AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CORDILLERA CENTRA.pdf

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ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 19: 495–515, 2008© The Neotropical Ornithological Society

AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CORDILLERA CENTRAL OF THE ANDES, COLOMBIA

Andrés M. Cuervo1, Paulo C. Pulgarín2, Diego Calderón-F.2, José M. Ochoa-Quintero3, Carlos A. Delgado-V.2, Alejandro Palacio2, Jorjany M. Botero2, &

Wilmar A. Múnera2

1Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]

2Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, A. A. 1226, Medellín, Colombia.3Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Amsterdam University, Kruislan 318,

1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Resumen. – Avifauna del norte de la Cordillera Central de los Andes, Colombia. – Entre 1999 y2006, realizamos inventarios de aves mediante observaciones de campo, grabaciones sonoras y colecta deespecímenes en el extremo norte de la Cordillera Central Andina, departamento de Antioquia, Colombia.Registramos un total de 335 especies en 18 bosques de niebla localizados entre 1300 y 1915 m s.n.m. Entrelas diez localidades más visitadas, Bodega Vieja (231 especies), Alto Chaquiral [= Arrierito Antioqueño(202)], La Forzosa (199) y Santa Gertrudis (162) tuvieron la mayor riqueza. Presentamos una evaluacióncualitativa de la abundancia relativa y uso de hábitat para cada especie. El ensamble de esta avifauna exhibeuna mezcla de afinidades biogeográficas con elementos de los Andes del Norte, las tierras bajas y piede-monte del Chocó, Nechí-Magdalena, y Centro América. Además de esto, la cantidad de registros novedo-sos que encontramos contradicen la visión de la Cordillera Central como un área bien explorada enColombia. Dieciséis especies prioritarias para la conservación tienen poblaciones importantes en estosbosques nublados; por ejemplo, acá reportamos las 16 localidades conocidas para el Arriero Antioqueño(Lipaugus weberi), cuyo rango de distribución está totalmente confinado a nuestra área de estudio. Las carac-terísticas únicas de esta avifauna resaltan la necesidad de una estrategia de conservación integral desde lascomunidades locales para contrarrestar el impacto del cambio del paisaje que resulta de la expansión actualde la ganadería, caficultura, y cultivos ilícitos en la zona.

Abstract. – From 1999 to 2006, we conducted bird inventories based on observations, tape-recordings,and general specimen collecting in the northern end of the Andean Cordillera Central, Department ofAntioquia, Colombia. We recorded 335 species in 18 cloud forests located between 1300 and 1915 m a.s.l.Among the ten localities more frequently visited, Bodega Vieja (231 species), Alto Chaquiral [= ArrietoAntioqueño (201)], La Forzosa (199) and Santa Gertrudis (162) had the higher species richness. Wepresent a qualitative assessment of relative abundance and habitat preferences for each species. The avi-fauna assemblage of this region exhibits mixed biogeographic affinities, with elements from the northernAndes, the lowlands and foothills of Chocó, Nechí-Magdalena, and Central America. Besides this, the out-standing new bird records we found contradict the view of the Cordillera Central as a relatively wellexplored area in Colombia. Sixteen species of conservation concern have healthy populations in thesecloud forests; for instance, we report all the 16 localities known for the Chestnut-capped Piha (Lipaugusweberi) whose range is entirely confined to our study region. The unique features of this avifauna highlightthe necessity of an integral, community-based conservation strategy to ameliorate the effect of landscape

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changes resulting from the ongoing expansion of cattle ranching, coffee plantations, and illicit crops.Accepted 7 June 2008.

Key words: Antioquia, Chocó, Nechí lowlands, Porce river, northwestern South America, premontaneforests.

INTRODUCTION

The cloud forests of the Andes in northwest-ern South America are recognized for theirextremely high levels of avian diversity andendemism (Stotz et al. 1996, Rahbek &Graves 2001). The peaks of this pattern liealong the eastern slope of the Andes fromsouthern Peru to southern Colombia (Rahbek& Graves 2001, Hawkins et al. 2007). How-ever, many more localities in that stretch ofthe Andes are better known, particularly ineastern Ecuador and Peru (Terborgh 1975,Stotz et al. 1996, Pitman et al. 2002), thanother portions with continuous cloud forestsalong altitudinal gradients such as the unex-plored areas of the Andes of Colombia (vanVelzen 1992).

