58

,ay; ,ay; ,ay; ,ay; ---- 2 2 2 2 fijapd; gpd;GyKk; fijapd; gpd;GyKk; fijapd; gpd;GyKk; fijapd; gpd;GyKk; ---- fijf;fsKk; fijf;fsKk; fijf;fsKk; fijf;fsKk;

59

,ay; Kd;Diu,ay; Kd;Diu,ay; Kd;Diu,ay; Kd;Diu

xU nkhopapd; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; ehs;NjhWk; Gjpa gilg;Gfs; Njhd;wpf;

nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; xU tif ‘Gjpdk;’ vd;w ngauhy;

miof;fg;gLfpwJ. gpwg;ngLf;Fk; xt;NthH capUk; Gjpajpd; tbtk; jhd; kdpj

Fyj;jpy; nghJj;jd;ikfisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L miktijg; NghyNt>

,yf;fpaKk; GjpaJ vd;W Rl;bf; fhl;lj; jf;f tifapy; Gjpad Gfl;Lk;

thapy;fshf mikfpd;wd. Gjpdq;fs; tho;tpd; eilKiwfis Vw;w ciu eilf;

fhg;gpaq;fs; (Comic, Epic poems in pross) vd;W Mq;fpyg; Gjpdq;fspd;

je;ijahd gPy;bq; $Wtijg; Nghd;W eilKiw tho;tpd; rpW rpW

mirTfisf; $lg; gjpT nra;Ak; gjpthf;fj;jpy; Gjpd ,yf;fpak; jd;gq;ifr;

nra;J tUfpwJ.

khDl tho;tpd; vy;iyaw;w nghUz;ikfisAk;> nray; ntspg;ghLfisAk;>

vjpHfhy Mw;wy; kpF tpisTfisAk; Gjpdk; vd;Dk; fiytbtk; caHj;jpf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jiyahag; gzpahdJ ,d;gj;ij ey;FtJjhd;.

,Ug;gpDk; kdpj vz;zq;fspy; rpy gjpTfis Vw;gLj;jp> rpe;jid tsHr;rpf;Fj;

Jiz epd;W> tho;tpay; Nkk;ghL va;jr; nra;tjw;F ,yf;fpak; gbf;fy;yhf

mikfpd;wJ. fiyAyfpy; gilf;fg;gLfpd;w vg;gilg;Gk; gad; ghby;yhky;

NghfhJ vd;Dk; jd;ikapy; Gjpd ,yf;fpak; gad;ghL cilajhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

gilg;G vd;Dk; gl;liwapy; mbj;J> cUf;fpf; Fspu itj;J

tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;w gilg;Gfs;> eilKiw tho;f;ifapd; cz;ikahd

$Wfis %yq;fshff; nfhz;likfpd;wd. ,t;tifapy; tho;tpd; Kd;khjphp

%yq;fspy; gpujpgypg;GfSk;> ,ay;ghd ,af;fq;fSk; ,Ug;gpDk; $l> Gjpd

60

khe;jHfs; khDlNeaKk;> Njly;fSf;F Ml;gLk; rpe;jidAk;> tho;tpay;

cz;ikfisj; Njbj; Njb mwptpid tsHj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy;

gilf;fg;gLfpd;whHfs;. xU rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gilr; rf;jp kf;fNs> mtHfNshL

njhlHGila midj;Jk; rKjhaj;NjhL njhlHG ciladthff; fUjg;gLtJk;

rhj;jpaNk.

“,yf;fpak; rKjhar; #o;epiyapy; cUthFk; kuk; kl;Lkd;W. rKjhar;

#o;epiyia cUthf;Fk; tpj;JkhFk;!” 1 ,yf;fpak; rKjhaj;Jld;

njhlHGilajhfTk;. rKjhaj;ijr; rPHgLj;Jk; jd;ikAilajhfTk; mika

Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; vOj;jhshpd; kdjpy; cjpf;Fk; NghJ cUg;ngWfpd;w

gilg;G cz;ikia czHj;Jk;> ,f;fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Gjpd MrphpaH

#Hafhe;jdpd; gilg;Gfs; rKjha czHTfis cs;slf;fp cUthf;fg;gLk;

nfhq;F kz;zpd; tl;lhu tof;FfisAk;> tho;tpaiyAk; nrk;ikahf

ntspg;gLj;Jk; “gpd;Gyq;fs;” ,q;F Muhag;gLfpd;wd.

gpd;Gyk;: rKjhak;gpd;Gyk;: rKjhak;gpd;Gyk;: rKjhak;gpd;Gyk;: rKjhak;

“,yf;fpa E}y;fs’ > tuyhw;Wg; Gij nghUs;fsy;y fle;j fhyj;jpd;

epfo;fhy epoy;fs;” vd;ghH Mq;fpyj; jpwdha;thsH nuNdnty;yhf;2 jdpkdpjh;fspd;

$l;likg;G> mtHfspd; chpikfs;> xw;WikAzHT ,ay;Gj; jd;ik Mfpait

,yf;fpag;gilg;gpy; mg;gbNa gjpT nra;ag;gLk; NghJ> mg;gilg;gpy; tUfpd;w

khe;jHfs; midtUk; ek;NkhL tho;tjhfNt vz;Zfpd;w kdg;ghd;ikiaj;

Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.

61

rKjha kf;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; ,zf;fkhd Kiwapy; cwT itj;Jf;

nfhs;sTk;> r%f xw;Wik Ngzg; glTk;> rKjhaf; fl;Lf; Nfhg;Gr; rpjwpg;

Nghfhky; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; xU xOq;fikg;G mtrpakhfpd;wJ. mj;jF

xOq;fikg;Gfs; #Hafhe;jdpd; Gjpdq;fspy; NeHj;jpahfg; gjpag;gl;Ls;sd.

“kw;nwy;yh ,yf;fpa tbtq;fistplTk; ehty; kdpj rKjhaj;ij

Xtpag;gLj;Jtjhy; mJ rKjhaj;jpy; kpfTk; neUq;fpa njhlHGilajhf cs;sJ.

Nghuhl;lk; (Struggle)> xOq;fpd;ik (Vhaos)> mikjpf;FiwT (Ananchy)

Kjyhd rKjhaf; Fog;g epiyfspy; ehty; gilg;ghsHfs; gy gpur;ridfis

vOg;gp> mg;gpur;ridfis ikakhff; nfhz;L jk; gilg;Gfis cyt

tpLfpd;wdH. rkfhyj;jpy; epyTk; kjpg;Gfs; (Values) fUj;Jf;fs; (Ideologies)

gpur;ridfs;(issues) Kjypadtw;iwj; jk; vjph;r;nray;fshf (Reactions)

kl;Lkpd;wp> jhk; gilf;Fk; ehty; cyfpd; kf;fshfTk; fhl;Lfpd;wdH” 3 vd;Dk;

$w;W #Hafhe;jdpd; Gjpdq;fSf;F kpfg; nghUj;jKilajhf miktijf;

fhzKbfpd;wJ.

#Hafhe;jdhy; gilf;fg;gLfpd;w ghj;jpuq;fs; mtH tho;f;ifapy; fz;L>

fle;J te;j ghj;jpuq;fs;. mg;ghj;jpuq;fs; milAk; kfpo;r;rpAk;> Jf;fKk;

Mrphpahpd; czHTj; Njf;fq;fs; vdf; $wyhk;. mj;jF czHTr; rpj;jpuq;fs;

capHg;G ngWtjw;Fg; gpd;Gyq;fs; Jiz Ghpfpd;wd. “xt;nthU GjpdKk;> gue;j

nghUspy; xt;nthU fiyg; gilg;Gk; gilg;ghsDila tho;f;iff;

fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhfTk;> tpidg;gadhfTk; mikfpwJ” 4 vd;Dk;

ma;d;uhz;bd; $w;W Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.

62

“jdpahj vOj;jhHtk;jhd; xU rpwg;ghd nkhopapy; mt;tg;NghJ Vw;gLk;

mwpT tuyhw;Wf; Fog;gq;fisf; flf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ” 5 vd;gH. ,t;thwhd

gilg;ghw;wy; MHtj;jpd; tpisTfshf tpisr;ry; fz;Ls;sitNa #Hafhe;jdpd;

Gjpdq;fs; ,e;j MHtKk; Mw;wYk; xU Nrug; ghj;jpuq;fs; cUg;ngw> mit

tho;it efHj;jg; gpd;Gyk; gpd;dzpahfpd;wJ.

gpd;Gyk;gpd;Gyk;gpd;Gyk;gpd;Gyk;---- tpsf;fk; tpsf;fk; tpsf;fk; tpsf;fk;

jdpkdpjd; r%fj;NjhL jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L mjd; gof;f

tof;fq;fisAk;> fyhr;rhu Nkk;ghLfisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;L ,zf;fkhf

,aq;Ffpd;whd;. mt;tpjk; mtDila ,af;fj;jpw;F mtd; rhHe;jpUf;fpd;w

my;yJ mtidr; rhHe;jpUf;fpd;w rKjhag; gpd;Gyk; fhuzkhfpd;wJ.

,g;gpd;Gyj;jpy; fhuzk;> fsk;> #oy; Mfpait Kf;fpakhdit.

xU epfo;r;rpia my;yJ xU nghUspd; ,af;fj;ijj; njspthfTk;>

cldbahfTk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Jizahf mikf;fg;gLk;

Gwj;jfty;fisg; gpd;Gyk; my;yJ gpd;dzp vd mWjpaplyhk;. ,g;gpd;dzp fij

epfo;Tfisj; jFe;j Kiwapy; rhpahd ,lj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;j cjTfpd;wJ.

gpd;Gyk;> gpd;dzp> gpw;Gyk;> gifg;Gyk; vd;Dk; gy nrhw;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; nghUis

Mq;fpyj;jpy; Background, Setting vd;Dk; ,U nrhw;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

mfuhjp tpsf;fk;mfuhjp tpsf;fk;mfuhjp tpsf;fk;mfuhjp tpsf;fk;

gpd;Gyk; (Background) vd;gjw;F “information that is needed to

understand a problem etc” vd;W Mq;fpy mfuhjp tpsf;fk; jUfpd;wJ. NkYk;

gpd;dzp (Setting) vd;gjw;F ‘Place and time at which one event occurs or a

63

play novel etc, is set’ vd;Dk; nghUspidj; jUfpd;wJ. vOfpd;w xU rpf;fiy

ikag;gLj;jp mjidj; njspthf;fj; Njitg;gLtJ gpd;Gyk; MFk;>xU Fwpg;gpl;l

epfo;r;rp my;yJ nray;eil ngWfpd;w ,lj;ijAk; fhyj;ijAk; Fwpj;J epw;gJ

vd;Wk; nghUs; nfhs;s ,lKz;L.

