Lecture 2 Viruses Bacteria and Fungi

7/25/2019 Lecture 2 Viruses Bacteria and Fungi

1/97

Structure andStructure and

function offunction ofProkaryotes.Prokaryotes.

Virus, Bacteria,Virus, Bacteria,Protists, and FungiProtists, and Fungi

DEH12BPTDEH12BPT

Lecture 2Lecture 216 February 201316 February 2013


2/97

MicrobiologyMicrobiologyis the study of microorganisms.is the study of microorganisms.

The overall theme of theThe overall theme of the MicrobiologyMicrobiologycourse is to study the relationship betweencourse is to study the relationship betweenmicrobes and our lives.microbes and our lives.

MicroorganismsMicroorganisms(microbes) are organisms that are too small to be seen with(microbes) are organisms that are too small to be seen with

the unaided eye, and usually require a microscope to be seen.the unaided eye, and usually require a microscope to be seen.

This relationship involvesThis relationship involves harmful effects such as diseases and food spoilageharmful effects such as diseases and food s

poilageas wellas well

asas many beneficial effectsman

y beneficial effects..

ermerm! refers to a rapidly growing cell.! refers to a rapidly growing cell.

Microorganisms include"Microorganisms include"

#.#. $acteria$acteria

%.%. &ungi (yeasts and molds)&ungi (yeasts and molds)

'.'. Microscopic lgaeMicroscopic lgae

.. *roto+oa*roto+oa

.. -iruses, -iroids, *rions-iruses, -iroids, *rions

(on/living infectious agents)(on/living infectious agents)

Microbes in Our Lives


3/97

These small organisms are usually associated with ma0or diseases such as 123,These small organisms are usually associated with ma0or diseases such as 123,

uncomfortable infections, or food spoilage.uncomfortable infections, or food spoilage. 4owever, the ma0ority of microorganisms ma5e crucial contributions to the to the4owever, the ma0ority of microorganisms ma5e crucial contributions to the to the

welfare of the world6s inhabitants bywelfare of the world6s inhabitants by maintaining balance of living organisms andmaintainin

g balance of living organisms and

chemicals in our environment.chemicals in our environment.

Therefore, Microorganisms are essential for life on earth.Therefore, Microorganisms are essential for life on earth.

They have important beneficial biological functions"They have important beneficial biological functions"

1.1. PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis:: Marine and freshwater M7 (lgae and some bacteria) captureMarine and freshwater M7 (lgae and some bacteria) capture

energy from sunlight and convert it to food, forming the basis of theenergy from sunlight and convert it to food, forming the basis of the food chainfood chaininin

oceans, la5es, and rivers andoceans, la5es, and rivers and generates oxygen

generates oxygenwhich is critical for life on 8arth.which is critical for life on 8arth.

2.2. DecomposersDecomposers:: 3oil microbes brea5 down dead and decaying matter and3oil microbes brea5 down dead and decaying matter and recyclerec

ycle

chemical elementschemical elementsthat can be used by other organisms.that can be used by other organisms.

3.3. Nitrogen FixationNitrogen Fixation" 3ome bacteria can ta5e nitrogen from air and incorporate it" 3ome bacteria can ta5e nitrogen from air and incorporate it

into organic compounds in soil, water, and air.into organic compounds in soil, water, and air.



4/97

4.4. DigestionDigestion::4uman and many other animals have microorganisms in their digestive4uman and many other animals have microorganisms in their digestive

tract, that are essential for digestion and vitamin synthesis.tract, that are essential for digestion and vitamin synthesis.a.a. 9ellulose digestion by ruminants (cows, rabbits, etc.)9ellulose digestion by ruminants (cows, rabbits, etc.)

b.b. 3ynthesis of -itamin : (for blood clotting) and -itamin $ (for metabolism)3ynthesis of -itamin : (for blood clotting) and -itamin $ (for metabolism)

in humans.in humans.

5.5.

Synthesis of chemical productsSynthesis of chemical products

" M7s have many commercial applications, such as" M7s have many commercial applications, such as

the synthesis of acetone, organic acids, en+ymes, alcohols.the synthesis of acetone, organic acids, en+ymes, alcohols.

.. !edicine!edicine::ManyMany anti"ioticsanti"ioticsand other drugs are naturally synthesi+ed by microbes.and other drugs are naturally synthesi+ed by microbes.

*enicillin is made by a mold.*enicillin is made by a mold.

#.#. Food industryFood industry:: many important foods and beverages are made with microbes"many important foods and beverages are made with microbes"

vinegar, pic5les, alcoholic beverages, green olives, soy sauce, buttermil5, cheese,vinegar, pic5les, alcoholic beverages, green olives, soy sauce, buttermil5, cheese,

yogurt, and bread.yogurt, and bread.



5/97

$.$. %enetic engineering%enetic engineering" recombinant microbes produce important" recombinant microbes produce important

a.a. Medical and therapeutic products" human growth hormone, insuline, bloodMedical and therapeutic products" human growth hormone, insuline, blood

clotting factor, recombinant vaccines, monoclonal antibodies,;etc.clotting factor, recombinant vaccines, monoclonal antibodies,;etc.b.b. 9ommercial products" cellulose, digestive aids, and drain cleaner.9ommercial products" cellulose, digestive aids, and drain cleaner.

&.&. !edical 'esearch!edical 'esearch:: Microbes are well suited for biological and medical researchMicrobes are well suited for biological and medical research

for several reasons"for several reasons"

a.a.


6/97

Today we understand that M7s are almost everywhere >Today we understand that M7s are almost everywhere >

?et not long ago, before the invention of the microscope,?et not long ago, before the invention of the microscope,

microbes were un5nown to scientists and "microbes were un5nown to scientists and "

Thousands of people died in devastating epidemics, the causesThousands of people died in devastating epidemics, the causes

of which were 7T understood.of which were 7T understood.

8ntire families died because vaccinations and antibiotics were8ntire families died because vaccinations and antibiotics were7T available to fight infections.7T available to fight infections.

Therefore, 5nowledge of M7s allows humans toTherefore, 5nowledge of M7s allows humans to

#.#.

*revent disease occurrence*revent disease occurrence

%.%. *revent food spoilage*revent food spoilage

'.'. @ed to@ed to aseptic techniquesaseptic techniquesto prevent contamination in medicineto prevent contamination in medicine

and in microbiology laboratories.and in microbiology laboratories.

Knowledge of Mcroorgan!"!


7/97

@innaeus established the system of scientific nomenclature@innaeus established the system of scientific nomenclature(naming) of organisms in #A'.(naming) of organisms in #A'.

@atin was the language traditionally used by scholars.@atin was the language traditionally used by scholars.

#.#. 3cientific nomenclature assigns each organism two names3cientific nomenclature assigns each organism two names(($inomial$inomial)")"

a.a. TheThe genusgenusis the first name and is always capitali+ed.is the first name and is always capitali+ed.b.b. TheThe specific epithetspecific epithet((speciesspeciesname) follows and is notname) follows and is not

capitali+ed.capitali+ed.

%.%. re italici+ed or underlined.re italici+ed or underlined.

'.'. The genus is capitali+ed and the specific epithet is lowerThe genus is capitali+ed and the specific epithet is lowercase.case.

.. re @atini+ed! and used worldwide.re @atini+ed! and used worldwide.

.. May be descriptive or honor a scientist.May be descriptive or honor a scientist.

Naming and Classifying MicroorganismsNaming and Classifying Microorganisms


8/97

#.#. 3taphylococcus aureus3taphylococcus aureus

2escribindicates2escribindicates spherical shapespherical shape, and the, and the golden colorgolden colorof theof the

colonies (colonies (auraur/)./).

%.%. 8scherichia8scherichia colicoli

4onors the discoverer, Theodor 8scherich, and describes the4onors the discoverer, Theodor 8scherich, and describes the

bacterium6s es thebacterium6s es the clustered arrangementclustered arrangementof the cells (of the cells (staphylostaphylo),),

((coccuscoccus))habitatthe large intestine orhabitatthe large intestine or coloncolon..

'.'. fter the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with thefter the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the

first letter of the genus and the specific epithet"first letter of the genus and the specific epithet"

3taphylococcus aureus3taphylococcus aureusandand 8scherichia coli8scherichia coliare found in theare found in the

human body.human body. 3. aureus3. aureusis on s5in andis on s5in and 8. coli8. coliin the large intestine.in the large intestine.

Naming and Classifying MicroorganismsNaming and Classifying Microorganisms


9/97

))#.#.


10/97

y%es of Microorganismsy%es of MicroorganismsA"C&A!AA"C&A!A

#.#. 9onsists of pro5aryotic cells9onsists of pro5aryotic cells

%.%. 1f they have cell walls, they lac5 peptidoglycan1f they have cell walls, they lac5 peptidoglycan

'.'. rchaea are not 5nown to cause disease in humans.rchaea are not 5nown to cause disease in humans.

