Ba Notes Important

8/13/2019 Ba Notes Important

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2. ESSAYS - II

QUESTION NO. 6Write an essay, with outline, of 300-350 wors on the

to!i" #$ole of Wo%en in So"iety#.

$O&E O' WO(EN IN SO)IET*

OUT&INE(i) In the past women did not enjoy many rights. They wereexpected to limit their activities to the kitchen.(ii) Now women are conscious of their rights as citizens

and consider themselves eual to men in every field of life.

(iii) They have proved their worth in every field of life. Nowthey cannot !e kept as slaves in the house.(iv) They are !iologically different from men. Their mainfunction is to produce and look after children.(v) "ur religion Islam is not against the education of

women. It does not for!id them from taking part in the

social activities of life.ESS+* In the past# women were looked upon as slaves. Theirmain profession was to o!ey and entertain their hus!ands.$s %uskin puts it# # + true wife in her husans houseis his serant, it is in his heart that she is a /ueen#.&pto the 'th century# it was thought that marriage and

home life were the !est outlets for a womans energies.Thus a womans activities were confined to the kitchenand the nursery. Towars the en of the 1th "entury,there "a%e the reolt of wo%en.

*iterature of 'th century made them conscious of their


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duties and privileges. +ducation more than anything elsewas responsi!le for the emancipation of women. ,itheducation came the realization that she could do what

man had done. -he made a great demand for the right tovote. -he succeeded in it. $t present a num!er of womenare mem!ers of the parliament. Today# women are

working as typists in offices# telephone operators#teachers# doctors and what not. In %ussia and apan# they

were trained as soldiers to serve in the -econd ,orld,ar. +ven in /akistan# we have women athletes# writers#leaders and administrators. They are leaving /urdah and

taking an active part in the social life of the country. 0owever# there is a group of thinkers who !elieve that

women should not take part in the social and culturalactivities of the country. They eliee that %an is for theswor an wo%an for the neele, %an is to "o%%anan wo%an is to oey.Their judgment is !ased onprejudice and it is one sided. The real danger is that

women are making a wrong use of their emancipation.They are trying to imitate man in everything. ,ith theresult# they are losing their essential womanhood. Theyare losin2 the si2ht of the fa"t that eli"a"y an%oesty are two of their finest irtues.,ithout them#they would !e simply apologies for women. *et us discuss the pro!lem in the light of humanpsychology. ,omen are different from men in their !odilyform and constitution. It is her sacred duty to producechildren and look after them. Not only this !ut she has alsoto !uild a nation of morally sound people. -he has to playthe role of a teacher for her children. The 0oly /rophethas said# #araise lies uner the feet of %other#. This


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shows that in Islam# a woman enjoys great status. 0errights are eual with men !ut her duties are different.Nepolean once said# #4ie %e 2oo %others an I shall

2ie you a 2oo nation#. This means that morally goodmothers !uild a nation of !rave and strong people. Islam does not prohi!it women to do jo!s. ,omen cando any jo! provided they do it within the framework ofIslam. ,omen can !ecome doctors and nurses inhospitals. They can also !ecome teachers# typists# clerksand receptionists. ,omen should do a jo! when they areactually in need of it. They should first of all look after their

children and make them good citizens.oweer, in "aseof ire ne"essity, they "an tae !art in so"ial an"ultural a"tiities.

QUESTION NO. 7Write an essay, with outline, of 300-350 wors on theto!i" #I%!ortan"e of (ass (eia#.

I(O$T+N)E O' (+SS (E8I+

OUT&INE(i) The mass media mean the sources of information andentertainment which are availa!le to the pu!lic or massesof a country. They are divided into two kinds# print mediaand electronic media.(ii) The mass media control our mind.(iii) They are great source of !uilding pu!lic opinion.(iv) They educate the masses from the art of cooking tothe philosophy of casting a vote.(v) Internet is the latest addition to the mass media.


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ESS+* The mass media mean the diversified sources ofinformation and entertainment which are availa!le to the

pu!lic or masses of a country !y mass communication.These media play an important role in !uilding pu!licopinion in a democratic country. They are divided into twokind1 !rint %eia an ele"troni" %eia. rint %eiainclude physical o!jects such asnewspapers# !ooks# pamphlets# comics and magazinesetc whereas ele"troni" %eiaconsist of radio# televisionand internet. 2edia has a great source of information and

entertainment to all type of people. No!ody can deny theirinfluence. +very!ody looks to them to get informationa!out their country# nation# religion and culture. Theyexercise a great influence on the workers# teachers#doctors# !usinessmen and all type of professionals. Ifmedia are stopped from yielding information to the pu!lic#the entire world would plunge into darkness and

ignorance. They !uild our knowledge and strengthen ouropinion a!out different things. The mass media control our mind. ,e !elieve

whatever they propagate.,e came to know a!out our lifeof villages# cities and towns through mass media.,e comeacross the rise and fall in !usiness# agriculture andindustry through mass media. *et a minor incident happenin any part of the world# we come to know each detail of itthrough mass media. 2ass media make a record ofeverything which takes place in the world. They do nothide anything from the pu!lic eye. The electronic media have governed and dominatedthe mind of the pu!lic in a very forceful manner. The radio


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and television !ring to everyone the pleasures of music#songs# dances# dramas and films. They make us aware ofthe religious and cultural life of every country of the world.

+ven a lay man knows many things a!out the latestdiscoveries and inventions taking place in the world. It is!ecause of electronic media that people were a!le to

watch the murder of .3. 4ennedy and attack on %egon.They were also a!le to watch live coverage of the funeralof 5iana# attack on ,orld Trade 6entre and !om! !last atdifferent places. The mass media tell us a!out hurricanes#earthuakes and river floods in a graphic manner. They

record for the masses the details of !om! !lasts# suicideattacks and other acts of violence and aggression. The %ass %eia are a 2reat sour"e of uilin2!uli" o!inion.They !uild our knowledge and educatedour sentiments. ,e form our own opinion a!out politics#religion and !usiness under the influence of mass media.+ven the man on the street has his opinion a!out the

performance of the rulers. 0e can easily decide whom heshould vote in the coming election. 0e can form relia!le

judgment a!out the !usiness trends going on in thecountry. The mass media educate a domestic woman a!outcooking# medicine and elementary nursing of children. Thechildren have informative and entertaining programme oftheir mental standard. They can !uild their knowledgea!out different !ranches of knowledge at a very earlystage. Internet is the latest addition to the mass media.Through it# we are connected with the computer networkof the world. Through it# we are connected with the


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activities of the world within no time. ,e are connectedwith the universities# offices# firms# !usiness concerns andother nerve centres of life within no time. ,e can pay our

!ills# fees of admission and adjust our !ank accountsthrough internet. Internet provides us jo!s and suita!lematches for marriage. It connects us with the latestdiscoveries in the field of medicine# surgery# wireless#industry and latest technology of every field within no time.,e can plan our journey and devise a !etter route for the

journey through the weather report forecast !y massmedia.

QUESTION NO. 9Write an essay, with outline, of 300-350 wors on theto!i" #leasures of )hilhoo#.

&E+SU$ES O' )I&8OO8

OUT&INE(i) 6hildhood is the earliest period of a persons life. In thisperiod of life# the memory of child is very temporary.(ii) 6ares# trou!les and worries are not the part of life inchildhood.(iii) $ child receives great love and affection from differentmem!ers of his family.

(iv) 2y childhood was marked with freedom of action. Itwas free from worries of life.(v) The childhood memories are often praised !y poetsand thinkers.ESS+*


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6hildhood is the earliest period of a persons life. Thisis the period when memory is not very sharp and lasting.&p to the age of two to three# a child easily forgets happy

or unhappy moments. 0e has only animal instincts topursue. The emotional moments do not have strongimpact on a childs mind. 3rom that age onwards# hisemotional senses start developing# while philosophical andspiritual selves rest need rest of the life to !e developed. $s a child grows up# he feels more and more attached

with his childhood !ecause the overgrowingresponsi!ilities# overpowering demands of life and rapid

awakening of the world around force him to !e nostalgica!out childhood. The oppressing demands of life force himto take refuge in the dim# happy and carefree memories ofchildhood# when life was smooth sailing without any

worries# anxieties or work. &ife was nothin2 %ore thaneat an e %erry. The unforgetta!le charm of childhoodkeeps coming !ack to make him happy and move forward

in life. This is the reason that all the grown up claim thatchildhood is the !est part of life. No dou!t# it is the goldenperiod of life !ecause cares# worries and trou!les are notpart of this period. $ child has parents to serve him andpamper him. $ll the family is ready to shower him with!lessings of love. -o the kindness of parents# love of!rothers and sisters# merry games and fun with friends atschool# hide and seek in the !ackyard# old dear home#chocolates and cakes# parties and family gatherings#everything try to come !ack and make them smile. -ocomparison !etween past and present would make them

wish that they could !e children again.


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-imilar is the case with me. ,hen I recall the days ofmy childhood# I feel happy and excited to remem!er thegolden period of my life. $t that time# I was carefree# high

spirited and easily delighted with life. I used to wander likea free soul in the open fields enjoying the natural !eauty inthe pastures. I would clim! trees# run like deer across thepastures# ride a pony and swim in shallow ponds. There

was no !urden of homework or anxiety over unfinished!usiness. +veryday was a new day to discover and enjoythe small delight of life. *ife was !eautiful# pure# innocentand without any feeling of corruption around.