The northern Andes attain their highercomplexity in Colombia where the mainrange split in three cordilleras: Occidental,Central and Oriental (Fig. 1). Each cordillerahas a unique geological history and distinctivetopographic, climatic and ecological features(McCourt et al. 1984, van Velzen 1992, Gre-gory-Wodzicki 2000, IGAC 2003); forinstance, the Cordillera Central (Fig. 1) is theoldest (c. 65,000,000 years) and the highest onaverage, of the three (McCourt et al. 1984,Gregory-Wodzicki 2000). At its northern end,the Cordillera Central smoothly terminates inthe very wet slopes and foothills of the Nechíand Porce valleys, and the Remedios-Segovialow pass to Serranía de San Lucas (Fig. 1).Ornithological studies conducted since 1999have suggested that the avifauna of the pre-montane forests of the northern CordilleraCentral is one of the most intriguing of north-ern South America. First, taxa from multiple

biogeographic areas converge to this region(Cuervo et al. in press). Second, several newspecies-level taxa, like the Chestnut-cappedPiha (Lipaugus weberi), have been found insuch a small area (Cuervo et al. 2001). Lastly,populations of threatened, poorly known, andrare cloud forest birds have been found to berelatively common and to thrive in its frag-mented landscape (Cuervo & Restrepo 2007).

Here we report a comprehensive list ofthe avifauna of the cloud forests of the north-ern Cordillera Central as a result of our stud-ies in 18 localities of the region from 1999 to2006. Our goal is to provide baseline infor-mation for ongoing and future biodiversityresearch and conservation action in theregion.

STUDY AREA AND METHODS

Our study area encompasses the northern-most end of the Cordillera Central of theColombian Andes, consisting of 18 premon-tane wet forests (Espinal 1992) locatedbetween 1300–1915 m in the upper Nechíand lower Porce valley, municipalities ofAnorí and Amalfi, Department of Antioquia,Colombia (Fig. 1, Table 1). The landscapeconsists of a collage of multiple fragments ofmature cloud forest, including several largetracts of continuous forest, embedded in amatrix of pastures and, to a lesser extent, cof-fee plantations (Cuervo & Restrepo 2007).

Since 1999 we have been conductingopportunistic observations, recordings of birdvocalizations, and general specimen collectingthat complemented a more comprehensivesystematic survey focused on the nine locali-ties reported by Cuervo & Restrepo (2007),

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plus La Forzosa (Table 1). The systematicsamplings consisted in 17–23 days of mist-netting in the interior and forest edge at eachof this subset of nine localities. Copies of allrecordings were archived at Banco de SonidosAnimales, Instituto Alexander von Humboldt,and many have been published in a soundguide (Álvarez et al. 2007). Voucher specimenswere taken whenever possible and depositedin the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales (ICN),Museo Universidad de Antioquia (MUA), andInstituto Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH).Details on habitats, vegetation, sampling strat-egies, dates, and co-workers have been

reported elsewhere (Cuervo et al. 2005,Cuervo & Restrepo 2007).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

We recorded a total of 335 species in thecloud forests of the northern tip of the Cor-dillera Central (Appendix 1), a relatively highnumber for a local montane avifauna in suchnarrow elevation range. For example, Renjifo(1999) reported a comprehensive list of 243species in a fragmented landscape of similararea in the western slope of this same cordil-lera. The high species richness of the north-

FIG 1. Map of northwestern South America depicting terrain above 1000 m elevation in gray. The loca-tion of our study area in the northern Cordillera Central is delimited by a square and shown in detail in theright panel. Open circles represent the location of study sites and numbers within correspond to the local-ity list in Table 1.

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ern slope of the Cordillera Central isconsistent with a peak in avian diversityexpected at middle elevations in the tropicalAndes, due to an area effect and influx of spe-cies from the lowlands (Rahbek 1997, Kattan& Franco 2004); this pattern, however, canonly be tested when comparable data fromthe adjacent lowlands and highlands becomeavailable. Of the ten localities more thor-oughly sampled, species richness was higherin Bodega Vieja, Bosque Guayabito, AltoChaquiral [=Arrierito Antioqueño], La For-zosa, and Santa Gertrudis (Table 1). Theseare, overall, medium to large forests (from110 to more than 1000 ha) with lower distur-bance levels than the other sites. In additionto cloud forest birds, we also recorded low-land and open country species in the pastures,

young second growth, edges or gaps sur-rounding these forests (Appendix 1). We pre-dict that, when properly sampled, LaCondena and Macondo, two of the sporadi-cally visited sites, will exhibit similar composi-tion and richness values as the onesmentioned above given the large extension offorest they encompass.