.. @ive in e=treme environments@ive in e=treme environments

.. re divided into three main groups"re divided into three main groups"a.a. Methanogens" produce methane as waste product from respiration.Methanogens" produce methane as waste product from respiration.

b.b. 8=treme halophiles" 3alt loving, live in e=tremely salty environments8=treme halophiles" 3alt loving, live in e=tremely salty environments

such as the reat 3alt @a5e and the 2ead 3ea.such as the reat 3alt @a5e and the 2ead 3ea.

c.c. 8=treme thermophiles" 4eat loving, live in hot sulfurous water such as8=treme thermophiles" 4eat loving, live in hot sulfurous water such ashot springs.hot springs.

f Mi i F(N# $S F


11/97

y%es of Microorganisms 'y%es o croorgan sms 'F(N# $S. Fung. ung

#.#. 8u5aryotic (have a distinct nucleus containing the cell6s genetic material8u5aryotic (have a distinct nucleus containing the cell6s genetic material

surrounded by a nuclear membrane)surrounded by a nuclear membrane)

%.%. 7rganisms in 5ingdom &ungi may be Enicellular or multicellular7rganisms in 5ingdom &ungi may be Enicellular or multicellular'.'. Multicellular fungi, such as mushroom loo5 li5e plants, but can not carry outMulticellular fungi, such as mushroom loo5 li5e plants, but can not carry out

photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

.. True fungi have cell walls composed of chitin.True fungi have cell walls composed of chitin.

.. The unicellular fungi, yeasts, are oval M7s that are larger than bacteria.The unicellular fungi, yeasts, are oval M7s that are larger than bacteria.

B.B. The most typical fungi are molds, composed of visible masses of filamentsThe most typical fungi are molds, composed of visible masses of filaments

(hyphae) called mycelia.(hyphae) called mycelia.

A.A. Ese organic chemicals for energy, can not carry out photosynthesis.Ese organic chemicals for energy, can not carry out photosynthesis.

C.C. &ungi can reproduce se=ually and ase=ually&ungi can reproduce se=ually and ase=ually

D.D. They obtain nutrients by absorbing solutions of organic material fromThey obtain nutrients by absorbing solutions of organic material from

environment soil, sea water, fresh water, or animal or plant host.environment soil, sea water, fresh water, or animal or plant host.

#F.#F. 7rganisms called slime molds have characteristics of both fungi and ameobas.7rganisms called slime molds have characteristics of both fungi and ameobas.


12/97

y%es of Microorganismsy%es of Microorganisms

P"**+*A $S. Protooan)P"**+*A $S. Protooan)

#.#. Enicellular, eu5aryotes microbes.Enicellular, eu5aryotes microbes.

%.%. *roto+oa move by"*roto+oa move by"a.a. *seudopods" e=tensions of the cytoplasm li5e meoba.,*seudopods" e=tensions of the cytoplasm li5e meoba.,

b.b. &lagella" long appendages for locomotion li5e Trypanosoma.&lagella" long appendages for locomotion li5e Trypanosoma.

c.c. 9ilia" numerous shorter appendages for locomotion li5e *aramecium.9ilia" numerous shorter appendages for locomotion li5e *aramecium.

'.'. *roto+oa have a variety of shapes.*roto+oa have a variety of shapes.

.. @ive as free entities or as parasites (organisms@ive as free entities or as parasites (organisms

that derive nutrients from living hosts).that derive nutrients from living hosts).

.. bsorb or ingest organic compounds from theirbsorb or ingest organic compounds from their

environment)environment)

B.B. *roto+oa can reproduce se=ually and ase=ually.*roto+oa can reproduce se=ually and ase=ually.

Figure 1.1c


13/97

y%es of Microorganismsy%es of Microorganisms

A-A! $S. Alga)A-A! $S. Alga)#.#. *hotosynthetic eu5aryotes*hotosynthetic eu5aryotes

%.%. 4ave wide variety of shapes4ave wide variety of shapes'.'.


14/97

y%es of Microorganismsy%es of MicroorganismsV#"(S!SV#"(S!S

#.#. 3o small that can be seen only with electron microscope.3o small that can be seen only with electron microscope.

%.%. cellular (not cellular).cellular (not cellular).'.'. 3tructurally very simple, a virus particle contains3tructurally very simple, a virus particle contains

a.a. a core made only of one type of nucleic acid,a core made only of one type of nucleic acid,

either 2 or


15/97

Multicellular AnimalMulticellular Animal

ParasitesParasites#.#. Multicellular animal parasites are not strictly M7s.Multicellular animal parasites are not strictly M7s.

%.%. They are of medical importance.They are of medical importance.'.'. They are eu5aryotic organisms.They are eu5aryotic organisms.

.. Multicellular animalsMulticellular animals

.. *arasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminths.*arasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminths.

B.B. 2uring some stages of their life cycles, helminths are microscopic in si+e.2uring some stages of their life cycles, helminths are microscopic in si+e.

Figure 12.28a


16/97

MicroorganismsMicroorganisms

$efore the e=istence of microbes was 5nown, all organisms were grouped into$efore the e=istence of microbes was 5nown, all organisms were grouped into

either the animal 5ingdom or the plant 5ingdom.either the animal 5ingdom or the plant 5ingdom.

1n #DAC,1n #DAC, (arl )oese(arl )oese, devised a system of classification based on the cellular, devised a system of classification based on the cellularorgani+ation of organisms.organi+ation of organisms.

1t groups all organisms in three domains as follows"1t groups all organisms in three domains as follows"

#.#. $acteria$acteria(cell walls contain a protein/carbohydrate comple= called(cell walls contain a protein/carbohydrate comple= called

peptidoglycan)peptidoglycan)%.%. rchaearchaea(cell walls, if present, lac5 peptidoglycan)(cell walls, if present, lac5 peptidoglycan)

'.'. 8u5arya8u5arya, which includes the following 5ingdoms", which includes the following 5ingdoms"

a.a. *rotists*rotists(slime molds, proto+oa, and algae)(slime molds, proto+oa, and algae)

b.b. &ungi&ungi(unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, and mushrooms)(unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, and mushrooms)

c.c. *lants*lants(includes mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants)(includes mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants)

d.d. nimalsnimals(includes sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates).(includes sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates).


17/97

PasteuriationPasteuriation t that time, many scientists believed that air converted the sugars int that time, many scientists believed that air converted the sugars in

beverages into alcohols.beverages into alcohols.

*asteur found instead that microbes called*asteur found instead that microbes calledyeastsyeastsconvert the sugars to alcoholsconvert the sugars to alcohols

in the absence of air in a process called fermentationin the absence of air in a process called fermentation..

&ermentation&ermentationis the conversion of sugar to alcohol to ma5e beer and wine.is the conversion of sugar to alcohol to ma5e beer and wine.

3ouring and spoilage are caused by different M7s called3ouring and spoilage are caused by different M7s called bacteriabacteria..

1n the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol in the beverage into vinegar1n the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol in the beverage into vinegar

(acetic acid).(acetic acid).

*asteur6s solution to the spoilage problem was to heat the beer and wine 0ust*asteur6s solution to the spoilage problem was to heat the beer and wine 0ust

enough to 5ill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage in a process calledenough to 5ill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage in a process called

pasteuri+ationpasteuri+ation..

*asteuri+ation is now commonly used to reduce spoilage and 5ill potentially*asteuri+ation is now commonly used to reduce spoilage and 5ill potentially

harmful bacteria in mil5 as well as in some alcoholic drin5s.harmful bacteria in mil5 as well as in some alcoholic drin5s.

3howing the connection between spoilage of food and M7s was a ma0or step3howing the connection between spoilage of food and M7s was a ma0or step

towards establishing the relationship between disease and microbes.towards establishing the relationship between disease and microbes.


18/97

/e erm /eory of 0isease/e erm /eory of 0isease Entil relatively recently, the fact that many 5inds of diseases are related toEntil relatively recently, the fact that many 5inds of diseases are related to

M7s was un5nown.M7s was un5nown.

$efore the time of *asteur, effective treatments for many diseases were$efore the time of *asteur, effective treatments for many diseases werediscovered bydiscovered by trial and errortrial and error, but the causes of the diseases were un5nown., but the causes of the diseases were un5nown.

The reali+ation that yeasts play a crucial role in fermentation was the first lin5The reali+ation that yeasts play a crucial role in fermentation was the first lin5

between the activity of a M7 and physical and chemical changes in organicbetween the activity of a M7 and physical and chemical changes in organic

materials.materials. This discovery alerted scientists that M7s might have similar relationships withThis discovery alerted scientists that M7s might have similar relationships with

plants and animals/ specially, that M7s might cause diseases.plants and animals/ specially, that M7s might cause diseases.

This idea was 5nown as the germ theory of disease.This idea was 5nown as the germ theory of disease.

Many people did not accept this theory at that time, because for centuriesMany people did not accept this theory at that time, because for centuriesdisease was believed to be punishment for individual6s crimes and misdeeds.disease was believed to be punishment for individual6s crimes and misdeeds.

Most people in *asteur6s time found it inconceivable that invisible! microbesMost people in *asteur6s time found it inconceivable that invisible! microbes

could travel through the air to infect plants and animals, or remain on clothingcould travel through the air to infect plants and animals, or remain on clothing

and bedding to be transmitted from one person to another.and bedding to be transmitted from one person to another.