2y childhood is full of incidents which still have thepower to make me smile and relax. ,henever I see a

juggler with monkeys# I am reminded of my childhood. Iused to love the tricks of monkey !y which he tried toattract the attention of his !eloved. 0e was alwayssuccessful in the end and two of them would jump upwardand !ackward happily. I was very happy to see them

happy together. I still remem!er the hot summer noons# when mycousins and I used to catch sparrows. The immensepleasures of catching# caging and then setting thesparrows free would give me a feeling of power anddomination over those helpless tiny creatures. Thengenerous act of freeing them would fill my heart withchildish pride. The childhood memories have often !een praised !ypoets and writers. The poetry of ,ordsworth is full ofverses which had !een written in memory and praise ofchildhood. ,henever ,ordsworth recalled his childhood#he was filled with happy# carefree and pleasing memories


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which had the power to make him happy in later years oflife. The memory of my childhood still has power over my

grown up mind. -ometimes I do wish that golden period ofmy life come !ack# !ut I know that it is impossi!le. I cannotenjoy that period again. -o I cherish the happy memory ofmy childhood.

QUESTION NO. 1

Write an essay, with outline, of 300-350 wors on theto!i" #'eatures of a aistani Wein2#.

'E+TU$ES O' + +:IST+NI WEE8IN4

OUT&INE(i) 2arriage in /akistan is a legal union !etween a man

and a woman.(ii) $n engagement is a formal ceremony held !efore themarriage.(iii) 2ehndi# the 0enna ceremony# or the %asm7e7hennaceremony# typically takes place one or two days prior tothe main wedding day.(iv) 8araat is the procession of the family# relatives# andfriends of the groom and they accompany the groom to the

!ride9s home or marriage hall for the official weddingceremony.(v) ,alima is the final day of the wedding. This istraditionally organised !y the groom and his family.ESS+*


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2arriage in /akistan is a legal union !etween a manand a woman. 6ulturally# it is not only a link !etween thehus!and and wife# !ut also an alliance !etween their

respective families. 8ecause a!out :; of /akistanspopulation is 2uslim# the Islamic law is usually o!served.$rranged marriages have !een an integral part of/akistani society for years and are still prevalent.2arriages are often arranged within the family or withinthe same community or ethnicity. The wedding customsand cele!rations differ significantly depending on thegeographical location as well as the families involved.

0owever# a typical /akistani wedding has at least threemain customs involving the 0enna ceremony (%asm7e70enna)# the vows or the Nikah which is a part of the actual

wedding or -haadi ceremony# and a su!seuent ,alimaoffered !y the grooms family. + !ro!osal !artygoes to the !rides house# where thegrooms parents and family elders formally ask the !rides

parents for her hand in marriage. ,hen the weddingproposal is accepted# a day is usually fixed for theen2a2e%ent "ere%ony.+ngagement is usually a smallceremony that takes place in the presence of a few closemem!ers of would7!e !rides and groom9s families. %ingsand other items of jewelry among affluent families areexchanged !etween the would7!e !ride and groom.Traditionally# the !ride and the groom were not seatedtogether# and the rings are placed on the !rides finger !ythe grooms mother or sister# and vice versa. In recentyears# however# segregated functions have !ecome ararity and rings are usually exchanged !etween thecouple. /rayer and !lessings for the couple are then


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recited# and the wedding date is decided. Traditionally# many days or even weeks !efore theactual wedding day# women gather in the house of the

!ride at night to sing and dance while accompanied !ypercussion instruments. This is called the8holior5holak cele!ration. Today# this ceremony has also !eenreduced to a single night of singing and is often com!ined

with 2ehndi or 0enna ceremony. (ehni# the 0ennaceremony# or the %asm7e7henna ceremony# typically takesplace one or two days prior to the main wedding day. Theevent is traditionally held separately for the !ride and the

groom. The henna is sym!olically placed on the coupleshands. The grooms friends and family !ring along sweetsand henna for the !ride# and the !rides family does thesame for the groom. In the !rides ceremony# the groomnormally does not participate# and similarly on the groomsevent# the !ride stays at home. 3emale guests aresometimes offered mehndi at the hosts discretion.

Traditionally# since there were separate functions for !oththe !ride and the groom# the grooms function was calledTael (oil) where female guests put some oil into thegrooms hair. ,ith the ceremony now held simultaneouslyfor !oth the groom and the !ride# the use of the term taelhas diminished greatly. In some cases# the entireceremony is instead referred to as #Tael (ehni#ceremony. $fter the Tael 2ehndi# the main wedding ceremonytakes place. $ procession of the family# relatives# andfriends of the groom called ;aratgo to the !ride9s home ormarriage hall for the official wedding ceremony. Thegroom makes his way to the !rides home or the marriage


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hall on a richly decked horse or car and the

warm welcome !y the !ride9s family with flower garlandsand rose petals thrown upon the procession !y the !ridessisters# cousins and friends. If the couple are 2uslim# aNiahis performed.$fter the Nikkah# a inneris served which consists ofseveral dishes with meat featuring heavily in the meal.3inally# the $uhsatitakes place# when the groom and hisfamily leave together with the !ride.

Wali%ais the final day of the wedding held !y thecouple as they host their first dinner as hus!and and wife.This is traditionally organised !y the groom and>or hisfamily thus# without his parents# this ritual normally cannot!e performed. -o to make ,alima valid# the parents!lessing and presence is the most important factor. Thegrooms family# specifically his parents# invite all of the

!rides family and their guests to their home for a feast.2ore commonly nowadays# this is held in a marriage hallor hotel instead. The ,alima is typically the most festiveevent of the wedding ceremony and intends to pu!licizethe marriage. The !ride wears a heavily decorated dress

with gold jewellery provided !y the grooms family. Thegroom normally opts for a formal ,estern suit or tuxedo. Itis at this ceremony that they are formally and pu!liclyshow cased as a married couple. $fter the walimaceremony# the married couple usually go tohoney%oon.

QUESTION NO. 0


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Write a 2eneral essay, with outline, of 300-350 worsthat "oers the followin2 to!i"s Ener2y )risis

=ii> Une%!loy%ent=iii> Terroris%=i> 8ru2 +i"tion=> ;la" (aretin2=i> )orru!tion=ii> Inflation - $isin2 ri"es=iii> Oer-o!ulation=i?> Eniron%ental ollution

=?> S%u22lin2=?i> (ass Illitera"y=?ii> 8ru2 Traffi"in2=?iii> Se"tarianis%=?i> E"ono%i" )risis=?> ;e22ary=?i> ;riery

=?ii> Ne!otis%=?iii> Ta? Easion=?i?> @iolen"e=??> oerty=??i> oliti"al Instaility=??ii> &awlessness=??iii> So"ial an E"ono%i" )risis=??i> So"ial an E"ono%i"al role%s=??> InAusti"e an Ine/uality

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OUT&INE


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(i) Introduction(ii) +vil impacts and complications of ??????????.(iii) It !reeds social# economical# political and moral

pro!lems(iv) 6auses of ??????????.(v) %emedies of ??????????.(vi) 6onclusionESS+* ?????????? is a major pro!lem in most !ackward anddeveloping countries. It indicates our moral# social andreligious downfall. It is a matter of great shame that in

spite of !ecoming a nuclear power# we are far !ehindother nations in the way of character and faith. There aremany factors which are responsi!le for ??????????.Illiteracy# poverty and false ideas of society are the majorcauses of this social evil. 0owever# a close analysisreveals that craze for wealth and power is the !ase of allkind of ??????????. /eople have !ecome greedy and

selfish. They do not know the virtues of love# sympathyand sacrifice. ?????????? has !ecome one of the most importantpro!lem of all the world especially of the third worldcountries like /akistan. It is full of danger of evil impacts. Itdesta!ilizes and demoralizes nations and gives !irth todepression and frustration in the society and state. Itcreates and spreads the feelings of uncertainty# insta!ilityand insecurity among the masses. If it creeps in a society#it eats into its vitals and soon roots out its inner strength. Itdestroys its outer splendor# economic prosperity# socialpeace and national unity. 6onseuently# a nations goodimage is spoiled in all over the world. *awlessness


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!ecomes order of the day due to poverty# corruption#violence# indiscipline and mass illiteracy. It it is noteffectively# properly and promptly checked# the entire

judicial# moral and economic fa!ric of a nation will !ecollapsed. ??????????? is highly dangerous and devastating fora country like /akistan that has a weak economy andpolitical insta!ility. If the evil of ?????????? is not nippedin the !ud# it may spread like a !ush fire and engulf the

whole nation or region like and epidemic. ?????????!adly shatters peoples faith in institution and supremacy

of the constitution. It deprives masses from mental#physical# spiritual# moral and economic health. It alsopaves way for !loody revolutions and military take7overs. The main causes of ?????????? are illiteracy# poverty#economic policies of government and mans !urningdesire to !ecome rich and !igwig over night. ??????????creates economic pressure# social and economic injustice.