“xU nghUspd; mofpaiyAk;> jd;ikapizAk; njspTgLj;jf; fUtpaha;

mikAk; Jizf; fUj;Jf;fs; my;yJ fhl;rpfs; Kjypad gpd;dzp my;yJ

gpd;Gyk; vdg; ngaH ngWfpd;wd” 6 vd;gH “Gj;jpyf;fpa tifahfpa Gjpdj;jpy;

czHj;jtUk; fijAk;> mf;fijapd; epfo;Tfisj; njhFj;jikf;fpd;w gpd;dYk;>

mg;gpd;dy;fspd; ,af;fq;fshf ,Uf;fpd;w ghj;jpuq;fSk;> rpwg;giltjw;Fk;>

Gjpdq;fspy; Mjhuq;fshfpd;wd. ehtiyg; nghUj;jtiiuapy; gpd;dzp vd;w nrhy;

g+NfhshPjpahd gpd;dzpia mjhtJ fij epfOk; ehL> ,lk; Kjypatw;iwAk;>

fhyk;> gUtk; Kjypatw;iwAk; rKjhar; #o;epiyiaANk Fwpf;Fk;” 7

fijg; Nghf;Fld; gpize;J epfo;r;rpfisAk; fij khe;jHfisAk;

xspgha;r;rp tpsf;Fk; tifapy; cs;slq;fp ,ioNahLtJ gpd;dzpahFk;. gbf;Fk;

thrfUf;F czHT epiy Njhd;wpg; ghj;jpuj;NjhL xd;Wtjw;Fg; gpd;Gyk;

fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. “fsj;ij mikj;J mjd; gpd;dzpapy; ghj;jpu

,af;fj;ijf; fhl;LtJ jpiug;gl cj;jpahFk;. nghJg;gilahfg;

gpd;dzpf;fsj;ijf; fhl;Lk; nghOJ Fwpg;gpl;l czHT epiy Njhd;Wtjw;F

cjTfpd;wdtw;iw tphpthfTk;> nrk;ikahfTk; fhl;lyhk;. czHr;rp Kidg;ghff;

fhl;Lk; rpd;dq;fis mofhff; fhl;Ltjw;F ,J xd;Nw rpwe;j topnad;Wk;

$WtH” 8 Gjpdq;fspy; gpd;dzp mikf;fg;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

kdpj kdk; fij $WtjpYk; fij Nfl;gjpYk; MHtk; fhl;Ltjhy;> fijg;

64

gilg;Gfs; czHr;rpfSf;F tbtk; jUtdthf tbf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ fhyj;jpd;

Njitahfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa tbtq;fisf; fhl;rpf;Fk; fUj;Jf;Fk;

czHj;Jtjw;Fg; gpd;dzp vDk; $W gad;gLfpd;wJ.

gpd;Gyk; tifikgpd;Gyk; tifikgpd;Gyk; tifikgpd;Gyk; tifik

fijkhe;jHfspd; tho;tpd; mHj;jq;fis thrfhpd; kdq;fspy; gjpar; nra;fpd;w

gpd;Gyk; %d;W tifikfspy; mlq;Ftjhfj; jpwdha; thsHfs; fUJfpd;wdH.

,lk;> fhyk;> r%fk; vd;w tifapy; fPo;f;fhZk; epiyapy; ghFgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

1. ,lg; gpd;Gyk;

2. fhyg; gpd;Gyk;

3. r%fg; gpd;Gyk;

,lg; gpd;Gyk;,lg; gpd;Gyk;,lg; gpd;Gyk;,lg; gpd;Gyk;

epyk;>ePH> fhw;W> tpRk;nghL fye;jkaf;fk; ,t;Tyfk; vd;gH njhy;fhg;gpaH. ,jidg;

GwehD}W>

“kz;bye;j epyDk;

epyNde;jpa tpRk;Gk;

tpRk;G ijtW tspAk;

---- ---- ---“ 9

vd;W NgRfpd;wJ.

“ehdpyk; [Earth, as consisting of four kinds of tracts] FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;>

nea;jy; vd;Dk; ehy;tifg;gl;l epyKilaJ vd;W tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ” 10

njhy;fhg;gpaH ,e;epyg;ghFghl;bid “khNahd;Nka” vd;w E}w;ghtpy;

65

tiuaWf;fpd;whH. ,g;ghFghl;by; Ky;iy epyk; rhHe;j gFjp nfhq;F

kz;lykhFk;.”ehtypy; ,lk; kpfkpf Kf;fpak;> ,lkhdJ fij epfOk; fsk;.

fsNk ahH>vtH>vd;d ele;jJ vd;gijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s cjTtJ ,lg;

gpd;dzpj; njspthf mikahj NghJ fij rpwg;gjpy;iy. fij epfOk; fsk;

njspTwf; fhl;lg;gLk;NghNj ehKk; mq;NfNa tho;tJ Nghd;w gpuik ekf;F

cz;lhfpwJ” 11.

fij epfo;tjhff; fhl;lg;gLfpd;w ,lkhdJ xU tifapy; fijapd;

ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. ,yf;fpaf; fiy tbtq;fspy; VjhtJ xU

epyj;ijAk;> me;epyj;jpy; thOk; kf;fisAk;> mk;kf;fSila gz;ghL

fyhr;rhuq;fisAk; cukhff; nfhz;L gilf;fg;gLgit ,k;kz;zpy; epiyngw;W

thOk; kiy> Fd;W> fhL> ehL> efuk;>MW> fly;> mUtp>Nrhiy> kzy;gug;G

Mfpait Gjpdq;fspy; fskhff; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. nfhq;F kz;lyj;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L #Hafhe;jd; gilj;Js;s Gjpdq;fs; nrk;kz; tho;f;if

thOk; Ntshz; Fbkf;fspd; tho;f;ifg; gjpTfshFk;. kz;NzhL kz;zhfNt

,ize;J ,d;gj;jpYk;> Jd;gj;jpYk; mk;kz;Nz jd;;id Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhf

vz;zp tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; kf;fisg; gw;wpa tho;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs;

vdyhk;.

khdhthup khdhthup khdhthup khdhthup kdpju;fs; kdpju;fs; kdpju;fs; kdpju;fs;

nguparhkpapd; kfd; nghd;dg;gd; Cupy; gy tUlq;fshf kioapy;yhj

fhuzj;jhy; cs;@upy; (Ntyk;ghisaj;jpy;) ‘gpiof;f KbahJ’ vd;W ntspA+uhd

‘nrk;Nkl;by;’ Ngha; Fj;jiff;F epyk; gpbj;J tptrhak; nra;af; fUjp mjw;Fg;

66

gzk; Njitg;gl;ljhy; jd; je;ijaplk; nrhj;Jf;fisg; gpupj;Jj; jUkhW

Nfl;lNghJ nguparhkp “Nghwtpnfy;yhk; Ngha;r; NrUq;f” fhynky;yhk; f\;lg;gl;L

… cOe;J nghuz;L ... ve;jpupr;R ,e;jr; nrk;kz;iz muntiyf;Nfh ....

fhy;ntiyf;Nfh tpj;Jg;Nghl;L... Nkf;NfAk; tlf;NfAk; gQ;rk; nghiof;fg;

Nghwk;Dl;L Nghq;f, nuz;L nfhrtQ; rl;bna rhf;Fy Nghl;L %l;ilahff;fl;bj;

Njhs;y Nghl;Ll;L ntWk; ifAk fhNyhl nfof;Fr; rPik nrQ;nrupahk;

ghisaj;Jy ,Ue;J ,e;j rPikf;F eh gQ;rk; nghiof;f te;Nj vd;W

$Wfpwhu;.

G+u;tPfg; g+kpG+u;tPfg; g+kpG+u;tPfg; g+kpG+u;tPfg; g+kp

epiyahd tUkhdk; ,Ug;gpDk; nrk;kz; epyj;jpy; cioj;J Kd;Ndw

Ntz;Lnkd;w fdtpdpy; ghiwiag; gRQ; Nrhiyahf;fg; ghLgLk; godpag;gdpd;

ghL vd;WNk jPuhjjhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. epyj;ijr; rkd; gLj;jpagpwF Cupy; ,Ue;j

kidtp nghd;dk;khisAk; mioj;J te;J tpLfpwhd;. gz;izapd;

Ntiyahl;fSf;F xt;nthU Neuk; cztpidAk; jahu; nra;Ak; gzp

nghd;dk;khSilajhfpwJ. fhl;ilr; rkd; gLj;jTk; Vu;gpbf;fTk; mUF

Njhd;wplTk; Kl;Gju;fis mopf;fTk; godpag;gd; kfhg; ghl;lhspahf fy;iy

cilj;J cioj;Jg; Nghd jpNufk;> kz;zpd; ntg;gNkh mtdJ Njhypd;

epwj;ij khw;wpr; rptg;ghd thfhd clk;NghL yl;rzkha; ,Ue;jtid cUkhwr;

nra;jpUf;fpwJ.

67

fhyg; gpd;Gyk;fhyg; gpd;Gyk;fhyg; gpd;Gyk;fhyg; gpd;Gyk;

,g;Gtpg; gug;ghfpa ntspAk; fhyKk; gw;wpg; gy;NtW fUj;jhf;fq;fs;

epyTfpd;wd. mbg;gilapy; khwhj mz;lk; vd;nwd;iwf;Fk; ,Ue;jpUf;ff;

$baJ. ,Uf;fg; NghfpwJ vd;gJ mz;lj;ijg; gw;wpg; nghJthd rpe;jid>

,f;fUj;jpy; rpy khWjy;fs; GFj;jg;gl;L ,aq;fhw;wYld; tphptile;J

nfhz;bUf;Fk; xd;whfTk;> xU jpl;lkhd fhyk; Kd;G njhlq;fpajhfj;

Njhd;WtJk; vjpH fhyj;jpy; xU jpl;lkhd Neuj;jpy; Kbaf; $baJkhd

xd;whfTk; mz;lj;ijg; ghHf;fpd;w rpe;jid ,g;NghJ Njhd;wpAs;sJ. fhH> $jpH>

Kd;gdp> gpd;gdp> ,sNtdpy;> KJNtdpy; vd;W xU Mz;bd; fhy vy;iyfs;

gphpf;fg;gLtJk;> ahkk;> itfiw> tpbay;> vw;ghL> khiy> ,uT vd;W xU ehspd;

vy;iyfs; gFf;fg;gLtJk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gz;L njhl;L toq;fg;gl;l

kughFk;.

tuyhw;Wg; Gjpdq;fspy; fhynkDk; typa MAjk; NeHj;jpahfg; gjpT

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. tuyhw;Wf; fij epfOk; Fwpg;gpl;lf; fhyfl;lj;jpy;> Vw;fdNtg;

gjpthfpAs;s tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd; vy;iyfs; tiuaiwfshff; nfhs;sg;gl;L>

tho;tpay; rpj;jpukhfg; gilf;fg;gLtJz;L. #Hafhe;jdpd; Gjpdq;fs; rKjhag;

gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;liktjhy; kpFjpahd mstpy; fhyg;gpd;Gyk;

fhl;lg;gltpy;iy> vd;whYk; mWtilAk;> tpijg;Gk; Fwpg;gpl;lf; fhyfl;lj;jpid

kiwnghUshf czHj;Jtjhff; nfhs;s ,lKz;L.