/ / f/ / f


19/97

/e erm /eory of/e erm /eory of

0isease0isease #C'"#C'" *gostino +assi*gostino +assishowed that a sil5worm disease was caused by ashowed that a sil5worm disease was caused by a

fungus.fungus. #CB"#CB" PasteurPasteurfound that another recent sil5worm disease was caused by afound that another recent sil5worm disease was caused by a

proto+oan.proto+oan. #CFs"#CFs" ,gna- Semmelise,gna- Semmeliseadvocated hand washing to prevent transmissionadvocated hand washing to prevent transmission

of childbirth fever from one obstetrical patient to another.of childbirth fever from one obstetrical patient to another.

#CBFs"#CBFs" /oseph 0ister/oseph 0isterused a chemical disinfectant (phenol) to preventused a chemical disinfectant (phenol) to preventsurgical wound infections after loo5ing at *asteur6s wor5 showing microbessurgical wound infections after loo5ing at *asteur6s wor5 showing microbesare in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.

#CAB"#CAB" 'o"ert och'o"ert ochproved for the first time that a bacterium causesproved for the first time that a bacterium causesanthra= and provided the e=perimental steps, :och6s postulates, to proveanthra= and provided the e=perimental steps, :och6s postulates, to provethat a specific microbe causes a specific disease.that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.


20/97

VaccinationVaccination #ADB"#ADB" 2dard /enner2dard /ennerfound a way to protect people from smallpo= almost AFfound a way to protect people from smallpo= almost AF

years before :och established that microorganism causes anthra=.years before :och established that microorganism causes anthra=.

4e inoculated a healthy C/years/old volunteer with cowpo= virus. The person4e inoculated a healthy C/years/old volunteer with cowpo= virus. The person

was then protected from cowpo= and smallpo=.was then protected from cowpo= and smallpo=.

The process was called -accination, derived from @atine word vacca for cow.The process was called -accination, derived from @atine word vacca for cow.

The protection from disease provided by vaccination or by recovery from theThe protection from disease provided by vaccination or by recovery from the

disease itself is called immunity.disease itself is called immunity.

1n about #CCF, *asteur discovered why vaccination wor5 by wor5ing on cholera1n about #CCF, *asteur discovered why vaccination wor5 by wor5ing on cholera

vaccination.vaccination.

*asteur used the term vaccine for cultures of avirulent microorganisms used for*asteur used the term vaccine for cultures of avirulent microorganisms used for

preventive inoculation.preventive inoculation.

3ome vaccines are still produced from3ome vaccines are still produced from avirulent microbial strainsavirulent microbial strains,, others areothers are

made from 5illed virulent microbesmade from 5illed virulent microbes,, from isolated components of virulent M7sfrom isolated components of virulent M7s,,

oror by genetic engineering techniquesby genetic engineering techniques..

/e Birt/ of Modern/e Birt/ of Modern


21/97

/e Birt/ of Modern/e Birt/ of ModernC/emot/era%yC/emot/era%y

Treatment of disease by using chemical substances is called chemotherapy.Treatment of disease by using chemical substances is called chemotherapy.

9hemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory are called9hemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory are called

synthetic drugssynthetic drugs..

9hemotherapeutic agents produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against9hemotherapeutic agents produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against

other M7s are calledother M7s are called anti"ioticsanti"iotics ..

The success of chemotherapy is based on the fact that some chemicals are moreThe success of chemotherapy is based on the fact that some chemicals are more

poisonous to M7s than to the hosts infected by the microbes.poisonous to M7s than to the hosts infected by the microbes.

uinineuininefrom tree bar5 was long used to treat malaria.from tree bar5 was long used to treat malaria.

#D#F"#D#F" Paul 2hrlichPaul 2hrlichdeveloped the first synthetic drug,developed the first synthetic drug, SalarsanSalarsan, to treat, to treat

syphilis. (the magic bullet>)syphilis. (the magic bullet>) #D'Fs" 3everal other synthetic drugs derived from dyes that could destroy M7s#D'Fs" 3everal other synthetic drugs derived from dyes that could destroy M7s

were developed.were developed.

SulfonamidesSulfonamides (sulfa drugs) were synthesi+ed at about the same time.(sulfa drugs) were synthesi+ed at about the same time.


22/97

/e Birt/ of Modern/e Birt/ of Modern

C/emot/era%yC/emot/era%y #D%C"#D%C" *lexander Fleming*lexander Flemingdiscovered the first antibiotic.discovered the first antibiotic.

7n a contaminated plate, around the mold (7n a contaminated plate, around the mold (*enicillium*enicillium) was a clear area) was a clear areawhere bacterial growth had been inhibited.where bacterial growth had been inhibited.

4e observed that the4e observed that the *enicillium*enicilliummold made an antibiotic, penicillin, thatmold made an antibiotic, penicillin, that5illed5illed 3. aureus.3. aureus.

#DFs" *enicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.#DFs" *enicillin was tested clinically and mass produced. 3ince then, thousands of antibiotics have been discovered.3ince then, thousands of antibiotics have been discovered. ntibiotics and other chemotherapeutic drug faces many problem"ntibiotics and other chemotherapeutic drug faces many problem"

To=icity to humans in practical use, speciallyTo=icity to humans in practical use, specially

antiviral drugs (why G)antiviral drugs (why G)

The emergence and spread of new varietiesThe emergence and spread of new varieties

of M7s that are resistant to antibiotics.of M7s that are resistant to antibiotics.(due to bacterial en+ymes that inactivate antibiotics,(due to bacterial en+ymes that inactivate antibiotics,

or prevention of bt. &rom entering the microbe.)or prevention of bt. &rom entering the microbe.)

Figure 1.5


23/97

MicroiologyMicroiology

Branc/es of MicroiologyBranc/es of Microiology +acteriology+acteriologyis the study of bacteria.is the study of bacteria.

$egan with the van @eeuwenhoe56s first e=amination of tooth scrapings.$egan with the van @eeuwenhoe56s first e=amination of tooth scrapings. ew pathogenic bacteria are still discovered regularly.ew pathogenic bacteria are still discovered regularly.

Many bacteriologists, loo5 at the roles of bacteria in food andMany bacteriologists, loo5 at the roles of bacteria in food andenvironment.environment.

!ycology!ycologyis the study of fungi.is the study of fungi.

1ncludes medical, agricultural, and ecological branches.1ncludes medical, agricultural, and ecological branches. &ungal infections accounting for #FH of hospital acquired infections.&ungal infections accounting for #FH of hospital acquired infections.

ParasitologyParasitologyis the study of proto+oa and parasitic worms.is the study of proto+oa and parasitic worms.


24/97

,mmunology,mmunologyis the study of immunity.is the study of immunity.

-accines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases.-accines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases.

-accines are now available for numerous diseases, including measles, rubella-accines are now available for numerous diseases, including measles, rubella

(erman measles), mumps, chic5enpo=, pneumococcal pneumonia, tetanus,(erman measles), mumps, chic5enpo=, pneumococcal pneumonia, tetanus,

tuberculosis, whooping coughs, polio, and hepatitis $.tuberculosis, whooping coughs, polio, and hepatitis $.

3mallpo= was eradicated due to effective vaccination and polio is e=pected to.3mallpo= was eradicated due to effective vaccination and polio is e=pected to.

,nterferons,nterferons, substances produced by the body6s own, substances produced by the body6s own

immune system, inhibit the replication of viruses andimmune system, inhibit the replication of viruses and

are used to treat viral diseases and cancer.are used to treat viral diseases and cancer.

The use of immunology to identify and classify someThe use of immunology to identify and classify some

bacteria according tobacteria according to serotypesserotypes(variants within(variants within

a species) based on certain components in the cella species) based on certain components in the cell

walls of the bacteria, was proposed by


25/97

irologyirologyis the study of viruses.is the study of viruses.

1n #CD%,1n #CD%, Dimitri ,anos6iDimitri ,anos6ireported that the organism thatreported that the organism thatcaused mosaic disease of tobacco was so small that is passed thecaused mosaic disease of tobacco was so small that is passed thebacterial filters.bacterial filters.

1n #D',1n #D', )endell Stanely)endell Stanelydemonstrated that the organism ,demonstrated that the organism ,called tobacco mosaic virus (TM-), was different from othercalled tobacco mosaic virus (TM-), was different from other

microbes, so simple, and composed of only nucleic acid core andmicrobes, so simple, and composed of only nucleic acid core andprotein core.protein core.

1n #DFs, the development of electron microscope enabled the1n #DFs, the development of electron microscope enabled thescientists to observe the structure and activity of viruses inscientists to observe the structure and activity of viruses indetail.detail.

MicroiologyMicroiology

Branc/es of MicroiologyBranc/es of Microiology


26/97

'ecom"inant DN* 7echnology'ecom"inant DN* 7echnology""

1n the #DBFs,1n the #DBFs, Paul +ergPaul +erginserted animal 2 into bacterial 2 and theinserted animal 2 into bacterial 2 and the

bacteria produced an animal protein.bacteria produced an animal protein.


