Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
ACIAR PROJECT FIS/2006/142
BALI STRAIT LEMURU FISHERY -‐ FINAL REPORT
2
ACIAR PROJECT FIS/2006/142 BALI STRAIT LEMURU FISHERY -‐ FINAL REPORT
This report is an extension output from ACIAR Project FIS/2006/142, Developing new assessment and policy frameworks for Indonesia’s marine fisheries, including the control and management of Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Fishing. This project was a collaboration between the Research Center for Fisheries Management and Conservation (RCFMC) of the Agency of Marine and Fisheries Research and Development (Indonesia), Directorate General of Capture Fisheries (DGCF, Indonesia), University of Wollongong (UoW, Australia) and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO, Australia). Suggested citation: Wudianto, Purwanto, Satria, F., Dharmadi, Prasetyo, A.P., Sadiyah, L., Proctor, C., West, R.J. and Milton, D.A., (Editors) (2013). Bali Strait lemuru fishery -‐ final report. Report prepared for ACIAR Project FIS/2006/142, Developing new assessment and policy frameworks for Indonesia’s marine fisheries, including the control and management of Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Fishing. Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of Wollongong, Australia. 34 pp. ISBN: (Hardcopy): 9781741282351 ISBN: (eBook): 9781741282368
PROJECT CONTRIBUTORS The following people are sincerely thanked for their participation in field surveys and associated workshops that contributed to this report on the lemuru fishery of the Bali Straits: Indonesia Australia RCFMC: UoW: Dr Wudianto Professor Ron West Dr Purwanto Dr Fayakun Satria CSIRO: Mr Budi Iskandar Prisantoso Mr Craig Proctor Dr Lilis Sadiyah Dr David Milton Mr Suwarso Dr Rik Bukworth Mr Dharmadi Dr Cathy Dichmont Mr Andhika Prima Prasetyo Mr Arief Wujdi Ms Retno Andamari1 DGCF: Mr Agus Budhiman Dr Besweni Mr Hudya Umrony
1 Ms Andamari is a scientist of Mariculture Research Institute in Gondol, North Bali.
3
CONTENTS
PROJECT CONTRIBUTORS ................................................................................................... 2
CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... 3
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. 4
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... 5
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 6
2. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Study locations and timing ...................................................................................... 9 2.2 Analysis ................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Growth Parameters ................................................................................................. 9 2.2.2 Yield per Recruit (Y/R) ........................................................................................... 10
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEMURU FISHERY ............................................................... 11 3.1 Fishing Gear ........................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Fishing Operations ................................................................................................. 15 3.3 Catch Composition ................................................................................................ 18
4. BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE LEMURU FISHERY .......................................................... 21 4.1 Pengambengan and Kedonganan – Bali side (funded by ACIAR) ............................. 21 4.1.1 Mortality ................................................................................................................ 21 4.1.2 Recruitment ........................................................................................................... 21 4.1.3 Yield per Recruit (Y/R) ........................................................................................... 22
4.2 Combined data collection (Muncar, Pengambengan and Kedonganan) .................. 23 4.2.1 Mortality ................................................................................................................ 25 4.2.2 Recruitment ........................................................................................................... 26 4.2.3 Yield per Recruit (Y/R) ........................................................................................... 27
5. RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................. 28 5.1 Lemuru Biology ..................................................................................................... 28 5.2 Fisheries and Fishing Gear ..................................................................................... 28 5.3 IUU Fishing ............................................................................................................ 28
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... 29
7. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 29
Appendix 1: Background Information -‐ Official Reported Catches ..................................... 32
Appendix 2: Bali Sardinella Stakeholder Workshops -‐ Recommendations ......................... 33
4
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Bali Strait and three sites of enumeration (from Wudianto, 2001). ........................... 7 Figure 2. Purse-‐seine ‘slerek’ (left) and ‘tubanan’ (right) which operation Bali Strait. ........... 11 Figure 3. Delineation of fishing zones according to joint agreement of provincial government of East Java and Bali No. 434 year 1992 (Merta et al., 2000) .................................................. 12 Figure 4. Areas identified as lemuru fishing grounds in Bali Strait. ......................................... 13 Figure 5. Design of purse-‐seine ‘slerek’. .................................................................................. 13 Figure 6. Design of a net used by tubanan purse-‐seine vessels. ............................................. 14 Figure 7. Fishers removing lemuru from gill nets in Kedonganan. The vessels are fibreglass jukung with outrigger of < 5GT. ............................................................................................... 15 Figure 8. Monthly catch composition caught by purse-‐seine, landed at Pengambengan during January-‐December 2011. ............................................................................................. 19 Figure 9. Fish catch composition caught by purse-‐seine in Pengambengan during January-‐December 2011. ...................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 10. Monthly fish catch composition caught by (a) gill-‐net and (b) purse-‐seine, landed at Kedonganan during January-‐December 2011. ....................................................................20 Figure 11. Fish catch composition caught by (a) Gill-‐net and (b) Purse-‐seine in Kedonganan during January-‐December 2011. ............................................................................................. 20 Figure 12. Graph showing the growth pattern of Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru), based on data for Bali side of the Strait collected during 2011. ............................................................. 21 Figure 13. Recruitment pattern of Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru), for 2011, based on the Bali fishery. .............................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 14. Yield per Recruit for the Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru) in 2010-‐2011, based on the Bali fishery. ........................................................................................................................ 23 Figure 15. Bhattacharya’s modal progression analysis -‐ combined data, 2010-‐2011. ............ 24 Figure 16. Graphical of growth line of Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru) in Bali Strait – combined data, 2010-‐2011. .................................................................................................... 25 Figure 17. Recruitment pattern of Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru), 2010-‐2011 – for Kedonganan and Muncar combined data . ............................................................................. 26 Figure 18. Yield per recruit for Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru) in 2010-‐2011 –East Java and Bali data combined. ................................................................................................................. 27
5
LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Details of the vessels surveyed at PPN Pengambengan and PPP Muncar. ................ 16 Table 2. Average amount of supplies per trip per purse-‐seine vessel at PPN Pengambengan and PPP Muncar. ..................................................................................................................... 17 Table 3. Average supply costs, catch, catch value, investment, maintenance cost and depreciation rate of purse-‐seine vessels at PPN Pengambengan and PPP Muncar. ............... 18 Table 4. Population parameters of the Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru), for period 2010-‐2011, based on the Bali fishery. ........................................................................................................ 22 Table 5. Estimated growth parameters for the Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru Bleeker 1853) from previous studies. ............................................................................................................. 25 Table 6. Estimations of total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) for the Bali sardine fishery (Sardinella lemuru) from earlier studies. ........................................... 26 Table 7. Population parameters for the Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru) during 2010 – 211, for East Java and Bali data combined, are presented in Table 4. ............................................ 27
6
1. INTRODUCTION Indonesian fisheries managers and scientists face the enormous task of assessing the nation's fisheries resources, delineating manageable units and applying an effective policy framework, which includes dealing with the current high level of scale Illegal, Unregulated, Unreported (IUU) fishing activities. Industrial IUU fishing (for example duplicate fishing licences, unlicensed fishing vessels, illegal fishing gear and trans-‐shipment of catch) results in estimated lost government revenues of more than US$1 billion. It also leads to serious underestimation of catches and consequent depletion of major fish stocks. Artisanal and subsistence-‐scale IUU fishing also leads to local depletions in fish stocks, damage to habitats and impacts on local communities. In order to develop effective assessment and policy frameworks to better manage Indonesian fisheries, particularly IUU fishing activities, this research project will undertake a pilot program within a specific region of Indonesia, with the general aims of better understanding the characteristics of the various fisheries, including the IUU components, and of investigating new innovative assessment and management approaches. ACIAR Project FIS/2006/142, “Developing new assessment and policy frameworks for Indonesia’s marine fisheries, including the control and management of Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Fishing” was a collaboration between the Agency of Marine and Fisheries Research and Development (AMAFRAD) and Directorate General of Capture Fisheries (DGCF), both of Indonesia’s Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, together with Australian partners University of Wollongong and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). The project commenced in 2008 with three principle objectives:
1. To develop new, fishery specific stock assessment processes. 2. To develop new, innovative fisheries policy and management frameworks. 3. To develop improved scientific and policy frameworks for sustainable management
of Red Snapper stocks within Indonesia waters. Phase 1 of the project included a survey of all marine fisheries at seven fishing ports in six provinces: Tanjungluar (West Nusa Tenggara), Pengambengan and Kedonganan (Bali), Muncar (East Java), Tamperan and Watukarung (East Java), Sadeng and Baron (DI Yogyakarta), Cilacap (Central Java), and Palabuhanratu (West Java). In March 2009, three fisheries were chosen for in depth study: Lobsters of south coast Java, Sardinella lemuru (called as lemuru, hereafter) of Bali Strait, and the shark fishery of East Lombok. These fisheries became the focus for objectives 1 and 2 above during Phase 2. This required as complete as possible assessments of these selected fisheries through collation of existing information, field investigations, interviews with fisheries officers at all levels (National, Provincial, Regency and Sub-‐district), interviews with port authorities, fishers associations, fishing companies, and from consultations with all relevant stakeholders in workshops such as this one. Key issues were identified for each fishery and draft recommendations (see below) formulated to address the needs for improved fisheries statistics, seasonal market sampling, biological research, stock assessments, improved fisheries laws, regulations and management, and also addressing IUU fishing problems.