68

xU tay; ntspapd; fij:xU tay; ntspapd; fij:xU tay; ntspapd; fij:xU tay; ntspapd; fij:

fhw;W gpRgpRntd tPrpaJ. ntspr;rk; kq;fp ,Us; ftpaj; Jtq;fpa Neuk;

kio nghpjhf nga;Ak; jUzk; jtpu Mw;wpYk; jz;zPh; tuj;Jr;

nrhw;gkhfptpl;lJ.

fUk;G fhLfSf;F jz;zPh; tplTk;> taypy; ,wq;fp ciof;ifapYk;>

elT elTk; me;jg; g+kpapd; vy;iyf;Fs; ve;j Kidapy; ,Uf;ifapYk;

,ay;ghfNt cw;rhfk; #o;e;J nfhs;Sk;.

nry;yhz;bak;kd; NfhapYf;F miugh;yhq; J}uj;jpy; ,Ue;j nghpa kjFfs;

,uz;Lk; fpis tha;f;fhy;fs; %ykhf khug;gdpd; taYf;Fj; jz;zPiuj; jl;Lg;

ghby;yhky; nfhLj;j tUrq;fSk; cz;L> Fsk; KOf;f tw;wpg; Ngha; taypy;

,Ue;j fpzWfis kl;LNk ek;gp ,Uf;Fk; gbahd tUrq;fSk; cz;L

mth;fs; ghLgl;L tpijj;j tpisr;riy mDgtpf;Fk; Kd;dNu gwitfSk;>

fpspfSk; nfhj;jpf; nfhz;Lg; Nghtijj; jLf;f ,uT gfyhff; fhty; fhj;Jf;

nfhz;bUg;gh;.

fhl;Lf; Nfhop fz;Nz thj;Jf;fsh fZf;fZthf fjpnu xbf;Fjk;kh!

Vd;d nra;Ntd;...? mk;kh VJ nra;Ntd; vg;gbj; jhd; jhNa jpid

tsh;g;Ngd; Mkhq; fz;Nz nrhy;yk;kh nrhy;Y...

vd;W jpidg;Gyk; fhty; fhj;J epw;fpd;wdh; ,e;j tptrha kdpjh;fs;.

r%fg; gpd;Gyk;r%fg; gpd;Gyk;r%fg; gpd;Gyk;r%fg; gpd;Gyk;

kdpjd; xU rKjha tpyq;F> mjdhy; mtdhy; jdpj;J epd;W

vf;fhyj;Jk; ,aq;f KbahJ. $l;L tho;f;ifiaNa fhynky;yhk; tho;e;J gofpg;

69

Ngha;tpl;l mtdhy; r%fj;jpypUe;J jd;idg; gphpj;J ,dq;fhz ,ayhJ.

,j;jifa jdp kdpjdpd; xOfyhWfisAk;> mtd; rhHe;Js;s r%fj;jpd;

xOfyhWfisAk; vLj;jpak;GtJk; r%fg;gpd;GykhFk;. ,g;gpd;Gyj;jpd; jdpkdpjd;

rhHe;Js;s rhjp> kjk;> ,dk;> nfhs;iffs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> ntw;wp- Njhy;tpfs;>

Vf;fq;fs;- Vw;wq;fs;> fiy gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fs;> nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; -

mtw;wpypUe;J vOfpd;w rpf;fy;fs;> murpay; Mjpf;fq;fs; Mfpait mlq;Fk;.

“kdpjd; jd;de;jdpahf tho;gtd; my;yd;> $b thOk; ,ay;Gilatd;> kdpj

tho;T rKjhar; #oy;fshNyNa epHzapf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kdpjdpd; MSik

rKjhaj;jpd; kPJk; rKjhaj;jpd; MSik jdpkdpjdpd; kPJk; ,Wfg;gbe;J

xd;iw xd;W khw;wpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;j ,af;ftpay; ehtypy;

gpd;dzpahfg; gpujpgypj;Njahjy; Ntz;Lk;”. 12

jdpkdpjdpd; MSikAk;> rKjhaj;jpd; MSikAk; ntspg;gl thapy;fshf

mikfpd;w ,k;%d;W gpd;Gyq;fSk; #Hafhe;jdpd; Gjpdq;fspy; jf;f tifapy;

,lk; gpbj;Js;sd. fjhghj;jpuq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; jdpj;j xU nfhs;ifapd;

mbg;gilapy; ,aq;fp> jd;idAk; jd; tho;itAk; nrk;ikahf;fk; nra;J

nfhs;tjw;fhf ,g;gpd;Gyq;fs; Gjpdq;fspy; vLj;jhsg;gLfpd;wd.

,yf;fpaq;fs; tho;f;ifia %ykhff; nfhz;L nropj;J> kPz;Lk;

tho;f;iff;F ts %l;Lk; ey;y gzpiar; nra;fpd;wd. kdpj tho;f;if

Gwr;#oy;fshYk;> kd czHTfshYk; fl;Lz;L fplf;fpwJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd;

Kjy;> fU> chp vd;w Nfhl;ghl;L newp ,lk;> fhyk;> Rw;Wr; #oy; Kjyha

gpd;dzpfSf;F capHg;G ey;fp> ,tw;NwhL ,iae;J NghFk; czHT hPjpahd

xOf;fq;fis ikakpl;like;jJ. 19-Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j gpnuQ;R ,yf;fpa

70

tuyhw;whrphpauhd jha;d; (Taine) cyf ,yf;fpaq;fnsy;yhk; ,dk; (Race),

,lg;gpd;dzp> fhyk; (Moment) vd;w %d;iwAk; Cw;Wf; fz;zhff;

nfhz;lit vd;wnjhU tiutpyf;fzj;ij tFj;jhH. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fyhr;rhu

vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l kf;fspd; FOg;gz;Gfis mbj;jskhff; nfhz;L ,dk; vd;w

gFg;igAk; thoplk;> murpay;> r%fk;> gof;f tof;fq;fs; vd;w gy $WghLfspd;

xUkpj;j #oiy ikakpl;L ,lg;gpd;dzpiaAk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy;

NkNyhq;;fp epw;Fk; czHtiyianahl;ba jhf;fj;ijf; fhyk; vd;Wk; jha;d;

tiuaiu nra;jhH.

kdpj tho;f;if NtUk; Ntub kz;Zkhf mtHfs; thOk; kz;NzhL

neUq;fpa njhlHGilaJ. Fwpg;gpl;l khe;jHfspd; tho;f;ifia

,yf;fpakhf;Fk;NghJ me;j kz;zpd; gpd;dzpapy;jhd; gilg;gpyf;fpak; mika

Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW miktNj mt;tpyf;fpaj;jpw;Fr; rpwg;Gr; nra;Ak;. Fwpg;gpl;l

,lg;gpd;dzpia ika kpl;L vOJk;NghJ gilg;ghsHfs; rpyH me;efuj;jpd;

cz;ikg; ngaiuf; $whky; NtW ngaHfspy; vOJtJz;L> gp.MH.uh[k;ikahpd;

fkyhk;ghs; rhpj;jpuj;jpy; kJiu khtl;lg; nghpaFsk; vd;w CH rpWFsk; vd;Wk;>

mfpydpd; ghit tpsf;fpy; GJf;Nfhl;il rk];jhdk; fz;zGuk;

rk];jhdkhfTk;> eh.ghHj;jrhujpapd; nghd;tpyq;fpy; nfhilf;fhdy;

ky;ypifg;ge;jyhfTk; khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. jhk]; `hHb jhk; gpwe;J tsHe;j

njd;Nkw;F ,q;fpyhe;ij mjd; goikahd nt];]f;]; (Wessex) vd;w ngauhy;

Fwpg;gpl;Lj;jhk; gpwe;J tsHe;j gFjpiaj; jk; ehty;fspd; epiyf;fskhff;

nfhz;lhH> mg;gFjpapd; goikiaAk;> tuyhw;iwAk; njspthfg; Ghpe;J

nfhz;ltuhf kl;Lkpd;wp ,q;F tho;e;j gy;NtW tifg;gl;l njhopyhsHfspd;

71

ehbj;Jbg;igAk; czHe;J nfhz;ltuhfj; jkJ nt];]f;]; ehty;fis

vOjpdhH. ehty;fspy; ,lg; gpd;dzp gilg;ghsH tho;e;J kfpo;e;j #oy;fshf

mikAk;NghJ capHj;Jbg; NghL mikfpd;wJ. fp.uh[ehuhazDf;Ff; fhpry;

kz;Zk; Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fSk; ,lg;gpd;dzp. #Hafhe;jd; jhk; gpwe;J tsHe;j

Nfhitf; fpuhkq;fisj; jkJ ehty;fspy; capHg;NghL cyttpLfpd;whH.

tpijr; Nrhsk;tpijr; Nrhsk;tpijr; Nrhsk;tpijr; Nrhsk;

tl;lhu ehtyhdJ Nfhit khtl;lk; Rz;lf;fhKj;J}Uf;F mUNf cs;s

mhprdf; Fg;gj;ij ikakhf itj;J vOjg;gl;ljhFk;. ,e;ehtypy; ,lk; ngWk;

fjh ghj;jpuq;fSk; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fNs. ,k;kf;fs; Cjpak; xU klq;F ngw;W

ciog;igg; gy klq;fhfr; nrYj;Jtjpdhy; Mrphpah; ,th;fis tpijr;

Nrhsj;NjhL xg;gpLfpwhh;.

khdhthhp kdpjh;fs;khdhthhp kdpjh;fs;khdhthhp kdpjh;fs;khdhthhp kdpjh;fs;

kioia kl;LNk ek;gp cs;s g+kp ‘khdhthhp’ vd miof;fg;ngWk;.