27/97

7nly minority of all M7s are pathogenic.7nly minority of all M7s are pathogenic. Microbes that cause food spoilage are also a minority.Microbes that cause food spoilage are also a minority. The vast ma0ority of microbes benefit humans, other animals, and plants inThe vast ma0ority of microbes benefit humans, other animals, and plants in

many ways.many ways.

'2(9(0,N% ,7*0 202!2N7S'2(9(0,N% ,7*0 202!2N7S 1n #CCFs,1n #CCFs, +eierinc6 and )inograds6y+eierinc6 and )inograds6yshowed how bacteria help recycle vitalshowed how bacteria help recycle vital

elements between the soil and the atmosphere.elements between the soil and the atmosphere. Microbial ecologyMicrobial ecology" the study of the relationship between microorganisms and" the study of the relationship between microorganisms and

their environment.their environment. Microorganisms recycle carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, o=ygen, and phosphorus intoMicroorganisms recycle carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, o=ygen, and phosphorus into

forms that can be used by plants and animals.forms that can be used by plants and animals. $acteria and fungi, return 97% to the atmosphere when decomposing organic$acteria and fungi, return 97% to the atmosphere when decomposing organic

wastes and dead plants and animals.wastes and dead plants and animals. lgae, cyanobacteria, and plants use 97% to produce carbohydrates.lgae, cyanobacteria, and plants use 97% to produce carbohydrates.

Microes and &umanMicroes and &uman

3elfare3elfare


28/97

S2)*%2 7'2*7!2N7: ;sing micro"es to recycle ater.S2)*%2 7'2*7!2N7: ;sing micro"es to recycle ater.


29/97

,NS2(7 +2S7 (


30/97

M728


31/97

Microes and &uman 0iseaseMicroes and &uman 0isease

N*"MA- M#C"*B#*AN*"MA- M#C"*B#*A Ie all live in a world filled with microbes, and we all have a variety ofIe all live in a world filled with microbes, and we all have a variety of

microorganisms on and in our bodies.microorganisms on and in our bodies. Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called normalMicrobes normally present in and on the human body are called normal

microbiota, or flora.microbiota, or flora.

$acteria were once classified as plants giving rise to use of the term$acteria were once classified as plants giving rise to use of the termflora for microbes.flora for microbes.

This term has been replaced by microbiota.This term has been replaced by microbiota. The normal microbiota not only harmless, but also benefit us.The normal microbiota not only harmless, but also benefit us.

#.#. 3ome protect us against disease by preventing the over/growth of3ome protect us against disease by preventing the over/growth ofharmful microbes.harmful microbes.

%.%. 7thers produce useful substances such as vitamine : and $.7thers produce useful substances such as vitamine : and $.

Enfortunately, under some circumstances normal microbiota can ma5e usEnfortunately, under some circumstances normal microbiota can ma5e ussic5 or infect people we contact.sic5 or infect people we contact.



32/97

n infectious disease is one in which pathogens invade a susceptible host,n infectious disease is one in which pathogens invade a susceptible host,

such as a human or animal.such as a human or animal. The pathogen carries out at least part of its life cycle inside the host, andThe pathogen carries out at least part of its life cycle inside the host, and

disease frequently results.disease frequently results. Ihen a pathogen overcomes the host6s resistance, disease results.Ihen a pathogen overcomes the host6s resistance, disease results. Many mista5enly believed that infectious diseases were under controlMany mista5enly believed that infectious diseases were under control

a.a. Malaria would be eradicated by 5illing mosquitoes by 22T.Malaria would be eradicated by 5illing mosquitoes by 22T.b.b. vaccine would prevent diphtheria. vaccine would prevent diphtheria.

c.c. 1mproved sanitation measures would help prevent cholera transmission.1mproved sanitation measures would help prevent cholera transmission.


33/97

8merging infectious diseases (812)" are diseases that are new or changing and are8merging infectious diseases (812)" are diseases that are new or changing and are

increasing or have the potential to increase in incidence in the near future.increasing or have the potential to increase in incidence in the near future. 3ome factors that have contributed to the emergence of 812s"3ome factors that have contributed to the emergence of 812s"

a.a. 8volutionary changes in e=isting organisms.8volutionary changes in e=isting organisms.

b.b. The spread of 5nown diseases to new geographic regions or populations by modernThe spread of 5nown diseases to new geographic regions or populations by modern

transportationtransportation ..

c.c. 1ncreased human e=posure to new, unusual infectious agents.1ncreased human e=posure to new, unusual infectious agents.

#.#. Iest ile encephalitisIest ile encephalitis

9aused by Iest ile virus9aused by Iest ile virus

&irst diagnosed in&irst diagnosed in thetheIest ile region of Eganda in #D'AIest ile region of Eganda in #D'A

ppeared in ew ?or5 9ity in #DDDppeared in ew ?or5 9ity in #DDD

%.%. $ovine spongiform encephalopathy$ovine spongiform encephalopathy

a.a. 9aused by prion9aused by prion

b.b. lso causes 9reut+feldt/Ja5ob disease (9J2)lso causes 9reut+feldt/Ja5ob disease (9J2)

c.c. ew variant 9J2 in humans is related to cattle feed from infected sheep.ew variant 9J2 in humans is related to cattle feed from infected sheep.


!M!"#N #NF!C#*(S 0#S!AS!S!M!"#N #NF!C#*(S 0#S!AS!S

!merging #nfectious!merging #nfectious


34/97

!merging #nfectious!merging #nfectious0iseases0iseases

'.'. 8scherichia coli 7A"4A8scherichia coli 7A"4A

a.a. To=in/producing strain of 8. coliTo=in/producing strain of 8. coli

b.b. &irst seen in #DC%&irst seen in #DC%c.c. @eading cause of diarrhea worldwide@eading cause of diarrhea worldwide

.. 8bola hemorrhagic fever8bola hemorrhagic fever

a.a. 9aused by 8bola virus9aused by 8bola virus

b.b. 9auses fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting9auses fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting

c.c. &irst identified near 8bola


35/97

!merging #nfectious 0iseases!merging #nfectious 0iseasesA.A. 3evere acute respiratory syndrome (3


36/97

Pro6aryotic (ellPro6aryotic (ellStructure = FunctionStructure = Function

1mage" *ro5aryotic cell diagram" M.


37/97

7o +asic 7ypes of (ells7o +asic 7ypes of (ells

444444444444444444444444444444444444444444

1mages" *ro5aryotic cell diagram

8u5aryotic cell diagram,M.


38/97

Si-e of 0iing 7hingsSi-e of 0iing 7hings

# m N #FF cm N #,FFFmm N #,FFF,FFF Om N #,FFF,FFF,FFFnm

#mm N #FFF Om N #FFFFFFnm

# Om N #FFFnm

&rom the -irtual Microbiology 9lassroomon 3cience*rof7nline.com
http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Relative_scale.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.html


39/97

Pro6aryotesPro6aryotes

Tell me aboutTell me about ProkaryotesProkaryotes##

>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>

1mages" *ro5aryotic cell diagram, M.


40/97

Pro6aryote %eneticsPro6aryote %eneticsNucleoid:Nucleoid:


41/97


>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> lso 5nown as proto/plasm.lso 5nown as proto/plasm.

el/li5e matri= of water,el/li5e matri= of water, en+ymesen+ymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and, nutrients, wastes, and gases andcontains cell structures.contains cell structures.

@ocation of growth, metabolism,@ocation of growth, metabolism,and replication.and replication.

%ranules%ranules

$acteria6s way of storing$acteria6s way of storing

nutrients.nutrients. 3taining of some granules aids in3taining of some granules aids in

identification.identification.

1mage" *ro5aryotic cell diagram" M.


42/97


(ytos6eleton(ytos6eleton

9ellular QscaffoldingQ or9ellular QscaffoldingQ orQs5eletonQ within theQs5eletonQ within the

cytoplasm.cytoplasm.

Ma0or advance inMa0or advance inpro5aryoticpro5aryotic cell biologycell biologyininthe last decade has beenthe last decade has beendiscovery of thediscovery of thepro5aryoticpro5aryoticcytos5eleton.cytos5eleton.

Ep until recently, thoughtEp until recently, thoughtto be a feature only ofto be a feature only ofeu5aryoticeu5aryoticcells.cells.

1mage" *ro5aryotic 9ell" M.


43/97


>>>>'i"osomes>>>>>>>>>'i"osomes>>>>>

&ound within cytoplasm or&ound within cytoplasm orattached to plasmaattached to plasmamembrane.membrane.

9omposed of two subunits.9omposed of two subunits.

9ell may contain9ell may contain

thousandsthousands ..

3:3:Ihat do ribosomes doGIhat do ribosomes doG

nimation"


44/97

3eparates the cell from its3eparates the cell from itsenvironment.environment.

*hospholipid molecules oriented*hospholipid molecules orientedso thatso that>>>hydrophilic>>>>>>>>>>hydrophilic>>>>>>>ater?loingater?loingheads directedheads directedoutward andoutward and>>hydropho"ic>>>>>>>>>>hydropho"ic>>>>>>>>ater?hatingater?hating tails directedtails directedinward.inward.

