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1. Structure of the Lesson
Intro
Class
Class end
Study
Assessment
Review
1. intro Overview of the lesson2. Learning objective present learning objective of the lesson3. Table of Content structure of the topics and subtopics in thelesson
4. Lecture (75-90 minutes) present the lecture in detailed topics that covers all the
learning objectives of the lesson.- each topics should be divided into subtopics
(5-15 min in length is recommended)- if a subtopic goes over 15 minutes divide the subtopic into
series of subtopics.
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CourseCircuit theory and
Laboratory
Lesson # Lesson 13
Title Application Circuits
SME Dr. Nguyen Vu Thang
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Learning Objectives Table of Content
At the end of this lecture, the stud
ents should be able to:
Understand the basic steps of
designing circuits
Know how to write requirement
Able to design circuit schematic,
choose devices
Able to draw circuit layout Able to make PCB circuits
PCB Design Flow
Software Introduction
Battery charger circuit
Thief detector
Blinking LED
DC Motor Driver
Audio Amplifier
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PCB Design Flow
Software Introduction
Battery charger circuit Thief detector
Blinking LED
DC Motor Driver Audio Amplifier
Content
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PCB Design Flow
Description and
Requirements
Schematic
design
Layout
Device welding
PCB
TestingReady
to use
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PCB Design Flow
The description will describe:
What is the application
How and where does it work, etc
Requirement point out:Basic technology aspect of the application, such as,electronic parameters: power source, current, voltage.Etc.
The designer then will design circuit schematic.Engineers chose components, circuit topologies, andthen run simulation
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PCB Design Flow
Engineers
Make the circuit layout based on the schematic
Make or order printed circuit board
Weld devices to circuit board
Test the circuit
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PCB Design Flow
Software Introduction
Baterry chager circuit Thief detector
Blinking LED
DC Motor Driver Audio Amplifier
Content
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Software Introduction
A lot of software that can help engineer:
Schematic design
Simulation
Layout design.
Software:
One function: for example, schematic design
Multiple functions: for example schematic design
and simulation
Special software: simulate the specific functions
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Software Introduction
Software Schematic design Layout design Simulation
Orcad Eagle Altium Proteus Multisim Circuitmaker Hspice
In the table, a list of common circuit software
with their functions are presented.
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PCB Design Flow
Software Introduction
Battery charger circuit Thief detector
Blinking LED
DC Motor Driver Audio Amplifier
Content
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Battery charger circuit
Description:
There are many devices worked on battery
energy source.
Make a simple battery charger for 12V battery
for motorbike.
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Battery charger circuit
Requirements:
Use wall 220 VAC source
Use to charge 12VDC battery
Charge current: 1.2 A
Maximum current: 2A
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Battery charger circuit
Design:The charger need power supply => chose electric powerAC source.
To charge 12V battery => charger needs a higher voltage
output than the battery => choose 15V.To lower the electric AC voltage => use transformer.
Want 15VDC => need 12VAC output from thetransformer.
After converting to DC, the voltage is unstable => use alarge capacitor and/or a regulator to give stable voltage.
To convert AC to DC voltage we use diode bridge.
The charging current is commonly about 1A.
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Battery charger circuit
Schematic:
220 VAC
15,7 VDC
12 VAC
D1 D2
D3D4
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Battery charger circuit
Operation:
- First half cycle: D2, D4 On; D1, D3 Off
- Second half cycle: D1, D3 On; D2, D4 Off- Output voltage ~= 12x 1.41-2X0.6 ~= 15.7 VDC
(0.6 is voltage drop on diode).
- Charging current ~ = (15.7-12)/3 ~= 1.2 A
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Battery charger circuit
Components list:
- Transformer 220VAC => 12VAC
- 4x Diode 2A- Resistor 3 Ohm
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PCB Design Flow
Software Introduction
Battery charger circuit Thief detector
Blinking LED
DC Motor Driver Audio Amplifier
Content
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Thief detector
Description:
To detect unwanted objects/people entering
your place through windows or doors.
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Thief detector
Requirement:
Simple and cheap
Not visible by objects/peopleDetect objects in 1-2 meters
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Thief detector
Design:
Two modules:
The 1st module: transmit invisible light => use IR
LED
The 2nd module receive invisible light from 1st
module. It gives alarm when the light is blocked =>
use LDR=> 2 recommended design
2nd1st
Window/gate
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Thief detector
Transmitter design:
The transmitter is composed of a DC source, an IR
LED and a resistor.
IR LED:Forward voltage: 1.2V
Forward current about 15 40 mA.