,g;g+kpapy; thOk; kf;fs; ‘khdhthhp kdpjh;fs;’ vd miof;fg; ngWth;. ,k;kf;fs;

jq;fSf;Fs; gy;tifg; gof;f tof;fq;fis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdh;. #h;afhe;jd;

mth;fs; jdJ khdhthhp kdpjh;fspy; nfhq;F tl;lhu tho;f;ifiaj; jj;&gkhf

rpj;jhpj;Js;shh;.

fpof;F thdk;fpof;F thdk;fpof;F thdk;fpof;F thdk;

#h;afhe;jd; jhd; thOk; nfhq;F ehl;bd; xU gFjpahd Fsj;Jg;

ghisaKk;> Nfhitapd; Gwefuhf tpsq;Fk; Nfhitg; GJ}h;> mq;F thOk;

72

kf;fspd; Fyj; njhopy;fs; erpe;J NtWgy njhopy;fshf cUkhwpa Kiwfs;

,g;Gjpdj;jpy; fUthf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

kiyf; fhw;wpd; <ug;gjj;jpYk;> mq;F glh;fpw ntapypd; fjfjg;gpYk; gaph;fs;

nropg;ghf tsh;tijg; Nghd;Nw mq;F Nka;e;J nry;Yk; gz;lk; ghbfSk; ed;whf

tsh;e;jd. MLfs; tapwhu Nka;e;J nfSj;jpahf ,Uf;Fk;. MLfspd; gpd;dhy;

fhyhw ele;J jphptjpy; mtDf;Fk; fspg;ghfNt ,Ue;jJ.

vd;W Rg;iga;ad; Fyj;njhopy; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpid Mrphpah; $wpAs;shh;.

epyk; mbg;gilahjy;epyk; mbg;gilahjy;epyk; mbg;gilahjy;epyk; mbg;gilahjy;

XH ,yf;fpaj;ij my;yJ xU gilg;ig> jdJ Rarpe;jidiaAk;>

fw;gidiaAk; kl;Lk; NrHj;J xU gilg;ghsp ntspg;gLj;jptpl KbahJ.

mtidr; Rw;wpAs;s Gw cyfpd; jdpg;gl;l ,ay;GfisAk;> ,af;fq;fisAk;

cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;L mjid ntspaPl;LKiwapy;> thrfH kdjpYk; vOg;gpf;fhl;l

Ntz;Lk;. ,jid ed;F czHe;j ek; rq;fr; rhd;NwhH ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;J

tho;e;jNjhL epy;yhky; jk; tho;f;if epfo;Tfis mfk;> Gwk; vd;w gphptpYk;>

Kjy;> fU> chpg;nghUs; vd;Dk; Kg;nghUs; $WfspYk; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdH.

Kjw;nghUs; vd;gJKjw;nghUs; vd;gJKjw;nghUs; vd;gJKjw;nghUs; vd;gJ>

“Kjy; vdg;gLtJ epyk; nghOjpuz;bd;

,ay;ngd nkhopg ,ay;GzHe;NjhNu” 13

vd;W njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpf;fpwJ> fhl;rpg;nghUshfTk;> fUj;Jg;nghUshfTk;

tphpe;J fplf;Fk; cyfg; nghUl;fs; midj;Jk; Kjy;> fU> chpg;nghUs; vd;w

%d;wpDs; mlf;fpj; njhy;fhg;gpaH $wpAs;shH. ,q;F Kjw;nghUis ‘,ay;G’

73

vd;W Fwpj;Js;sJ. ,ay;ghff;fplg;gJ> Ntnwhd;wpdhy;> cUthf;fg;glhjJ>

cyfj; Njhw;wj;jpd; Kjd;ik vd;nwy;yhk; nghUs; nfhs;syhk;.

‘epyk; vd;gJ kdpjd; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;Ng cUthd xd;W> ,t;tpay;ghd

nghUl;jd;ik cilaJ> cyfj;J kf;fs; cUthfp epiyngw Mjhukhf –

mbg;gilahf mike;jJ. ,t;tpaw;ifg; gpd;dYf;Fs; jhd; kdpjd; Njhd;wpdhd;>

,aw;if Kd;dpUe;jJ> kdpjd; gpd; te;jhd;. %d;whtjhf te;jJjhd;

,yf;fpak;”14 vd;gH

“,t;tpUgjhk; E}w;whz;bd; mwptpay; je;ijahd <d;];bdpd; xg;Gikf;

nfhs;iff;F mbg;gilNa ,e;epyKk;> fhyKk;jhd; (Time and Space)

,t;tpuz;bd; njhlHG tpfpjq;fshy; jhd; thd;ntspg;gazk; ,iatjhapw;W

,j;Jizr; rpwg;gpdtha ,tw;iw Kjw;nghUs; vdf; fUjp ,yf;fzk; tFj;j

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; ngUik tpaj;jw;FhpaJ” 15 vd;gh;.

,t;thW cyfj;Njhw;wj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd epyj;ijAk;> fhyj;ijAk;

#Hafhe;jd; jdJ ehty;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jp mjd; %yk; fUg; nghUl;fisAk;>

mjd; khw;wq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; kdpj czHTfis chpg;nghUshfTk; thrfH

kdj;jpy; vOg;gpf; fhl;bAs;shH. ,q;F epyk; rhHe;j czHTfisg; nghpJk;

ntspg;gLj;Jk; ehty;fspd; RUf;fj;ijf; fhz;Nghk;.

fijr; RUf;fq;fs;fijr; RUf;fq;fs;fijr; RUf;fq;fs;fijr; RUf;fq;fs;

#Hafhe;jdpd; “khdthhp kdpjHfs;” 1989-Mk; Mz;L Nfhit khtl;lk;

Ntyk;ghisak; fpuhkj;ijf; fijf;fskhff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;lJ. “fhyk;

fhykhf epyj;ijNa ek;gp thOk; nfhq;F NtshsH r%fj;ij kuG gpwohky; ,jpy;

74

tpsf;fpAs;shH. thdk; ngha;j;Jg; Nghdjhy; twl;rpapd; Nfhug;gpbapy;

rpf;fpj;jtpf;fpwJ. Ntyk;ghisak;> Fb jz;zPUf;Nf topapy;yhjNghJ

tptrhaj;jpd; epiyia vz;zpg;ghHf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy me;j mstpw;F

tptrhaj;jpd; epiy NkhrkhfptpLfpwJ. Ntshz;ikapdhy; mD$ykhd Nghf;F

,y;yhjjhy; NtW njhopy;fSf;F (fpzW ntl;Ljy;> tpwF ntl;Ljy;> xHf; \hg;

itj;jy;> ghy; tpahghuk; Nghd;wd) khWfpd;wdH. vdpDk; nghparhkp Nghd;NwhHf;F

epyj;jpd; kPjhd jhfk; Fiwatpy;iy> nghparhkpapd; kfd;fshd nghd;dg;gd;>

uhrg;gd; ,UtUk; je;ijaplk; jq;fSf;F epyj;ijg; gq;fpl;Lj; jUk;gb rjh

er;rhpf;fpd;wdH. jhd; capuhf Nerpf;Fk; epyj;ijf; fpuak; gz;zpj; je;Jtpl;L

vijNah ,oe;Jtpl;l kdepiyapy; cUFfpwhH” 16. kfd;fs; epyj;ij

tpw;WtpLfpd;wdH> ngw;NwhiuAk; kwe;JtpLfpd;wdH. nghpa rhkpapd; ,Wjpf;fhyk;

tz;bkz; Rke;J tho;f;ifia elj;Jtjhf KbfpwJ ,e;ehty;.

G+HtPfg+kpG+HtPfg+kpG+HtPfg+kpG+HtPfg+kp

‘g+HtPf g+kp’ 1991-Mk; Mz;L fHehlfj; jkpof vy;iyapy; Vw;gl;l fhtphp

ejpePHg; gpur;rid njhlHghd fytuj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;ljhFk;.

vdpDk; fij khe;jh;fs; Nfhitf;F mLj;Js;s uhk nrl;bghisaj;ijg;

g+HtPfkhff; nfhz;ltHfs;. “rpnkz;l; fk;ngdpapy; NtiyghHf;Fk; godpag;gd;

jdJ cwtpdd; eQ;rg;gd; thHj;ijfspy; rpf;Fz;L Ntiyia vOjpf;nfhLj;J

tpl;L> mjpy; te;j gzj;ijAk;> khkdhH epyj;ij tpw;w gzj;ijAk;

NrHj;Jf;nfhz;L eQ;rg;gNdhL NrHe;J fHehlf vy;iy rhk;uh[; efuj;ij

mLj;Js;s gFjpapy; epyk; thq;Ffpd;wdH. godpag;gd; ehs; KOtJk; Xahky;

75

epyj;jpy; ghLgl eQ;rg;gNdh Nkw;ghHit ghHj;Jf;nfhz;L gyidr; Ruz;LtNjhL

epyk; KOtijAk; jd; ngahpy; vOjpf;nfhs;fpwhd;. ,J njhlHghd kdf;frg;Gfs;

,UtUf;Fk; Vw;gLk; jUthapy;> fhtphpg;gpur;ridahy; jkpoHfSf;F vjpuhd

jhf;Fjy;fs; fHehlfj;jpy; vOfpwJ. jq;fSila clikfisnay;yhk; tpl;Ltpl;L

capH jg;g jq;fs; nrhe;j kz;zpw;F Xb tUfpd;wdH. fytuk; Xa;e;jgpd; kPz;Lk;

mq;Fr; nry;tjhf ehty; KbfpwJ. ,q;Fg; g+HtPf g+kp vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; gFjp

vJ? vd;gNj ehty; czHj;Jk; fUj;jha; mike;Js;sJ. ,aw;ifr; #oy; kdpj

czHTfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf” 17 mike;Js;sJ.

fpof;F thdk;fpof;F thdk;fpof;F thdk;fpof;F thdk;

,e;ehty; “nfhq;Fr; rPikapd; njd;Nkw;fpy; mike;Js;s

Fsj;Jg;ghisaj;ijf; fijf;fskhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. tptrha epyj;ijNa ek;gp

tho;e;j kf;fs; Nfhit efuj;jpd; mjpNtf tsHr;rpg; Nghf;fpdhy; gy njhopy;

khWjy;fSf;F cl;gLfpd;wdH. efukakhjypdhy; ,aw;ifNahL kdpjd; nfhz;l

cwT rpWfr; rpWf eOtpg; NghfpwJ” 18. mNjhL Gjpa #o;epiyia Vw;Wf;

nfhs;tjpy; jiyKiwapdhpilNa gytpj Kuz;ghLfs; vOtij ehty;

fhl;LfpwJ. khra;ad; tptrhaj;Jld; ML Nka;f;Fk; njhopiyAk; guk;giuahfr;

nra;J tUfpwhH. mtuJ kfd;fs; %thpy; ,uz;lhtJ kfidj; jtpu ,UtUk;

je;ijaplk; epyj;ijg; gphpj;Jj; jUk;gb me;epyj;ij tPl;Lkidf;F ey;y

tpiyf;F tpw;WtplTk; jPHkhdpf;fpd;wdH. ,tuJ ,uz;lhtJ kfd; Rg;igad;

kl;Lk; je;ijf;F Mjuthf> “me;j fhLfiu vd;idf;Fk; ek;gis Vkhj;jhJ.

ehk mnjna ek;gp NeHikah ghLgl;lKdh me;j ed;dpna mJ jpUg;gpf;FLf;fNt

76

nra;Ak;” 19 vd;fpwhd;. epyj;ijg; gphpj;Jj;ju khra;ad; kdk; xg;gtpy;iynad;whYk;

gphpj;Jf; nfhLf;fpd;whH. epyj;ijg; gphpakdkpd;wp tho;e;j khra;ad; epyk; njhlHghf

kfd;fSf;Fs; Vw;gl;l mbjbapy;> mbgl;L kdk; nehe;J ,we;JtpLfpwhH.