*roteins*roteinsembedded in two layersembedded in two layers

of lipids (lipid bilayer).of lipids (lipid bilayer).

Membrane isMembrane is semi?permea"lesemi?permea"le ..3:3:Ihat does that meanGIhat does that meanG

1mage" 9ell Membranediagram, 2hatfield


Plasma !em"ranePlasma !em"rane

http://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-are-proteins-amino-acids-peptide-bonds.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-are-proteins-amino-acids-peptide-bonds.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-are-proteins-amino-acids-peptide-bonds.html


45/97

Pro6aryotes @Pro6aryotes @ Plasma !em"rane as a +arrierPlasma !em"rane as a +arrier


46/97

Pro6aryotes @Pro6aryotes @ Plasma !em"rane as a +arrierPlasma !em"rane as a +arrier

7onicity7onicity and 7smosisand 7smosis S1sotonic" equal concentration of a soluteS1sotonic" equal concentration of a solute

inside and outside of cell. inside and outside of cell.

4ypertonic" a higher concentration of4ypertonic" a higher concentration ofsolute. solute.

4ypotonic" a lower concentration of4ypotonic" a lower concentration ofsolute. solute.

1mages" 7smosis animationK7smosis with


47/97

Plasma !em"rane as a +arrierPlasma !em"rane as a +arrier

*ctie 7'*NSP


48/97

Peptidoglycan is a huge polymer of interloc5ing chains ofidentical peptidoglycan monomers.

*rovides rigid support while freely permeable to solutes.

$ac5bone of peptidoglycan molecule composed of twoderivatives of glucose"

/ /acetylglucosamine ()/ /acetlymuramic acid (M)

L M strands are

connected by inter/peptide bridges.

*ro5aryotes (ell )all

1mage" $onding structure peptidoglycan,

MouagipK 7ther 1mage 3ource En5nown&rom the -irtual Microbiology 9lassroomon 3cience*rof7nline.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mureine.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mureine.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mureine.svg


49/97

&rom the peptidoglycan inwards all bacteria are very similar. oing

further out, the bacterial world divides into two ma0or classes (plus acouple of odd types). These are"

%ram >Positie> %ram >Negatie

*ro5aryotes / (ell )all

1mages" 3taph, ram 3tain, 3*7 Microbiology1mages, T. *ortK 8 coli, ? tambe&rom the -irtual Microbiology 9lassroomon 3cience*rof7nline.com

P 6 ( ll ) llP 6 t ( ll ) ll
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_Gram.jpghttp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_Gram.jpghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_Gram.jpghttp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_Gram.jpg


50/97

Pro6aryotes ? (ell )allPro6aryotes ? (ell )all%ram?Positie%ram?Positie==%ram?Negatie%ram?Negatie

1mages" 3ources En5nown&rom the -irtual Microbiology 9lassroomon 3cience*rof7nline.com

ram6%ositi1eram6%ositi1e
http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.html


51/97

ram6%ositi1eram %ositi1e Pe%tdoglycan "a'e! u% a! "uc( a! )0* of t(e t(c'+ co"%act cellPe%tdoglycan "a'e! u% a! "uc( a! )0* of t(e t(c'+ co"%act cell

wall&wall&

ram6negati1eram6negati1e

More c(e"cally co"%le, and t(nner&More c(e"cally co"%le, and t(nner&

Pe%tdoglycan only - . 20* of t(e cell wall&Pe%tdoglycan only - . 20* of t(e cell wall&

Pe%tdoglycan not outer"o!t layer+ between t(e %la!"a "e"branePe%tdoglycan not outer"o!t layer+ between t(e %la!"a "e"brane

and t(e outer "e"brane&and t(e outer "e"brane&

/uter "e"brane ! !"lar to t(e %la!"a "e"brane+ but ! le!!/uter "e"brane ! !"lar to t(e %la!"a "e"brane+ but ! le!!%er"eable and co"%o!ed of l%o%oly!acc(arde! LP&%er"eable and co"%o!ed of l%o%oly!acc(arde! LP&

LP ! a (ar"ful !ub!tance cla!!ed a! an endoto,n+LP ! a (ar"ful !ub!tance cla!!ed a! an endoto,n+

T(e !%ace between t(e cell wall and t(e %la!"a "e"brane !T(e !%ace between t(e cell wall and t(e %la!"a "e"brane !

called t(ecalled t(e %eri%lasm%eri%lasm&&

P 6 ( ll ) ll


52/97

Pro6aryotes ? (ell )allPro6aryotes ? (ell )all%ram?Positie%ram?Positie==%ram?Negatie%ram?Negatie

1mage" ram/positive cell wall schematic,Ii5iK

ram/ne ative cell wall schematic Jeff 2ahl&rom the -irtual Microbiology 9lassroomon 3cience*rof7nline.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gram-positive_cellwall-schematic.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gram-positive_cellwall-schematic.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gram_negative_cell_wall.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gram_negative_cell_wall.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gram-positive_cellwall-schematic.png


53/97

3: )hy are these differences in cell .all structure so3: )hy are these differences in cell .all structure soimportantCimportantC

1mages" *ro5aryotic 9ell" M.


54/97

4ra"5negate bactera7 fewer nter%e%tde brdge! but4ra"5negate bactera7 fewer nter%e%tde brdge! but

(ae an outer "e"brane "ade of l%o%oly!acc(arde!(ae an outer "e"brane "ade of l%o%oly!acc(arde!

LP&LP&

Penclln! and ce%(alo!%orn! nterfere wt( ln'ng ofPenclln! and ce%(alo!%orn! nterfere wt( ln'ng of

nter%e%tde!+ but can8t ea!ly get to n gra"5 bactera&nter%e%tde!+ but can8t ea!ly get to n gra"5 bactera&

$ell wall! wt(out enoug( of t(e!e ntact cro!!5ln'! are$ell wall! wt(out enoug( of t(e!e ntact cro!!5ln'! are

!tructurally wea'+ and d!ntegrate w(en cell! dde&!tructurally wea'+ and d!ntegrate w(en cell! dde&T(! ! (ow %enclln! and ce%(alo!%orn! wor'&T(! ! (ow %enclln! and ce%(alo!%orn! wor'&

nce t(e eu'aryotc cell! of (u"an! do not (ae cellnce t(e eu'aryotc cell! of (u"an! do not (ae cell

wall!+ our cell! are not da"aged by t(e!e drug!&wall!+ our cell! are not da"aged by t(e!e drug!&

Mcroorgan!"! t(at do not contan %e%tdoglycan areMcroorgan!"! t(at do not contan %e%tdoglycan are

not !u!ce%tble to t(e!e drug!&not !u!ce%tble to t(e!e drug!&


55/97

Pro6aryotes ?Pro6aryotes ? %lycocalyx%lycocalyx3ome bacteria have an additional layer outside3ome bacteria have an additional layer outside

of the cell wall called theof the cell wall called the

glycocalyxglycocalyx

.

.

This additional layer can come in one of twoThis additional layer can come in one of twoforms"forms"

1.1. Slime layer>>>>>>>>>>Slime layer>>>>>>>>>>?? lycoproteins loosely associated with the celllycoproteins loosely associated with the cell

wall.wall./ 3lime layer causes bacteria to adhere to solid/ 3lime layer causes bacteria to adhere to solidsurfaces and helps prevent the cell from dryingsurfaces and helps prevent the cell from dryingout.out.

/ 3treptococcus/ 3treptococcusThe slime layer ofThe slime layer of %ram%ram3treptococcus mutans3treptococcus mutans allowsallows

it to accumulate on tooth enamel (yuc5 mouth and oneit to accumulate on tooth enamel (yuc5 mouth and oneof the causes of cavities).of the causes of cavities).

7ther bacteria in the mouth become trapped in the7ther bacteria in the mouth become trapped in theslime and form a biofilm eventually a buildup ofslime and form a biofilm eventually a buildup ofplaque.plaque.

1mages" 3lime layer,8ncyclopedia $ritannicaK $iofilm,

*41@ ##AFB Mannitol 3alt a ar T. *ort

MannitolSalt


Pro6aryotesPro6aryotes %lycocalyx%lycocalyx
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48203/bacteria/39338/Capsules-and-slime-layershttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48203/bacteria/39338/Capsules-and-slime-layershttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/microbiology/mannitol-salt-bacterial-growth-medium-MSA.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/microbiology/mannitol-salt-bacterial-growth-medium-MSA.htmlhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48203/bacteria/39338/Capsules-and-slime-layers


56/97

Pro6aryotes ?Pro6aryotes ? %lycocalyx%lycocalyx%.%. (apsule(apsule

*olysaccharides firmly attached to*olysaccharides firmly attached tothe cell wall.the cell wall.

9apsules adhere to solid surfaces and9apsules adhere to solid surfaces andto nutrients in the environment.to nutrients in the environment.

dhesive power of capsules is adhesive power of capsules is ama0or factor in the initiation of somema0or factor in the initiation of somebacterial diseases.bacterial diseases.