3eudalism# capitalism and uneven distri!ution of wealthand opportunities# non7availa!ility of !asic necessities andfundamental rights also spread ??????????. Non7availa!ility of education# health care and jo!s also pavesthe way to spread ??????????. +xternal factors likeagencies of neigh!ouring states like India also play a vitalrole in spreading ?????????? in /akistan in order todesta!ilize it. In the end we can say that our officers as well as thescholars# educationists# political parties# N@"s andnational mass media should take necessary steps toeradicated this wicked pro!lem for the !est national andhuman interest. "nly then we can raise our heads as a


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free and dignified nation.

1. ESSAYS - I

QUESTION NO. Write an essay, with outline, of 300-350 wors on the

to!i" #8e%o"ra"y#.

8E(O)$+)*OUT&INE

(i) 5emocracy is a popular form of @overnment. It is

practised successfully in many countries of the world.

(ii) 5ictatorship is a system of @overnment in which one

party or one person rules the country.

(iii) In democracy there is a full freedom of expressing

pu!lic opinion.

(iv) 5emocracy has many defects. It is a difficult form of

@overnment. It is not successful in a country where mostof the people are uneducated.

(v) 5emocracy has failed in /akistan mainly !ecause of

low literacy rate# senseless political parties# poor people


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and feudal system.

(vi) 5emocracy in spite of all its defects is !etter than

dictatorship.

ESS+*

+raha% &in"olndefined democracy asA

"Government of the people, by the people, for the

people."

8e%o"ra"y is a popular form of @overnment. It is

practised successfully in many countries of the world. In

this form of @overnment# people elect their own rulers. In

a democratic country# there are many political parties.

They take part in election. The party which wins !y the

majority of vote is declared successful. It is called to form

the @overnment. The rest of the parties are supposed tosit on the opposition !enches. In the assem!ly# important

issues are de!ated and discussed !y !oth the ruling party

as well as the opposition party. The decision on different

pro!lems of the country is taken after much deli!eration.

8i"tatorshi!is a system of @overnment in which one

party or one person rules the country. The entire power

rests with that party or the ruler. The party comes into

power after election. 0owever# unlike democracy# there is

no opposition party. $ll the votes are cast in favour of one

party. In i"tatorshi! no one "an o!!ose the ruler.


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There are many restrictions on the freedom of people. $n

individual does not enjoy any type of freedom. The radio#

the television# the newspaper and other mass media

conceal facts. Their main !usiness is to admire and praisethe ruling party. In dictatorship an individual does not

enjoy any respect. This form of @overnment is popular in

communist countries as %ussia# 6hina and +ast

@ermany.

In democracy there is full freedom of expressing pu!lic

opinion. $n individual enjoys full freedom to think# writeand express his views. The press is completely free. The

policies of the @overnment are de!ated and discussed

freely in the newspapers as well as in the $ssem!ly 0all.

In democracy# a person enjoys respect and importance.

5emocracy is linked with justice. +very!ody has eual

right in the eye of law. The voters can choose and remove

their rulers according to their own will. This form of

@overnment is popular and successful in $merica# 8ritain#

India and apan. 5emocracy has failed in under7

developed countries like /akistan. It has not worked

successfully in many of the $sian countries. The reasons

for its failure are the following.

8e%o"ra"y is a iffi"ult syste% of 4oern%ent."nly the educated and sensi!le people can understand

and run it. In our country and in many other $sian

countries# most of people are uneducated and !ackward.

They cannot understand and real spirit and structure of a


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democratic system of @overnment. 2ost of the people in

our country are poor. $t the time of election# the voters are

!ri!ed and tempted to give their votes in favor of

irresponsi!le and uneducated candidates. In this way# indemocracy# the responsi!le and educated candidates do

not return to $ssem!ly.

In a democratic form of @overnment# the candidates

use unfair means to win the election. The candidates of

the rival party are kidnapped. The !allot !oxes are !roken

and undue pressure is exercised on the officers whoconduct the election. In this way# the elections open the

gateway to corruption# !ri!ery and selfishness.

5emocracy has many merits !ut it has many demerits

also. It is known for its inefficiency and slowness. $t the

time of national emergencies# it fails to cope with the

situation. The national issues of great importance are

de!ated and discussed in the $ssem!ly. It takes a long

time to arrive at any decision. In this way# many pro!lems

of utmost importance remain unsolved in the light of a!ove

discussion. ,e can say that democracy in spite of its

defects is still a popular form of @overnment. It is !etter

than dictatorship.

QUESTION NO. BWrite an essay, with outline, of 300-350 wors on the

to!i" #)o%!uter Eu"ation#.


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)O(UTE$ E8U)+TION

OUT&INE(i) The increasing utility of computers in every sphere of life has made computer education the needof the day.

(ii) By computer education, we mean, gaining the know-how of the basic concepts and operationsrelated to a computer.

(iii) Computer education facilitates the use of computers for purposes of communication andentertainment.

(iv) Computer education increases one's chances of getting a job

(v) Computer education helps one manage one's own business assets and personal finances.

ESS+*

Computers find a wide variety of applications in different spheres of life. ith an increase in theirwidespread use and their ever-so-increasing popularity, computer education has become the need of

the day. Computers have brought about a revolution across all industries. They have changed the face

of society. They are no longer speciali!ed tools to be used by specially trained people. They are

ubiquitousand used in almost every sphere of life. Computers are the best means for storage and

management of data, they can serve as huge knowledge bases and can be harnessed for all sorts of

financial transactions owing to their processing power and storage capacities. "s computers are a daily

utility, they have gained immense importance in day-to-day life. Their increasing utility has made

computer education the need of the day.

By computer education, we mean, gaining the know-how of the basic concepts related to a

computer and gaining the basic knowledge of computer operation. #nowing about the basic

components of a computer, the basic concepts behind the use of computers and the know-how of

some of the elementary computer applications constitutes computer education. $earning about the

computer basics followed by a practical e%perience of using a computer is the key to computer

education. "s computers are widely used today, ac&uiring computer education is the need of the day.

Computers are not only storage devices and processing units, but also are e%cellent

communication media. They are the means to access the nternet and get connected to the world.

They are also an effective audio-visual media. Computers can be used to access a vast knowledge

base and search for information archives over the Internet. (nly computer education can facilitate

the use of computers for purposes of communication and entertainment.Computer knowledge coupled with certain other job skills increases one's chances of getting a job.

Those with knowledge of computers are considered trainable for many kinds of jobs. "s most of the

jobs involve the use of computers, computer education is an eligibility criterion for almost all the

modern-day jobs. )igher education involving network administration, hardware maintenance or

software skills open doors for brighter job opportunities.


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Computer education helps one manage one's own business assets and personal finances.

Computers serve as efficient means for management of information. *ersonal financial assets, medical

records and important documents can be stored in an electronic format in a computer system. Today,

banking transactions and payments of bills can be done over the nternet. +imilarly, online shopping is

becoming widely popular. To be in the race, it is very important to take computer education. The word

processing applications of a computer serve as an effective means of documentation. The database

management software that are a part of computer systems serve as the means of managing largeamounts of data. The networking capabilities of a computer facilitate connecting to the nternet to

reach out to the world.

Computers, which have such a wide variety of applications, are indeed ruling society. To keep up

the pace in this fast life of today, computer education is e%tremely important. Computers are an

integral part of life and so is computer education

QUESTION NO. 3

Write an essay, with outline, of 300-350 wors on theto!i" #@illa2e U!lift#.

@I&&+4E U&I'T

OUT&INE

(i) The condition of villages in /akistan is very misera!leand deplora!le.

(ii) 2uch emphasis should !e given on the education of

villagers.

(iii) 6leanliness of streets and water is !adly needed in

villages.

(iv) 2odern technology should !e introduced in the

villages for the improvement of agriculture.

(v) Billagers should !e advised to shake off a num!er of

old customs and social evils.

ESS+*


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$ group of houses and associated !uildings# larger

than a hamlet and smaller than a town# situated in a rural

area is called a village. $ village is the !asis of human

civilization. 0owever# with the growth of cities the villageshave !een considera!ly neglected. There are practically

no arrangements for sanitation. 5irty water collects in

pools everywhere. 5iseases and epidemics kill hundreds

of persons every year. The farmers and the artisans who

inha!it the villages are mostly poor# uneducated and

!ackward. -truggle and misery are their lot. The landlords#the money lenders and the petty government officials

exploit them in every way they like. They villagers have

!een suffering in misery and poverty for centuries. They

work hard !ut their hard work !rings them no profit. &nder

these circumstances we must try to improve our villages.

3or the uplift of villages we can do the following things.

3irstly# much emphasis should !e given on the

education of village folks. Ignorance more than anything

else# is responsi!le for the !ackwardness of the /akistani

peasant. -teeped in age old ignorance the peasant does

not know his own interest. If he ignores the laws of health

and sanitation# runs into enormous de!ts# of follows

ancient methods of agriculture# it is !ecause he lacksenlightenment. The remedy suggested is that primary

education should !e made compulsory for !oth !oys and

girls. @overnment should construct reuired schools and

colleges in the villages.


