Baker Hughes Water Management AIPG 2013 Morgan.pdf · Water Management Reuse Options – Dilution – Filtration – Traditional Chemical Floc and Drop – Chemical Oxidation –

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Baker Hughes Water Management

Diamond in the Rough:Practical Reuse Options to Reduce FreshwaterDemand and Operating Expenses

Presented by: Morgan McCutchan

Water Management Area Technical Manager

Water Management Challenges

– Disposal

• Capacity?

• Proximity?

• Cost?

– Transportation

• Trucking cost?

• Pipeline cost?

– Environmental and PR Impact

• Fresh water consumption?

• Hydrogen Sulfide?

– Reuse Compatibility

• Flow Assurance?

• System Integrity?

© 2013 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.2

Water Management Goals

– Reduce Disposal Cost

• Reuse more water

– Reduce Transportation Cost

• Shorten trucking distances

• Pipeline optimization

– Reduce Environmental Impact

• Minimize fresh water consumption

• Eliminate H2S exposure

– Increase Compatibility

• Minimize impact on Frac fluid systems

• Reduce potential production problems


Water Management Reuse Options

– Dilution

– Filtration

– Traditional Chemical Floc and Drop

– Chemical Oxidation

– Electrocoagulation

– Evaporation

– Many Others


Dilution Only

PROS

– Simple

– Requires no treatment

– No footprint

– 100% water recovery

CONS

– High TDS waters allow forvery low reuse percentage

– No bacteria control

– No TSS removal


Filtration Only

PROS

– Low cost

– Removes TSS associatedwith plugging

– Small footprint

– 99.9% water recovery

CONS

– High TDS waters still requiredilution or other treatment forreuse



Traditional Chemical Floc and Drop Only

PROS

– Low cost

– Removes suspended solids

– Improves water clarity

– 90-99% water recovery

CONS

– Long settling times

– Large footprint



Chemical Oxidation Only

PROS

– Kills bacteria

– *Oxidizes specific dissolved solids

– On-the-fly applications


CONS

– **THM’s and AOC’s possible

– **Can require higher loadings

– Can impact pH

– Can be Corrosive

*Selective Oxidizers

**Non-Selective Oxidizers© 2013 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.8

Electrocoagulation Only

PROS

– Removes heavy metals and contaminates

– Assists precipitation


– Handles influent water variance

CONS

– Requires settling time

– Slow treatment rate


Evaporation Only

PROS

– TDS removal to <500mg/L


CONS

– Cost

– Slow treatment rate


Optimal Solution?

No Silver Bullet

– Every option alone has critical flaws

Best Practice

– Survey the situation

– Select the best combination

• Effluent quality

• Process time

• Cost




Chlorine Dioxide

Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2)


• Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a selective oxidizer that has been used invarious industries in the United States for over seventy years, and forover twenty years in oilfield applications.

• ClO2 is generated onsite, via a mobile or permanently mountedgenerator, using water and (typically) three common liquid precursors;sodium hypochlorite, hydrochloric acid, and sodium chlorite

• Although ClO2 is a true gas, only liquid phase ClO2 is utilized for

surface and subsurface oilfield applications.

• Its only byproducts are salt and water

2NaClO2 + NaOCl + HCl 2ClO2 + 2NaCl + H2O

Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2)


• Selective disinfecting oxidant

• Rapid kill rate at low dosage rates

• Broad-range bacteria, fungi & virus destruction

• Penetrates & sluffs biofilm, killing resident organisms

• Does not

– Form trihalomethanes (THM’s)

– React with ammonia

– Chlorinate organics

– Form hypochlorous acid or free chlorine

• Is less corrosive than chlorine

• Oxidizes

– Manganese, iron, phenols, sulfides, cyanides

– Odor-causing substances

Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) Applications


• Hydraulic fracturing – on the fly treatment

• Production, Injection, and Disposal Wells

– Remediation of near well bore damage

– Results in greater injection or production rates, decreased well pressures,and positive impacts to the formation with regards to permeability,wettability, and porosity.

• Surface applications of water in pits or tanks and surface vessels, andtanks.

– Treatment of produced and flowback waters for reuse or disposal

– Corrosion control, emulsion breaking, and biofilm removal

– H2S mitigation

Hydraulic Fracturing Applications


• Typically used as a biocide

• Treatment reduces risk of bacterial contamination of system withsulfate reducing bacteria (SRB’s) and other bacteria that can lead to a“Sour System”

– SRB’s metabolize sulfate and reduce it to sulfide which can existas H2S gas, HS-, S2- depending on pH (pH 6 90% as H2S)

– Sulfide ion can also react with iron in the system to form a solidFeS sludge

Production, Injection, and Disposal Wells


Porosity

• ClO2 does not increase porosity, but eliminates oxidizableparticulates blocking pores

Permeability

• ClO2 Does not create permeability

• Converts solid oxidizable species to water soluble species to openinterconnections and restore permeability

Wettability

• ClO2 Treatment leaves the formation water wet, thus improvingrelative permeability

Surface Applications


• Bacteria control in surface systems including tanks and lines

– Low level treatments continuous or intermittent feed of ClO2

depending on system ( < 100 mg/L)

• Tank and pipeline cleanouts (remove FeS/ Biomass sludge)

– Project work, usually concentrated ClO2 solutions (1500 to 3000mg/L)

– Effective but does take skilled project team

– Removes biofouling and iron sulfide buildup reducing underdeposit corrosion and improving water quality

• Pit cleanouts/ treatment

– Continuous or intermittent treatment or both depending on system

– Remediation of pits for closure



Case History

Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) Case History

The Challenge:An operator had an impoundment with 76K barrels of produced water with significantbacteria, dissolved iron, H2S, and FeS they wish to transport to another impoundmentcontaining fresh water.



The Problem:Mixing the produced water with the fresh water without treatment would contaminatethe entire volume leading to increased chemical volumes. The H2S levels alsopresented a potential safety risk during fluid handling and fracturing operations as wellas providing a potential production problem.




The Solution:Chlorine Dioxide allowed them to treat the produced fluid’s bacteria, H2S, DissolvedIron, and FeS all at the same time. A mobile ClO2 Unit was used to treat the fluid as itwas transferred into holding tanks where it was then transported to the otherimpoundment via truck.



The Result:There was an eight bottle log reduction in bacteria and the H2S, Fe, and FeS wasoxidized resulting in the elimination of odor and improvement in water clarity. Mostimportant, a greater percentage of produced water was preserved for reuse.

Before After



Benefits:• Removal of the contaminates

allowed for normal chemical loadingsduring Frac.

• The operator saved on the cost ofdisposal and the additionaltransportation costs.

• The treatment was environmentallyfriendly.

• The elimination of H2S significantlyreduced safety concerns during fluidhandling and fracturing operations.

Water Management


Questions?

The case history was published in the January/February 2013 issueof Upstream Pumping Solutions and can be viewed on their website.

http://www.upstreampumping.com/article/well-completion-stimulation/water-reuse-solutions

Documents

Baker Hughes Water Management AIPG 2013 Morgan.pdf · Water Management Reuse Options – Dilution – Filtration – Traditional Chemical Floc and Drop – Chemical Oxidation –