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8/10/2019 B4 Going Into SPSS
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Question to ponder before you start .
Numbers.What do they mean?
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Levels of Measurement
Learning ObjectivesDefine the 4 levels of measurement
tendency
Nominal scales
Ordinal scales
Interval scales
Ratio scales
Learn the use of correct levels ofmeasurement
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The Nominal level of measurementidentifies variableswhose values have no mathematical interpretation;
they vary in kind or quality but not in amount.
Nominal Scales
Nominal scales are the most primitive level ofmeasurement.The number assigned to the entity are merely to
identify the individual entity or to classify a set of
entity based on certain similarities or differencesNon-orderable
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More Nominal Examples
Gender: male and femaleRace-ethnicity: Malay, Chinese, IndianLevel of education: PMR, SPM, STPM
Nationality: Indonesian, Malaysian,Russian
Types of house: bungalow, semi-linked, linked
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Ordinal Scales
Ordinal scales give richer information;distinguish the differences and therelative degree of difference.
Permit ranking of individualsThe Ordinal level of measurement allow the respondent toexpress relative magnitude between the rawresponses to a question
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More Ordinal Examples
A likert scale is an ordinal scaleformat that
asks respondents toindicate the extent to which theyagree or disagree with a series ofmental or behavioral belief
statements about a given object
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Something to think about
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Min score
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Summary - Levels of Measurement
Nominal - categories only
Ordinal- categories with some
order
Interval- differences but nonatural starting point
Ratio- differences and a naturalstarting point
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Interval level of measurement designates anequal-interval ordering between each scale pointIt does not have the capacity to measure the complete
absence of a trait (have no absolute zero point).The difference in temperature between 20oF
and 25oF is the same as the difference between76oF and 81oF
Interval Scales
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More Interval Examples
Income as a measure of wealth
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Likert scale: How do you feel about Stats?1 = Im totally dreading this class!2 = Id rather not take this class.3 = I feel neutral about this class.4 = Im interested in this class.
5 = Im SO excited to take this class!
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Ratio level of measurement designates an equal-interval ordering with a true zero point (i.e., the zeroimplies an absence of the thing being measured).
In this situation, zero means absolutely no amount ofwhatever the variable indicates.
On a ratio scale, 10 is two points higher than 8 and isalso two times greater than 5. Ratio numbers can be
added and subtracted, and because the numbers beginat an absolute zero point, they can also be multipliedand divided (so ratios can be formed between thenumbers).
Ratio Scales
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More Ratio Examples
Comparison of how many times as intense. For example - heart beats per minute has a
very natural zero point. Zero means noheart beats. Weight (in grams) is also aratio variable. Again, the zero value ismeaningful, zero grams means the absenceof weight.
Please circle the number of children under 18 years of age currentlyliving in your household.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (if more than 7, please specify ___.)
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Summary of Four Levels of Measurement
Level ofMeasurement
Put data inCategories
Arrangedata inorder
Subtractdata
values
Determine if onedata value is a
multiple ofanother
Nominal Yes No No No
Ordinal Yes Yes No No
Interval Yes Yes Yes No
Ratio Yes Yes Yes Yes
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Exercise: Fill in the scales to classify the differentmeasurements
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Sex
Height
Weight
CigarettesExercise
Year of birth
Friends
Fruit/veg
Health
Pulse
Temp.
Residence
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Aktiviti 1
1 L l f M t
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Scales to classify different measurements- answers
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Sex x
Height x
Weight x
Cigarettes x
Exercise x
Year of birth x
Friends x
Fruit/veg x
Health x
Pulse x
Temp. x
Residence x
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