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-econdly# cleanliness is very essential for the uplift of

villages. The ignorant villager is content with passing his

days in unhealthy surroundings. 0e does not care much if

streets of the villages are dirty or if houses have noarrangement for fresh air. 0e allows dirty water to collect

in pits and ponds situated a!out the village.# with the result

that they attract mosuitoes in and who spread malaria#

dengue and trou!le. Thus villager is to !e exhorted to

keep his houses and streets clean !y throwing the dung

hills and ru!!ish into pits. The government should notconvert cities into large cities# rather they should convert

villages into cities.

Thirdly# modern technology for agriculture should !e

provided to the peasants. $griculture is the main

profession of villagers. They are still using the old methods

of farming. They work hard !ut of no avail. @overnment

should provide tractors# threshers# fertilizers# !etter seed

and other farming euipment to the peasants so that they

can make farming a paying profession and the economy of

the country can go round.

*astly# the villagers are superstitious and conservative

folks. 2ost of them still !elieve that what was good for

their forefathers is good enough for them. -o they should!e advised to shake off a num!er of old customs and

social evils from which they suffer. It is seen that they

spend money lavishly on marriages and !irths and are

prone to !e extravagant when they come !y money. They


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are over fond of litigation. They commit murders over

trifles# and resort to the court so often that they pay the

!est part of their income to the lawyers. The peasant#

thus# should !e advised to get rid of all these evils.Billagers constitute the seventy percentage of our

population. $griculture is the !ack!one of our economy.

-o it is the duty of educated people as a nation and

o!ligation of government to uplift the misera!le and

deplora!le condition of villages. 8y uplifting our villages#

we can keep pace with the comity of nations. ,e can getprogress and prosperity.

QUESTION NO. C

Write an essay, with outline, of 300-350 wors on the

to!i" #So"ial Eils#.

SO)I+& E@I&S IN +:IST+N

OUT&INE

(i) -ocial evils are present in every country. +ven the

developed countries like $merica and 8ritain suffer from

them.(ii) The unfair and im!alanced distri!ution of wealth is at

the root of every social evil.

(iii) The people of /akistan have great love for collecting


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wealth. Their excessive fondness for collecting wealth has

given !irth to many social evils.

(iv) -ocial evils generate an atmosphere of disorder#

anarchy and injustice.(v) 8ri!ery and corruption have !een a routine matter in

every field of life.

(vi) 0oarding# !lack marketing# child lifting# smuggling#

horse racing and drinking are some of the social evils that

are found in /akistan.

ESS+* -ocial evils are present in every country. +ven the

developed countries like $merica and 8ritain suffer from

them. In /akistan# social evils have developed into an

institution. -ocial evils surround us like diseased tress.

They are many causes for the growth and spread of

social evils.

3irstly# the unfair and im!alance distri!ution of wealth is

at the root of every social evil.

-econdly# the people are /akistan are greedy and

am!itious of collecting wealth !y fair and foul means. They

have !ecome selfish. They have !idden good !ye to the

life of simplicity and contentment. Their excessive

fondness for collecting worldly gains has given !irth tomany social evils.

-ocial evils eat the very root of every civilized society.

They cause great loss to the peace and happiness of

people. They generate an atmosphere of disorder#


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+ulteration is an other social evil which is very

harmful to society. The adulterators mix cheap and

harmful things in food items like milk# honey# spices#

pulses and wheat etc. They play with the health of thepeople. They are a curse to society.

&aish e?!enitureon ceremonies like marriages like

marriages and funerals have !ecome the order of the day.

%ich people make a show of their wealth on the marriage

of their children. It causes a sense of deprivation among

the people. 2oreover# this reflects an attitude which feedson greed# selfishness and vanity. The wastage of wealth

for the fulfillment of such !ad customs cannot !e approved

!y any sane person.

-ocial evils like gam!ling# horse racing# honour killing#

drinking are a rampant in our society.

-ocial evils are widespread !ecause of ignorance#

illiteracy# poverty and injustice. ,e can eliminate these

social evils !y two ways1 !y the enforcement of law and !y

educating the people against the harms through electronic

media.

QUESTION NO. 5

Write an essay, with outline, of 300-350 wors on the

to!i" #$eli2ious E?tre%is%#.


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$E&I4IOUS EDT$E(IS(

OUT&INE

(i) /akistan is a religious country. It came into !eing in the

name of Islam. 8ut unfortunately# the unity of the 2uslims

lies in pieces.

(ii) %eligious extremism means that one religious group

considers its thinking correct and truthful. This leads to

hostility against other groups.

(iii) %eligious extremism is produced !y our emotional and

non scientific thinking.

(iv) *ack of modern knowledge !reeds religious

extremism.

(v) It has generated many evils. It produces distrust and

fear.

(vi) It !reeds hostility and tension among different groups.

This atmosphere of strife halts the economic progress.

ESS+*

%eligious extremism is very common and popular in

/akistan. /akistan is a religious country. It came into!eing in the name of Islam. 8ut unfortunately# its religious

ulemas and thinkers divided the country into many sects.

The unity of the 2uslims lies in pieces. The people of one

sect hate strongly the people of other sect. $eli2ious


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e?tre%is% %eans that one reli2ious 2rou! "onsiers

its thinin2 "orre"t an truthful. 0e thinks that the views

held !y it are final and conclusive. The religious views of

the other groups are incorrect. 0e hates the other groupand feels uncomforta!le with it. This leads to hostility

against the other group. In this way# every person adheres

to his point of view and considers the other group wrong.

%eligious extremism is produced in the people !y the

following factors.

'. The o!servers and thinkers consider that religiousextremism is produced !y our e%otional an non-

s"ientifi" thinin2.They claim that we !ecome too much

su!jective and too much involved in our own thinking. "ur

thinking attains personal colour. It is only scientific and

o!jective thinking which can save us from the menace of

religious extremism.C. &a" of %oern nowle2e !reeds religious

extremism. $ large num!er of our people are uneducated.

They are !lind to the modern trends of knowledge in all

fields of life. This thing generates a clash !etween

ignorance and knowledge. The religious scholars# ulemas#

and thinkers stick to their point of view. They try to forcetheir views on the other !y force. This produces and

atmosphere of fear# suspicion and mistrust.


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D. %eligious extremism takes place in those minds which

are simple and credulous. They take every !elief granted

and do not analyze it.

$eli2ious e?tre%is% has 2enerate %any eils. It

has produced tyranny and violence. It has urged the

religious extremists to resort to use force against those

who do not agree with their views. This thing has !uilt a

strife !etween Shias an Sunnies.These two religious

groups have killed many people of the rival group. They

have killed innocent people which include thinkers#scholars# doctors# teachers and other civilized mem!ers of

society. -uch type of religious extremism is very harmful

to society and country. It can !reak up the integrity and

unity of country. The unity of the country is at stake due to

the presence of this form of religious extremism.

$eli2ious e?tre%is% !rou"es the followin2 eils.

'. It !uilds an atmosphere of distrust and fear. /eople

!egin to hate one another and suspect each others

intention.

C. %eligious extremism leads to the formation of religious

groups and organizations. These groups organize

themselves into armed groups and use force to intimidate

and horrify the rival groups. In /akistan such groups exist

and they kill one another mercilessly. The use of force

leads to enmity and !itter hostility.


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D. $n atmosphere of strife# tension and horror halts the

economic progress of the county. The foreign investors

stop investing their money in !ig projects. ,e can

overcome religious extremism !y taking the followingsteps.

(i) 2odern education should !e given to the students who

study in 2adrassas.

(ii) %eligious extremism comes into action for lack of

tolerance. The people should !e taught to show tolerance

to each other. The teachings of Islam should !epropagated through electronic media a!out human dignity.

Isla% is a reli2ious of !ea"e an Austi"e. $ campaign

should !e started on electronic media which should teach

people the real principals of Islam.


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5. NOVEL

QUESTION NO. B

(a) 5escri!e -antiagos search for the fish.

(!) 5escri!e the old mans struggle with the marlin.

(c) 5escri!e the old mans struggle with the sharks.

=a> Sear"h for the 'ish 3or eighty7four days# -antiago has !een going on

fishing without success. 6onsidering EFth a lucky day# he

gets up very early in the morning. 0e goes to 2anolins

house and wakes him up. They drink coffee# divide !aits

and go to the coast. 2anolin !ids him good!ye and

-antiago rows out to the sea in search of a really !ig fish.

In the dark of the early morning# he soon reaches the

part of the sea that the fishermen call Gthe 2reat well#

!ecause of its sudden depth and the presence of all sort of


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fish here. -antiago has fished here on previous days !ut

has had no game. -o this day# he plans to row far out to

the sea in uest of a huge fish.

$t dawn# he prepares four !aits and throws them at

different depths. 0e propels his skiff smoothly. 0e

o!serves !irds and schools of fish. 2eanwhile# the stern

line !ecomes taunt. 0e pulls the line and succeeds in

catching an +la"oreof a!out ten pounds. 8ut it is only a

small fish and the search for the great fish still continues.

$t noon# the marker of one hundred fathoms deep line

dips. In fact# a giant fish starts ni!!ling the !ait. -antiago

guesses it to !e a (arlin. -antiagos prayers and

sardines taste compel the hungry marlin to swallow the

!ait. In short# the search for the fish ends and the fight with

the fish starts from here.