We use 5V sourceResistor: (5V-1.2V)/(20mA)~= 220 Ohm
Adjust resistor change operation range
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Thief detector
Receiver design:
Receiving the light from IR LED => LDR change its
resistance.
LDR resistance change => condition of the circuit willchange => give out alarm
Signal change is small => amplify the signal.
=> 2 options: use BJT (in schematic 1) or an opamp (inschematic 2)
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Thief detector
Design 1:
LDR
Dark resistance: 100K - M
Light resistance: few hundred .
Resistance depends on how much light it receives.
VR1 value depends on:
Operation range of device
Value of resistor for IR LED.
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Thief detector
Receiver design:
1K
5V
5V
IR LED220
C1815
LED
LDR
VR1
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Thief detector
Components List 1:
C1815 NPN transistor
LDR LED
1K, 220 Ohm resistor
1K Varistor.
5V supply
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Thief detector
Operation:
LDR receive light from a IR LED => resistance ofLDR decrease => Ib increases => Ic increase =>
LED is on.IR light is corrupted by object => LDR has highresistance => Ib decrease => Ic decrease => LED
off.Varistor use to adjust the Ib current also adjustthe range of operation.
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Thief detector
Schematic 2:
As stated in schematic 1, in schematic 2, we can
use the opamp to amplify signal
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Thief detector
Schematic 2:
5V
5V
5V
10k 10k
R3
R2
LDR+
-
R1
100k
LED
LM358
R4
330
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Thief detector
Components List 2:
LM358
R1 = 10k ; R2 = 10k; R3 = 100k; R4 = 330 Ohm LDR
LED
5VDC supply
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Thief detector
Operation 2:
- Lm358 amplifier the difference voltage between 2inputs.
-LDR catch IR light => LDR resistance decrease =>Vminus input < Vplus input => LED is on.
-IR light is interrupted => LDR resistance increase =>Vminus input > Vplus input => LED is off
-R3: can be replaced by a varistor to adjust not onlyrange but also sensitive of operation.
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PCB Design Flow
Software Introduction
Battery charger circuit
Thief detector
Blinking LED
DC Motor Driver
Audio Amplifier
Content
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Blinking LED
Description
There are so many application with blinking
LED: advertisement, warning signal vv
This example introduce a simple way to make a
blinking LED circuit.
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Blinking LED
Requirement
LED can blink with the frequency adjustable.
Range of frequency: smaller than 30 Hz then
humans eye can see LEDs blinking.
Duty circle from 0% to 100%.
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Blinking LED
Design
Use an opamp with 2 inputs:
One input have constant input voltage
One input have voltage changes. We can use a
structure of resistance and capacitor to make the
voltage change.
=> structure as shown in the figure
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Blinking LED
Schematic
LM358
-
+
R1
R2R3
C1+V
-V
Out
V1
V2
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Blinking LED
Component List
- Resistor R1=R2=R3 = 1.2M
- Non-pole capacitor C1 = 10uF (104)
- Dual supply source +V, -V
- LM358
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Blinking LED
Operation
R2, R3 voltage divider feed-back resistor.
V2 act as reference voltage.
R1, C1 delay maker. C1 charge and discharge create voltage in V1.
Output is square wave.
By changing R1,C1 => creating difference
frequency. By changing R2, R3 => creating difference duty
cycle
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Blinking LED
Use the opamp LM358
Divider factor k = R3/(R2+R3)
Period T = 2.R1.C1.ln[(1+k)/(1-k)]
For T 25Hz, choose:
R1 = 1.2M (Standard resistor value)
C2 = 10uF (Standard capacitor value for non-polar)
K = 1/2 then R3 = R2 = 1.2M
T= 26.337 Hz
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PCB Design Flow
Software Introduction
Battery charger circuit
Thief detector
Blinking LED
Audio Amplifier
Content
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Audio Amplifier
Description
Create a simple audio amplifier to play music.
Two schematic design of Audio Amplifier.
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Audio Amplifier
Requirement
Input: from micro around 24 mV
Power source: 10-15V
Speaker: use common one: 8-10 Ohm
Power: 5-30W
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Audio Amplifier
Schematic 1
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Audio Amplifier
Components list 1
- R1, R3: 27k Ohm
- R2: 100k Ohm
- R4: 15k Ohm
- R5: 330 Ohm
- R6: 22k Ohm
- R7: 1k Ohm
- R8: 470 Ohm
- R9, R10 : 1 Ohm
- PR1 : varistor 470 Ohm
- C1: 10uF- C2: 470uF
- C3: 220uF
- C4: 330uF
- C5: 2200uF
- C6: 2200uF
- Diode: 1n4148 x2
- Q1: BC109
- Q2: N3906
- Q3, Q4: TIP41, TIP42
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Audio Amplifier
Operation 1
- C1: Signal pass-in
- C6: power source decoupled capacitor
- R5, C3: source Low-pass filter for stage 2
- R3, C2: source Low-pass filter for stage 1- R1, R2: Q1 bias, mode A
- R4: Q1 load.