7
In regard to the to Bali Strait Lemuru Fishery (Figure 1), two catch enumerators were established at Pengambengan (NW Bali) and two at Kedonganan (South Bali). Additional enumeration of the lemuru fishery at Muncar was also commenced by RCFMC in conjunction with a Norwegian funded project to assess stocks of juvenile lemuru (INS 2094-‐06/035 -‐ Capacity Building in Fisheries and Aquaculture).
The small-‐scale pelagic fishery in the Bali Strait is unique. It is conducted by small fishing vessels targeting a single species fish stock, the Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru Bleeker, 1853), in the relatively narrow waters situated between Java and Bali islands. The Fishery supports processing industries located in the coastal area bordering the Strait. This is one of the largest areas of fish processing industries in Indonesia. This fishery also supplies fish for consumption, supports marketing, and provides thousands of jobs.
Figure 1. Bali Strait and three sites of enumeration (from Wudianto, 2001).
The small pelagic fish resources in the Bali Strait have a long history of exploitation, using various traditional fishing gears. However, the fishery developed rapidly only after the introduction of purse-‐seine gear during the early 1970s (see Appendix 1), prompted by strong demand for fish as a resource for the developing processing industries. This fishing gear has become the main fishing gear used in the Bali Strait small pelagic fishery. Based on fishery data from Muncar Fishing Port, purse-‐seine fleets contributed about 85 % of the total catch of the Bali Strait fishery in 2009. In addressing the issue of fisheries resource declines, the Government of Indonesia has been initiating management measure to improve the sustainability of various fisheries. For example, on 20 May 1977, the Government enacted a joint management agreement
8
between the provincial governments of East Java and Bali for the Bali Strait Lemuru Fishery (No. HK.1/39/77/ /EK/le/52/77). The central Government (represented by the Directorate General of Fisheries) and the Provincial Governments bordering the Bali Strait (represented by the Provincial Fisheries Office of East Java and of Bali) held several workshops to address the problems within the lemuru fisheries. As a result of the rapid growth of fisheries, the joint agreement has been revised several times: No. 156 in 1978; EK/Ie/146/1978; No. 126/1983-‐ 236/1983 in 1983; and No.7/1985-‐4/1985 in 1985. The latest revision was the Joint Management Decree No. 238/1992-‐674/1992 (Setyohadi, 2010). In essence, the regulation enacted comprises of five important management measures (Merta at al., 2000): (a) A limitation in fishing effort by limiting number of fishing boats for the two provinces;
(b) A minimum mesh size of the bunt of the purse seine net and the maximum sizes of the purse seine net;
(c) A vessel key identification for each fishing vessel from East Java and Bali Province;
(d) A Monitoring, Evaluation and Surveillance scheme;
(e) The zoning scheme for the Bali Strait delineates two important fishing zones, namely: Zone-‐I and Zone-‐II which are separated by a border line based on points of coordinate 08°13’S/114°23’E, 08°S/114°27’E, 08°30’S/114°57’E, 08°30’S/114°33’E, 08°40’S/114°33’E. Zone-‐I is allocated for traditional fishing, while Zone-‐II is for mobile gears and bigger fishing boats such as purse seiners.
Implementing and revising the management measures has been somewhat compromised by the challenges faced by the fisheries (Merta at al., 2000; Fisheries Service of East Java Province, 2000; Fisheries Service of Bali Province, 2000; Setyohadi, 2010), in particular: (1) the rapid development of the fisheries has not been accompanied by comparable effort in their management; (2) problems in monitoring the fishery; (3) lack of facilities and fisheries officers in the region; (4) lack of dissemination, feed-‐back and comprehensive consultation on management measure with stakeholders; (5) lack of law enforcement of the management measures; and, (6) lack of involvement industry sectors to support management.
In the early development of the Bali Strait fishery, increasing numbers of fishing vessels resulted in higher catches, supplying greater quantity of raw material for the processing industry and resulting in the industry expanding its processing capacity. This in turn increased the demand for fish as the raw material in the processing industry. To meet the demand for fish, the number of purse-‐seine vessels increased considerably, which, in turn, increased fishing pressure to the fishery resources. An uncontrolled increase in the number of purse-‐seine vessels led to the overexploitation of the sardine stock in the Bali Strait. The result of studies conducted by Sujastani and Nurhakim (1982), Salim (1986), Merta (1992), and Merta and Eidman (1994) all concluded that the stocks were overexploited. Over-‐exploitation not only diminishes and threatens the sustainability of sardine stock but also dissipates resource rent, as reported by Purwanto (1992; 2011) from a bioeconomic study on the sardine fishery in that area. However, there was an indication that fishing intensity was not the only factor affecting the abundance of Bali sardine stock. The catch and the catch per unit effort (CPUE) in the Bali Strait Lemuru Fishery have shown large fluctuations even through periods of relatively small
9
change in the number of vessels (Anonymous, 1999; Purwanto, 2011). The catch per unit effort indicates long term changes in vessel productivity and also in fish stock abundance (Cadima, 2003). Similar to other small pelagic fisheries, these high fluctuations in abundance in the lemuru fish stocks may also be a result of environmental conditions. Consequently, the outcome of analyses using the traditional production model, which considers fishing effort variation only, could be biased. Furthermore, resource rent estimated on the basis of such models may also be misleading. Environmental phenomena need to be taken into account in the analysis (Freon, 1986). An attempt to include environmental parameters in the assessment of the Bali Strait sardine fishery has been made by Ghofar et al. (2000) and Purwanto (2008; 2011), by incorporating the southern oscillation index into the production model. Ghofar et al. (2000) used CLIMPROD, a software package developed by Freon, in their analysis, while Purwanto (2011) modified the Schafer Surplus Production Model in his analysis. The result of these studies suggest that CPUE during El Niño episodes is higher than during La Niña episodes and suggested a lower abundance of sardine biomass during La Niña episodes. However, no information is available on the underlying processes driving this phenomenon. The primary objectives of this ACIAR study were to assess the current state of the fishery and issues impacting on the fishery, and identify methods for improved data collection and reporting for the fishery and suggest a framework for improved management. The project also hoped to gather sufficient information to enable an assessment of population parameters, including, growth, mortality and yield per recruit.