=> Stru22le With the (arlin

-antiagos life is full of struggles. 0e is struggling with

poverty# loneliness and old age. 0owever# his struggle

with the marlin is the most exciting event in the novella. It

resem!les )a!tain +has stru22le with a 2reat whitewhale in (oy 8i". -antiagos epic struggle with the

giant marlin continues for almost three days in the open

sea.


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"n the first day# it is noon when -antiago hooks the

marlin. 0e tries to pull the line !ut fails. Instead the fish

starts towing his skiff. $t night# he places a sack as a

paddling !etween his !ack and the line. "nce the fishlunges and pulls him down on his face. 0owever# he

stands up and says# #Ill stay with you until I a% ea#.

"n the second day# the fish jumps into the air and

-antiago is surprised to see its size. -antiagos right hand

has a line !urn and his left hand is cramped. -o he eats

tuna and remem!ers his hand7game with the Negro togive himself strength and confidence. 0e also sleeps at

night !ut soon the fish wakes him up with a jerk.

"n the third day# the fish starts circling and -antiago

starts gaining the line. -o the circles grow smaller and

smaller in radius. ,hen the fish comes close to the skiff#

-antiago drives the harpoon into its !ody. The fish leapsand falls in death. Thus the struggle with the marlin is

over. 0e lashes the corpse alongside his !oat and starts

for the shore.

="> 'i2ht With the Shars

$fter killing the marlin# -antiago lashes the corpse

alongside his !oat and starts for the shore. 8ut the !lood

oozing form the wounded marlin invites the sharks.


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0owever# -antiago !ravely fights off the successive

sharks five times.

$fter an hour# a giant %aoshark appears. -antiago

hits it with his harpoon. 8ut he not only loses the harpoon

!ut also a!out forty pounds flesh of the fish. 0owever# he

encourages himself !y saying# #+ %an "an e estroye

ut not efeate#.

$fter two hours# two plundering 2alanoscome to feast

on the marlin. -antiago fights them with the knife lashed to

the oar. 0e sta!s the knife into their heads. $lasH they

steal away a!out a uarter of the fish.

The third attacker is a single shoel nose shar. The

old man lets it hit the fish and then drives the knife into its

!rain. The shark jerks !ackwards as it rolls and the !lade

of the knife snaps and is lost in the water.

ust !efore sunset# two more marauding 2alanos

come to dine on the marlin. -antiago fights them with his

clu!. Their eating reduces the fish to half. 0owever#

-antiago still hopes that he may save the remaining half.

8y midnight# the sharks come in packs. 0e hits them

with the clu! !ut is deprived of it during the com!at. Thenhe !eats them with the tiller !ut it also !reaks. The fighting

tools end and then the preys meat ends and finally the

Sisy!hean fi2ht ends.


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QUESTION NO. BB(a) The sea is a living !eing. +la!orate.

(!)GThe !oy keeps me aliveG. 5escri!e 2anolins role inthe light of a!ove remarks.

(c) 8ring out the comparison !etween -antiago and

5i2aggio.

=a> Sea a a &iin2 ;ein2

@enerally# a sea is a large !ody of salt water. 0owever#

in this novella# the sea has !een presented as a setting

and plausi!le character. $s a character# it is a living !eing

!ecause it is personified# !lue and the great mother of all

living things.

3irstly# the sea is a personified character. -ome

fishermen deem it el mari.e.# male while the others take itla mari.e.# female. -antiago considers it female !ecause

of its fertility# and !ecause it em!odies !oth kindness and

cruelty. Thus the sea is a hu%an ein2 sy%oli"ally.

-econdly# the colour of sea water is mostly !lue which

is a sym!ol of life. 2oreover# -antiagos eyes are of the

same colour as that of the sea. $nd his eyes are the most

living part of his !ody. This si%ileagain proves the sea as

a living !eing.

Thirdly# the sea is the great mother of all living things.

$lmost all religions and sciences !elieve that life emerged


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from water. These also agree that living things are only

!orn from living ones. *ooked at in this perspective# the

sea is definitely the #&iin2 Infinite#.

=> The $ole of (anolin The novella introduces 2anolin in the second starting

sentence as a oy. 0owever# critics have esta!lished his

exact age as BB# !ased on his reference to the !ase7!all

player# 5ick -isler. 2anolins character is functional. 0e is

the greatest prop for -antiago. 0e keeps -antiago alive!ecause he provides -antiago food# company and help.

3irstly# 2anolin provides -antiago food and !everage.

The poor -antiago has !een failing to catch a fish for

eighty7four consecutive days. In this predicament# 2anolin

saves him from starving to death !y serving him with !eer#

coffee and sumptuous suppers. 0e says to -antiago##*oull not fish without eatin2 while I% alie#.

-econdly# 2anolin gives -antiago company. -antiagos

wife has died. 0e has neither children nor any relatives.

Manolin is his last and deepest human relationship.

2anolins company keeps him emotionally sound and

psychologically !alanced. ,ithout his company#

-antiagos survival would have !een impossi!le.

Thirdly# 2anolin renders -antiago help and assistance.

0e is not only -antiagos apprentice !ut also acts as his

son. 0e helps him with his gear. 0e supplies him with


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fresh !aits. 0e !rings ointment for his lacerated hands. In

fact# it is 2anolins help which ensures that -antiago will

live on.

="> )o%!arison ;etween Santia2o

an 8i(a22io -antiago compares himself with two things1 2arlin and

5i2aggio. 0owever# the figure to cult is 5i2aggio.

-antiago never calls him 5i2aggio !ut the #2reat

8i(a22io#. 0e emulates him !ecause !oth are !orn

fishermen# champions and handicapped.

3irstly# !oth are !orn fishermen. 5i2aggios father#

4iuse!!e# was a fisherman. -antiago muses three times

throughout the novella that the great 5i2aggios father

was a fisherman. $nd -antiago is a veteran fisherman of

6ojimar in 6u!a. Thus !oth have same !ackgrounds.-econdly# !oth are champions. 5i2aggio# otherwise

know as the G*anee )li!!er## is a !ase!all champion.

-antiago calls him a player who Gmakes the differenceG.

$nd -antiago is a hand7wrestling champion. 0e earned

the title of #El )a%!eonG !y defeating a Negro from

6ienfuegos.

Thirdly# !oth are handicapped. -antiago compares his

left cramped hand with the !one spur of 5i2aggio. 0e

!elieves that if 5i2aggio can play !ase!all with his

osteotype# he can also continue his struggle against the


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giant 2arlin with his cramped hand.

QUESTION NO. B3(a) +la!orate -antiagos hand game with the Negro.

(!)G+very day is a new dayG# says -antiago. 6omment.

(c)G$ man can !e destroyed !ut not defeatedG. 5iscuss.

=a> an-4a%e With a Ne2ro 5uring the struggle with the 2arlin# -antiago

remem!ers his hand7game with a Negro. It was a Sunay

morning at an inn in 6asa!lanca. oung -antiago and the

Negro sat on opposite chairs# placed their el!ows on a

ta!le !etween them# gripped their right hands and the

match started. +ight hours passed !ut nothing happened

except a new referee. +vening advanced so the oil lamps were lit. The !ettors

!ecame hopeless so they started leaving and entering the

room. In this situation# the wrestlers strained themselves

so severely that !lood !egan to ooze from under their

fingernails. 3urther four hours could make no decision !ut

a new referee.

$t night# the Negro was entertained with rum

and cigarettes so he put a tremendous torue and inclined

-antiagos arm down three inches off the !alance.

0owever# -antiago raised his hand up to dead even again.


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$ll the night# the odds and the referees kept on changing

!ut the match remained a tie.

The sun of the (onay morning rose. The !ettors

wanted the match to !e declared a draw !ecause theywere to go to their jo!s. -antiago felt it# so he applied his

whole might and forced the Negros hand down and down

until it kissed the ta!le. $t last# -antiago had won the

match and earned the title of #El )a%!eon#.

=> Eery 8ay is a New 8ay Nature has its own cycles. The cycle of time in which

the earth makes a complete rotation on its axis is called a

day. $lthough# a day is a repetitive natural phenomenon

yet no day is same. +very day is a new day !ecause it is

extremely different# a new !eginning and a new

opportunity. 3irstly# every day is a different day. It has a different

name# different date and different possi!ilities. ,hen

2anolin reminds -antiago of his an erstwhile unlucky spell

of E: days# -antiago says# #It "oul not ha!!en twi"e#.

Thus no day is like !ygone days. It is a!solutely new.

-econdly# every day is a new !eginning. $ man is

re!orn every day. It is the first day of the rest of his life. It

is a clean slate. If man performs !ad of good deeds the

day !efore# the canvas is wiped clean as soon as he

wakes up the next morning.


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Thirdly# every day is a new opportunity. The chief

!eauty a!out a new day is that no man can consume it in

advance. +very new day lies ready for him# as perfect# as

unspoiled. -o man should !e optimistic a!out every day.In fact# -antiago rightly hopes that 95th will e a lu"y

ay.

="> 8estroye ;ut Not 8efeate #+ %an "an e estroye ut not efeate# is the

most important sentence in the novella. 2an can !edestroyed !ecause human !ody is weak and mortal.