- Q1: input amplifier
- Q2: pre-power amplifier- Q3, Q4: push-pull power amplifier
- D1, D2: Q3, Q4 thermo stabilizer.
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Audio Amplifier
Operation 1
Q1 form the first stage of amplifier.
R1, R2, R4 bias Q1 work on A mode.
After the first stage, the current still is small =>need a extra amplifier stage.
Q2 work on A mode to form pre-power amplifier.
Q3 and Q4 form a pair of push pull amplifier toamplify the audio signal to the speaker.
D1 & D2 form a thermo stabilizer for Q3 & Q4.
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Audio Amplifier
Operation 1 Static mode
Q1, Q2 operate in A mode
Q3, Q4 operate in A or AB mode
PR1 use to adjust B terminal of Q3, Q4 has the
same voltage => C point = Vc5 = supply
voltage = 7.5V
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Audio Amplifier
Operation 1 positive half cycle input
B terminal of Q1 raise => IcQ1 raise => UR4
raise => Uc Q1 down => Ub Q2 down => Ic Q2
down => UA & UB down
UA down => Ic Q3 raise
UB down => Ic Q4 down
C point raise, charge C5
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Audio Amplifier
Operation 1 negative half cycle input
B terminal of Q1 down => IcQ1 down => UR4
down => Uc Q1 raise => Ub Q2 raise => Ic Q2
raise => UA & UB raise
UA raise => Ic Q3 down
UB raise => Ic Q4 raise
C point down, discharge C5
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Audio Amplifier
0
0
0
0
t
t
t
t
Input Signal
Q1
Output Signal
Q2
7.5V
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Audio AmplifierSchematic 2
+
-
+
-
+
-
Output
R1
R18
+
-
R2R3
C1
R5
R6R7R8
R9 R10
VR2
VR1 R11
R12
R13 R14
VR3
R15 R16
U2
15V
15V
15V
15V
15V
15V
15V
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
Input
U3
U4
U1
R4
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Audio AmplifierSchematic 2
The whole schematic 1 can be replaced by just 1LM386 IC.
Schematic 2 present a upgrade version of audioamplifier => can adjust bass and treble volume.
U1 form a low-pass filter to extract basscomponent.
U2 form a high-pass filter to extract treblecomponent.
U3 form a mixer. It mixes the bass & treblecomponents. The bass & treble components ratiocan be adjust by R3 and R4.
U4 is LM386 form a power amplifier.
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Audio AmplifierSchematic 2
C1, C2, R1, R2, R3 ,R4 , R5 configure U1 as alow-pass filter.
C3, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10 configure U2 as a high-
pass filter.C4, C5 are coupled capacitor.
VR1, VR2, R11, R12, R13, R14 configure U3 as
a mixer.VR3, R18, R15, R16 configure U4 as a invertamplifier.
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Audio Amplifier
Components list 2
R4=R5=R9=R10=R13=R14=R15=R16 = 10k
C1=C2=C4=C5=C6 =10uF
R2=R6= 22k
R3=R7= 1k
R11=R18= 22k VR1 = VR2 = VR3 = 1k
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Audio Amplifier
Draw the circuit using one of the circuit software.
Run simulation to check the functions of the circuit.
Different conditions and inputs: source, input, conditions
Check the voltages, currents at different points.If the circuit do not work well, can based on the
simulation to find out the effect and change the design.
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Audio Amplifier
Layout
Layout software support many footprints for common
components.
If your components footprint does not exist in layout software
library, you have to create it.
After choosing right footprints for your component you do the
placement step. Try to arrange your component neatly and
logically.
After placement step, you do the routing step. Make sure, all
the wires are routed.
Create PCB making file and send to PCB service provider.
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Audio Amplifier
Layout
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Audio Amplifier
WeldingTake all the components in your design frommarket.
Prepare soldering iron, soldering wire, and otherssoldering toolsSolder all the component on the PCB.
Make sure all our components was soldered inright place and direction.
Use your multi-meter to check all the solderpoints.
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Audio Amplifier
Testing
Provide 15VDC for the circuit.