2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Study locations and timing Parameters estimation is based on the monthly length-‐frequency data obtained from mini purse-‐seine catches landed in Pengambengan and Kedonganan (Figure 1). The data were collected during January -‐ December 2011 as an activity of this ACIAR project. There was also sampling in Muncar, East Java, funded by the Norwegian funded project (INS 2094-‐06/035 -‐ Capacity Building in Fisheries and Aquaculture), with data collected from August 2010 until December 2011. Two vessels were sampled each day at Muncar and at Pengambengan. A total of 75 fish samples were taken randomly for each vessel sampled. In Kedonganan, one vessel sample (commonly gill-‐net vessels) was collected each day. Monthly length-‐frequency data was obtained by summing each length-‐frequency data samples (in %) for each month. The length-‐frequency distributions were then compiled in intervals of 0.5 cm length class.
2.2 Analysis 2.2.1 Growth Parameters The growth pattern of Bali sardine was assumed to follow the von Bertalanffy growth formula (Beverton & Holt, 1957; Gulland, 1969; Ricker, 1975) as follows: Lt = L∞ (1 – e-‐K(t-‐to)) .............................................................................................(1)
10
where: Lt : length fish at t-‐age, L∞ : asymptotic length, K : growth coefficient to : theoretical fish age when zero length. The estimation of the growth parameters was done under a program Elefan 1 contained in the package FiSAT program. Search was carried out by means of response surface based on the smallest Starting Length (SL) and Starting Sample (SS). This Starting length is the average (mean statistic) of the smallest group size (as the initial point of growth) obtained from the length-‐frequency data separation by means of Bhattacharya (modal progression analysis). The mode/mean is assumed to represent the cohorts that are best suited in the formation of the growth curve. The theoretical age when the fish length 'zero' is assumed to follow the following empirical formula of Pauly (1984): Log (to) = -‐ 0,3922 – 0,2752 log L∞ -‐ 1,038 log K ........................................................(2) Natural mortality (M) is calculated by the empirical formula of 'Pauly' (1984) (multiple regression formula between the value of M, K, L ∞ and T (average of waters temperature, ° C) as follows: Log M = -‐ 0,0066 – 0,279 Log L∞ + 0,6543 log K +0,4634 log T ...................................(3) The estimated M value then was corrected with 0.8 (for Clupeidae that form schools similar to the Bali lemuru) (Pauly, 1984). Total mortality (Z) obtained from the length converted catch curve as follows: Ln (C(L1,L2)/dt(L1,L2)) = c-‐Z*(t*((L1+L2)/2) ........................................................(4) This analysis used length-‐frequency data, with L∞ and K as input. Exploitation rate was calculated based on Length-‐converted Catch Curve with Z = (-‐b).
Estimation of total mortality (Z) was also done through the estimation of Z/K (Wetherall, 1986; Wetherall, 1987) using the length frequency data from the catch:
Ĺ = !!!!
+ ( !!!!
); where θ = Z/K ........................................................(5)
2.2.2 Yield per Recruit (Y/R) The Y/R model used in this report is the Jones model, which was modified from simplified Beverton & Holt model (1957), as follows: !!= ! !! !!!!
! 𝛽 𝑋,𝑃,𝑄 − (𝑋!,𝑃,𝑄) ........................................................(5)
where: r1 = tc – t0 X = e –Kr1 X1 = y –K(tα – tc) P = Z/K
11
Q = b+1 β : symbol of ‘Incomplete Beta function’ W∞ : asymptotic weight. Relative yield per recruit analysis was performed on length-‐frequency data after adding the values of Lc/L∞ and M/K, and with the values of E0.05, E0.1 and Emax as the output to know the current status of exploitation. 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEMURU FISHERY 3.1 Fishing Gear
Purse-‐seine is the dominant fishing gear used by fishers in the Bali Strait to catch lemuru (Sardinella lemuru, Fam. Clupeidae). Two types of purse-‐seine are used: 'slerek' and 'tubanan' (Figure 2), described in further detail below. Fishing for lemuru is generally conducted in dark period of the moon (lunar calendar) with daily variations adapted to the shifting of the month ('petengan sore’, 'petengan malam’ and 'petengan pagi’).
Figure 2. Purse-‐seine ‘slerek’ (left) and ‘tubanan’ (right) which operation Bali Strait.
In addition to purse-‐seine, fishers also use ‘payang’ (pelagic danish net) and ‘bagan’ (lift net). Payang also used to catch other fish if they are unable to find lemuru schools. In the inter-‐province Memorandum of Understanding for the Bali Strait fishery [Surat Keputusan Bersama/Memorandum of Understanding, No. 238/1992-‐647/1992], the Strait is divided into two fishing areas: Area I for traditional fishing gears, and Area II for mobile fishing gears and larger vessels, such as purse seine (Figure 3).
12
Figure 3. Delineation of fishing zones according to joint agreement of provincial government
of East Java and Bali No. 434 year 1992 (Merta et al., 2000)
The current study identified 22 locations as lemuru fishing grounds in Bali Strait waters, and grouped these into seven Fishing Zones (Figure 4). Generally fishing was divided into three areas: a) Java continental shelf waters (Zones I, II, III and IV); b) Bali continental shelf waters (Zones V and VII); and c) Indian Ocean – Sothern part of Java (Zone VI). The fishing grounds of the pelagic Danish seine net (payang) were similar to those of the purse seine. In addition to seine nets, bagans (fishing platforms) operate every night in shallow waters around the Bali Straits, often targeting small-‐sized lemuru (locally called 'sempenit').
The slerek purse-‐seine system (Figure 2) uses two boats: a net boat (jaring) and a purse-‐line (slerek) boat. The function of the net boat is to set the net surrounding the fish school. The purse-‐line boat serves to maintain the initial position of the net, to pull the purse line and for holding the catch. Around 75% of the total crew (which numbers up to 50, see Table 1) are on the net boat. There are generally 4 – 5 motors on the net boat but only on one side (starboard side). There are as many as 4 motors on both sides of the purse-‐line boat. In addition, a purse-‐seine fleet usually has a lighting boat (‘pelak’) that to attract fish schools.
13
Figure 4. Areas identified as lemuru fishing grounds in Bali Strait. Comments: ZONA I: 1-‐Karang Ente 2-‐Tanjung; ZONA II: 3-‐Senggrong 4-‐Anyir 5-‐Watu Layar ZONA III: 6-‐Teluk Pang-‐pang (commonly for lift-‐net); ZONA IV: 7-‐Blimbing Sari ZONA V: 8-‐Bukit; ZONA VI: 9-‐Grajagan 10-‐Pancer (Indian Ocean) ZONA VII: 10-‐Pengambengan
Regarding the specifications of slerek purse-‐seine, the material used for netting is polyamide with 5 -‐ 6 pieces and length 338 -‐ 405 m), and depth of the nets is 17-‐19 pieces (105-‐119 m). The slerek net is rectangular in shape, with almost all parts of the net having ¾-‐inch mesh. 1 One inch mesh is only used at the bottom of the net. The difference lies on size of yarn that used, bunt is located at the top left and use the d24 yarn while other part of netting used yarn size d3, d6, d9 and d12 (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Design of purse-‐seine ‘slerek’.
