3rd International Conferences and Workshops on Basic and Applied Sciences 2011 ISBN: 978-979-19096-1-7

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A Taxonomic Study of Annona, i .e. Annona muricata, A. squamosa, and A. reticulata Based on Numerical Method

by Alkaloid Characters Documents

Hamidah*, Santosa**,Sugiharjo***

*FST Unair, **Biologi UGM, ***Farmasi UGM

Abstract

A taxonomic study of Annona, i .e. Annona muricata, A. squamosa, and A, reticulata, in Surabaya and Pacitan was conducted based on numerical method by alkaloid characters. This research aimed to study content to alkaloid characters among the species of the Annona at different habitats.

The alkaloid variations between those Annona was conducted by characterization and identification to its species. The variations of those Annona were analyzed Mann-Whitney test, in order to study the possibility of those Annona changing the taxon hierarchy. More over the relationship of those Annona was analyzed using the method of hierarchy cluster analysis by computer program SPPSS version 14.00.

The result of this research showed that the environment influenced the alkaloid variations of those three Annona. The dendrogram showed that there were three groups of species (Annona muricata, A. squamosa, and A, reticulata). Further more, A. squamosa and A. reticulata more related than to A. muricata. That is why, A. squamosa and A. reticulata big cluster, while A. muricata had more distance from A. squamosa and A. reticulata.

Keywords: Annona muricata, A. squamosa, A. reticulata, alkaloid

1 Introduction

Annona included in the systematic division Spermatophyta, subdivision Angiospermae, Dicotyledoneae class, sub class Dialypetalae (crown flower petals and can be distinguished), the order Ranales (flower parts arranged spiral), and the family Annonaceae. Annona species found on earth include: Annona muricata L., Annona squamosa L., L. cherimola Annona, Annona reticulata L. , L. Annona diversifolia, Annona purpurea L., Annona glabra L., and Annona montana L. (Samson, 1986).

While Annona which can be found in Indonesia, namely: A. muricata, A. squamosa, and A. reticulata. A. muricata and A. squamosa at this time is often found when compared with type A. reticulata. A. muricata and A. squamosa is common because many cultivated for its fruit used. While A. reticulata Annonaceae is one member who is getting hard found (rare), when compared with A. muricata and A. squamosa. A. reticulata is not widely grown because people are less like the taste of fruit and small amount of fruit. If not get special attention, not impossible will become extinct (Ashari, 1995).

Based on the above background, it is necessary to do research to answer the question of A. muricata, A. squamosa, and A. reticulata, a group of alkaloid compounds taxon hierarchies, and relationships fenetik who live in Surabaya and Pacitan. The approach is expected to generate data that can reflect both the specificity of the content alkalod,. The research data obtained from the approach alkalod content can be analyzed with numerical analysis

2 Materials and ways of working

Materials used in the study: methanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, anhydrous magnesium, 5% citric acid, dichloromethane, sheets of silica gel G Merck TA899231130, cellulose sheets Avicell quality analysis of 394,032, concentrated ammonium hydroxide, cyclohexane, chloroform, dietilamina, toluene, ethyl acetate, methanol, benzene, diethyl acetate, tertiary butanol, glacial acetic acid, water, acetic acid 15%, n-hexane, acetone, methanol, chloroform, Munier modified Dragendorff reagent, aluminum chloride, ammonia, cerium sulfate 1% in sulfuric acid 1 M.

Hamidah, A Taxonomic Study of Annona, i .e. Annona muricata, A. squamosa, and A. reticulata Based on Numerical Method by Alkaloid Characters Documents

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How it Works

1. Material Sample Extraction Annona muricata, Annona squamosa and Annona reticulata. Preparation of powders according to the method Barheim-Svendsen & Verpoorte (1983).

2. Identify the types of alkaloids.

3. Analysis of data

Data obtained in the form of the hrf and the color patches on 365 nm UV alkaloid compounds compared with the data value of hrf and the color patches on 365 nm UV alkaloid compounds from the reference book Baerheim-Svendsen and Verpoorte (1983) which has the same TLC system as a reference.

hrf data values and color spots on the UV 365 nm these alkaloid compounds. Then grouped by cluster analysis methods using SPSS and dissimilarities Euclidean distance for the hrf sample grouping and color spots on a 365 nm UV alkaloid samples compared with the hrf and the color patches on the UV 365 nm reference alkaloid compounds. The group formed a cluster compound identified as a class of compounds.

3 Results

SPSS cluster analysis based on the obtained data the types of alkaloids are shown in Table 4.1.

Table 1: Types of alkaloids in plants sampled species Annona muricata, Annona squamosa

and Annona reticulata

Spesies Jenis Alkaloid AMS Benzylisoquinolin Indol alkaloid I

Isoquinolin _______________________________________ AMP Indol alkaloid I Indol alkaloid II Indol alkaloid III Indol alkaloid IV Quinolin alkaloid ________________________________________ ASS Indol alkaloid I Indol alkaloid II

Indol alkaloid III Indol alkaloid IV

________________________________________ ASP Indol alkaloid I Indol alkaloid II ________________________________________

ARS Indol alkaloid I Indol alkaloid II _______________________________________ ARP Indol alkaloid I Isoquinolin Keterangan : AMS = Annona muricata dari Surabaya AMP = Annona muricata dari Pacitan ASS = Annona squamosa dari Surabaya ASP = Annona squamosa dari Pacitan ARS = Annona reticulata dari Surabaya ARP = Annona reticulata dari Pacitan

4 Discussion

From the identification of patches of alkaloids, the HRF and color coded data were analyzed with the types of alkaloids from the reference library Baerheim-Svendsen and Verpoorte (1983) as a comparison. Alkaloid compounds are grouped in clusters of adjacent, considered to represent a group of alkaloid compounds. Penggugusan results that appear on patches of chromatograms of the study sample have close properties represented by alkaloid compounds benzilisokuinolin, boldnina, ergot, serpentina, quinine, and papaverina. Referring to Yu et al. (1998) that most of the alkaloids in the genus Annona having properties close to the alkaloids bensizilisokuinolin

The character content of alkaloid compounds that have been identified in table 4.1. grouped in each species can be shown as follows.