,uhz;lhtJ kfd; Rg;igad; kl;Lk; je;ijapd; njhopiyj; njhlHfpwhd;. jdJ

Foe;ijfs; nghpatHfshdJk; khL Nka;f;f je;ijNahL tUtjhfr; nrhy;y

“Ntz;lhQ; rhkp! ,e;jj; njhopY vd;Ndhl NghJk; ePq;f fUj;jhg; gbr;R nghpa

cj;jpNahfj;Jf;Fg; NghfNtz;Lk;” 20. vd;W nrhy;tNjhL ehty; KbfpwJ. ,q;F

Kjypy; tptrhaj;ij ek;gpatd; ,aw;ifapd; khw;wj;jhy; NtW njhopYf;F

khWtij czuKbfpwJ.

fy;thiofy;thiofy;thiofy;thio

‘fy;thio’ vd;w ehty; Nfhitia mLj;Js;s uhknrl;b ghisaj;ijf;

fskhff; nfhz;L thOk; Ntshz; kf;fisg; gw;wpf; Fwpf;fpwJ. mbg;gilj;

njhopy; Ntshz;ik vd;whYk; njhopy; khw;wq;fs; kf;fs; tho;f;ifiaAk;

khw;WfpwJ. MapDk; epyk; mtHfspd; kdjpy; Njha;e;Js;sJ. nry;yKj;Jtpd;

ghl;ld; fhyj;jpypUe;J toptopahf Ntshz;ikiar; nra;J tUfpd;whH. ehSf;F

ehs; kiotsk; Fiwe;J tUtjhy;> tptrhak; nra;tjpy; ehl;lk; Fiwe;J NtW

njhopy;fSf;F khWk; #oy; cUthfpwJ. ,jid nry;yKj;Jtpd; kdk;

NtjidNahL epidj;Jg; ghHf;fpwJ. “mtuhy; ,e;j epyj;jpw;F NghJkhdgb

ciog;igAk;> ftdpg;igAk; nfhLf;f Kbatpy;iy. kfd;fs; %ykhfTk; ,jw;Fg;

ghq;F gz;z Kbatpy;iy> vd;whYk; rjh kdRf;Fs; xU ,ioNahl;lk;

epidTfNshL gpd;dpg;gpize;J nfhz;L mtiu ,k;rpf;fj;jhd; nra;jJ” 21

77

vd;W ehtypy; epyk; Fwpj;j fUj;jhf;fk; moptjhy; Vw;gLk; kdr;rpijTfis

nry;yKj;J thapyhf #Hafhe;jd; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwhH. Ntshz;ikia ek;gp tho

KbahJ vd;w NghJ jiyaiz ijj;Jj; jUk; cg njhopiy ehLfpd;whH.

mtuJ ,uz;lhtJ kfd; eNlrDk; ,e;jj; njhopiyNa ehLfpwhd;.

xU ehtypd; rpwg;gpw;Ff; fijf;fUtpd; Mok;> fij nrhy;Yk; cj;jp

kl;Lk; fhuzky;y gilg;ghspapd; tho;f;if KOtJk; <Hf;fg;gLk; J}z;Ljy;jhd;;

ehty; ntw;wpngw cjTk;.”xU fijapd; gilg;Gk; vd; taypy; tpijj;j tpij

Kistpl;L vOk;GtJk; vdf;Fj; jUk; Mj;k jpUg;jpAk; xNu mstpy; jhd;

cs;sd” . Vd;W kiyahs vOj;jhsH jfop Fwpg;gpLtij ,q;F xg;G Nehf;fyhk;.

#Hafhe;jDk; ,e;j czHitj; njhl;bUf;fpwhH.

“xU Fwpg;gpl;l fij khe;jHfspd; fij nrhy;Yk; NghJ> mtHfs; thOk;>

mtHfSf;Nf chpa gpd;dzpapy; jhd; nrhy;y KbAk;. Vnddpy; kdpj tho;f;if

me;j msTf;F mtHfs; thOk; kz;zpNy NtH nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. kz;zpd;

kzNk ehtypd; gpd;dzpaha; epd;W gbg;Nghiu <LgLj;JfpwJ” 22. ,f;$w;wpw;Nfw;g

#Hafhe;jd; ehty;fspd; fsj;ij epyg;gpd;dzpapd; %yk; jpwk;gl rpj;jhpj;Js;shH.

mopahr;RtL mopahr;RtL mopahr;RtL mopahr;RtL

‘mopahr; RtL’ Gjpdj;jpd; fijf; fsk; Ng&H kw;Wk; mijr; rhHe;j

gFjpfshfpa njhz;lhKj;J}H> kj;jpghisak;> fhspg;ghisak;> kJf;fiu> rHf;fhH

rhkf;Fsk; MfpaitfshFk;.

“njw;fpYk; Nkw;fpYk; njhpe;j kiyj; njhlHfspd; gpd;dzpapy; ePythdk;

itf;Nfhy; NghUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; fha;tjw;fhfg; Nghlg;gl;bUf;Fk; ePyg;NghHit Nghy;

78

NjhzpaJ” 23 vd;Dk; thpfs; kiyapd; Njhw;wKk; mjdbthuj;jpy; mike;Js;s

thdk; ghHj;j g+kpAk; gjpthfpAs;sJ.

“khjk; gl;bia mLj;J Myhe;Jiu nry;Yk; nkapd; Nuhl;by; ,lJ

Gwj;jpy; jz;zPH ge;jy; gphpT ,Ue;jJ mijnahl;bj; njw;F Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk;

tz;bg;ghij ehNshl;lj;jpy; NuhlhfNt khw;wk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. jz;zPH ge;jy;

Njhl;lk; vd;W me;jg; gFjpf;fhuHfs; milahsk; ,l;Lr; nrhy;yg;gl;L>

neLq;fhyg; ghuk;ghpak; cs;sJ vd;W nghq;fpaz;zid xj;j nghpatHfs;

mwptH” 24 vd;w Gjpd thpfs; ,lg;gpd;Gyj;jpw;Fr; rhd;whf mikfpd;wd.

“tlfpof;fpy; . . gj;J gjpide;J iky; J}uj;jpy; ,Ue;j NfhaKj;J}H

efuj;jpd; ntspr;rk; . . Nrhbag; gutyhf Nky;Nehf;fp tpahgpj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gJk;>

tlf;fpYk; Nkw;fpYk; NuhLfspy; me;j ,Ul;bYk; jkJ gazj;ijj; njhlUk;

thfdq;fspd; ,iur;rYk; Mug;gDf;F kpf mUfpy; epfo;gitfs; Nghy;

czHj;jpd” 25

“Nghhpq;Fop cs;spl;l ehd;F Vf;fuhg; ghfk; kw;Wk; ,UgJ njd;id

kuq;fSk; mjw;Fj; jz;zPH gha;r;r Nghf tu eil jlKk; . . rpd;d uhRTf;Fg;

ghj;jpag;gl;lJ vd;Wk; mjpy; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ” 26 Mfpa rhd;Wfs; mopahr;

RtL Gjpdj;jpy;; ,lg;gpd;Gykhfg; gilg;ghrphpaH ifahz;litahFk;.

tpijr; Nrhsk; tpijr; Nrhsk; tpijr; Nrhsk; tpijr; Nrhsk;

“Rz;lf;fhKj;J}hpd; tlfpof;F vy;iyapy; xU Njhl;lj;Jg; g+kpiaj;

jhz;b tha;f;fhg;ghisak; vd;gJ khjhhpfs; trpf;Fk; Ff;fpuhkkhf ,Ue;jJ.

Fsj;jb tay;fSf;Fk;> nrq;fy; #isfSf;Fk; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk;

79

NtiyfSf;Fg; Nghftu ,Ue;jdH” 27 vd;Dk; thpfspy; khjhhpg; ngz;fs; $yp

Ntiyfis ek;gp tho;e;j epiy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpk;kdpd; je;ij Ntk;gd;

gz;izahshfg; ghLgl;L vg;NghjhtJ fpilf;Fk; Jzpkzpf;Fj; jdJ

ciog;gpidj; jhiu thHj;Jf; nfhLf;fpd;whH.

“Rz;lf;fhKj;J}hpy; FatH Fbapy; gpwe;j ee;jNtY> jdJ Fyj;njhopiy

tpLj;Jg; gPsNkl;bw;Fr; nrd;W gQ;rhiyj; njhopypy; <LgLfpd;whd; gPsNkl;bw;F

kpy;Ntiyf;Fg; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; . . njhopw;rq;fk; Nghd;w mikg;Gfspy;

njhlHGfs; itj;Jf; nfhz;L jd;Dila gof;fq;fis me;jg; gFjp kf;fNshL

Vw;gLj;jp te;jhd;” 28 vd;Dk; $w;W ,lk; ngaHe;J njhopy; Njbr; nrd;W

thoj;jiyg;gLk; kf;fisf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

xU tay; ntspapd; fij xU tay; ntspapd; fij xU tay; ntspapd; fij xU tay; ntspapd; fij

‘xU tay; ntspapd; fij Gjpdj;jpy; kuk; nrb nfhbfNshLk;

kz;NzhLk; Ngrp cwthLfpd;w ghj;jpuj;ijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. khug;gd; jdJ

g+kpapy; cs;s kuq;fSld; itj;jpUe;j cwtpid> Fsj;Njhp Nkl;by; epd;W Nkw;F

Nehf;fpg; ghHj;jhy; jz;zPH epuk;gpapUf;Fk; NghJ tpbaw;fhiyapYk;> nghOJ

tpOk; jUzj;jpYk; khug;gdpd; kdij ,dk; Ghpahj ghrnkhd;W jOtp

<ug;gLj;JfpwJ. Nkw;Ff; Nfhbapy; jz;zPhpy; epw;Fk; ,e;jf; fUNty kuf;

$l;lq;fSk;> mjw;Fr; rw;W Nkyhf mirahky; njd; Nkw;fpypUe;J tljpir

tiuapYk; njhlHr;rpahf epw;fpd;w rpWthzp kiyfSk; jd;Dila tho;f;ifNahL

neLq; fhykhf ,uz;lwf; fye;J tpl;lijg; Nghy xU cs;SzHT jPz;LfpwJ

80

vd;W NgRfpd;whH kf;fs; tho;Tf;Fk; ePq;f Kbahj xU nkd;ikahd cwT

fhyq;fhykhf epiyj;J tUtij ,t;thpfspy; #h;afhe;jd; gjpT nra;Js;shH” 29

“jk;gp rpd;duhRtpd; mgpg;uhaj;ij mwpe;J nfhz;l NghjpYk;

mz;zq;fhuDf;F kdk; xU epiyapy; ,y;iy> jdJ mg;ghthd Mug;gd;

tajhdf; fhyj;jpYk; ,e;j Ntshz;ikj; njhopiy ,g;gbnahU tplhg;gpbahff;

fl;bg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L fplg;gjpy; Nfhgk; jhd; cz;lhfpf; nfhz;L te;jJ” 30

vd;Dk; fij thpfspy; fjhg;ghj;jpuk; njhopypd; kPJk;> ,k;kz;zpd; kPJk;

nfhz;bUe;j mstw;w md;Gk; <LghLk; gjpthfpAs;sJ.