(Note: “Pelampung” = floats and “Pemberat” = weights.) The tubanan type of purse-‐seine generally uses only one boat (Figure 2). On hauling, the purse-‐line is pulled using a winch. Setting and hauling of the net is done on the port side of the boat. Only one vessel was surveyed during the study period and this vessel had 24 -‐ 26
|-- d24; 3/4 inchi --| |-- d12; 3/4inchi --|
25 # |-- d24; 1 inchi --|
|-- d
12 --
||--
d9
--|
|-- d
6 --|
|-- d
12 --
|
|-- d
6 --
|
|-- d
3 --
|
|-- d
3 --
|
18 p
iece
|-- d
6 --
| 3/4
inch
i
3/4
inch
i
3/4
inch
i
3/4
inch
i
3/4
inch
i|- 1 Piece = 360 Pelampung -|
|- 1 Piece = 386 pemberat-|
100 #
VII
14
crew aboard. Tubanan boats generally have a lighting boat (‘pelak’) and an observation boat (‘omprengan’) that is tasked to find schools of fish and inform the mother ship.
The net used by tubanan type purse-‐seine vessels is made of polyamide and polyethylene, and the overall net is trapezoidal in shape. All nets used are of ¾ inch mesh size. Polyethylene netting is used in the middle and top half of the net. The center part of the net is composed by combining 12 pieces of net, and then each side progressively decreases by 1 piece until the end. Netting composed of yarn size d6 and d9 (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Design of a net used by tubanan purse-‐seine vessels. (Note: “Pelampung” = floats; "Piece pertama untuk" = first piece of net; “Pemberat” =
weight or ballast; piece selanjutnya = next piece of net)
Purse-‐seine nets (slerek and tubanan types) are not the only gears used to catch lemuru. Gill nets are also used by small fishing boat of < 5 GT, jukung or perahu. The gill-‐ nets used are generally of ¾ -‐ 1-‐inch mesh size, polyethylene material. Length and depth of the gill nets are 200 m and 12 m respectively (Figure 7).
|-- d9 --|
|-- d9 --|
|-- d
6 --|
|-- d9 --|
|-- d9 --|
|-- d9 --|
|-- d9 --||-- d9 --|
|-- d
6 --|
|-- d
6 --|
|-- d
6 --
|
|-- d9 --|
|-- d9 --|
|-- d9 --|
|-- d9 --|
|-- d9 --| |-- d9 --|
|-- d
6 --|
|-- d
6 --|
|-- d
6 --
|
|-- d9 --|
|-- d
9 --|
|-- d
15 --
|
|-- d
9 --|
|-- d
15 --
|
|-- d9 --|
|-- d9 --||- PE d24 -|
|- 1/2 Piece -||- 1/2 Piece -| |- 1/2 Piece -|
|- 1 Piece pertama untuk 1.5 m = 8 pelampung; piece selanjutnya (n) -|1.5 m = 8-n pelampung
|- 1 Piece pertama untuk 1.5 m = 10 pemberat; piece selanjutnya (n) -|1.5 m = 10-n pemberat
Total 12 piece # 3/4
Total 11 piece
Total 10 piece
Total 9 piece
Total 11 piece
Total 10 piece
Total 9 piece
15
Figure 7. Fishers removing lemuru from gill nets in Kedonganan. The vessels are fibreglass
jukung with outrigger of < 5GT. Purse-‐seine vessels from East Java and Pengambengan sometimes unload at Kedonganan. They do so because of Kedonganan being closer to the fishing grounds at certain times, and because the price that can be obtained for the product is generally higher at Kedonganan than on East Java side.
3.2 Fishing Operations Observations were carried out on a random selection of 24 vessels at two of the landing sites in the Bali Strait; 6 vessels were surveyed at PPN Pengambengan (an Archipelago Archipelagic Fishing Port) and 18 vessels at PPP Muncar (a Coastal Fishing Port) (Table 1).
The maximum catch carrying capacity among the vessels surveyed was 30 tonnes. Dimensions of the purse-‐seine vessels in PPN Pengambengan have had an average length, width and depth of 17.9m, 4.5 m and 1.5 m respectively. Purse-‐seine vessels in PPP Muncar had an average length, width and depth of 18.1 m, 5.3 m, 1.8 m respectively. The average power of outboard engines used by slerek purse seine was 26 HP.
The tubanan purse-‐seine vessels surveyed used inboard engines with a capacity of between 140 -‐175 PK. Slerek vessels generally have four engines and the positioning of the engines varied, balanced on both sides or all on one side only. The positioning of the engines is to achieve maximum efficiency in operations. Slerek purse -‐seine vessels generally carry around 50 crew, whereas tubanan purse-‐seine have around 26 crew.
16
Table 1. Details of the vessels surveyed at PPN Pengambengan and PPP Muncar.
No. Boat Name L W D Nos. of Engines
Power (HP)
Crew Nos. of Lamps
Lamp Power (watt)
PPN Pengambengan Mean 17.9 4.5 1.5 8 26 50 18 250 1 Bintang Alam 20.1 5.1 1.7 8 26 51 16 250 2 Bintang Lagi 18.8 4.7 1.5 8 26 50 20 250 3 Bintang Renjani 19.0 5.1 1.8 8 26 54 20 250 4 Bintang Sejahtera 14.5 3.4 1.1 8 26 44 16 250 5 Mandala 19.5 4.8 1.7 8 26 45 17 250 6 Samudra 14.5 3.5 1.0 8 26 49 16 250
PPP Muncar Mean 18.1 5.3 1.8 8 51 51 15 250 7 Barokah 18.3 5.2 1.8 9 26 52 14 250 8 Barokah Rahayu 18.4 5.1 1.9 7 83 53 20 250 9 Bintang Laut* 13.5 5.2 1.6 2 140 24 10 250 10 Bintang Remaja 19.2 5.4 1.6 9 26 55 11 250 11 Bintang Samudra 18.3 5.2 1.8 8 26 53 17 250 12 Bintang Sonar 17.8 5.4 1.8 6 101 55 16 250 13 Langsung Jadi 18.8 5.4 1.6 9 26 50 19 250 14 Mitra Utama* 12.3 4.5 1.5 2 140 26 9 250 15 Sinar 2 17.4 5.0 2.0 9 26 50 18 250 16 Sinar Barokah 18.7 5.3 1.7 8 26 52 17 250 17 Sinar Jaya 19.8 5.8 1.8 9 26 53 14 250 18 Sinar Kumala 19.0 5.7 2.1 9 26 55 13 250 19 Sumber Barokah 18.6 5.5 1.9 9 26 52 19 250 20 Sumber Barokah Suroyo 20.1 5.7 2.1 8 26 55 16 250 21 Sumber Jaya 19.3 5.8 2.0 8 26 54 15 250 22 Sumber Nikmat 18.4 5.7 1.8 7 101 54 19 250 23 Sumber Rahmat 17.4 5.0 1.8 9 26 50 15 250 24 Sumber Wangi 18.0 5.1 1.9 7 26 54 16 250
TOTAL 18.1 5.2 1.7 7.6 45.4 50.8 16.0 250
Comment: * Tubanan purse seine
The survey of characteristics of purse-‐seine fishing for lemuru also recorded information on the supplies required for fishing operations, including diesel fuel, ice, oil, gasoline and fresh water (Table 2). Purse-‐seine vessels based at PPN Pengambengan required an average supply of 317liters of diesel fuel, 62 blocks of ice; 1.3 liters of oil, 13 liters of gasoline, and 19 liters (4 gallons) of freshwater. Purse-‐seine vessels based in PPP Muncar required, on average, 537 liters of diesel fuel; 94 blocks of ice; 2.3 liters of oil: 21.5 liters of gasoline and 20 liters of freshwater. The vessel owners routinely change the oil every 2 -‐ 3 months, where effective fishing days equates to an average of 20 days per 1-‐month period. These data were used to estimate some economic characteristics of the fishery.
17
Table 2. Average amount of supplies per trip per purse-‐seine vessel at PPN Pengambengan and PPP Muncar.