9apsule also protect bacteria from9apsule also protect bacteria frombeing phagociti+ed by cells of thebeing phagociti+ed by cells of thehosts immune system.hosts immune system.

1mage" *ro5aryotic 9ell 2iagram" M.


57/97

Pro6aryotes ?Pro6aryotes ? 2ndospores2ndospores

2ormant, tough, non/reproductive2ormant, tough, non/reproductive

structure produced by small number ofstructure produced by small number ofbacteria.bacteria.

3:3:Ihat is the function of endosporesGIhat is the function of endosporesG Allow bacteria to survive inAllow bacteria to survive in

suspended animation whensuspended animation whenenvironmental conditions are notenvironmental conditions are not

suitable. Kind of like a plant seed..suitable. Kind of like a plant seed..When conditions are right theWhen conditions are right theendospore will sprout! a livingendospore will sprout! a livingbacteriumbacterium


58/97

MMeet t/e Microe'eet t/e Microe'44Clostridium444444444444444Clostridium4444444444444 (ramU)(ramU)

The members of this genus have a coupleThe members of this genus have a coupleof bacterial superpowers! that ma5eof bacterial superpowers! that ma5ethem particularly tough pathogens.them particularly tough pathogens.

3:3:nyone 5now what those superpowersnyone 5now what those superpowers

areGareG Produce endosporesProduce endospores

Produce to#insProduce to#ins

9lostridia9lostridia are 5nown to produce a varietyare 5nown to produce a varietyof to=ins, some of which are fatal.of to=ins, some of which are fatal.

// 9lostridium tetani9lostridium tetaniN agent of tetanusN agent of tetanus

// 9. botulinum9. botulinumN agent of botulismN agent of botulism

// 9. perfringens9. perfringensN one of the agents of gas gangreneN one of the agents of gas gangrene

/ 9. difficile/ 9. difficileN part of natural intestinal flora, but resistantN part of natural intestinal flora, but resistantstrains can proliferate and cause pseudomembranous colitis.strains can proliferate and cause pseudomembranous colitis.

1mages" Man with Tetanus,3ir 9harles $ellK 9lostridium

botulinum, *41@%#FAK Iet angrene, Ii5i &rom the -irtual Microbiology 9lassroomon 3cience*rof7nline.com

P 6 tPro6aryotes S f *pp ndSurface *ppendages
http://www.scienceprofonline.com/microbiology/bacterial-pathogens-genus-clostridium.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/microbiology/bacterial-pathogens-genus-clostridium.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opisthotonus_in_a_patient_suffering_from_tetanus_-_Painting_by_Sir_Charles_Bell_-_1809.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opisthotonus_in_a_patient_suffering_from_tetanus_-_Painting_by_Sir_Charles_Bell_-_1809.jpghttp://phil.cdc.gov/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AUTOAMPUTATE1.JPGhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AUTOAMPUTATE1.JPGhttp://phil.cdc.gov/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opisthotonus_in_a_patient_suffering_from_tetanus_-_Painting_by_Sir_Charles_Bell_-_1809.jpghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/microbiology/bacterial-pathogens-genus-clostridium.html


59/97

Pro6aryotes @Pro6aryotes @ Surface *ppendagesSurface *ppendages

&lagella "3ome&lagella "3ome pro5aryotespro5aryoteshavehave

distinct appendages that allow themdistinct appendages that allow themto move about or adhere to solidto move about or adhere to solidsurfaces.surfaces.

=ial filaments "9onsist of delicate=ial filaments "9onsist of delicate

stands ofstands of proteinsproteins..

Fim"ria:Fim"ria: @ong, thin e=tensions that@ong, thin e=tensions thatallow some bacteria to move aboutallow some bacteria to move aboutfreely in aqueous environments.freely in aqueous environments.

PilliPilli Eendoflagella:Eendoflagella:Iind aroundIind aroundbacteria, causing movement inbacteria, causing movement inwaves.waves.

1mages" 4elicobacter pyloriK =ial filament, 3ource un5nown&rom the -irtual Microbiology 9lassroomon 3cience*rof7nline.com

Pro6aryotesPro6aryotes Surface *ppenda esSurface *ppendages
http://www.scienceprofonline.com/cell-biology/prokaryotic-cell-parts-functions-diagrams.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/cell-biology/prokaryotic-cell-parts-functions-diagrams.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-are-proteins-amino-acids-peptide-bonds.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-are-proteins-amino-acids-peptide-bonds.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EMpylori.jpghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EMpylori.jpghttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-are-proteins-amino-acids-peptide-bonds.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/cell-biology/prokaryotic-cell-parts-functions-diagrams.html


60/97

Pro6aryotes @Pro6aryotes @ Surface *ppendagesSurface *ppendages

Fim"ria:Fim"ria:MostMost ram/negativeram/negativebacteria have these short, finebacteria have these short, fineappendages surrounding the cell.appendages surrounding the cell.ramUramUbacteria don6t have.bacteria don6t have.

o role in motility. 4elp bacteriao role in motility. 4elp bacteria

adhere to solid surfaces. Ma0oradhere to solid surfaces. Ma0orfactor in virulence.factor in virulence.

Pili:Pili:Tubes that are longer thanTubes that are longer than

fimbriae, usually shorter thanfimbriae, usually shorter thanflagella.flagella.

Ese for movement, li5e grapplingEse for movement, li5e grapplinghoo5s, and also usehoo5s, and also use con0ugationcon0ugationpilipili

(singular N pilus)(singular N pilus)to transfer plasmids.to transfer plasmids.

1mages" 8. coli fimbriae,Manu &oreroK $acterial con0ugation,denosine&rom the -irtual Microbiology 9lassroomon 3cience*rof7nline.com

Meet t/e Microe7Meet t/e Microe7 NeisseriaNeisseria and itsand its
http://www.scienceprofonline.org/microbiology/gram-negative-bacteria-cell-wall.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/microbiology/gram-negative-bacteria-cell-wall.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/microbiology/gram-positive-bacteria-cell-wall.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/microbiology/gram-positive-bacteria-cell-wall.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/microbiology/bacterial-genetics-plasmid-dna-conjugation-gene-transfer.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/microbiology/bacterial-genetics-plasmid-dna-conjugation-gene-transfer.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E._coli_fimbriae.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E._coli_fimbriae.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conjugation.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conjugation.svghttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conjugation.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E._coli_fimbriae.pnghttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/microbiology/bacterial-genetics-plasmid-dna-conjugation-gene-transfer.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/microbiology/gram-positive-bacteria-cell-wall.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/microbiology/gram-negative-bacteria-cell-wall.html


61/97

Meet t/e Microe7Meet t/e Microe7 NeisseriaNeisseria and itsand itsFim"iriaeFim"iriae %ram?%ram?diplococci, resemble coffee beans when viewed microscopically.diplococci, resemble coffee beans when viewed microscopically.

eisseria gonorrhoeaeeisseria gonorrhoeaecauses se=ually transmitted disease gonorrhoeae.causes se=ually transmitted disease gonorrhoeae. ntibiotics applied to the eyes of neonates as a preventive measure againstntibiotics applied to the eyes of neonates as a preventive measure against

gonorrhoea.gonorrhoea.

7ne of the most communicable disease in the E.3.7ne of the most communicable disease in the E.3.

#% cases per #FF,FFF. Teens #/#D yo B' cases per #FF,FFF. ?oung adults %F/#% cases per #FF,FFF. Teens #/#D yo B' cases per #FF,FFF. ?oung adults %F/% BF per #FF,FFF.% BF per #FF,FFF.

. meningitidis. meningitidismost common causes of bacterial meningitis in young adults.most common causes of bacterial meningitis in young adults.

)hat !a6es)hat !a6es NeisseriaNeisseriaSo 7oughCSo 7oughC

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>(@*3) of the cell wall of(@*3) of the cell wall of eisseriaeisseriaacts as an endoto=in.acts as an endoto=in.

*olysaccharide SSSSSSSSS prevents host phagocytosis and aids in evasion of the*olysaccharide SSSSSSSSS prevents host phagocytosis and aids in evasion of thehost immune response.host immune response.

Ese SSSSSSSSSS to attach onto host cells, avirulent without.Ese SSSSSSSSSS to attach onto host cells, avirulent without. &imbriae&imbriaehavehaveadhesion proteins (adhesins) on their tips that match, loc5 and 5ey, withadhesion proteins (adhesins) on their tips that match, loc5 and 5ey, with proteinsproteinson host epithelial cell surface.on host epithelial cell surface.