The birds that assemble the avifauna ofthe northern Cordillera Central of Colombiashow diverse biogeographic patterns (Cuervoet al. in press). To this region coincide the geo-graphic ranges of taxa, at the species and sub-species level, characteristic of the northernAndes (e.g., Phaethornis guy emiliae, Rhynchocyclusfulvipectus, Pyroderus scutatus occidentalis, Cyclarhisnigrirostris), the Nechí-Magdalena lowlandsand foothills (e.g., Capito hypoleucus, Hyloctistes

TABLE 1. Geographic coordinates (north latitude, west longitude), elevation range (m a.s.l.), accumulatednumber of days, and number of species recorded in 18 localities of the northern Cordillera Central. Local-ity numbers as mapped in Figure 1.

Localities Coordinates Elevation(m)

Fieldwork days

Species richness

1. Finca Los Canales*2. La Secreta*3. Bosque Guayabito*4. Bosque Las Ánimas*5. Bosque de El Abuelo-Escuela Las Ánimas*6. Bosques de Santa Catalina7. Bodega Vieja*8. Alto El Chaquiral* [=Arrierito Antioqueño]9. Reserva La Forzosa10. Finca Macondo11. Filo Largo12. Mangas de Rosita13. Mampuestos*14. Quebrada La Nutria15. La Condena16. Alto La Serrana17. Camino Anorí-Santa Gertrudis18. Santa Gertrudis*

6°49',75°056°49',75°06'6°52',75°06'6°56',75°01'6°56',75°00'6°57',75°02'6°58',75°03'6°58',75°08'6°59',75°08'7°00',75°05'7°03',75°10'7°04',75°08'7°04',75°10'7°04',75°11'7°06',75°06'7°06',75°08'7°06',75°09'7°08',75°09'

1810–18801820–19151700–18151500–15501505–16101500–15401300–15501650–17351550–17401400–16001475–15201520–15501445–14951425–14401600–17501630–17001600–17001420–1470

2220361919534223651117135423

13515717914816410623120219873473413639598483162

*One of the nine localities reported in Cuervo & Restrepo (2007), that along with La Forzosa (9) weremore thoroughly sampled.

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subulatus cordobae, Piprites chloris antioquiae, Habiagutturalis), Chocó (e.g., Androdon aequatorialis,Trogon comptus, Myiophobus phoenicomitra litae,Diglossa indigotica), or lowlands and foothills ofCentral America (e.g., Philydor fuscipenne, Auto-molus rubiginosus saturatus). Except for the adja-cent northern Cordillera Occidental andSerranía de San Lucas (Fig. 1), no other avi-fauna in the northern Andes is expected toconsist of such mixture of montane and trans-Andean lowland rainforest elements.

Overall, the species pool of the CordilleraCentral of the Colombian Andes has beenpreviously considered to be relatively wellknown. However, not only new species havebeen recently described (Cuervo et al. 2001,2005; Donegan 2007), but also importantrange extensions have been reported (Beltrán& Kattan 2001). For example, we presentedevidence for 36 unexpected species in theregion that reinforced the pattern of mixtureof biogeographical realms in this corner ofSouth America (Cuervo et al. in press). Thatthe avifauna of the Cordillera Central was pre-sumed to be generally well known was basedon the assumption that the various expedi-tions and recent works conducted in the cof-fee growing region in the departments ofAntioquia, Caldas, Quindío, and Risaraldawere representative of the whole range.Indeed, there are vast areas where little or noexploration has been conducted yet, such asthe páramos and upper montane forests innorthern Antioquia, the hill slopes of the dryCauca canyon, the eastern slope from Antio-quia to Tolima, and the southern portionfrom Parque Nacional Las Hermosas south toParque Nacional Puracé. The finding of a dis-tinct avifauna in its northern end implies thatcollecting surveys in the poorly-explored areasof this cordillera should be a priority for fieldornithologists in Colombia.

Six IUCN threatened and ten near-threat-ened species have populations in the northernCordillera Central (Appendix 1); many of

which were not even known to occur in thisarea at all such as Tinamus osgoodi, Bangsia mela-nochlamys, and Chlorocrysa nitidissima. Further-more, Lipaugus weberi is exclusively knownfrom the sixteen localities reported in thispaper, twelve more since its description in2001. Although this cotinga may indeed berestricted to the cloud forests of Anorí andAmalfi, ornithological exploration is poor inadjacent areas like Yolombó, Campamento,Yarumal, the northern Cordillera Occidental,and Serranía de San Lucas. Except for Odonto-phorus hyperythrus, Pyrilia pyrilia, and H. guttura-lis, the rest of species of conservation concernmostly range between 1000 and 2000 m, thealtitudinal belt at which most forest coverhave disappeared in Colombia (Etter & vanWyngaarden 2000). That many premontanebirds locally extirpated in other portions ofthe Colombian Andes (see Renjifo 1999) haverelatively large populations in our region isindicative of the mild history of disturbanceof the northern end the cordillera. Instead ofthe extensive deforestation of premontanewet forests due to the expansion of coffeecultivations and cattle ranching that character-ized the Colombian Andes in the 20th century,this region remained mostly forested in manyparts due to a low local human populationdensity and a gold-mining based economy.However, land use is rapidly changing due tothe exhaustion of gold mines, the expansionof illicit crops and cattle ranching all overColombia, and stable international coffeeprices.

Bodega Vieja in Amalfi and Santa Gertru-dis in Anorí are two key large forest blocksthat still remain unprotected. By being locatedin the middle of a forest continuum from1800 m a.s.l. to 150 m, Santa Gertrudis repre-sents a unique opportunity for expanding theBajo Cauca-Nechí reserve (45,000 ha) whichcurrently protects the lower foothills and low-lands (150–850 m). There are no nationalparks in the northern Cordillera Central, but

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three small reserves were recently establishedbased on our studies: Bosque Guayabito (c.1000 ha), La Forzosa (c. 350 ha), and ArrieritoAntioqueño (i.e., Alto El Chaquiral, c. 110ha). Although only the Anorí region was iden-tified as an Important Bird Area (Franco &Bravo 2005), realistic conservation impact ofthe IBA program on the cloud forest habitatsof the region is still to be seen. We believethat a network of reserves owned by localfarmers would cradle long-term, sustainableconservation of the lower Porce and upperNechi forests, which are now threatened byongoing land use changes and increasinghuman colonization.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We appreciate the hospitality of the local peo-ple of Anorí and Amalfi. Funding and equip-ment was provided by CORANTIOQUIA,the NSF-CREST program at University ofPuerto Rico, Sigma Xi, Instituto Humboldt,Organization for Tropical Studies, Neotropi-cal Bird Club, Idea Wild, Optics for the Trop-ics, the “Incentivos a la Investigación”program of Museo Universitario at Univer-sidad de Antioquia, Cornell Laboratory ofOrnithology, Asociación Calidris, and BarrickMuseum of Natural History. CORANTIO-QUIA granted research permits. We thank J.Toro for encouraging us to study the birds ofthis region. For their hard work and companyin the field we are very grateful to manyfriends and students in Colombia acknowl-edged elsewhere. M. A. Echeverry-Galvis andC. D. Cadena made useful comments thatimproved the quality of the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Álvarez, M., V. Caro, O. Laverde, & A. M. Cuervo.2007. Guía sonora de las aves de los Andescolombianos/A guide to the birds sounds ofthe Colombian Andes. Banco de Sonidos Ani-

males, Instituto Alexander von Humboldt &Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca,New York.

Beltrán, W., & G. Kattan. 2001. First record of theSlaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush in the centralAndes of Colombia, with notes on its ecologyand geographical variation. Wilson Bull. 113:134–139.

Cuervo, A. M., & C. Restrepo. 2007. Assemblageand population-level consequences of forestfragmentation on bilateral asymmetry in tropi-cal montane birds. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 92: 119–133.

Cuervo, A. M., P. Salaman, T. Donegan, & J. M.Ochoa. 2001. A new species of piha (Cotin-gidae: Lipaugus) from the Cordillera Central ofColombia. Ibis 143: 353–368.

Cuervo, A. M., C. D. Cadena, N. Krabbe, & L. M.Renjifo. 2005. Scytalopus stilesi, a new species oftapaculo (Rhinocryptidae) from the CordilleraCentral of Colombia. Auk 122: 445–463.