0owever# man cannot !e defeated if his spirit is gallant#

his failure is avoida!le and his attitude is optimistic.

3irstly# destruction connotes #!hysi"al a%a2e#.

-antiagos lacerated hands# fatigued !ody and something

!roken in his chest show that he is destroyed. 0owever#defeat implies #s!iritual a%a2e#. -antiagos refusal to

uit prove that he has a gallant spirit that can never !e

defeated.

-econdly# destruction leads to #failure#. The sharks

destroy the marlin and -antiago fails to fetch the whole on

the shore. 0owever# failure is a temporary detour or delay#

not defeat. No dou!t# -antiago has failed !ut is

undefeated !ecause he has eluded defeat !y hope# pride

and faith.

Thirdly# mans attitude determines a fact. #+n !ain


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oes not %atter to a %an#is a fact for -antiago !ecause

he thinks it so. -imilarly# #+ %an "an e estroye ut

not efeate# is a fact# a principle# a philosophy and a

morality for all those people who think it so.

QUESTION NO. BC(a) 5iscuss the old man as a skillful fisherman.

(!) Is -antiago a superstitious manJ +xplain.

(c) 5escri!e the old man as a religious figure.

=a> Santia2o -- + Sillful 'isher%an -antiago is a fishing specialist. 0e has !een fishing for

a!out half a century. -o the trails of time have taught him

tricks and skills. 0is art of !aiting# knowledge a!out sea

creatures and accurate guesses all prove that he is a

skillful fisherman.

3irstly# he is adept in !aiting. ,hen he ventures his

odyssey# he carries four kind of !ait7fish1 sardines# tunas#

!lue runners and yellow jacks. 0e hooks them so skillfully

that each part of the hook !ecomes yummy for preys.

2oreover# he throws the !aits at four different depths veryskillfully.

-econdly# he is a sea iolo2ist. 0e possesses sound

information a!out sea fish# turtles# !irds and plants. 0e

identifies the names of all the fish he encounters. 0e even


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knows their !ehaviour# sex# taste and nourishment. 0e

also knows that different fish swim at different levels.

Thirdly# his accurate guesses are another proof of his

prowess. 0e rightly predicts that the fish ni!!ling his hookat one hundred fathoms down is a #%ale %arlin#. 0e

accurately estimates that the marlin is 'E feet long and

'FKK pounds heavy without any measuring device. In fact#

only a skillful fisherman can do so.

=> Santia2o -- + Su!erstitious (an$ credulous !elief or notion that is not !ased on

reason# fact or knowledge is called superstition. $ person

who has such a !elief is called superstitious. -antiago is

definitely a superstitious man !ut positively and

optimistically. 0e is a superstitious man !ecause he

!elieves in numerology# shi!!oleths and luck. 3irstly# -antiago !elieves in numerology. 0e thinks

#Ei2hty-fie is a lu"y nu%er#.0e has !een failing to

catch a fish for eighty7four consecutive days. Now he

hopes to catch a !ig fish on the eighty7fifth day. 2oreover#

he wants to !uy a terminal of the lottery with an eighty7

five. This !elief is purely superstitious.

-econdly# he !elieves in shi!!oleths i.e.# common

sayings. $t noon of the first day on the sea# a fish ni!!les

the !ait of one hundred fathoms deep line time and again.

-antiago hopes that it will swallow the !ait !ut he does not


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say !ecause he deems# #If you say so%ethin2 2oo, it

%i2ht not ha!!en#. This notion is also superstitious.

Thirdly# he trusts in luck. $t the start of th novella#

2anolin wishes to go with him for fishing !ut he says# #No,*orre with a lu"y oat. Stay with the%#.$t the end of

the novella# the !oy again wants to go with him !ut he

says# #No, I a% not lu"y. I a% not lu"y any%ore# .

Thus his !elief in luck proves him a superstitious man.

="> Santia2o -- + $eli2ious 'i2ure -antiago is a )atholi" )hristian. 0owever# religion for

him is as dead as !ase!all is alive. 0e himself admits not

!eing religious !ut his love for all creatures# prayers for

divine help and resem!lance with 6hrist cast a religious

air around him.

3irstly# -antiago is a love incarnate. 0is sympathy forthe !irds# praise for the fish# willingness to drink !eer at

Terrace# and remem!ering 2anolin and 5i2aggio at sea#

do show his love for all creatures. $nd this attitude is the

very uintessence of all religions.

-econdly# in trou!le# -antiago says #Our 'athers#and

#ail (arys# and pledges to say more prayers to getdivine help in his mission. 0e also vows to make a

pilgrimage to the Birgin of 6o!re if his fishing is

successful. Thus he !elieves in a super7power that rules

the destiny of man.


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Thirdly# -antiago is a 6hrist in disguise. *ike 6hrist# he

suffers on the wood 77 his !oat for three days. 0is return

late in night carrying the mast on his shoulders# is

evocative of 6hrists march towards )alary. *ooked at inthis perspective# -antiago is definitely a religious figure.

QUESTION NO. B5(a) 5escri!e -antiago as a strange old man.

(!) 5escri!e the old man as a tragic hero.

(c) ,hat is the significance of -antiagos dreamsJ

=a> Santia2o -- + Stran2e Ol (an 0e who is different from average# ordinary and

common people is called a strange person. -antiagohimself admits# #I a% a stran2e ol %an#. 0e is strange

in the sense that his senses# eating patterns and ideas are

not like that of general people.

3irstly# -antiagos senses are uniue. ,hen he

ventures his odyssey# he muses on the smells# sights and

sounds i.e.# all his senses are acute. Ironically#

0emingways eyesight was weak !ut his heros vision is

sharp. +ven turtling# early sun and old age have not

weakened the eyesight of -antiagoH

-econdly# -antiago is almost a superman in his eating


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patterns. $mazingly# he eats turtle eggs and drinks the

nauseous shark liver oil. 2oreover# he does not hunger for

food as normal people do. 3or him# eating is not a!out

pleasure !ut a painful act that he must endure for strength. Thirdly# his ideas are unconventional. 0is concept of

pain differs from common people. /ride and humality co7

exist in him. 0e remains dedicated to his principles a!ove

concerns of material gain or survival. $!ove all# he is a

hunter who loves his prey and says# #'ish, I loe you an

res!e"t you ery %u"h#.

=> Santia2o -- + Tra2i" ero -antiago is a modern tragic hero. 0e does not follow

the $ristotelian principle of the high lineage of the tragic

hero. 0owever# he possesses all the ualities of an ideal

tragic protagonist i.e.# imperfection# hamartia# anagnorisis#conflict and cathersis.

3irstly# a perfect tragic hero is imperfect. 0e is !etter

!ut not the !est. 0e has a tragic flaw or hamartia that

causes his downfall. -antiago also suffers from a hamartia

which is his pride that presses him to G2o far out#into the

sea. -antiago also shows anagnorisis !y admitting his

!lunder at four different places.

-econdly# a tragic hero is always in conflict. -antiago

is in external conflict against fishermen# 2arlin and sharks.

0e is also in internal conflict when he considers it a sin to


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In *iterature# a word or expression that refers to an

o!ject or uality which appeals to one or more of the

senses and the feelings is called image. In his poem#

#Tartary#, ,alter 5e *a 2are has employed at leasttwenty concrete images. In fact# the whole poem is a

succession of visual# auditory# olfactory# gustatory# tactile

and kinetic images. -o it is difficult to say which of the

images is more fanciful than the others.

0owever# if we are forced to select the most fanciful

i.e.# unreal and wonderful image# then it is the kineticimage made in the last four lines of the third stanza of the

poem. 0ere the poet saysA

#+n ere shoul wane the %ornin2-star,

I on %y roe an s"i%itar,

+n eras seen shoul raw %y "ar

Throu2h Tartarys ar 2laes.#

This is the most fanciful image !ecause it is totally

different from reality and is very wonderful. The other

images 77 the !ed of ivory# the throne of gold# peacocks in

the court# tigers in the forests# fish in the pools# colourful

lamps# musical instruments and o!jects of Nature 77 are

delightful images !ut they represent real scenes.0owever#the image of gorgeously attired potentate of

Tartary# riding a chariot driven !y seven ze!ras is pure

fancy.


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="> $ESO&UTIONS O' TE OETESS

+ver since the 8a!ylonian $ge# people have !een making new year resolutions to improve

their life style. In her poem# #New *ear $esolutions## +liza!eth -ewell has mapped out three

revolutionary resolutions !efore the dawn of the new year. -he resolves to remain most of the

time silent# think a!out what she is and face the realities with contention.

3irstly# she resolves that she will not talk# chat# murmur or whisper much in her future.

Instead of drinking wine# she will #rain lon2 rau2hts of /uiet#as a medical tonic to purify

her soul. -he thinks that uietude will cure her spiritual and moral diseases like lie# !ack!iting

and slander etc.

-econdly# she pledges that she will engage herself in introspection two times everyday. -he

will try to discover the reality a!out her inner personality. -he will remind herself of her

responsi!ilities and lia!ilities. -he thinks that self7identity will !e a school of profundity# morality

and wisdom for her.

