B IOTECHNOLOGY 1.. Biotechnology The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals

BIOTECHNOLOGYBIOTECHNOLOGY

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BiotechnologyBiotechnology

The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals

The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals

HistoryHistory

• Biotechnology has been around before we had science– Yeast to make bread rise– Bacteria to ferment sauerkraut– Bacteria to produce cheese, yogurt– Transform grain into alcohol

• Biotechnology has been around before we had science– Yeast to make bread rise– Bacteria to ferment sauerkraut– Bacteria to produce cheese, yogurt– Transform grain into alcohol

BiotechnologyBiotechnology

• Silage– Used for animal

feed– Green grasses and

grains stored in air tight containers

– Converts sugars and starches to acids

• Silage– Used for animal

feed– Green grasses and

grains stored in air tight containers

– Converts sugars and starches to acids

The Genetic ConnectionThe Genetic Connection

• Genetics– Biology of heredity

• Transmission of characteristics from an organism to its offspring through genes in reproductive cells

– Gregor Mendel• Experimented with

garden pea plants

• Genetics– Biology of heredity

• Transmission of characteristics from an organism to its offspring through genes in reproductive cells

– Gregor Mendel• Experimented with

garden pea plants

The Genetic ConnectionThe Genetic Connection

• Genes– Components of

cells that determine individual characteristics of all living things

– Comprised of DNA• The “Blueprint” of

cells and their successive cells

• Genes– Components of

cells that determine individual characteristics of all living things

– Comprised of DNA• The “Blueprint” of

cells and their successive cells

The Genetic ConnectionThe Genetic Connection• Gene Mapping

– Matching a gene to a trait

• Determines what gene is responsible for certain traits

– Could not be done without high speed computers

• Gene Mapping– Matching a gene to a

trait• Determines what gene

is responsible for certain traits

– Could not be done without high speed computers

Application of BiotechnologyApplication of Biotechnology

• DNA Matching– Identifying the parents of

offspring

• Genetic engineering– Early 1980’s– Modifies the genetic make-

up of animals and plants• Movement of genetic

information (genes) from one cell to another

• DNA Matching– Identifying the parents of

offspring

• Genetic engineering– Early 1980’s– Modifies the genetic make-

up of animals and plants• Movement of genetic

information (genes) from one cell to another

Products of Genetic EngineeringProducts of Genetic Engineering• Insulin

• Treats diabetes

• Herbicide resistant crops

• BST (bovine somatotrapin)

• Increases milk production

• Lee-minus• Bacteria that retards frost

formation on plants

• Convert waste to fuel

• Insulin• Treats diabetes

• Herbicide resistant crops

• BST (bovine somatotrapin)

• Increases milk production

• Lee-minus• Bacteria that retards frost

formation on plants

• Convert waste to fuel

BiotechnologyProvidesBiotechnologyProvides• Improved food

products

• Medical advances

• An enhancedenvironment

• Improved foodproducts



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Progress In AgricultureProgress In Agriculture

• Achievements ofdedicated researchers

• Farmers adoptingimproved farmingpractices

• Achievements ofdedicated researchers

• Farmers adoptingimproved farmingpractices

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• Hybridization

• Fermentation

• Pasteurization

• Hybridization

• Fermentation

• Pasteurization

What Has Research Given Us?What Has Research Given Us?

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TraditionalCross-BreedingTraditionalCross-Breeding

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Biotechnology:Tapping Nature’sBounty

Biotechnology:Tapping Nature’sBounty

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ImprovedFood Products

ImprovedFood Products

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Benefits Through BiotechnologyBenefits Through Biotechnology

• Longer shelf life

• Better taste

• Enhancednutritional value

• Longer shelf life

• Better taste

• Enhancednutritional value

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Biotechnology BreakthroughsBiotechnology Breakthroughs

• New food enzyme used during cheese making process

– Chymosin (1990)

– First biotechnology food product approved in the United States

• New food enzyme used during cheese making process

– Chymosin (1990)

– First biotechnology food product approved in the United States

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• Higher protein peanuts

• Longer shelf life for bananasand pineapples

• Sweeter bell peppers

• Tastier tomatoes

• Lower fat vegetable oils

• Higher protein peanuts

• Longer shelf life for bananasand pineapples

• Sweeter bell peppers

• Tastier tomatoes

• Lower fat vegetable oils

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MedicalAdvancesMedical

Advances

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• Insulin (1982)– First commercial biotech product– Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin

• Rice– Enriched with beta-carotene and iron

• Bananas– Containing edible hepatitis vaccine

• Insulin (1982)– First commercial biotech product– Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin

• Rice– Enriched with beta-carotene and iron

• Bananas– Containing edible hepatitis vaccine

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• Potatoes with higher solid content

• Garlic that lowers cholesterol

• Fruits and vegetables that reducerisks of cancer and heart disease

• Potatoes with higher solid content

• Garlic that lowers cholesterol

• Fruits and vegetables that reducerisks of cancer and heart disease

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An EnhancedEnvironmentAn EnhancedEnvironment

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Environmental BenefitsEnvironmental Benefits

• Reduced pesticide use

• Lower energy requirements

• Cleaner water

• Less soil erosion

• Reduced pesticide use

• Lower energy requirements

• Cleaner water

• Less soil erosion

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Looking Outfor United StatesLooking Outfor United States

• Environmental Protection Agency

• U.S. Department of Agriculture

• Food and Drug Administration

• Environmental Protection Agency

• U.S. Department of Agriculture

• Food and Drug Administration

20.

World AuthoritiesSupport BiotechnologyWorld AuthoritiesSupport Biotechnology

• American Medical Association

• American Dietetic Association

• Institute of Food Technologists

• World Health Organization

• Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

• American Medical Association

• American Dietetic Association

• Institute of Food Technologists

• World Health Organization

• Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

21.

The American Society for MicrobiologyThe American Society for Microbiology

“…plant varieties created with biotechnology are grown more efficiently and economically than traditional crops. This eventually should result in a more nutritious product at less cost to the consumer as well as reduced pesticide use and greater environmental protection.”

“…plant varieties created with biotechnology are grown more efficiently and economically than traditional crops. This eventually should result in a more nutritious product at less cost to the consumer as well as reduced pesticide use and greater environmental protection.”

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Dr. Patrick MooreEnvironmental Consultant Co-Founder of Greenpeace

Dr. Patrick MooreEnvironmental Consultant Co-Founder of Greenpeace

“The campaign of fear now beingwaged against genetic modification isbased largely on fantasy and completelack of respect for science and logic.”

“The campaign of fear now beingwaged against genetic modification isbased largely on fantasy and completelack of respect for science and logic.”

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Norman Borlaug, Ph.D.Professor, Texas A&M UniversityNobel Peace Prize Laureate, 1970

Norman Borlaug, Ph.D.Professor, Texas A&M UniversityNobel Peace Prize Laureate, 1970

“I believe the world will be able to produce the food needed to feed the projected population of about 8.3 billion in the year 2025…but it cannot be attained without permitting the use of technologies now available or without research to further improve and utilize new technologies, including biotechnology and recombinant DNA.”

“I believe the world will be able to produce the food needed to feed the projected population of about 8.3 billion in the year 2025…but it cannot be attained without permitting the use of technologies now available or without research to further improve and utilize new technologies, including biotechnology and recombinant DNA.”

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Michael JacobsonExecutive DirectorCenter for Science in the Public Interest

Michael JacobsonExecutive DirectorCenter for Science in the Public Interest

“While biotechnology is not a panacea for every nutritional and agricultural problem, it is a powerful tool to increase food production, protect the environment, improve the healthfulness of foods, and produce valuable pharmaceuticals. It should not be rejected…”

“While biotechnology is not a panacea for every nutritional and agricultural problem, it is a powerful tool to increase food production, protect the environment, improve the healthfulness of foods, and produce valuable pharmaceuticals. It should not be rejected…”

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Consumers Say Their Support for Biotechnology Would IncreaseConsumers Say Their Support for Biotechnology Would Increase

American Farm Bureau Federation Consumer PollAmerican Farm Bureau Federation Consumer Poll

57%57%

65%65%

69%69%

73%73%

Improves taste of foodImproves taste of food

Improves nutritional value of foodImproves nutritional value of food

Increases food productionIncreases food production

Reduces pesticide useReduces pesticide use

If Biotechnology...If Biotechnology...

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Consumer Food Safety ConcernsConsumer Food Safety Concerns

#1 Spoiled food

#2 Improper food handling

#3 Pesticides

#4 Artificial ingredients

#5 Biotechnology

#1 Spoiled food

#2 Improper food handling

#3 Pesticides

#4 Artificial ingredients

#5 Biotechnology

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BiotechnologyProvidesBiotechnologyProvides







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B IOTECHNOLOGY 1.. Biotechnology The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals