " r n o ~ ,,{ Ihc II1"t I. "ith " ... t"'n. ( ."otur,," 10 ,J",w th"uniformity of the m ~ t l " i " 1 . ,\nother exhibitur ad",ni""s h i ~ ",-)'th


30/42

ture.ha"e

The iron worKS of the

,/"///:' HOOA' OF TI lE FAIRfrom nlkanic regions. and tiles of cement richl} colored ~ n d ornamented withj.,'


31/42

1'11/; / lOaf( OF Ti lE F."llItIn the l I O u l h w " ~ l e r n [lOfl;,," uf til


32/42

TNt:: HOOI( OF TJI FAIR

processes are somewhat primiti\c. modern appliances ha\'e been largely imroouced among the more productivcmines, and cspecially in those which ha\'e passed under foreign o w n e r ~ h i l " Onc advantage is the chcapnc:iS oflabor. wages v ~ , r r i n g . a ~ c o r d i l l g to the nature of the task. from 50 cents to S I . ~ 5 a day. the latter rate for theb;lrrateros who extract the ore. wmetillles rewi\';ng in "dditioll " ~ 1 " H c of \l'h"t the) \;[ke uH. O ther f o ~ t c r i l l ! . ; inAuences are the security for life and property established under the Oi;.!" r ~ g i m e . and the building of r a i l w a y ~ , alTonlill!; d i r ~ - . . ; t cumn""ni.;"t;"n ,,ilh the Uniled State.s, for until recent years nearly all the heavier machine"ywas imported by way of Vera Cruz.Tlte history of min;l1g il l '!cxico dates "Imost from the time of the 51'anish conquest. and )'et herdeposits of the precious metals show no signs of exhaustion, the yield of those which have been ahandoned

b c i n ~ more than coml'emmted by new dibco\cr;eG. Between 152 J ,,"d!89!. a period of jiO y e a r ~ . the total produCtion of Sliver n;ts beenestimated a t $3 . Sio,0C>0.0


33/42

Filii /JOOK OF TilE FAI/{ 4'/9tll


34/42

500 TIlE IJOOA- OF TIlE F/'/IRfrom a .inglc pan of carth. Th e rough din at Si50,(lOO. including "II r ( ) l o r ~ . f C l T m ~ , ;111(\ d ( ' . . : r f ' ' ' ' ~ of rry"".lIiz;j(;on, from dcep url'lwll In r " r c ~ t white.and with many intermediate s h a d c ~ . as blue. green. pink. ~ l I 1 d orange-yellow, There arc also the black diamondsused for cutting, the harde;;t of all I':lricti('s. and Mrh frc


35/42

TII 11001.' OF TIllE FA'N Y"mill; which s e ~ \ " e both as p u l n ~ r i z e r ; ; and separators. "jth apparatus ~ p c c i a l l y designed fo r the prcpar.nion ofpaint materials.

The colltttion of drills an inte rbting f('ature. tile machines being of all sizes and makes. one of themfor boring to a depth of a mile or more. EI>

puherized. m i ~ c d with water, piped. anti then, "fter reachinJ2: thei r d c ~ t i n " t i o n . pressed into solid e;lk{"[ II the lIlachinery depart ment arc also exhibits of metal manufactures. Ploughs. r a i l ~ . fence,wlre, andother forms of iron and steel arc di,played by a Pennsylvania c;ompany. the keyswnc stlte being further represented by two t a ~ t d u l 1':lI'ilions of shect iron, one of them surmounted by a golden eaJ2:le. In th e oflicialdas"ihcation thesc exhibits are grouped under the head of the metallurgy of irOJl and steel. while under the


36/42

If-


37/42

'/'111:' !JOOI, OF TilE FAIR

I " I,

" .- " ,same sul)stance. one considered as neuly fire-proof as e ~ t i l c fa brics ean I)C.