Thirdly# she decides to gra!!le with the realities of life. No dou!t# reality has G!ony armsG.

8ut she is not an escapist like ,alter 5e *a 2are and 2aya $ngelou. -he is a realist and

!elieves in the fact# #Truth is ;eauty#. -he hopes that reality will give her self7satisfaction#

!lessed relief and spiritual exultation.

QUESTION NO. 7

=a> Write a "hara"ter-set"h of the wo%an as e!i"te

in #Wo%an Wor#.

=> 8is"uss the !oe% #atriot into Traitor# as a

ra%ati" %onolo2ue.


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="> 8o you a2ree with Eliaeth ;isho! that the art of

losin2 is not har to %asterF

=a> )+$+)TE$ O' WO(+N In *iterature# a mental image of a person is called

character and a character who represents a class or group

is called type. In her poem# #Wo%an Wor## 2aya

$ngelou has delineated a type of a traditional house

woman who represents the hardworking women of

proletariat. -he is a poor and responsi!le woman who

loves nature very much.

3irstly# she is a poor lady. -he has no spare money to

get the clothes mended !y a tailor. -he cannot afford a

maid to do her domestic chores. -he cannot keep a

gardener to look after her garden. -he lives in a

ramshackle hut. -he is una!le to get the expensive

pleasures of life. In fact# these are the o!vious signs of her

poverty.

-econdly# she is a responsi!le matron. 0er sense of

responsi!ility has made her a dutiful# hardworking and

patient !eing. -he does at least twelve works from dawn

to dusk !ut has no complains. -he looks after the children.

-he !uys# cooks and serves the food. -he not only

manages her house !ut also maintains her garden. In

short# she is a !usy machine.


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Thirdly# she is a lover of nature. Instead of enjoying the

company of her children# she wants to enjoy the company

of nature. -he wishes to enjoy sunshine# rain# dewdrops#

storms and snow7flakes. $ddressing the o!jects andphenomena of nature she says# #*oure all that I "an "all

%y own#. -he has idealized nature !ecause idealization

is necessary for survival.

=> + 8$+(+TI) (ONO&O4UE 5ramatic monologue refers to a type of poetry and

%o!ert 8rowning is master in it. It is a#%ono-ra%a in

erse#. *ike many other dramatic monologues of

8rowning #atriot into Traitor#is also a fine example of

this genre !ecause it has a single speaker# a silent

audience and dramatic situation.3irstly# the poem has a solitary speaker who is patently

not the poet. 0e is an erstwhile worshipful leader who is

receiving unearned punishment. In this critical situation# he

is freely giving vent to his feelings to reveal the inner

working of his mind. 0e is# in fact# #a soul in a"tion#.

-econdly# the poem has a silent audience. There is nodialogue !etween the speaker and the audience. This

audience consists of people who adore or a!hor someone

unexpectedly. This implied presence of an auditor


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distinguishes this dramatic monologue from a solilouy in

which the speaker is alone.

Thirdly# the poem presents a tragic dramatic situation.

It invokes in us feelings of pity# fear and relief called

catharsis. The leaders downfall excites feelings of pity in

us. ,e fear !ecause we recognize similar possi!ilities in

us. 0owever# the leaders !elief# #Tis 4o shall re!ayG I

a% safer so#gives us relief.

="> TE +$T O' &OSIN4

#One +rt# is a !eautiful villanelle in which +liza!eth

8ishop claims# #The art is losin2 isnt har to %aster#.

0owever# we do not agree with her !ecause material

things are never lost# real losses are eternal and the

poetess herself fails to master this so7called art.

3irstly# material things are never lost !ut misplaced.

5oor keys# watches and houses etc are not lost !ecause

they retain their existence. They have chances of retrieval.

,e may run into them any time. If they mislaid

permanently# we can get their su!stitutes. Thus tangi!le

things are never lost.

-econdly# the real losses are the losses of those things

that lose their existence. The death of our dear ones is an

example of these losses. Time can assuage the pain of


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loss !ut can never return us a lost mother# father or friend.

0ence it is impossi!le to master the art of losing.

Thirdly# the poetess herself fails to master this art. The

rhythm of the poem is choked up. There are many glottal

pauses# signifying that the poetess is trying to hold !ack

the tears and having trou!le controlling her view point. -o

how can we agree with her flippancyH

QUESTION NO. 9=a> Why oes Worsworth "all the solitary rea!ers

son2 a %elan"holy strainF

=> Why oes Shaes!eare "all ol a2e a se"on

"hilishnessF

="> ow a!!ro!riate is the title of the !oe% #+ oisonTree#F

=a> + (E&+N)O&* ST$+IN

$ melancholy strain means a sad song. In his poem#

#The Solitary $ea!er## ,ordsworth calls the song of thesolitary reaper a melancholy strain even though he does

not understand the language of the song. It is !ecause the

reaper is alone# her voice is superior to that of a

nightingale and the poet himself is prone to melancholy.


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3irstly# the reaper is alone 77 an idea emphasized five

times in the poem. It means there is no one in the society

with whom she can share her pent7up emotions. This has

made her life melancholic. Thus she shares her emotionswith Nature in loneliness and the poet rightly calls her

song a melancholy strain.

-econdly# it is a traditional idea that nightingales are

connected to the idea of melancholy. 2any poets use

nightingales as a sym!ol of melancholy in their poems.

8ecause ,ordsworth has compared the voice of thesolitary reaper with that of the nightingale so the song of

the solitary reaper is also a melancholy strain.

Thirdly# the poet himself is prone to melancholy. To

prove this# we jump to his poem #8affoils#. $t the end of

this poem# he mentions that he sometimes finds himself in

a pensive mood. Thus he naturally calls the song of thesolitary reaper a melancholy strain.

=> O&8 +4E - + SE)ON8

)I&8ISNESS

*ife is a cycle and old age is a stage where the cycle isreturned to its !eginning i.e.# childishness. The 0oly Luran

states# G0e whom we !ring unto old age# we reserve him

creationG. In G$ll the ,orlds a -tageG# -hakespeare calls


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old age a second childishness !ecause old people

!ecome weak# dependent and forgetful like that of

children.

3irstly# oldsters !ecome weak and fee!le like that ofinfants. 8oth lack physical and mental energies. They

cannot walk at ease. They cannot talk clearly and audi!ly.

Their immune system is very poor. They cannot think

a!out their lives wisely. Thus -hakespeare rightly calls old

age a second childishness.

-econdly# old people are helpless like that of children.It is a common experience of life that aged people are

dependent on others in the same way as kids are

dependent on others. 8oth cannot earn their !red and

!utter# and a caretaker is necessary for them. This

similarity again proves that man is once a man and twice

a child.

Thirdly# decrepit people !ecome victims of amnesia.

They !ecome forgetful like that of children. 8oth lack

retention. They are una!le to concentrate on anything.

They often forget persons# places and things. The memory

of a grandparent corresponds the memory of a grand

child. Thus senile dementia is a return to infancy.

="> TIT&E O' TE OE(

$ good title of a poem corresponds the content of the

poem. The title #+ oison Tree# is not very appropriate


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!ecause !i!lical tree was not like this tree and the poets

foe approaches this tree without the poets knowing which

is un!elieva!le. "nly if the foe sym!olizes the poets

mental distur!ance then the title is uite appropriate.3irstly# the poison tree of ,illiam 8lake stands for the

tree in /aradise. 8ut this analogy is not suita!le. $dam

and +ve did not die after eating the apple from this tree

!ut the poets enemy dies. 2oreover# @od does not rejoice

in killing 0is enemies like that of the poet.

-econdly# the poison tree is a physical manifestation ofpoets anger# growing in his mind for his enemy. 8ut how

does the enemy get into the poets mind without the poets

knowingJ 0ow does poisonous thoughts kill the enemyJ

"nly its shows the inappropriateness of the title.

0owever# if the foe represents the poets mental

disharmony and the poison tree his wrath# then the title

matches the content of the poem. In the end the poet is

happy !ecause his wrath has killed the demons in his

mind# and his mind is at peace now. In short# ia%on

has "ut ia%on.

QUESTION NO. 1

=a> Why oes E%ily 8i"inson use the i%a2e of

Aourney in #;e"ause I )oul Not Sto! for 8eath#F

=> #&i2hts Out# y Ewar Tho%as wells on the

!ower of slee!. Elaorate.


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="> What oes the e%!ty arrel si2nify in #+fter +!!le

i"in2#F

=a> TE I(+4E O' HOU$NE* #;e"ause I )oul Not Sto! for 8eath# is a highly

sym!olic poem in which +mily 5ickinson has employed

many images. The dominant one is the image of journey.

It is# in fact# a metaphor for life7after7!irth and life7after7

death. +arthly life is a journey !ecause journey and life

!oth have turns# o!stacles and destinations.

3irstly# a common journey is traveled on the routes

called highways which have many turns. 6orrespondingly#

life is traveled on the route called #ti%e#. It has also

several turns except a &7turn. The poetess has mentioned

three major turns in life1 childhood# youth and old age.

-econdly# on the route of a common journey# there are

many o!stacles1 !ad roads# frosts# !umpers and

!lockages etc. -imilarly# on the course of life# ups and

downs are common. -urprises and losses give violent

jolts. -orrows and worries cause injuries. Thus the route of

life is full of impediments.