nfhq;F kz;lyg; gjpTfs;nfhq;F kz;lyg; gjpTfs;nfhq;F kz;lyg; gjpTfs;nfhq;F kz;lyg; gjpTfs;

Gjpd ,yf;fpa tifapd; tuyhw;wpy; rKjha tpkHrdk;> ,yf;fpa czHT

Mfpa Nghf;Ffs; Njhd;wpaf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; #Ha fhe;jdpd; gjpTfs; njhlq;Ffpd;wd.

vdNt ,f;fhyf; fl;lj;Jg; Gjpdq;fSf;F chpa Nghf;FfSf;F Vw;wtifapy; Gjpa

#o;epiyfs; cUthfp tUtjhy;> Gjpa #o;epiyfspy; jdpkdpjd; vjpHnfhs;Sk;

rpf;fy;fs; Mfpait ,tUila gilg;Gfspy; tpsf;fk; ngw;Ws;sd. r%fj;jpy;

Njhd;wp tsUk; khw;wq;fs; ed;F Gyg;glg; Gyg;gl mtw;iwg; gw;wpa gue;Jgl;l

mwpTj;jpwd; ntspg;gLk; vdyhk;. mg;nghOJ mk;khw;wq;fis khDl tho;Tld;

njhlHGgLj;jpg; nghUj;jpg; ghHf;ff; $ba mwpTg; gpd;dzp Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;jpahtpy; Ntshz;ikr; r%f mikg;gpd; rpijtpw;Fk;> njhopw;Jiwr;

r%f mikg;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; Mq;fpNyahpd; Ml;rpKiw fhuzkhf mike;J

,Uf;fyhk; “ehl;bd; nghpa Kjyhspj;Jtj; njhopy; epiyaq;fs; Njhd;wpaJ Njrpa

Kjyhspj;Jt tsHr;rpiaj; J}z;baJ” 31 vd;fpwhH tuyhw;whrphpaH. Gue;Jgl;l

81

tifapy; ehL KOtJk; fhzg;gl;l njhopy; tsHr;rp kpFe;j nfhq;F ehl;Lg;

gFjpf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;> r%fj;jpy; epytpa ,e;j khw;wq;fspdhy; fpuhkg;Gwj;J

kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gl;l gy;NtW khw;wq;fisg; gjpT nra;jpUf;fpd;whH

#Hafhe;jd;.

nfhq;FehL kiyfSk; fhLfSk; epiwe;j gFjpahFk;. nfhq;Fg; gug;gpy;

fpilf;fpd;w tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; ,q;F kdpj tho;f;if %thapuk; Mz;LfSf;F

Kd;dH njhlq;fp tpl;lJ vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;wd. nfhq;F ehL njhy;

goq;fhyj;J tho;f;if newpia mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu ghJfhj;J tUfpd;w

kuGrhH kf;fspd; tho;tplkhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ. nfhq;F ehL vd;gJ nfhq;F vd;Dk;

jiyefuhy; mike;jg; ngauhFk;. fq;fH vd;w ,dj;jthpd; Fyg;ngauhfpa

nfhq;Fzp vd;gjhy; nfhq;F vd;w nrhy; Njhd;wp> mJ me;ehl;bw;F

toq;fpapUf;fyhk;> ,yf;fpak;> fy;ntl;L> gl;lak; Nghd;w rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy;

nfhq;Fzp vd;gNj nfhq;F vd khwp toq;fyhapw;W vdf; nfhs;s tha;g;Gz;L.

nfhq;FehL goq;fhye; njhl;Nl njd;nfhq;F> tlnfhq;F vd ,UgphpTfis

cilajhf tpsq;fpaJ> ,yf;fpak;> fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,d;iwa

Nfhak;Gj;J}H> gy;ylk; tl;lq;fspd; njd;gFjp> nghs;shr;rp> cLkiy>jhuhGuk;>

f&H> godp> jpz;Lf;fy; Mfpa gFjpfs; njd; nfhq;F vd toq;fg;gl;lJ.

Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> mtpdhrp> Nfhgp> gthdp> <NuhL> nfhs;Nsfhy; tl;lq;fSk;> Nryk;

khtl;lKk; mike;j gFjpfs; tlnfhq;F vd toq;fg;gl;ljhfj; njhpfpd;wJ.

NkYk; gy;NtW jdpg;ghly;fs; nfhq;F ehl;by; 24 gphpTfs; ,Ue;j nra;jpia

mwptpf;fpd;wd. ,aw;ifahfNt kpf caHe;j kiyfSk;> rpW kiyfSk;>

Fd;WfSk;> MWfSk;> Fsq;fSk; NrHe;J mikag; ngw;w gFjpahjyhy;

82

Ntshz;ikj; njhopy; kpFjpahfr; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,k;kz;zpd; ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

xd;whfpa Ng&Ug; Guhzj;jpy; gs;Sg;glyk; vd;nwhU glyk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ

,g;glyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpwg;GilaJ. ,iwtDk;> ,iwtpAk; gs;sd;> gs;spahfj;

Njhd;wp Ntshz;ik nra;jJ gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Ntshz;ikapy; gapd;WtUk;

tpij tpijj;jy;> ehw;W eLjy;> fisg;gwpj;jy;> mWtil nra;jy; Nghd;w gy

gzpfs; ,g;glyj;jpy; tphpthfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;glyk; nfhq;F ehl;Lr; rKjha

tho.;tpy; gs;sHfs; ngw;wpUf;Fk; gq;fpidr; rpwg;gpf;fpd;wJ. md;W njhlq;fp ,d;W

tiu Ntshz;ikAk;> mJ rhHe;j njhopy;fSf;FNk Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;JtUk;

gFjpahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. vdpDk; jl;gntg;g epiy> fhykhw;wq;fs; kf;fspd;

tho;tpay; khw;wq;fs;> nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs; Mfpatw;why; Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;

rpwpJ eyptile;Js;sij kWf;f KbahJ.

,j;jifa rpwg;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wj; jpfOk; nfhq;F kz;Nz #Hafhe;jd;

Gjpdq;fspy; ,lg;gpd;Gykhf mikfpd;wJ. mjpYk; Fwpg;gpLk;gbahff; Nfhit

khefuj;jpd; vy;iyfshfj; jpfOk; fpuhkq;fSk;> mq;F thOk; kf;fSk;

Gjpdq;fspy; eil NghLfpd;whHfs;. ,tHfspd; ntw;wpf;Fk;> ehtyhrphpahpd;

gilg;Gj;jpwd; ntw;wpf;Fk; fij epfOk; fskhfpa gpd;GyKk; xUtifapy;

Kf;fpakhfpd;wJ. fijapd; gpd;Gyj;ijAk;> mjd; ,aq;Fjsj;ijAk; rpwg;ghf cs;

thq;fpf; nfhz;ltH vd;Dk; jd;ikapy; #Hafhe;jd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftH. Ntshz;ik

rhH njhopy;fis kl;LNk xU fhyj;jpy; ek;gp tho;e;j rKjhak;> fhyg;Nghf;fpy;

ehfhpf khw;wj;jhYk;> jd;idAk; jdJ FLk;gj;ijAk; Rw;wj;ijAk; fhyr;

#oYf;Nfw;g khw;wkilar; nra;tijf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;baq;Ffpd;wJ.

mt;tifapy; Nfhitg; gFjpapd; gpd;GyKk;> ,lKk;> fhyKk; Gjpd Mrphpahpd;

83

nrhe;j kz;zhf ,Ug;gjhy; mk;kz;zpd; khz;Gfisr; rhpahf czHe;J

nfhz;L jd; vOj;Jf;fspy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.

xU gilg;G jdpkdpjdhy; gilf;fg; gbDk; mj;jdpkdpjd; xU

rKjhaj;jpd; gilg;Ng Mthd;. Mjypd; mjd; vjpnuhypfs; mtDila gilg;gpy;

mg;gbNa gjpthfpapUg;gJk; ,aw;ifNa rKjhak; vd;gJ fhy Xl;lj;jpd; xU

fl;lj;ijAk; khdpl tho;f;ifapy; xU gbepiyiaAk; cs;slf;fpa xU

tuyhw;Wf; fhl;rpapd; gpujpgypg;Gk;> mjd; tho;f;ifapd; vjpnuhypAk; gilg;Gfspy;

fhzg;gLtJk; ,ay;Ng. mt;tifapy; #Hafhe;jd; Gjpdq;fspy; mtUila

jdpf;$WfSk; fye;J gilg;gpd; jd;ik njspthf ntspg;gLj;jg; gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.

nghJthd #oy; rKjhaj;jpd; rhayhfTk; mike;J tpLfpd;wJ.

r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW fUj;jhf;ff; $WfSk; Mrphpahpd; Gjpdq;fspy; gy;NtW

Nfhzq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. mt;ntspg;ghLfs; rKjha cz;ik

mbj;jskhfTk;> Nfhl;ghlhfTk; nfhz;likfpd;wd. ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ

rKjhaj;jpd; Nghf;Ffisg; gpope;njLj;jr; rhwhfTk;> njhFj;J mbj;Jf;fhl;Lk;

RUf;fkhfTk; mika Ntz;baJ mtrpak; vd;w jd;ikapy; #Hafhe;jdpd;

ehty;fspd; Nghf;Ffs; mike;jpUg;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mg;Nghf;Ffs;

jpirfisAk; ,af;fq;fisAk; gpd;Gyq;fspd; thapyhfr; nrk;ikahf czHe;J

nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

fiyapd;gk; xd;Wf;fhfNt gilf;fg;;gl;L NtW gad; fUjhky; vOjg;gLk;

NeH ,yf;fpaq;fisg; Nghd;W ,y;yhky;> kf;fspd; tho;tpay; gad;ghLfUjp

mikfpd;w rhHG ,yf;fpaq;fshfr; #Hafhe;jdpd; Gjpdq;fs; mike;Js;sd. mjw;F

Vw;whw; Nghy mtH NjHe;njLj;Jf; nfhz;l gpd; Gyq;fs; mike;Js;sd. xU

84

rKjhaj;jpd; caH ngUiknad;gJ ,yf;fpaj;jpd; caH ngUikNa vd;W

,uz;ilAk; rkepiyapy; itj;Jf; $WtH. ,f;$w;W Gjpdg; gilg;ghspf;Fk;

nghUe;Jk;> gilg;ghsp $Wk; cz;ikAk; czHTk; tuyhw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;

$l miktJz;L. ,d;W Vw;gl;bUf;fpd;w GJikfSf;F Kd;dhy; vj;jidNah

Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G nfhq;F kz;lyr; rKjhak; nfhz;bUe;j typikahd

gpbg;Gk;> ek;gpf;ifAk; ,thpd; Gjpdq;fspy; njspthfpd;wJ.