50 3d a " ~ d e " l ; : ~ a t " d as ("'l'llCT HIdi t ~ all"},, 's Ill


38/42

''" TIl l : ' I lOOA' or Ti lE F /INw f i n i ~ g of ~ i h - c and copper. The lI uancha Will pan)'.by "hom he w"s .;ornploycd. is now one of the largotprj,-ate producers of sih-er in the wvrld. wIth a }iddfrom its mines. since 1877. ,-aJucd at mOIl' than 543.()()CO,ooo. Th e plant at Anlofagasta indudrs nea rly (>0fu rn aces, of which \ \1 0 arc for the refinmg of ~ I k c r . with many huge copper pans and settling- w n k ~ . ,\ rnong these ..:ruups a Nc\\' York hrm pftscn lS "collection ol rart c o i n ~ , and of cruder forms 1>1 m c t a l ~ , with thCIT allo)", Another l\cw York company h,,;; acomplete ;l";()Tlmcnt of metallic nickel salts, and allop.while a Virginia faCt(lTy shows a r t i ~ L C f V I I " ~ ,,( ~ i , , , - . Elsewhere. in photvgr.'ll'hs an d models. the methods ofextracting ,;uld ~ n d ~ i h c by mu.,krn Ic" ...h."g I " O C ( ~ " " ~ are {ully e ~ p l a i n ~ d , the Hu. .Cll company 01 1':\11.: City.Ut"h, " ,al.:l1": the l a r . . : e ~ t an d mo..t in tere. \in..: di"play.[ts [,rocess is d i M i n g u i ~ from the old l c a c h i n ~ method b} tho U ~ ( ) (If u e ~ t o n e in th e hypo_,,]!'hit,solution . alld of ~ ( ) d a


39/42

Till;" 1I00K OF TIll:: F.-IIf( 50 5

-

'-. -

as well as in many manufactured products, a reduction company of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, occupyilllo: thelargest space in this section. There arc several exhibits on the ground Hoor which illustrate the metal!uq::)' ofiron and steel, induding those which show the methods of manufactl,Jring- crucible and open hearth ~ t e c l . thedifferent forms of sheet iron and steel, steel casting>'. and projectiles. In the galler)' are more compact displays.explanatory of these and such other branches as the chemical process of lluddling. ,,.jth mine!':.l \\'001 in allforms, furnace slags. samples of welding. and specimens of tools whose heads are finely tempered.

I

Be)ond the metallurgical department. III the south gallery. is a libra r), containing p u b l i c a t i o n ~ of inte re stto the m i n e r a l o ~ i s t , "ith a collectionof photographs of eminent men inthe domain of this practical science.

-.- ,

1I1idway in this galkry is a lilrgepavil ion. in and around whichAmerican manufacturers of tin andterne display their wares; and ill thesuuthcastern corner arc a S ~ 1 ) ' i n g andt e s t i l 1 ~ lalx>ratorics. A P ittsburgrompan)' shows chemical substancesfor the testing of minerals. and ad-joining its compartment is that of aChicago e s t a b l i ~ h m e n t , containingfurnaces, blow-pipes, and other ap-paratus. in the operation of whichIleat plays the leading part.

Excepl for a few mincml cabinetsfrom the eastern states, and miscellaneous collections from Californiaand l\cw Mexico. the southeasternf.:alleries a rc "irttlall}, monopoli?cd bythe eXhibits of \\ ards ;\aturnl Science


40/42

ri lE /JOOA' OF TIIH F.IIR

i r

this c(>![eclion in delai[ would l>c~ i n J p l y to Tt,-iew the tn t ire dom.linof gl'Olof()'. wilh its kindred dep;lrt.m"llt of mincT


41/42

TilE IJOOK OF TilE I;: IIR 507

the location of mines which produc( suth \"arif)". pumice. corundum and a N m p , , ~ n d


42/42

TilE HOuK OF TilE /.: II}..'known as carl,M,)rundum. coml'o);(:J of silicaand car:>On combined by an electrical "fOc c ~ s _ \ rhed. made of this ~ u b _ , t a n c c arcd.ti",,,cl It) I"" l h ~ h . m . l c ~ t C, ~ u b j ~ 1 .0 Iheappro"al of .he d. . ctor.geccral.l I ' i ' k all . " , , ~ i m o " " of (Ire mu . . beg;"cn " hrid deocripllon of IheirCh' ...clcr .,,.IIonal Ulmm""on a ~ < I Ih t (.:hlcago bo.ard, T'I. f i g ~ r e . s ..-.Ihed

co"ery in ,$67.... ra l ' ~ n s of di3mo,d$ ha,'" bn Uptctor of OCi,nlif,c ~ t I . i n l f , e n \ " . A ~ p e c i m c n lor ..arded10 X . . \ 'ort was I'rono""ced to be the 1>

Documents

Bancroft's book of the Fair-Chapter 16- Mines, Mining and Metallurgy