No. Boat Name Diesel fuel (lt)
Ice (block)
Oil (lt)
Gasoline (lt)
Fresh water
(gallons) PPN Pengambengan Mean 317.1 62 1.3 12.9 4.0 1 Bintang Alam 300 50 1 20 4 2 Bintang Lagi 330 25 1 20 4 3 Bintang Renjani 300 100 1 10 4 4 Bintang Sejahtera 330 75 1 10 4 5 Mandala 360 30 1 10 4 6 Samudra 300 50 1 10 4
PPP Muncar Mean 537.0 94 2.3 21.5 4.4 7 Barokah 430 75 1 20 2 8 Barokah Rahayu 660 100 1 20 2 9 Bintang Laut* 1,760 100 2 30 21 10 Bintang Remaja 513 67 1 20 4 11 Bintang Samudra 440 25 1 25 3 12 Bintang Sonar 495 138 4 30 3 13 Langsung Jadi 440 75 1 20 5 14 Mitra Utama* 880 70 20 15 10 15 Sinar 2 440 40 1 20 5 16 Sinar Barokah 440 75 1 20 5 17 Sinar Jaya 440 150 1 20 3 18 Sinar Kumala 440 35 1 20 5 19 Sumber Barokah 440 100 1 20 5 20 Sumber Barokah Suroyo 440 150 1 10 5 21 Sumber Jaya 440 90 1 20 4 22 Sumber Nikmat 440 200 3 20 1 23 Sumber Rahmat 440 50 1 20 3 24 Sumber Wangi 440 100 1 20 5
TOTAL 492 87 2 20 4
* Tubanan purse-‐seine vessel
In consideration of the profitability of purse-‐seine fishing operations, this survey found that the average cost of supplies per fishing trip for vessels based at PPN Pengambengan was IDR 2.0 million while for vessels based at PPP Muncar the same average cost was IDR 3.2 million.
The average costs of investment, maintenance and depreciation of purse-‐seine vessels at Pengambengan were IDR 1,060.4 million, IDR 8.7 million/year and IDR 311.8 million respectively. The same average costs for purse-‐ seine vessels at Muncar were IDR 925.9 million, IDR 5.2 million/year and IDR 363.2 million respectively.
When compared with the gross income, during the period of observation the known catches of purse-‐seine in Pengambengan and Muncar were 2.3 ton and 4.2 ton respectively with a value of IDR 15.2 million and IDR 21.3 million respectively (Table 3).
18
Table 3. Average supply costs, catch, catch value, investment, maintenance cost and depreciation rate of purse-‐seine vessels at PPN Pengambengan and PPP Muncar.
No. Boat Name Supply (IDR
Million)
Catch (ton)
Catch (IDR Million)
Investment (IDR Million)
Annual Maintenance (IDR Million)
Depreciation (IDR Million)
PPN Pengambengan Mean
2.0 2.3 15.2 1,060.4 8.7 311.8
1 Bintang Alam 2 2 9 959 6 309 2 Bintang Lagi 2 1 6 843 6 292 3 Bintang Renjani 2 2 21 867 8 345 4 Bintang
Sejahtera 2 7 39 2,619 25 364
5 Mandala 2 1 5 650 4 277 6 Samudra 2 1 5 618 4 250 PPP Muncar Mean 3.2 4.2 21.3 925.9 5.2 363.2 7 Barokah 3 3 14 1,089 6 341 8 Barokah Rahayu 4 0 2 589 6 288 9 Bintang Laut* 9 1 6 1,037 8 210 10 Bintang Remaja 3 1 4 672 6 638 11 Bintang
Samudra 2 3 15 616 8 189
12 Bintang Sonar 3 11 57 1,333 4 437 13 Langsung Jadi 3 2 10 549 4 255 14 Mitra Utama* 5 1 10 635 6 165 15 Sinar 2 2 1 4 1,082 3 342 16 Sinar Barokah 3 1 4 597 4 265 17 Sinar Jaya 3 8 40 1,170 5 329 18 Sinar Kumala 2 1 6 1,128 5 400 19 Sumber Barokah 3 4 21 611 5 304 20 Sumber Barokah
Suroyo 3 1 5 1,280 5 435
21 Sumber Jaya 3 15 75 977 6 363 22 Sumber Nikmat 3 10 50 913 4 319 23 Sumber Rahmat 2 0 2 1,196 6 355 24 Sumber Wangi 3 6 30 1,295 4 386 TOTAL 3 4 20 954 6 353
Comment: * Tubanan purse seine
3.3 Catch Composition
In 2011, in terms of total fish landed at PPN Pengambengan during January-‐December 2011, the catches were mainly made by purse-‐seiners and was dominated by bullet tuna, Auxis spp. (39%) and followed by S. lemuru (21.1%), S. australicus (19%), Decapterus sp. (18.9%), Leiognathus sp. (1.1%) and others (0.9%). The highest monthly fluctuation happened on blue mackerel, Scomberomorus australicus. The peaks in lemuru catch occurred in July and November (Figure 8 and 9).
19
Figure 8. Monthly catch composition caught by purse-‐seine, landed at Pengambengan during January-‐December 2011.
Figure 9. Fish catch composition caught by purse-‐seine in Pengambengan during January-‐
December 2011.
By contrast, at Kedonganan there were two main fishing gears for lemuru -‐ gill-‐net and purse seine. Figure 10 and 11 (next page) shows the catch composition at Kedonganan in 2011 for both gear types. Auxis spp. dominated catches for both fishing gears. The contribution of lemuru in the total catch by gill-‐net was around 21%, and is higher than that by purse-‐seine, at around 18%. That situation resulted from purse-‐seiners not actually being based at Kedonganan. They only unloaded at Kedonganan because of the aforementioned reasons; being closer to the fishing grounds at certain times, and because the price that can be obtained for the product can be higher at Kedonganan than on East Java side.
Nurhakim & Merta (2004) showed that during the period of 1998 -‐ 2002 lemuru comprised about 88% of purse-‐seine catches, 58% of pelagic danish-‐net catches, and 54% of lift-‐net catches. The period when this research was conducted coincided with a very low period of lemuru production. Purwanto (2011) concluded that declining lemuru production in 2011 was an effect of high intensity of rainfall as a result of El Nino period; the high rainfall resulted in a decrease in salinity (Purwanto, 2011) and a shifting of thermocline layer (Laksmini & Syamsudin, 2009). During this recent period, lemuru production has decreased significantly to 20% of purse-‐seine catches and < 10% of lift-‐net catches. In 2011, Auxis spp.
- 200 400 600 800
1,000 1,200 1,400
Cat
ch (t
on)
Auxis spp S. lemuru S. australicus Decapterus sp Leiognathus sp Others
39%
21%
19%
19%
1% 1%
Auxis spp
S. lemuru
S. australicus
Decapterus sp
Leiognathus sp
Others
20
dominated the catches landed at Pengambengan (39%) and at Kedonganan (56% from gill net and 47% from purse seine) (Figures 10 and Figure 11). The proportions of lemuru in catches at Pengambengan and Kedonganan were about 21% and 19%, respectively.
Figure 10. Monthly fish catch composition caught by (a) gill-‐net and (b) purse-‐seine, landed
at Kedonganan during January-‐December 2011.
Figure 10. Fish catch composition caught by (a) Gill-‐net and (b) Purse-‐seine in Kedonganan
during January-‐December 2011.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Cat
ch (t
on)
(a) Gill-net Auxis sp. S.lemuru S.gibosa Decapterus sp Rastrelliger sp Others
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Cat
ch (t
on)
(b) Purse Seine Auxis sp. Decapterus sp S.lemuru
66%
21%
6%3% 2%
2%(a) Gill-net
Auxis sp.
S.lemuru
S.gibosa
Decapterus sp
Rastrelliger sp
Others
47%
35%
18%
(b) Purse Seine
Auxis sp.