“,yf;fpa E}y;fs; rKjha tho;tpd; Mtzq;fs; MFk;. Vnddpy; me;j

,yf;fpa E}y;fs; rKjhar; rpd;dq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd” 32 vd;Dk; $w;wpw;Nfw;g

xUfhyr; rKjhajpw;Fk;> mr;rKjhaj;ijg; gilj;Jf; fhl;Lk; gilg;ghw;wy;

jpwDf;Fk; ,ilNa ,Uf;fpd;w njhlHghdJ czuj; jf;fJ> mj;jifanjhU

czHj;Jk; jpwd; #Hafhe;jdplk; fhzg;gLtij mtUila gilg;Gf;fs;

fhl;Lfpd;wd.

rKjhag; gpd;Gyk;:rKjhag; gpd;Gyk;:rKjhag; gpd;Gyk;:rKjhag; gpd;Gyk;:

rKjhak; vd;fpw Njhl;lkhdJ kdpjHfshy; cUthf;fg;gLtjhFk;>

jspHfshfg; gpwe;J> nrbfshf tsHe;J kuq;fshf tho;e;J g+f;fSk;> fha;fSkhfj;

jk; re;jjpapid tsHf;fpd;w kdpj ,af;fj;jpdhy;jhd; ,e;j g+kpNa Roy;fpwJ.

,k;kdpj cwTfs; cUthtjpy; Kuz;ghLfSk; nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy;

Vw;wj;jho;TfSk;> r%fj;jpy; me;j];J vDk; Vzpapy; VWtjw;fhf top topahf

gpd;gw;Wfpd;w nfhs;iffspy; ek;gpf;iffspy; fUj;J NtWghLfSk; ,ize;Jjhd;

rKjhak; cUthfpd;wJ. fhyKk;> gpur;ridfSk;> kdpj cs;sq;fSk; xd;W

gl;lhYk;> ,lk;> #oy;> gof;ftof;fq;fs; ,it NtWgl;L epw;fpd;wd. rKjhag;

85

gpd;Gykhfg; nghpJk; FLk;gq;fspd; mikg;G Kiw Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ.

nghpJk; kz;iz ek;gp tho;fpd;w tptrhaf; FLk;gq;fSk;> mtHfs; md;whlk;

tho;tpy; re;jpf;Fk; Kf;fpag; gpur;ridfs;> cwT KiwfspNy Vw;glf;$ba

rpf;fy;fs; Mfpait fijf; fUthf fijf; fUtpw;F vl;ba rk;gt

mbg;gilfshf ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

FLk;g mikg;GKiw:FLk;g mikg;GKiw:FLk;g mikg;GKiw:FLk;g mikg;GKiw:

rKjhaj;ij cUthf;FtJ gy;NtW egHfis mlf;fpAs;s gy

FLk;gq;fshFk;. ,uj;j rk;ge;jfspdhy; cUthFk; jha;> je;ij> kfd; kfs; Nghd;w

cwTfshYk;> mtHtop re;jjpapduhYk; FLk;gq;fs; mikfpd;wd.

ngUk;gq;F ,ngUk;gq;F ,ngUk;gq;F ,ngUk;gq;F ,lk; tfpf;Fk; tptrhaf; FLk;gq;fs;:lk; tfpf;Fk; tptrhaf; FLk;gq;fs;:lk; tfpf;Fk; tptrhaf; FLk;gq;fs;:lk; tfpf;Fk; tptrhaf; FLk;gq;fs;:

“khdhthhp kdpjHfs;” ehtypy; ,lk; ngWk; kf;fs; kionga;jhy; kl;LNk

tpisaf; $ba kz;zpid ek;gp tho;gtHfs;. Ie;J Mz;Lfshf kio

ngha;j;Jtpl;ljhy; Fbg;gjw;Ff; $l ePH ,y;yhJ tWikapy; thLfpd;w kf;fs;

fy;tpawpT epuk;gg; ngwhJ kz;izAk;> cOjiyAk; fw;W itj;jpUe;j

kf;fSf;F tpisr;ry; ,y;yhikahy; me;j epyj;ij itj;Jf;nfhz;L gadpy;yhky;

NrhHTw;W JaUw;W> grpAw;W thOk; gQ;repiy nghparhkp vd;gthpd; FLk;gKk;>

uhkhj;jhs; vd;w ,uz;L FLk;gq;fSk; nghpJk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ehY Vf;fH

epyj;ij itj;Jf;nfhz;L mtHfs; thOk; tPl;ilr; nrhe;jkhf itj;jpUf;Fk;

nrhj;J epiy> tpisr;ry; ,y;yhj me;epyj;jpw;fhf gq;fplr; rz;ilapLk; ,U

kfd;fs;. nghparhkpapd; ,uz;L kfd;fspy; %j;jkfdhd nghd;dg;gd; jdJ

kidtpapd; Ngr;irf; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;L epyj;ijg; gphpj;Jf; nfhLf;fr; nrhy;YjYk;>

86

mtidg; gpd;gw;wp mtdJ jk;gpAk; jdJ je;ijaplk; ,Ue;J gphpj;Jj;ju

nrhy;tJk; ,jdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w kdj;jhq;fy;fspy; trpf;fpd;w nghpatuhfg; nghparhkp

kfd;fSf;Ff; fhl;ilf; nfhLj;Jtpl;lg; gpwFk; kdk; jhshky; gj;J ehl;fSf;F

xUKiwahtJ njw;Nf Ngha; tug;gpy; cl;fhHe;jpUg;gJk;> ehw;gJ tU\fhykhf

me;jr; nrk;kz;zpy;> jhd;gl;l ghLfisAk; jd; FUjpNahl;lj;Jld;

If;fpag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L cod;witfisAk; epidj;jgb me;j kz;Zld; Ngrpf;

nfhz;bUe;J tpl;L tUtJkhf ,Ug;gjhff; $wg;gLtJ tptrhak; vd;gJ

tho;NthL kl;Lkpd;wp> capNuhL rk;ge;jg;gl;l %r;rhfTk; epidf;fpw tptrhaf;

FLk;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nghparhkpapd; kfs; godpak;khs; fztd; kUjKj;J

fpzW Njhz;Lk; Ntiy nra;tJk; ,g;ngz; kiyg;gFjpapy; nrd;W

tpwnfhbj;J tpw;W mjpy; fpilf;Fk; nrhw;g tUkhdj;jpy; mUf;fhzp> tbNtY

vd;w jdJ ,UFoe;ijfisAk; fUj;NjhL tsHf;Fk; kw;nwhU FLk;gk;.

kw;nwhU ehtyhd g+HtPf g+kpapy; ,uz;L FLk;gq;fs;> gpwg;gJk; tsHtJk;

nfhq;F g+kpahf ,Ug;gpDk;> tho;tJk; (kbtJk;) fHehlf g+kpahfpg;

Ngha;tpLfpwJ. CHtpl;L CH ngaHe;jhYk; fuLKulhd g+kpia fhL> fiuahf

Njhg;Gk; Njhl;lKkhf khw;WtJ Ntshz; kf;fspd; ciog;gpid

vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. njhopw;rhiyapy; gzpGhpe;J epue;ju tUthia mspj;jhYk;

ghLgl;L epyk; cOJ gapuhf;fp mDgtpg;gjidNag; nghpJk; tpUk;Gfpd;w

godpag;gd;.

87

kdpj cwTKiwfspy; rpf;fy;fs;:kdpj cwTKiwfspy; rpf;fy;fs;:kdpj cwTKiwfspy; rpf;fy;fs;:kdpj cwTKiwfspy; rpf;fy;fs;:

cwTfs; vd;whNy rpf;fy;fSk;> fUj;J Ntw;WikfSk;> Kuz;ghLfSk;

Vw;gLtJ ,ay;ghFk;. ey;ytHfSk; nfl;ltHfSk; ,ize;J thOfpd;w

mikg;G rKjhaj;jpy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. ey;topapy;> epahakhf tho;gtHfSy; kdpj

cwTfspy; FLk;gq;fSf;Fs; rpf;fy;fshf> rKjhaj;jpy; cs;s kdpjHfspilNa

epyTk; rpf;fy;fs; ,uz;L tifahfg; gFf;fyhk;.

kdpj cwTfspy; FLkkdpj cwTfspy; FLkkdpj cwTfspy; FLkkdpj cwTfspy; FLk;gj;jpy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fs;:;gj;jpy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fs;:;gj;jpy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fs;:;gj;jpy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fs;:

khdhthhp kdpjHfspy; nghparhkpapd; %j;j kUkfs; kapyhj;jhs; ,Ug;gijf;

nfhz;L FLk;gk; elj;Jk; vz;zNkh> epiyahd Gj;jpNah ,y;yhjts;>

Ntyk;ghisak;kf;fs; midtUNk tpisr;ry; ,y;yhj g+kpNahL kd;whbf;

nfhz;bUf;ifapy;> kapyhj;jhs; kl;Lk; jd; fztDf;F Nru Ntz;bag;

ghfj;jpid cldbahff; Nfl;Lf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpur;ridia Vw;gLj;JtJk; mjd;

%yk; nghd;dg;gdpd; rNfhjudhd uhrg;gDk; epyj;ij gphpj;Jf; nfhz;L filrp

fhyj;jpy; fhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ngw;Nwhiu jdpNa jtpf;ftpl;Lr; nry;fpd;wdH.

vjpnujpH Nfhzq;fs;:vjpnujpH Nfhzq;fs;:vjpnujpH Nfhzq;fs;:vjpnujpH Nfhzq;fs;:

,e;ehtypy; msNthL FLk;gj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhs;shjjhy; jdJ

Nfhgjhgq;fshy; FLg;gj;jpdiu jd; tha;r; nrhw;fshNyNa jhf;FjYf;F

cl;gLj;Jgtuha; FLk;gj;jiytH rPdpthrd;

%j;j kfs; ghf;aujp jd; FLk;g ed;ik fUjp fhjiyj; Jwe;J

ngw;Nwhhpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;ltsha; kzk;Ghpfpwhs;. kzk;Ghpe;j fztNdh

kzk; tPrr; nra;Ak; jpUkzk; vd;fpw kyiu> frf;Fk; fatdhf ,Uf;fpwhd;.

88

G+HtPf g+kp:G+HtPf g+kp:G+HtPf g+kp:G+HtPf g+kp:

khkd;> ikj;Jdhd eQ;rg;gd;> godpag;gd; MfpNahhpilNa Kjyhsp>

njhopyhsp vd;fpw khjphpahd Ngjk; Njhd;wp gw;gy kdr;rydq;fis cz;lhf;FtJ

fhl;lg;gLfpd;J. godpag;gd; kidtp nghd;dhk;kh xU mbikiag; Nghd;W

jdJ jhiag; ghHf;fr; nry;yf; $l mDkjp Ntz;b ,uq;FtJk;> mjpfhuj;

NjhuizAld; eQ;rg;gd; kidtp mUf;fhzpapd; MizfSk; FLk;g

cwTfSf;fpilNa Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gLj;Jtjha; mikfpd;wd.

kdpj cwTfspy; rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fkdpj cwTfspy; rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fkdpj cwTfspy; rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fkdpj cwTfspy; rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fs;:s;:s;:s;:

khdhthhp kdpjHfspy; khjhhpr;rp vDk; fjhghj;jpuk; Njhl;lf;fpzw;wpNy

,Uf;fpw ePiu vLg;gjw;F thpg;gzj;jpid Ntz;LtJk;> mtsplk; gzk;

nfhLf;fhky; nry;Yk; NghJ Flj;jpidg;gpLq;fp tPrp vwptJk;> mts; ,we;jgpd;

$l kf;fs; mDjhgk; fhl;lhikAk; mts; Nky; kf;fSf;F ,Ue;j ntWg;gpidf;

fhl;LfpwJ.