1mage" eisseriaphoto,Te=tboo5 of $acteriology, ramstain ofeisseria gonorrhoeae, 3ouce *41@'ADC&rom the -irtual Microbiology 9lassroom on 3cience*rof7nline.com&rom the -irtual Microbiology 9lassroomon 3cience*rof7nline.com

Pro6aryotesPro6aryotes (ell Shapes@ (ell Shapes
http://www.scienceprofonline.com/microbiology/what-are-bacterial-fimbriae.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/microbiology/what-are-bacterial-fimbriae.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-are-proteins-amino-acids-peptide-bonds.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-are-proteins-amino-acids-peptide-bonds.htmlhttp://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/neisseria.htmlhttp://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asphttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://www.scienceprofonline.com/virtual-micro-main.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asphttp://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/neisseria.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-are-proteins-amino-acids-peptide-bonds.htmlhttp://www.scienceprofonline.com/microbiology/what-are-bacterial-fimbriae.html


62/97

Pro6aryotesPro6aryotes@ (ell Shapes@ (ell Shapes

!ost "acteria are classifies according to shape:!ost "acteria are classifies according to shape:

#. $acillus#. $acillus (pl. bacilli)(pl. bacilli)N rod/shapedN rod/shaped

%. 9occus%. 9occus (pl. cocci ;(pl. cocci ; sounds li5e co=/eyesounds li5e co=/eye))N sphericalN spherical

'. 3piral 3haped'. 3piral 3haped

a. 3pirilliuma. 3pirillium (pl. spirilla)(pl. spirilla) N spiral with rigid cell wall,N spiral with rigid cell wall,flagellaflagella

b. 3pirocheteb. 3pirochete (pl. spirochetes)(pl. spirochetes)N spiral withN spiral withfle=ible cell wall, a=ial filamentfle=ible cell wall, a=ial filament

7here are many more shapes "eyond these "asic ones.7here are many more shapes "eyond these "asic ones.* fe examples:* fe examples:

9occobacilli N elongated coccal form9occobacilli N elongated coccal form

&ilamentous N bacilli that occur in long threads&ilamentous N bacilli that occur in long threads

-ibrios N short, slightly curved rods-ibrios N short, slightly curved rods

&usiform N bacilli with tapered ends&usiform N bacilli with tapered ends

1mages" $asic bacterial shapes, Mariana


63/97

Pro6aryotesPro6aryotes@ *rrangements of (ells@ *rrangements of (ells

$acteria sometimes occur in groups,$acteria sometimes occur in groups,

rather than singly.rather than singly.

+acillus:+acillus: divide along a single a=is,divide along a single a=is,seen in pairs or chains.seen in pairs or chains.

(occus:(occus:divide on one or more planes,divide on one or more planes,producing cells in"producing cells in"

/ pairs (diplococci)/ pairs (diplococci)/ chains (streptococci)/ chains (streptococci)/ pac5ets (sarcinae)/ pac5ets (sarcinae)/ clusters (staphylococci)./ clusters (staphylococci).

3i+e, shape and arrangement of cells3i+e, shape and arrangement of cells

often first clues in identification of aoften first clues in identification of abacterium.bacterium.

Many loo5/ali5es!, so shape andMany loo5/ali5es!, so shape andarrangement not enough for id ofarrangement not enough for id ofgenus and species.genus and species.

1mage" $acterial shapes and cellarrangements, Mariana


64/97

Pro6aryotes (ell Shape = *rrangement

1mages" . 3taphK $. 8. coli, T. *ortK 9. $acillus anthracis,*41@ %#FK 2. 3treptococcus bacteria, *41@ %##F.

AB

C 0

&rom the -irtual Microbiology 9lassroom on 3cience*rof7nline.com

(onfusedC(onfusedC


65/97

(onfusedC(onfusedC4ere are lin5s to fun resources that further e=plain aerobic4ere are lin5s to fun resources that further e=plain aerobic

respiration"respiration"

9ell 3tructure" *ro5aryotes Main *age9ell 3tructure" *ro5aryotes Main *age on the -irtualon the -irtualMicrboiology 9lassroom ofMicrboiology 9lassroom of3cience *rof 7nline3cience *rof 7nline..

*ro5aryotic 9ell"*ro5aryotic 9ell" 3tructures, &unctions 2iagrams,3tructures, &unctions 2iagrams, an articlean articlefrom 3*7from 3*7..

*ro5aryotic 8u5aryotic"*ro5aryotic 8u5aryotic" Two Types of $iological 9ellsTwo Types of $iological 9ells , an article, an articlefrom 3*7.from 3*7.

ot the Time!ot the Time!music video by nthra=.music video by nthra=. *ro5aryotic 9ell*ro5aryotic 9ellinteractive diagram from 9ells live websiteinteractive diagram from 9ells live website .. 4ow big is a;!4ow big is a;!interactive diagram from 9ells live websiteinteractive diagram from 9ells live website .. 9ell 3tructure9ell 3tructuretutorials and qui++es from 1nteractive 9oncepts intutorials and qui++es from 1nteractive 9oncepts in

$iochemistry.$iochemistry.

4ow 7smosis Ior5s4ow 7smosis Ior5s, animation from Mcrw/4ill., animation from Mcrw/4ill.

erms!.erms!.Music by Ieird l ?an5ovic. -ideo by


66/97

3/at a 1irus is8 and3/at a 1irus is8 and

isn9t.isn9t. 9 ru! ! not a cell&9 ru! ! not a cell&

. $o nucleus% cell membrane% ribosomes%$o nucleus% cell membrane% ribosomes%

mitochondria% chloroplasts% etc.mitochondria% chloroplasts% etc.

9 ru! ! ery !"all&9 ru! ! ery !"all&

. &''' poloviruses could be contained in the&''' poloviruses could be contained in the

period at the end of this sentence.period at the end of this sentence.

9 ru! ! not co"%le,&9 ru! ! not co"%le,&. (enes) *umans +,''%'''-% "acteria(enes) *umans +,''%'''-% "acteria

+,'''-% a irus/ 0ust 12+,'''-% a irus/ 0ust 12


67/97

Viral StructureViral Structure

:uclec 9cd:uclec 9cd

. D:9 or ;:9+ but not bot(&D:9 or ;:9+ but not bot(&

Proten $oat ca%!dProten $oat ca%!d. Protect! t(e nuclec acd fro" t!Protect! t(e nuclec acd fro" t!

enron"ent&enron"ent&

Enelo%eEnelo%e

. /nly found n ru!e! t(at nfect an"al!&/nly found n ru!e! t(at nfect an"al!&

. %'e5l'e %ro


68/97

T4 BacteriophageTobacco Mosaic

VirusInfluenza

VirusHead

#ai"

s$ea%$

&N'

#ai"

fiber

N'a*sid

+urface*ro%eins Mebrane

enve"o*e

N'

a*sid

*ro%eins

Section 19-2


69/97

Viral "e%licationViral "e%lication >ru!e! don8t re%roduce+ t(ey re%lcate&>ru!e! don8t re%roduce+ t(ey re%lcate&

>ru!e! cannot re%lcate on t(er own&>ru!e! cannot re%lcate on t(er own&

Ho!t cell!&Ho!t cell!& Lytc $ycle&Lytc $ycle&

. ?(en t(e ru! enter! t(e cell t ""edately?(en t(e ru! enter! t(e cell t ""edately

begn! to re%lcate+ ra%dly 'llng t(e cell&begn! to re%lcate+ ra%dly 'llng t(e cell&

Ly!ogenc $ycle&Ly!ogenc $ycle&. >ral D:9 ! n!erted nto t(e (o!t cell8! D:9& T(!>ral D:9 ! n!erted nto t(e (o!t cell8! D:9& T(!

D:9+ called aD:9+ called a P;/PH94EP;/PH94E+ "ay be re%roduced+ "ay be re%roduced

!eeral t"e! and eentually reactate!&!eeral t"e! and eentually reactate!&

Lytic and Lysogenic Infections


70/97

y y g


71/97

Are 1iruses ali1e:Are 1iruses ali1e:

Pro%erte! of Lfe7Pro%erte! of Lfe7

. Hg(ly organ=ed&Hg(ly organ=ed& 3es or no43es or no4

. @!e energy&@!e energy& 3es or no43es or no4

. 4row and deelo%&4row and deelo%&Ae! or noAe! or no

. ;e%roduce&;e%roduce& 3es or no43es or no4

. ;e!%ond and ada%t&;e!%ond and ada%t& 3es or no43es or no4 Mo!t !cent!t! would !ay# :/&Mo!t !cent!t! would !ay# :/&

Figure 19-11 Viruses and Cells


72/97

Section 19-2


73/97

3/at are 1accinations:3/at are 1accinations:

T(e %roce!! of n


74/97

Bacterial StructureBacterial Structure

Fgure 1C&10Fgure 1C&10

. FlagellaFlagella

. $ell Me"brane$ell Me"brane

. ;bo!o"e;bo!o"e

. PlPl

. $(ro"o!o"e$(ro"o!o"e

. $ell ?all$ell ?all

The Structure of a Eubacterium


75/97

,e*%idog"-can

e""

a""e""

ebrane

ibosoe

F"age""u &N' ,i"i

Section 19-1


76/97

Sur1i1al;"e%roductionSur1i1al;"e%roduction Bnary F!!on7Bnary F!!on7t(e %roce!! by w(c( bacterat(e %roce!! by w(c( bactera

re%lcate c(ro"o!o"e! and t(e cell dde!&re%lcate c(ro"o!o"e! and t(e cell dde!& Power of doublng 1 %enny doubled 20 t"e!Power of doublng 1 %enny doubled 20 t"e! 10C-6 cent! or 10+C-&610C-6 cent! or 10+C-&6 9erage bactera double! eery 1-520 "nute!9erage bactera double! eery 1-520 "nute!