1. Annona muricata from Surabaya Content of Alkaloids: indole 5, isoquinolin 1, benzylisoquinolin

2. Annona muricata of Pacitan Content of Alkaloids: indole 3,4,5, and 7, isoquinolin 1, and benzylisoquinolin

3. Annona squamosa from Surabaya Content of Alkaloids: indole 1.2, 5, and 7

4. Annona squamosa from Pacitan Content of Alkaloids: indole 1 and 5

5. Annona reticulata from Surabaya Content of Alkaloids: indole 1 and 6

6. Annona reticulata of Content of Alkaloids: indole 5 and isoquinolin 2

Based on the content of compounds identified in each species has a high diversity. On Annona muricata from Surabaya and Pacitan diverse alkaloid-containing compounds, Based on the alkaloid content of character analysis obtained in Table 4.1., Then these variations can be

3rd International Conferences and Workshops on Basic and Applied Sciences 2011 ISBN: 978-979-19096-1-7

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calculated coefficient values kesamannya. In species of Annona muricata of Surabaya and Pacitan obtained similarity coefficient value of 0.818 (line fenon 81.8%). Species of Annona squamosa from Surabaya and Pacitan have similarity index value of 0.909 (line fenon 90.9%). While Annona reticulata of Surabaya and Pacitan have value similarity coefficient 0.818 (line fenon 81.8%). Similarity coefficient value of the three species can be seen in table 4.2.

Table 2: Similarity coefficient value of the species Annona muricata, Annona squamosa and Annona reticulate terms of the content of

alkaloids

Case Simple matching Measure

1:AMS 2:AMP 3:ASS 4:ASP 5:ARS 6:ARP 1:AMS 1.000 .818 .545 .455 .364 .545 2:AMP .818 1.000 .364 .273 .182 .364 3:ASS .545 .364 1.000 .909 .455 .636 4:ASP .455 .273 .909 1.000 .545 .727 5:ARS .364 .182 .455 .545 1.000 .818 6:ARP .545 .364 .636 .727 .818 1.000

This is a similarity matrix

Description: AMS = Annona muricata from Surabaya AMP = Annona muricata of Pacitan ASS = Annona squamosa from Surabaya ASP = Annona squamosa from Pacitan ARS = Annona reticulata from Surabaya ARP = Annona reticulata of Pacitan

Similarity coefficient value of the three states that Annona muricata from Surabaya and Pacitan is one species; Annona squamosa from Surabaya and Pacitan is one species; and Annona reticulata of Surabaya and Pacitan are one species. This is in accordance with the opinion of Singh (1999) which states that the degree of similarity of 85% (85% phenon line) plants can be classified in one of the same type, the degree of similarity of 65% (65% phenon line) plants can be classified in one genus of Similarly, on the degree of similarity of 45% (45% phenon line) plants can be classified in one of the same tribe.

Similarity coefficient value has a high enough value, indicating there are common characters are great, but the differences are minor characters. Based on the analysis of flavonoid characters obtained in table 4.3., Then these variations can be calculated coefficient values kesamannya. In species of Annona muricata of Surabaya and Pacitan obtained similarity coefficient value of 1.0 (line fenon 100%). Species of Annona squamosa from Surabaya and Pacitan have similarity index value of 0.833 (line fenon 83.3%). While Annona reticulata of Surabaya and Pacitan have similarity index value 0.50 (50% fenon line). Annona third grouping is done using cluster analysis and as a complement used principal component analysis. Cluster analysis based on measurements of similarity between operational taxonomic units (STO) using simple matching coefficient for binary data. The measurement is based on the distribution of alkaloid content of third Annona arranged classify hierarchical cluster analysis.

Table 3: Distribution group alkaloid compounds in Annona muricata, Annona squamosa and Annona reticulata.

Spesies Indol 1 Indol 2 Indol 3 Indol 4 Indol 5 Indol 6 Indol 7 Isoq1 Isoq2 benzilisoq

Quino

AMS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

AMP 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1

ASS 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

ASP 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

ARS 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

ARP 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

Table 4.3. were formulated based on the distribution of alkaloid compounds from Annona third. From the table it appears that the character has a specific pattern of alkaloid compounds. as a shared character. The results of the grouping by cluster analysis dendrogram illustrated in the following.

In the dendrogram appears that Annona squamosa and Annona reticulata form a separate cluster with Annona muricata. In other words Annona squamosa have taxonomic distance close enough Annona muricata Annona reticulata compared.

Hamidah, A taxonomic study of Annona, i .e. Annona muricata, A. squamosa, and A, reticulata Based on Numerical Method by Alkaloid Characters Documents

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Figure 1: Gambar 4.4. Dendrogram hasil pengelompokan Annona muricata, Annona

Description: AMS = Annona muricata from Surabaya AMP = Annona muricata of Pacitan ASS = Annona squamosa from Surabaya ASP = Annona squamosa from Pacitan ARS = Annona reticulata from Surabaya ARP = Annona reticulata of Pacitan