Decapterus sp
S.lemuru
21
4. BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE LEMURU FISHERY 4.1 Pengambengan and Kedonganan – Bali side (funded by ACIAR)
Based on the Bhattacharya’s modal progression analysis, the values of 'mean statistic' (average size), which represent the group size at the current time/month, were obtained. The average size of the smallest groups (the recruits to the fishery), which are used as the starting point of the growth line, appear in July 2011, at size 10.31 cm. Those mean values are used as a reference point in the analysis. Using the starting sample (SS) of July 2011 and starting length (SL) as 10.31cm FL, the response surface analysis was performed using an Elefan program. The results show the growth parameters of L∞ = 21.5 cm and K = 1.6. The growth pattern of Bali sardine, based on the Elefan 1, is shown in Figure 12.
Figure 11. Graph showing the growth pattern of Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru), based on data for Bali side of the Strait collected during 2011.
4.1.1 Mortality With an average Bali Strait temperature of 27.2° C, the empirical formula of Pauly (1980) resulted in a value of 2.63/year for natural mortality, M. The rate of total mortality (Z), according to the length converted catch curve analysis, was ~7.75/year, so the rate of mortality due to fishing (F) was estimated as ~5.12/year. Thus the level of exploitation of the resource in these waters (E = F / Z) reached about 0.66. This exploitation level is higher than the proposed sustainable exploitation rate of about 0.5 and presents a warning in terms of fishery management. To address this unsustainability of the fishery, it is important to reduce the fishing effort, including measures such as reducing the number of vessels, the number of fishing trips per month and increasing the mesh size.
4.1.2 Recruitment The recruitment pattern suggests two peaks in recruitment; in the 2nd and 8th months, with the 8th month being larger. Length frequency data indicated that fish caught in July 2011
22
were of small size, having the average length of 10.31 cm. It is likely that the recruitment peak of fish stocks occurred in July-‐August (east season) as presented in Figure 13.
Figure 12. Recruitment pattern of Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru), for 2011, based on the
Bali fishery.
4.1.3 Yield per Recruit (Y/R)
Population parameters for the Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru) estimated during 2010 -‐ 2011 are presented in Table 4. Based on the changes of Y/R, as a result of changes in fishing mortality, F0.1 is 3.6 (Figure 14).
Table 4. Population parameters of the Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru), for period 2010-‐2011, based on the Bali fishery.
Parameter Unit Value Source a Length-‐weight relationship 0.0078 b 3.165 q Catchability coefficient M Natural mortality year-‐1 2.63
K von Bertalanffy growth parameter year-‐1 1.6
Winf Asymptotic body weight grams 128.6063 Linf Asymptotic body length cm 21.5 Lr Length at recruitment cm 9.5 Lc Length at first capture cm 14.3 U = 1 -‐ Lc/Linf 0.334884 Sparre et al. (1989)
A = [(Linf -‐ Lc)/(Linf -‐ Lr)]M/K 0.431853 Sparre et al. (1989) Yield per Recruit Sparre et al. (1989) Z = M + F
Y/R = F.A.Winf.[1/Z -‐ 3U/(Z+K) + 3U2/(Z+2K) -‐ U3/(Z+3K)]
23
Figure 13. Yield per Recruit for the Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru) in 2010-‐2011, based on
the Bali fishery.
4.2 Combined data collection (Muncar, Pengambengan and Kedonganan) The ACIAR Project conducted data enumeration for the lemuru fishery at PPN Pengambengan and TPI Kedonganan, whereas, the Norway Project (Indonesia-‐Norway, 2012) conducted data enumeration at PPP Muncar. The purpose for this arrangement was to provide data for a comprehensive analyses for lemuru. This section deals with population parameters calculated for the combined data enumeration from both projects. Values of the 'mean statistics' (or average fish size) were obtained from analyses of Bhattacharya’s modal progression (Figure 15), and represented the group size calculated for each time/month. The average size of the smallest groups (the recruits), which were used as the starting point of the growth line, were found in September 2010 and July 2011, and were 13.39 cm and 10.20 cm respectively. Those mean values were used as a reference point in the analysis. Using the starting sample (SS) of September 2010 and the starting length (SL) 13.39 cm fork length (FL), a response surface analysis was performed using the Elefan program. The results indicate the best fit for the growth parameters of L∞ = 21.80 cm and K = 1.00. The growth patterns of Bali sardine, based on the Elefan 1, are shown in Figure 16. The estimated values of growth parameters from previous studies are presented in Table 5.
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
d(YP
R)/dF
Yield/Re
cruit (gram
)
Fishing Mortality
Y/R
F0,1
24
Aug 2010 n = 427
Apr 2011 n = 52
Sep 2010 n = 968
Jun 2011 n = 235
Oct 2010 n = 1,453
Jul 2011 n = 1,250
Nov 2010 n = 549
Aug 2011 n = 1,426
Dec 2010 n = 300
Sep 2011 n = 1,818
Jan 2011 n = 1,197
Oct 2011 n = 1,453
Feb 2011 n = 217
Nov 2011 n = 2,835
Mar 2011 n = 123
Dec 2011 n = 1,896
Figure 14. Bhattacharya’s modal progression analysis -‐ combined data, 2010-‐2011.
25
Figure 15. Graphical of growth line of Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru) in Bali Strait –
combined data, 2010-‐2011.
Table 5. Estimated growth parameters for the Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru Bleeker 1853) from previous studies.
L∞ K/year t0
in year Metods Locations Sources
23,8 cmTL 0,50 -‐ 0,0012 year MCPA* Selat Bali Dwiponggo, 1972 21,5 cmTL 0,95 -‐ 0,0153 year MCPA* Selat Bali Ritterbush, 1975 21,2 cmTL 1,0056 -‐ 0,3817 year MCPA* Selat Bali Sujastani & Nurhakim,
1982 21,1 cmTL 0,80 -‐ ELEFAN I Selat Bali
Dwiponggo et al, 1986 22,3 cmTL 0,85 -‐ ELEFAN I Selat Bali 22,5 cmTL 1,00 -‐ ELEFAN I Selat Bali 23,2 cmTL 1,28 -‐ ELEFAN I Selat Bali 21,4 cmTL 1,37 -‐ ELEFAN I Selat Bali Budihardjo, 1990 21,1 cmTL 1,127 -‐ 0,179 year ELEFAN I Selat Bali Merta, 1992 22,1 cmTL 1,29 -‐ 0,08 year ELEFAN I Selat Bali Setyohadi, 2010 21.7 cmFL 1.00 ELEFAN I Selat Bali Funded by Norway 21.5 cmFL 1.66 ELEFAN I Selat Bali Funded by ACIAR 21.8 cmFL 1.00 ELEFAN I Selat Bali Combined data
4.2.1 Mortality With an average Bali Strait temperature of 27.2° C, the empirical formula of Pauly (1980) resulted in the value of 1.93/year for natural mortality, M. The rate of total mortality (Z), according to the length converted catch curve analysis, was about 6.43/year, so the rate of mortality due to fishing (F) was about 4.50/year. Thus the level of exploitation of the resource in these waters (E = F / Z) reached about 0.70. This exploitation level was considerably higher than the proposed sustainable point of 0.5; again presenting a warning in terms of fishery management. The estimated values of population parameters from these analyses are compared with previous studies and presented in Table 6.