Endo!%ore!Endo!%ore!

.T(c'5walled re%roducte !tructure! t(atT(c'5walled re%roducte !tructure! t(atcan re!!t (eat+ droug(t+ and radaton+can re!!t (eat+ droug(t+ and radaton+!o"et"e! lng centure! before brea'ng!o"et"e! lng centure! before brea'ngo%en&o%en&


77/97

Classifying BacteriaClassifying Bacteria

9rc(aebactera9rc(aebactera GGancientancient

. Met(anogen!7 %roduce "et(ane&Met(anogen!7 %roduce "et(ane&

.T(er"o%(le!7 (eated condton!T(er"o%(le!7 (eated condton!

. Halo%(le!7 !alty condton!Halo%(le!7 !alty condton!

EubacteraEubactera

. GGTrue Bactera . le n "uc( le!! (ar!(True Bactera . le n "uc( le!! (ar!(enron"ent! t(an arc(ebactera& Many ty%e!enron"ent! t(an arc(ebactera& Many ty%e!

and way! to cla!!fy&and way! to cla!!fy&


78/97

Classifying Bacteria,Classifying Bacteria,

cont.cont. (a%e!(a%e!. %(ere! %(ere! coccicocci+ rod! + rod! bacillibacilli+ !%ral!+ !%ral!

spirillaspirilla+ c(an! + c(an! streptococcistreptococci+ clu!ter!+ clu!ter!staphylococcistaphylococci&&

$ell ?all $o"%o!ton$ell ?all $o"%o!ton

. 4ra"5%o!te+ 4ra"5negate&4ra"5%o!te+ 4ra"5negate&

:utrton:utrton autotro%(+ (eterotro%(autotro%(+ (eterotro%(

;e!%raton;e!%raton aerobe!+ anaerobe!aerobe!+ anaerobe!


79/97

/e "oles of Bacteria/e "oles of Bacteria

Deco"%o!er!&Deco"%o!er!&

. Brea'down dead "ateral&Brea'down dead "ateral&

. $onert , ntrogen nto u!able for"!$onert , ntrogen nto u!able for"!for %lant!&for %lant!&

y"bo!!&y"bo!!&. GGAou !cratc( "y bac' . I8ll !cratc( your!&Aou !cratc( "y bac' . I8ll !cratc( your!&

Bactera can be (ar"ful&Bactera can be (ar"ful&. lde! of deadly bactera&lde! of deadly bactera&


80/97

#oo%$ deca-

L-e disease

#e%anus

#ubercu"osis

+a"one""a food *oisoning

,neuonia

$o"era

Streptococcus mutans

Borrelia burgdorferi

Clostridium tetani

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Salmonella enteritidis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Vibrio cholerae

egu"ar den%a" $-giene

,ro%ec%ion fro %ic/ bi%es

urren% %e%anus vaccina%ion

0accina%ion

,ro*er food$and"ing *rac%ices

Main%aining good $ea"%$

"ean a%er su**"ies

Disease Pathogen Preention

Section 19-!Common Diseases Caused by acteria


81/97

Oncogenic viruses

e%rovirus

'denoviruses

Her*esviruses

,oviruses

&N'

N'

&N'

&N'

&N'

ancer

ancer '&+

es*ira%or- infec%ions

$ic/en*o

+a""*o

T"pe of Virus #ucleic $ci% Disease

Section 19-!

Common Diseases Caused by Viruses


82/97

ProtistsProtists

$o""on c(aracter!tc7$o""on c(aracter!tc7

E@K9;A/TEE@K9;A/TE

>ery der!e 20 new 'ngdo"!>ery der!e 20 new 'ngdo"!T(ree general categore!7T(ree general categore!7

. 9n"al5L'e Prot!t! %& 3--53-9n"al5L'e Prot!t! %& 3--53-

. Plantl'e Prot!t! %& 3-5361Plantl'e Prot!t! %& 3-5361

. Fungu!l'e Prot!t! %& 362536CFungu!l'e Prot!t! %& 362536C

Conce!t "a!


83/97

Section 2&-1

Conce!t "a!

are c"assified b-

$ic$ inc"ude$ic$$ic$ $ic$

Protists

'nia""i/e Fungus"i/e,"an%"i/e

,arasi%es#a/e in food fro

%$e environen%,roduce food b-

*$o%os-n%$esisOb%ain food b-

e%erna" diges%ion&eco*osers

Animallike Protists' ProtooansAnimallike Protists' Protooans


84/97

9&9& Jooagellate!Jooagellate!

B&B& arcodne!arcodne!

$&$& $late!$late!

1&1& Internal 9nato"yInternal 9nato"y

2&2& $on


85/97

Food vacuo"e

Nuc"eus

on%rac%i"e vacuo"e

,seudo*ods

Section 2&-2

Figure #$-' & Ciliate


86/97

'na" *ore

u""e%Ora" groove

#ric$oc-s%sL-sosoes

Food vacuo"es

on%rac%i"e vacuo"e

Micronuc"eus

Macronuc"eusi"ia

Section 2&-2

Plantlike Protists' (nicellularPlantlike Protists' (nicellularSection (utline


87/97

Plantlike Protists' (nicellularPlantlike Protists' (nicellular

AlgaeAlgae

9&9& $(loro%(yll and 9cce!!ory Pg"ent!$(loro%(yll and 9cce!!ory Pg"ent!B&B& Eugleno%(yte!Eugleno%(yte!

$&$& $(ry!o%(yte!$(ry!o%(yte!

D&D& Dato"!Dato"!

E&E& Dnoagellate!Dnoagellate!

Section 2&-!


88/97

u""e%

$"oro*"as%

Nuc"eus6-es*o%F"age""a

Section 2&-! Euglena

arbo$-dra%es%orage bodies

,e""ic"e

on%rac%i"e

vacuo"e

Plantlike Protists' "ed, Bro


89/97

AlgaeAlgae

9&9& ;ed 9lgae;ed 9lgae

B&B& Brown 9lgaeBrown 9lgae

$&$& 4reen 9lgae4reen 9lgae

1&1& @ncellular 4reen 9lgae@ncellular 4reen 9lgae

2&2& $olonal 4reen 9lgae$olonal 4reen 9lgae

3&3& Multcellular 4reen 9lgaeMultcellular 4reen 9lgae

Funguslike ProtistsFunguslike ProtistsSection (utline


90/97

Funguslike ProtistsFunguslike Protists

9&9& l"e Mold!l"e Mold!

1&1& $ellular l"e Mold!$ellular l"e Mold!

2&2& 9cellular l"e Mold!9cellular l"e Mold!

B&B& ?ater Mold!?ater Mold!

Section 2&-'

Figure #$-#) The Life Cycle of an Slime "old


91/97

M(I)SIS

*(+TI,I$TI)#

7-go%eerina%ing

s*ore+*ores

Ma%ure

s*orangiuoung

s*orangiu Ma%ure

*"asodiu

Feeding

*"asodiu

Ha*"oid (N) &i*"oid (2N)

Section 2&-'


92/97

FungiFungi

3 $o""on c(aracter!tc!73 $o""on c(aracter!tc!7. $ell wall are$ell wall are c(tnc(tn&&a"e coernga"e coerng

a! n!ect!&a! n!ect!&

. Made of nddual la"ent!+ calledMade of nddual la"ent!+ called(y%(ae(y%(ae&&Tube! full of cyto%la!" andTube! full of cyto%la!" andnucle&nucle&

. Ma!!e! of (y%(ae co"bne to for"Ma!!e! of (y%(ae co"bne to for"t(et(e "ycelu""ycelu"&&T(! ! t(e body ofT(! ! t(e body oft(e fungu!&t(e fungu!&


93/97

*y!hae Structure


94/97

."phae /ithout 0ross /alls

Nuc"ei

e"" a""

Nuc"ei

-%o*"as

ross a""

e"" a""

-%o*"as

."phae /ith 0ross /alls

Section 21-1

The Life Cycle of a asidiomycete


95/97

*(+TI,I$TI)#

M(I)SIS

.P.$( *S(

Frui%ing bod- (N 9 N)

:u%%on

+econdar-

-ce"iu (N 9 N)

,riar- -ce"iu (N)

9 Ma%ing %-*e (N)

Ma%ing %-*e (N)

:asidios*ores (N)

7-go%e (2N)

:asidia

(N 9 N)

i""s "ined

i%$ basidia

i""s

+%a"/

:ase

a*

Ha*"oid

&i*"oid

Section 21-2


96/97


97/97

&o< does a fungus&o< does a fungus

eat:eat: &eterotro%/s&eterotro%/s Du!onDu!on77most fungi absorb smallmost fungi absorb small

organic nutrients from theirorganic nutrients from theirenvironment.environment.

a%ro%(ytca%ro%(ytc77they absorb nutrientsthey absorb nutrientsfrom dead or decaying organic matter.from dead or decaying organic matter.

Documents

Lecture 2 Viruses Bacteria and Fungi