Use multi-meter to check the C-point. If it is
7.5VDC then provide the signal for Audio_in
input.
Use oscilloscope to check the output signal.
If everything goes right lets play the music.
Assessment Quiz 1
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Design a sound detector
Assessment Quiz 1
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Design a sound detector
R1
R2
R3 R4 R5
R6
C1
C2
2.2K 3.3K 220K 1.2K
270
470K
0.1uF
0.1uF
BC574
BC574
BC574
5V
RELAY
T1
T2
T3
R1 = 2.2K
R2 = 470K
R3 = 3.3K
R4 = 220KR5 = 1.2K
R6 = 270
C1 = C2 = 0.1uF
BC574
RelayMic
Assessment Quiz 1
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Design a sound detector
T1 act as first stage of amplifier
T2 act as second stage of amplifier
T3 act as a switch to drive relay
MIC can detect sound from animals and human. Small signal from MIC is amplified by 2 transistors
T1&T2.
After 2 stages of amplifier, the signal is used todrive Relay through T3.
Relay can use to control LEDs, Buzzers v..v
Assessment Quiz 1
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Design an IR detector
Assessment Quiz 1
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Design an IR detector
9V
Q1
BP109
Q2
BP238
D1
390
LED
R1
Q1: phototransistor
Q2: BP238 npn transistor
R1 = 390 Ohm
D1: LED
When Q1 received IR light,
resistance of Q1 decreases. The
current in the Base of Q2
increases then the current flows
through Q2. LED D1 turn on.
Assessment Quiz 3
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Design a high current 12V regulator
Assessment Quiz 3
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Design a high current 12V regulator
IC1
7812
230V
AC
12
T1
B1
C1
47000uF
C2 C3
470uF10u
F
V out
R1
0.1 Ohm
5W
R2
R3
0.1 Ohm
5W
0.1 Ohm
5W
0.1 Ohm
5W
R4
Q3
TIP2955
Q2
TIP2955
Q1
TIP2955
Assessment Quiz 3
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Design a high current 12V regulator
7812 has a stable output voltage of 12V. Seri of Q1,Q2,Q3 has high Ice are used to push the
output current higher.
List of component:
T1: 220VAC-24VAC transformer B1: Diode Bridge
R1=R2=R3=R4= 0.1 Ohm 5W
C1= 4700uF
C2=470uF
C3=10uF
IC1 : 7812
Q1,Q2,Q3: TIP2955
Assessment Quiz 4
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Design a thermo protector
Assessment Quiz 4
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Design a thermo protector
Assessment Quiz 4
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Design a thermo protector
LM35LM339
5V
GND
NC
COM
NO
RELAY
T1
BC574
VR1
5V
R1
10
kOhm
10
kOhm
5V
LM35 thermo sensor
LM339 op-amp
R1= 10k
VR1 = 10k
BC574
Relay
Assessment Quiz 4
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Design a thermo protector
When the temperature changes, the output of
LM35 changes.
The signal of LM35 is compared to reference
which can be adjusted by VR1 through LM339
The output of op-amp LM339 feeds to T1
which acts as a switch to control relay.
Assessment Quiz 5
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Design a ramp signal generator
Assessment Quiz 5
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Design a ramp signal generator
230V : 12V 1N4007 1N4007
1N4007
1N4007
1N4007
C1
2200uF
D1 D5
D3D4
D2 R3
1K
R4 100
C2
1000uF
10V
D7
10V stab
BC547
BC547
Q2
Q1 BC547
Q3
10V
D6
R1
10K
R2 1k
C3
2uF
R6
10k
1N4148
1N4148R5
470
13V5 unstable
100Hz ramp
signalA
Assessment Quiz 5
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Design a ramp signal generator
R1 10 kohm 0.25W R2 1 kohm 0.25W
R3 1 kohm 0.25W R4 100 ohm 1W
R5 470 ohm trimmer R6 10 kohm 0.25W
C1 2200 uF 25V electrolytic C2 1000 uF 25V electrolytic
C3 2.2 uF 25V
D1-D5 1N4007 D6-D7 10V zener diode 1W
D8-D9 1N4148
Q1-Q3 BC547 TRANS
Transformer 230V primary and 12V 200 mA secondary
Assessment Quiz 5
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Design a ramp signal generator
D1-D4 act as diode bridge
D5 protecting diode
R2,R1 bias Q1
D6, Q1 ,R3 create current source. Q2,Q3 and C3 are main parts of oscillators. By
charging and discharging C3 we have ramp signalat the output.
R5 is used to adjusted the speed of charging anddischarging C3.