26
Table 6. Estimations of total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) for the Bali sardine fishery (Sardinella lemuru) from earlier studies. Z (th-‐1) M (th-‐1) F (th-‐1) Location Sources 4,48 1,00 3,38 Selat Bali Merta, 1992 6,33 2,29 4,03 Selat Bali Setyohadi, 2010 6.24 2.01 4.23 Selat Bali Funded by Norway 7.75 2.63 5.12 Selat Bali Funded by ACIAR 6.43 1.93 4.50 Selat Bali Combined data
4.2.2 Recruitment The recruitment pattern suggested two peaks in recruitment, in the 5th and 9th months, with the 9th month being greater. Length frequency data indicated that the average sizes of small size fish caught in September 2010 and July 2011, were 13.39 cm and 10.20 cm respectively. It is likely that the recruitment peak of fish stocks occurred in September as presented in Figure 17.
Figure 16. Recruitment pattern of Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru), 2010-‐2011 – for Kedonganan and Muncar combined data .
27
4.2.3 Yield per Recruit (Y/R) Population parameters have been compiled for the Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru) from this study, carried out during 2010-‐2011 (Table 7). Based on the yield per recruit analyses for these data, the best estimate of fishing mortality (F0.1) is 2.7 (Figure 18).
Table 7. Population parameters for the Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru) during 2010 – 211, for East Java and Bali data combined, are presented in Table 4.
Parameter Unit Value Source a Length-‐weight relationship 0.0078 b 3.165 q Catchability coefficient M Natural mortality year-‐1 1.93
K von Bertalanffy growth parameter year-‐1 1
Winf Asymptotic body weight grams 134.3722 Linf Asymptotic body length cm 21.8 Lr Length at recruitment cm 9.5 Lc Length at first capture cm 14.3 U = 1 -‐ Lc/Linf 0.344037 Sparre et al. (1989)
A = [(Linf -‐ Lc)/(Linf -‐ Lr)]M/K 0.384903 Sparre et al. (1989) Yield per Recruit Sparre et al. (1989) Z = M + F
Y/R = F.A.Winf.[1/Z -‐ 3U/(Z+K) + 3U2/(Z+2K) -‐ U3/(Z+3K)]
Figure 17. Yield per recruit for Bali sardine (Sardinella lemuru) in 2010-‐2011 –East Java and
Bali data combined.
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
d(YP
R)/dF
Yield/Re
cruit (gram
)
Fishing Mortality
Y/R
F0,1
28
5. RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the preceding sections of this Report, and on the results of data collection, stakeholder workshops, and other activities conducted under the ACIAR Project, the project’s recommendations for the lemuru fishery in Bali Strait are summarised in the following sections.
5.1 Lemuru Biology
• Improve the estimates of biomass from the acoustic surveys being carried out by the Research Centre for Fisheries Management and Conservation.
• Improve estimates of the growth rate of lemuru (resolve whether fast or slow). Need to carry out independent ageing of a range of fishes using otoliths as a check on the length-‐based methods. (e.g., a key question is whether adult fish are 2 or 4 years age when captured.)
• Investigate the location, distribution, movements and abundance of larvae and juveniles and adults. There is also a need to investigate the impact of fishing on juveniles (bagan lift nets).
5.2 Fisheries and Fishing Gear
• Continue to inform the stakeholders that the lemuru fishery remains heavily fished. • Inform industry of options methods of management (community-‐based):
o Minimum legal sizes for sale o Spatial closures (e.g., marine park) to protect juveniles-‐ more research is
required on whether this would be useful. • Inform industry of the impact of climate cycles on the catches of lemuru and the risk
to lemuru stocks of heavy fishing effort during and directly after years of low catches. 5.3 IUU Fishing
• Improve catch statistics for lemuru: o Improve the identification skills of enumerators in fishing ports and district
offices so that lemuru catches are properly separated from other Sardinella in the official statistics
o Investigate sources of under-‐reporting of the catch and estimate the various unreported components (e.g., ‘take home’ proportion of the catch, low catches which are not recorded, small size classes which are not reported, capture by un-‐reported methods).
o Investigate whether there are useful industry sources of data (e.g., cannery records).
29
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All participating partners of ACIAR Project FIS/2006/142 wish to thank the great many people who provided information and data during the surveys for the lemuru fishery in the Bali Strait. This includes staff of the Government Fisheries Offices at all levels; National, Provincial, Regency, and District. Particular thanks are extended to the staff of Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Banyuwangi and Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi Bali. We also thank Port Authority staff at PPP Muncar, PPN Pengambengan and TPI Kedonganan, and to the staff of the fish auctioning places (TPIs) through the surveys. We would also like to thank the Norway Project (INS 2094-‐06/035 -‐ Capacity Building in Fisheries and Aquaculture) for their contribution in terms of data enumeration for lemuru fishery in PPP Muncar. Without cooperation from the industry sector this study would not have been possible. We extend our thanks to many fishers and fishing association representatives who assisted with information about all aspects of the fishery. In addition, we would like to thank the enumerators, without whom this research would not have been possible.
7. REFERENCES
Beverton, R.J.H and Holt, S.J. 1957. On the dynamics of exploited fish population. MMAF, Fish. Invest. Ser. II, Vol 19, 553 pp.
Budihardjo S., Amin E.M. and Rusmadji, 1990. Estimasi Pertumbuhan dan Tingkat Kematian Ikan Lemuru (Sardinella longiceps) di Selat Bali. J. Mar. Res. Fish. Inst., 56, 79-‐90. (in Indonesian).
Cadima, E.L. 2003. Fish stock assessment manual. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 393. Rome, FAO. 161p.
Fisheries Service of East Java Province. 2000. Fishcode management: Perikanan lemuru Selat Bali (Lemuru fishery in Bali Strait by the Fisheries Service of the Province East Java). Rome: FAO. 9p. (in Indonesian with English summary).
Fisheries Service of Bali Province. 2000. Fishcode management: Pengelolaan perikanan lemuru di Bali (Management of lemuru fishery in Bali by Bali Provincial Fisheries Service). Rome: FAO. 9p. (in Indonesian with English summary).
Dwiponggo, A. 1972. The fishery for and preliminary study on the growth rate of “lemuru” (oil sardine” at Muntjar, Bali Strait. Proc. Indo-‐Pac. Fish. Counc 15(3): 221-‐240.
Dwiponggo, A., T. Hariati, S. Banon, M.L.D. Palomares i D. Pauly. 1986. Growth, mortality and recruitment of commercially important fishes and penaeid shrimps in Indonesian waters. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 17, 91 p.
Freon, P. 1986. Reponses et adaptations des stocks de clupeides d’Afrique de L’Quest a la variabilite du milieu et de L’exploitation: analyse et reflexion a partir de L’exemple du Senegal. ORSTOM, Paris.
Ghofar, A., C.P. Mathews, I.G.S. Merta and S. Salim. 1999. Incorporating the Outhern Oscilation Indices to the Management Model of Bali Strait Oil Sardine Fishery. Bali.
30
Gulland, J.A. 1969. Manual of methods for fish stock assessment. Part 1: fish population analysis. FAO Man. Fish. Sci. (4). FAO, Rome.
Indonesia – Norway. 2012. Report on Fisheries Management including Fish Stock Assessment for Bali Sardinella . Collaboraton between MoMAF – Indonesia and IMR – Norway. 24 p.
Laksmini, Mega & Syamsudin, Fadli. 2009. Impact of regional climate change to bigeye tuna catches (Thunus obesus) in Southern Waters of Java and Bali. National Marine Journal vol 2 special edition January 2009. 18-‐19. 9In Indonesia).
Merta, I G.S. 1992. Population dynamic of lemuru, Sardinella lemuru Bleeker 1853 (Pisces: Clupeidae) in Bali Strait and its management options. Dissertation. Bogor Agricultural Univ., Bogor. 201 p (in Indonesian).
Merta, I. G. S. & H. M. Eidman. 1994. The prediction of biomass, yield and value of lemuru (Sardinella lemuru Bleeker 1953) fishery, dynamics and exploitation of the small pelagic in the Java Sea. Puncak and Jakrta, 21-‐25 March 1994. 9 p.
Merta, I.G.S., K. Widana, Yunizal & R. Basuki. 2000. Fishcode management: status of the lemuru fishery in bali strait its development and prospects. Rome: FAO. 42 p.
Pauly, D. 1984. Fish Population Dynamics in Tropical Waters: a manual for use with programmable calculators. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 8. 325 p.
Purwanto, 1992. Economic rent and exploitation level of lemuru fishery resource in the Bali Strait. Economic Environment Journal 1 (3): 28 – 39 (in Indonesian).
Purwanto. 2008. Resource rent generated in the bali strait sardine Fishery in a fluctuating environment. FAO/World Bank PROFISH-‐funded project “the Rent Drain Study”.
Purwanto. 2011. Bio-‐economic optimal levels of the Bali strait sardine fishery operating in a fluctuating environment. Ind. Fish. Res. J., 17(1): 1-‐12.
Ricker W.E. 1975. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 191: 1-‐382.
Ritterbush, S.W. 1975. An assessment of the population biology of the Bali Strait lemuru fishery. LPPL 1/75 -‐ PL. 051/75. 37 p.
Salim, S. 1986. Assessment of the lemuru (Sardinella longiceps) fishery in the Bali Strait, Indonesia. M.Sc. Thesis of School of Animal Biology, Univ. Coll. North Waoes, Bangor, UK. 52 p.
Sartimbul, A., H. Nakata, E. Rohadi, B. Yusuf, H. P. Kadarisman. 2010. Variations in chlorophyll-‐a concentration and the impact on Sardinella lemuru catches in Bali Strait, Indonesia. Progress in Oceanography 87 (2010) 168–174.
Setyohadi, D. 2010. Lemuru Resources Utilization Study (Sardinella lemuru) in Bali Strait: Simulation Analysis of Management Policies 2008-‐2020. Dissertation. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya. Malang. (in Indonesian).
Sujastani, T. and Nurhakim, S. 1982. Potential yield of lemuru (Sardinella longiceps) stock in the Bali Strait. In S. Nurhakim, Budihardjo and Suparno (Eds.) Proceeding of Lemuru Fishery Seminar (Vol 2. pp 1-‐11). Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia. Research and Development Center for Fisheries. Agency of Research and Development for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture. (in Indonesian).
31
Wetherall, J.A. 1986. A new method for estimating growth and mortality parameters from length-‐frequency data. Fishbyte 4(1): 12-‐14.
Wetherall, J.W., Polovina and S. Ralston. 1987. Estimating growth and mortality in steady-‐state fish stocks from length-‐ frequency data, p. 53-‐74. In D. Pauly and C.R. Morgan (eds.) Length-‐based methods in fisheries research. ICLARM Conf. Roc. 13, 466 p.
Wudianto. 2001. Distribution and Abundance Analyses of the “Lemuru” Fish (Sardinella lemuru Bleeker, 1853) in the Bali Strait: The Relation with Catch Optimization. Dissertation. Bogor Agriculture Univ. (in Indonesian).
32
Appendix 1: Background Information -‐ Official Reported Catches
Figure a: Reported annual catch of Bali Strait lemuru from FAO website. Note that during this project it was found that these data include statistics for a number of sardine species around Indonesia and are not confined to the lemuru fishery.
Figure b: Most recent official catch data for lemuru from three main landing places in Bali Strait (DGCF data, pers. comm. 2012).
33
Appendix 2: Bali Sardinella Stakeholder Workshops -‐ Recommendations
RECOMMENDATIONS:
STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP FOR BALI SARDINELLA FISHERIES
Surabaya, 21-23 May 2012
Stakeholder Workshop for Bali Sardinella Fisheries was held on 21-23 May 2012 at Novotel Surabaya Hotel & Suites, Surabaya. The workshop was opened by Director of Fisheries Resources Management and participated by Dr. Ron West (University of Wollongong), Mr. Craig Proctor and Dr. David Milton (CSIRO), representative from Directorate of Fisheries Resources Management-DGCF-MMAF, representative from Research Centre of Fisheries Management and Conservation-MMAF, Marine and Fisheries Faculty of Diponegoro University (Dr.Ir. Abdul Ghofar, M.Sc), Head of District Fisheries Office of Banyuwangi-East Java, representative from Provincial Fisheries Office of East Java, representative from District Fisheries Office of Jembrana-Bali, representative from District Fisheries Office of Badung-Bali, representative from Pengambengan Fishing Port, representative from Muncar Fishing Port, Kedonganan Fishing Port and Lemuru Entrepreneur from Banyuwangi.
Stakeholder Workshop for Bali Sardinella Fisheries is a implementation of collaboration project between The Government of Indonesia and The Government of Australia, which is ACIAR Project No. FIS/2006/142: Developing new assessment and policy framework for Indonesia’s marine fisheries, including the control and management of Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Fishing.
The objectives of the workshop are (1) to inform the result of evaluation of Bali Sardinella data collection and research in Bali (Pengambengan Fishing Port- Jembrana, Kedonganan Fishing Port-Badung) and East Java (Muncar Fishing Port-Banyuwangi), (2) to review Bali Sardinella fisheries issues in Bali (Pengambengan Fishing Port- Jembrana, Kedonganan Fishing Port-Badung) and East Java (Muncar Fishing Port-Banyuwangi), and (3) to collect information for up-dating Bali Sardinella fisheries management plan.
The workshop recommendations can be described as below :
1. Improve data collection and species identification of Bali Sardinella and other sardinella species which caught. Data collection coverage consists of catch, species, vessel, fishing gear and fishing ground.
2. Conduct data collection of trip (days at sea) and number of setting by implementing fishing logbook.
3. Further research on age estimates for the different size classes that are fished, the location of spawning areas, the spatial and vertical distributions of larvae, juveniles and adults of lemuru (including acoustic surveys and oceanographic), the impact of fishing on juveniles - in particular, impacts of bagan (lift net) fishing.
34
4. Determine potential and status estimation of Bali Sardinella by improving the methodology of stock assessment as a basic for management and licensing.
5. Improve monitoring on licensing implementation, including ‘andon fisher’ (exclude purse seine) issues.
6. Improve dissemination of the strong influences of global climate features (e.g. SOI index, La Nina and El Nino events) and exploitation on the abundance, or at least ‘catchability’ of lemuru in Bali Strait to the lemuru fishing industry.
7. Develop alternative livelihood for Bali Sardinella fisher during off season.
8. Develop plan of action of Bali Sardinella fisheries management plan as attached.
9. In order to achieve better Bali Sardinella fisheries management, it is a need to develop a Bali Sardinella Fisheries Management Plan which is established through Ministrial Decree as stipulated in Fisheries Law No. 31/2004 as amanded by No. 45/2009.
10. The workshop recommend that collaboration project among Indonesian Government, ACIAR, and other International Funding should be continued.
Participants in the stakeholder workshop included: Ir. Agus A. Budhiman, M.Aq (Direktorat SDI-DJPT), Sri Indrastuti R.H, S.Pi (Direktorat SDI-DJPT), Dr. Ron West (University of Wollongong, Australia), Craig Proctor (CSIRO), Dr. David Milton (CSIRO), Dr. Ir. Abdul Ghofar, M.Sc (UNDIP-Semarang), Drs. Suwarso, M.Si (P4KSI-Balitbang KP), Ir. Pudjo Hartanto (DKP Kab. Banyuwangi-Jawa Timur), Ir. Slamet Budiyono, MM (DKP Provinsi Jawa Timur), Ir. Dwi Maharimbawa, M.Si (DKP Kabupaten Jembrana-Bali), Arman (PPN Pengambengan-Bali), and, Rony F.L, S.StPi (Pengusaha Pengolahan Lemuru).