FWf;F topapy; gzk; <l;Lfpd;w njhopyhd rhuhak; fha;r;rp tpw;wy; njhopy;

Ghpfpw rk;ghz; kiyg;gFjpfspNy nrd;W fs;sr;rhuhak; fha;r;RtJk;> mtidg;

gpbf;f tUk; NghyP];fhuHfisg; gzj;ij tplr; rhuhaj;ij nfhLj;Nj

rhpf;fl;LtJk;> gy Mz;fis ,f;Fbg;gof;fj;jpw;F mbikahf;FtJk; mtd;

kf;fSf;F Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w rpf;fy;fshFk;.

89

“ehty; kdpjid> mtDila rpWikf; Fzq;fSld;> mtDila

tPo;r;rpfSld;> mtDila jtWfSld;> mg;gbNa kdpjid kdpjdhf

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ vd;gh;” 33 mf;$w;wpw;Nfw;g #Hafhe;jd; gilj;Jf; fhl;Lk;

khe;jHfs; mike;Js;sdH.

kz;zpy; fhY}d;wpg; ghLgl;L> mk;kz;izNa nja;tkhff; fUjp>

mk;kz;zpw;Nf cukhfpg; NghFk; khDl tho;tpy;> kz;Zf;Fk; kdpjDf;Fk;

,ilNa xU Mj;khHj;jkhd cwTg;gpizg;G ,Ug;gij czu Kbfpd;wJ.

#hafhe;jd; jdJ fijfspy; ,aw;iff;Fk; kdpjDf;Fk; cs;s cwitAk;>

tpyq;FfSf;Fk; kdpjDf;Fk; cs;s cwitAk; Mokhfg; NgRfpd;whH. kiyfspd;

epoypy; thOk; Nkl;Lg;gFjp kf;fNs fij khe;jHfs; Mjyhy; kiyfisg; gw;wpAk;

khdhthhp epyq;fisg; gw;wpAk;> tsHg;G tpyq;Ffisg; gw;wpAk; NgRfpd;w MrphpaH

vy;yh capHfisAk; jk;KapH Nghy; vz;zj;J}z;Lfpd;w kNdh ghtj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.

,aw;if ,d;gk;,aw;if ,d;gk;,aw;if ,d;gk;,aw;if ,d;gk;

kiyfisg; gw;wpa fhl;rpAk;> mjpy;kaq;fpg;NghFk; kdpj kdq;fSk;

gjpthfpAs;sd.

“rpy rkaq;fspy; grp $lj; NjhzhJ. mikjpahf kiyfspy; gpd;dzpapy;

tphpe;J fplf;Fk; me;jr; nrk;kz; fhLfspd; FSikAk;> kuk;> nrbnfhbfspd;

kzKk; kdjpw;F kpfTk; gpbj;Jg;NGha;tpl;ld. me;j kiyfspd; cauj;ijAk;>

mfyj;ijAk; kzpf;fdf;fpy; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk; Nghy; NjhZk;. mdhjp

fhye;njhl;L xU nghpa tPl;ilg; Nghy; ,q;Nf tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,e;j ,aw;ifapd;

90

tbtj;ijg; gytpjkha; vz;zpf; ftdpg;gtdhf ,Ue;jhd; Rg;igad;” 34 vd;Dk;

gFjpapy; #Hafhe;jd; ,lg;gpd;Gyj;ij mZFKiwj; jd;ik %yk;

Gyg;gLj;JfpwhH. ,aw;ifapd;wp kdpjd; ,d;gk; Ja;j;Jtpl KbahJ vd;gij

MrphpaH czHj;j tUfpwhH.

kdpjdpd; MSik:kdpjdpd; MSik:kdpjdpd; MSik:kdpjdpd; MSik:

“kdpjHfs; cwTfspy; tho;gtHfs;> cwTfs; kdpjHfNshL Kbe;J

tpLtjpy;iy> tpyq;FfNshLk;> gwitfNshLk; kdpjdpd; cwT tphptilfpwJ.

rpWtaJ Kjw; nfhz;Nl thdk;> MW> fly; jhtuq;fs;> kyHfs;> kz;>g+kp>

kuq;fs; Mfpait kdpjDf;Fs; nrd;W ,tDila MSikf;Fs; moFk;

tphpTk; NrHf;fpd;wd. kdpjdplkpUe;J ,aw;ifia vg;nghOJk; gphpj;Jtpl

KbahJ. kdpjd; jhd;; thOk; tl;lhuj;jpy; gjpe;jtd;> tl;lhuj;J tho;f;if

Kiw> njhopy;> nkhop> fiyfs; Mfpatw;wpd; cwtpy; tsHgtd;> tho;gtd; ,e;j

cwTfspy; Vw;gLk; neUf;fbfs;> Kuz;fs; mopTfs; Mfpatw;iwAk; ehty;fs;

rpj;jhpf;ff; $bait” 35 vd;gH. ,aw;iff;Fk; khDl capHfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

gpizg;gpidj; njspthf;Ffpd;wJ.

91

njhFg;Giu:njhFg;Giu:njhFg;Giu:njhFg;Giu:

• #Hafhe;jdpd; Gjpdq;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikAk;> fpuhkpar;#oNy gpd;Gykhf

mike;Js;sJ.

• gpd;;Gyq;fs; Gjpdq;fspy; Gidag; gl;Ls;s jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy;

%d;whfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ,lg;gpd;GykhdJ ghj;jpuj;jpd; ,af;fj;ijAk; fijg; Nghf;fpd; ghq;fpidAk;

tiuaiw nra;fpd;wJ.

• fhyg;gpd;Gyk; ngUk;ghYk; #h;afhe;jdpd; Gjpdq;fspy; ifahsg;gltpy;iy

vd;whYk; rpWghd;ik Mq;fhq;Nf gapd;W te;Js;sJ. “xU tay;

ntspapd; fij” vd;Dk; ehtypy; mWtilia Kd;dpl;L ‘fhyg; gpd;Gyk;’

fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

• kz;iz ek;gp thOk; khrw;w tho;f;if Gjpdq;fspy;

glk;gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• r%fj;jpd; xU $whfpa jdpkdpjd; jd;idr; r%fj;NjhL ,izj;Jf;

nfhz;L ,ae;Ftjw;Fg; gpd;Gyk; fhuzkhfpd;wJ.

• fpuhkpar; #oypy; Ntshz;ikj;njhopNy Kf;fpakhd xd;whf ,Ue;j NghJk;

kio ngha;j;Jg; NghFk; NghJ kf;fs; tptrhaj;ij tpLj;J NtW

njhopypy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; epiy Gjpdq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• tptrhaj; njhopy; eype;JNghd fhuzj;jhy; rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghfr; rhuhak;

fha;r;Rk; njhopiyf;$lr; nra;aj;Jzpfpd;w fpuhkkf;fisg; Gjpdq;fspy;

fhl;Lfpd;whh; Mrpupah;.

92

• kz;zpd; kPPJ ek;gpf;if ,y;yhky; fbd ciog;gpw;F mQ;rp NtW

njhopy; Njbr; nry;Yk; Nrhk;Ngwpfis g+HtPf g+kpapy; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

• ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j tho;f;if thOk; kf;fspd; cs;sq;fspypUe;Jk;

czh;TfypUe;Jk; ,aw;ifiag;gpupj;J ,dq;fhz Kbahj #oy;

Gjpdq;fspy; gjpthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• fpuhkpag; gpd;Gyj;jpy; kiyfSk; MWfSk; NtypfSk; tug;GfSk;

czu;NthL xd;wptpl;l jd;ikapy; mtw;iw tpl;Lg; gpupa Kbahj

ghj;jpuq;fspd; gilg;G Mrphpahpd; Gidtpay; ghq;fpidg;

Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

• cg;gpd;wp czT Rit ngwhJ vd;gijg; Nghyg; gpd;Gykpd;wpg; Gjpdk;

RitngwhJ vdpy; kpifad;W.

93

rhd;nwz;tpsf;fk;. rhd;nwz;tpsf;fk;. rhd;nwz;tpsf;fk;. rhd;nwz;tpsf;fk;.

1. gh. [{thde;jk; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; rKjhaf; fhl;rpfs; g -42

2. Kidtu; F.nry;yg;gd; fiyQupd; nghd;du; rq;fh;

fUg;nghUSk; fiytbtKk; (fl;Liu) fiyQhpd;

gilg;gpyf;fpaj;jpudha;T g-240

3. Kidtu; jh.<Rtug;gps;is rpWfijfs; fhl;Lk; rKjha

mtyq;fs; g-280

4. Rand Ayn , Night of january 16th Introduction P-1

5. R.Rthkpehjd; n[afhe;jdpd; rKjhag; Gjpdq;fs; g-35

6. Jiu.gd;dph;nry;;tk; gpugQ;rd; gilg;Gfspy; gpd;Gyk; g-41

7. kh.,uhkypq;fk; ehty; ,yf;fpak; g-12

8. fh.rpd;dj;jk;gp rpWfij Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk; g-34

9. GwehDhW gh.v - 2189

10. Tamil Lexion, vol.1V

11. kh. ,uhkypq;fk; ehty; ,yf;fpak; gf;-123-124

12. NkyJ g-130

13. njhy;fhg;gpak; E}.v g-3

14. Thaninayagam, Xavier,s. nature poetry in tamil P-19

15. m.kzthsd; rq;f ,yf;fpak; ,yf;fpaf;nfhs;if-1 g-31

16. #h;afhe;jd; khdhthup kdpjh;fs; gf;-24-107

17. #h;afhe;jd; G+h;tPf G+kp gf;-57-76

94

18. #h;afhe;jd; fpof;F thdk; g-158

19. NkyJ g-22

20. NkyJ g-176

21. #h;afhe;jd; fy;thio g-6

22. kh. ,uhkypq;fk; K Eh g-98

23. #h;afhe;jd; - mopahr;RtL g-19

24. NkyJ g-32

25. NkyJ g-97

26. NkyJ g-226

27. #h;afhe;jd; tpijr;Nrhsk; g-23

28. NkyJ g-95

29. #h;afhe;jd;- xU tay; ntspapd; fij gf;-42.43

30. NkyJ g-24

31. ,.fp.fj;Njht;];fp ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW g-144

32. (v.Nk) nt.FifRe;juk;. n[frpw;gpadpd; r%fg; Gjpdq;fs; g-129

33. GJikg; gpj;jd; jkpo; ehty; ,yf;fpak; g-37

34. #h;afhe;jd; fpof;F thdk; g-5

35. Qhdp gilg;gpay; Nehf;fpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; gf;-234-235