Bacteria Fungi

7/29/2019 Bacteria Fungi

1/61

Kingdom Eubacteria

and Cyanobacteria


2/61


3/61

CELL WALL Depending on their cells reaction to the

Grams stain

1. Gram positive thick layer of peptidoglycan

N-acetylglucosamine

N-acetylmuramic acid

2. Gram negative thin peptidoglycan

- thick LPS

(lipopolysaccharide)

toxic to animals e.g. Salmonella & Shigella


4/61

Bacterial forms

Pleomorphic various

shape, no cell wall

Bacilli rod shaped

Cocci spherical

Spirilla long coils


5/61

Cocci


6/61


7/61

Staphylococci


8/61

Bacilli- rod shaped

Bacilus in

single

Diplobacilli

Streptobacilli


9/61

Spirilla- long coils

Treponema pallidum


10/61

Genetic material

Nucleoid -DNA in the

form of closed circles

- Without histones

Ribosomes 70s

ribosomes


11/61

FLAGELLAR CHARACTERISTICS

Monotrichous flagellumon one pole

Lopotrichous tuffs of

flagella on one pole

Amphitrichous- tuffs offlagella on both

poles Peritrichous flagella over

the entire surface.


12/61

Cell DIVISION

BINARY FISSION - cell pinches in two.

FRAGMENTATION separation of a

filament into several fragments


13/61

EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL

Transformationforeign genes are usuallydigested and accidentally

inserted into the cells DNA circle.

Transduction- a bacterium incorporates

DNA carried in by a virus.

Conjugation DNA is passed through a

tube (pilus) that joins two

adjacent cell.


14/61

CLASSIFICATION

Division Eubacteria1. Gliding Bacterianon-flagellated

inhabit areas rich in H2S such as

sewage, deep mud layers of lake.

e.g. Beggiatoa

Cytophaga


15/61

2. Nitrogen fixing Bacteria

Absorb N2 and fix it into organic compounds.

1. free livingAzotobacter

2. symbioticAgrobacterium, Rhizobium

3. Nitrifying

1. oxidize ammonium to nitriteNitrosomonas2. oxidize nitrite to nitrate - Nitrobacter


16/61

4. Denitrifying

Conversion of nitrogen

compounds to Nitrogen

gas (N2).


17/61

Cyanobacteria blue green bacteria


18/61

SECTION CYANOBACTERIA

Formerly known as blue green algae Phycobilins present:

1. phycocyanin blue green pigment

2. phycoerythrin red pigment

Biliproteins in association with protein

Phycobilisomes aggregation of phycobilins in

small nodules.


19/61

Thalli organization

1. UnicellularChroococcus

2. Colonies with

mucilaginous matrix

- Microcystis

3. Unbranched filaments

Oscillatoria

4. Branched filaments-

Hapalosiphon


20/61

Nostoc

heterocyst


21/61

Microcyctis shake

Two groups of cyanobacteria

1.Homocystous

2. Heterocystous


22/61

Oscillatoria

Micrococcus Spirulina

Trichome

Separation disc

hormogone


23/61

ARCHAEBACTERIAANCIENT BACTERIA, LIVING FOSSILS


24/61

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI

Eukaryote

Achlorophyllous

Heterotrophs1. biotrophs draw nutrients from the

host without killing

it.

2. necrotrophs draw nutrients from

the host and eventually kill it.


25/61

Body- Cellular Construction

Hyphae filamentous construction of fungi

1. septated with partition wall or cross

walls

2. aseptate or coenocytic without cross

wall, mutinucleated

Mycelium- mass of hyphae


26/61

Fruiting Body Organization

Morel, truffles, mushroom, bracket, or puffball

Three types of hyphae

1. generativethin-walled with spores2. skeletal- thick walled, unbranched

3. binding- thick walled, highly and

irregularly branched.


27/61

Spores

Sporangiospores (sporangium) in

Subdivision Mastigomycotina and

Zygomycotina.

Conidia - (not inside a sporangium)

Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina,

Deuteromycotina

Sclerotia - compact aggregate of

mycelium, more resistant


28/61

Heterokaryosis and parasexuality

Do not involve gametes

Involve two different mating types

(+ and - hyphae)

Plasmogamy - fusion of two hyphae

Heterokaryosis - (mixture of + and - nuclei)

Homokaryosis - (nuclei are identical)

Parasexuality - premature fusion of compatiblenuclei)


29/61

Metabolism

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration

(brewing, vinting, dough making)

Rusts and smuts - plant diseasesAthletes foot, ring worm, candidiasis

Thermophiles - 50C

Psychrophilous - -10C to -15CXerophilous - grow on dry substrates


30/61

Mycelium mass of hyphae


31/61

Fungi

Chitinous cell wall

Absorptive phagotrophs

Extracellular digestion Toxins alternaric acid, giberellins,

Phytoalexinsplants defense mechanism


32/61

Essential nutrients carbon, hydrogen,

oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous,

magnesium, and sulfur

Agents of decay, rot, spoilage, and

decomposition,


33/61

Division Myxomycota

Are commonly called Slime Molds


34/61


35/61

Subdivision Zygomycotina -

Rhizopus stolonifer, Black Bread Molds)


36/61


37/61

Columella Zygospore

suspensorZygote


38/61

Subdivision Basidiomycotina - Club Fungi


39/61

Cub Fungi

Mushrooms ear fungi

Puffballs rust and smut

Bracket fungi earth stars

Birds nest

Stinkhorns

Jelly fungi Bracket fungi


40/61


41/61

mushroom


42/61

Bracket fungi


43/61


44/61

Stinkhorn Earth star


45/61

Bracket fungi Stinkhorn -

Dictyophora


46/61

Auricularia

tengang daga

Edible fungi


47/61

Ascomycota commonly called sac fungi


48/61

Peziza

Cookeina


49/61

Ascus with 8

ascospores

Apothecium of Cookeina


50/61


51/61

XylariaDeadmans finger


52/61

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Bakers yeast

Fermentation carbon

dioxide and ethyl alcohol


53/61

Truffles most

expensive fungi


54/61

PHYLUM DEUTEROMYCOTAimperferct fungiwithout known sexual stage


55/61

Aspergillus green mold


56/61


57/61

Penicillium red mold


58/61


59/61


60/61


61/61

Ross D. Vasquez

Documents

Bacteria Fungi