Thirdly# a common journey comes to an end when the

destination is approached. *ife also come to a halt when

death !locks the route and pushes the traveler into the

grave 7 the final destination. In short# the sojourn of life on


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power to continue the journey ends# we# the travelers# go

to sleep. -leep restores the energy in us. Thus when we

wake up# we recommence the journey on "many a road

track"that !ecome visi!le !y "the dawn's first crack".

="> SI4NI'I)+N)E O' E(T* ;+$$E&

#+fter +!!le i"in2# is a highly sym!olic poem !y

%o!ert 3rost.The most suggestive sym!ol is empty !arrel.

*iterally# an empty !arrel means Gan unfilled containerG !utsym!olically it signifies the unfulfilled human desires# the

greediness of the people and the hope for !right future.

3irstly# the empty !arrel stands for the unfulfilled

human desires. The poet has desired for a !umper

harvest of apples !ut in the end his !arrel remains empty.

There are a few more apples on the !oughs to !e picked

!y him. 8ut if he manages to pick the remaining few# his

!arrel will still not !e filledH

-econdly# the empty !arrel sym!olizes the greediness

of the people. The poet has emptied many !arrels of

apples in the cellar !ut is not satisfied !ecause his !arrel

is still empty. 0e yearns to get more and more. Though# in

his sleep# he gets many !ig apples !ut his sleep remainsuneasy due to greediness.

Thirdly# the empty !arrel signifies the hope or

expectation that we attach for the !right future. The poet

has emptied many !arrels of common and usual apples in


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the cellar. 8ut now he wants to fill his empty !arrel with

newer# fresher# more ripened and more juicy apples.

QUESTION NO. B0

=a> What are :eatss fears as you fin in #When I ae

'ears#F

=> Why oes *eats wish to e youn2 a2ain in

#oliti"s#F

="> Why oes 8.. &awren"e thin of his eu"ation as

#a""urse#F

=a> :E+TSS 'E+$S #When I ae 'ears# is a !eautiful sonnet in which

ohn 4eats gives expression of his desolate fears. Theimpending demise of 4eats creates limitations which

!ecome his fears. 0e fears that he will not !e a!le to

achieve fame# enjoy !eauty and savour love !ecause he

will sooner die of tu!erculosis.

The first uatrain descri!es his fear of not getting fame

as a poet. 0e worries that his premature death will leave

his poetry in parenthesis. Though he has a Gteeming

!rainG# full of ideas# images and thoughts yet he will not

!ecome a -hakespeare. 0is death is hovering over him.

The second uatrain highlights his fear of not getting


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alarms# he wants to flee into his past. 0is past was full of

amour when he used to love (au 4onne# his childhood

!eloved. 0ence to get pleasure# he wants to escape into

his past i.e.# his youth. Thirdly# after undergoing the -teinach "peration in

'DM# when he was aged # he found a new machismo in

himself. It is evident from !oth his poetry and his intimate

relations with young women. Thus he wants to hold the girl

standing !efore him in his arms. 0e wants to em!race her.

In other words# he wants to !e his young lover.

="> +))U$SE8 E8U)+TION The process !y which society transmits its

accumulated knowledge# skills and values from one

generation to another is called education. +ducation is

considered a !lessing. 0owever# in his poem# #Snae##5.0. *awrence thinks of it a curse. It is !ecause it crushes

his feelings of affection and sense of !eauty for the snake#

and it induces him to kill it.

3irstly# he thinks of his education as accursed !ecause

it demolishes his feelings of affection for the snake. The

natural man in the poet is delighted and honoured to have

this reptile at his water7trough.0owever# the educated man

in the poet warns him that snake is a mortal foe of man.

0ence the natural feelings of affection are defeated !y the

rational feelings of hatred.


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-econdly# he calls his education accursed !ecause it

does not allow him to appreciate the !eauty of the snake.

No dou!t# the uniue shape# colouration and locomotion of

snake makes it the most enjoy the !eauty# fairness andgrace of the snake !ut !eautiful animal in the world. The

instincts of the poet wants tothe o!hiio!hoiagenerated !y his education ceases him to do so.

Thirdly# he condemns his education !ecause it

misleads him. It compels him to assassinate the snake. 0e

hits it with a log. 0owever# the snake does not come !ackto !ite him. It proves the innocence and harmlessness of

the snake. Thus the attempt to kill the snake was not an

act of !ravery !ut of Bandalism committed !y an educated

man.

3. MODERN ESSAYS

QUESTION NO.


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=a> In the li2ht of &ia/uat +li :hans s!ee"h, e?!lain

the "ir"u%stan"es whi"h le to the "reation of

aistan.

=> What is the si2nifi"an"e of the "on"lusion that #thewhole fari" of "iiliation was %oele an

%oule#F

="> #Whistlin2 of ;irs# shows its writers loe for

nature. Elaorate.

=a> )ir"u%stan"es for the )reation ofaistan

Irreconcila!le differences eventually lead to inevita!le

separation. In his speech Gaistan an the (oern

Worl# delivered at 4ansas &niversity $merica in 'FK#

Luaid7e72illat# *iauat $li 4han !rought to light thecircumstances which led to the creation of /akistan.

These circumstances were# in fact# the deep7rooted

differences !etween the 2uslims and the 0indus. The

2uslims and the 0indus were poles apart

demographically# religiously# socially and economically.

Thus 0indu72uslim unity and amity were impossi!le in the

su!7continent.

5emographically# the 2uslims were a minority as

compared with the 0indus. %eligiously# the 2uslims were

monotheists while the 0indus were polytheists. -ocially#


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the 2uslims !elieved in the euality of all men whereas

the 0indus adhered to a caste system. +conomically# the

2uslims advocated private ownership and the 0indus

attached weight to the concentration of wealth. Thus the2uslims and the 0indus were different in everything and

must need different territories. Their co7existence was

incongruous. 2oreover# the su!7continent was vast

enough for two large countries.

The demand of the 2uslims for divorce was very

genuine and reasona!le as it was in the interest of !oththe 2uslims and the 0indus. It was also in the interest of

the world peace. The !ogus peace enforced !y the 8ritish

would have ended after the departure of the 8ritish from

the su!7continent. In short# a separate homeland was

inevita!le for the 2uslims to live peacefully and according

to their own political# religious# social and economical life

style.

There is no !la"e lie ho%e

+ll %ust hae a ho%e of their own

(.0. /ayne)

=> Si2nifi"an"e of the )on"lusion

6onclusion is# in fact# a logical end of something. $s far

as the conclusion of the essay #The E"li!se#!y Birginia


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The thin2 that is foun after its loss is "alle heaen.

(,asif $li

,asif)

="> Writers &oe for Nature

5.0. *awrence is a platonic lover of nature so he loves

nature from !oth sides of the coin. 0is essay #Whistlin2

of ;irs#shows his a!sor!ing love for nature. 0is faithful

description of o!jects of nature# !eautiful presentation of

phenomena of nature and acknowledgement of natures

merciless potential# are evidence of his love for nature.

3irstly# his faithful description of o!jects of nature

shows his strong affinity with nature. The presence of

lam!s# turtles and doves etc# in this essay# sym!olizes his

love for animals whereas daphne# crocus and celandine

denote his love for plants. 8oth animals and plants are theliving o!jects of nature and the writer is a lover of them.

-econdly# his !eautiful presentation of the spectacular

phenomena of nature demonstrates his love for nature. 0e

descri!es frost# wind# sunset and twilight as a lover

descri!es the features of his !eloved. 0e has presented

these divine acts to portray two other great natural

phenomena1 winter and spring. 0owever# the writers love

for nature is the greatest natural phenomena.

Thirdly# the writers love for nature has recognized

natures merciless potential. That is why he has given the


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along with a companion. %eaching an altitude of twenty

three hundred feet# her companion made a smooth jump.

Then it was her turn. -he !ecame nervous. 0owever# on

!eing harshly ordered !y her instructor# she dived inharassment.

The parachute was deployed immediately. In a

moment# her fear was gone. -he saw the endless sky and

the !eautiful earth in wonderful colours and textures. +ven

the wind felt kind# and the trees looked soft. The parachute

!ecame the most lova!le and docile toy. -he was sotingled with excitement that she wanted to stay in the air

forever.

0owever# the landing was inevita!le. -he safely landed

on her feet in a sandpit with a !ump. $t last# the most

!eautiful and thrilling experience of her life came to an

end. -he was praised !y many people for her courage and

determination. 3rom this experience she also came to

know#

#Only syiers now why the irs sin2#.

($nonymous)

=> 8isaster O""urre at Na2asai

The study of the essay Na2asai, +u2ust 1,1C5J

!y 2ichaito Ichimaru gives us a detailed narration of


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the destruction caused !y the atom !om! in Nagasaki#

the city of apan# on $ugust # 'MF. The atom !om!

was dropped !y $ll ied forces. The picture of ruin

comes al ive !efore our eyes through the impressivenarration of the writer.The writer narrates that it was a

sunny day. $ll of a sudden# at ''am a !7C appeared and

dropped an atom !om!. The !lack rain started to fall. The

!lue sky turned

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