Cuervo, A. M., P. C. Pulgarín, & D. Calderón-F. inpress. New distributional bird data from theCordillera Central of the Colombian Andes,with implications for the biogeography ofnorthwestern South America. Condor.

Donegan, T. 2007. A new species of brush finch(Emberizidae: Atlapetes) from the northernCentral Andes of Colombia. Bull. Br. Ornithol.Club 127: 255–268.

Espinal, L. S. 1992. Geografía ecológica de Antio-quia: Zonas de vida. Editorial Léalon, Medellín,Colombia.

Etter, A., & W. van Wyngaarden. 2000. Patterns oflandscape transformation in Colombia, withemphasis in the Andean region. Ambio 29:432–439.

Franco, A. M., & G. A. Bravo. 2005. Áreas impor-tantes para la conservación de las aves enColombia. Pp. 117–282 in Áreas importantespara la conservación de las aves en los Andestropicales: sitios prioritarios para la conser-vación de la biodiversidad. BirdLife Interna-tional & Conservation International, Quito,Ecuador.

Gregory-Wodzicki, K. M. 2000. Uplift history ofthe central and northern Andes: a review. Geol.Soc. Am. Bull. 112: 1091–1105.

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& S. A. Soeller. 2007. Climate, niche conserva-tism, and the global bird diversity gradient. Am.Nat. 170: S16–S27.

IGAC. 2003. Atlas de Colombia. Instituto Geográ-fico Agustín Codazzi & Imprenta Nacional deColombia, Bogotá, Colombia.

Kattan, G., & P. Franco. 2004. Bird diversity alongelevational gradients in the Andes of Colombia:area and mass effects. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 13:451–458.

McCourt, W. J., J. A. Aspden, & M. Brook. 1984.New geological and geochronological datafrom the Colombian Andes: continentalgrowth by multiple accretion. J. Geol. Soc. 141:831–845.

Pitman, N., D. K. Moskovits, W. S. Alverson, & R.Borman. 2002. Ecuador: Serranías Cofán-Bermejo, Sinangoe. Rapid Biological Invento-ries Report 3, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illi-nois.

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Remsen, J. V., Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M.Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schu-lenberg, F. G. Stiles, & D. F. Stotz. 2008. A clas-sification of the bird species of South America.American Ornithologists Union. Available onhttp://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SAC-CBaseline.html [Version 24 April 2008].

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Stotz, D. F., J. W. Fitzpatrick, T. A. Parker, III, & D.Moskovits. 1996. Neotropical birds: Ecologyand conservation. Chicago Univ. Press, Chi-cago, Illinois.

Terborgh, J. 1975. Bird species diversity on anAndean elevational gradient. Ecology 58:1007–1019.

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APPENDIX 1. Avifauna of the northern Cordillera Central of the Colombian Andes, indicating relative abundance, major habitats where the species wererecorded, and type of evidence gathered per species. See Table 1 for codes and geographic data of the 18 localities studied. Taxonomy follows the A.O.U.South American Checklist Committee recommendations (Remsen et al. 2008).

English names1 Scientifi names2 Localities Abundance3 Habitats4 Evidence5

TinamidaeBlack Tinamou (VU)Little Tinamou

CracidaeSickle-winged GuanCrested GuanWattled Guan (NT)Speckled Chachalaca

OdontophoridaeRufous-fronted Wood-QuailChestnut Wood-Quail (NT)

ArdeidaeStriated HeronCattle Egret

CathartidaeTurkey VultureBlack VultureKing Vulture

AccipitridaeGray-headed KiteSwallow-tailed KiteWhite-tailed KiteSemicollared Hawk (NT)Sharp-shinned HawkWhite HawkSavanna HawkHarris's HawkRoadside Hawk

Tinamus osgoodiCrypturellus soui

Chamaepetes goudotiiPenelope purpurascensAburria aburriOrtalis guttata columbiana

Odontophorus erythropsOdontophorus hyperythrus

Butorides striataBubulcus ibis

Cathartes auraCoragyps atratusSarcoramphus papa

Leptodon cayanensisElanoides forficatusElanus leucurusAccipiter collarisAccipiter striatus ventralisLeucopternis albicollisButeogallus meridionalisParabuteo unicinctusButeo magnirostris

97–10,18

1–5,7–9,137

3,5,7–9,15–181–9,11,13,15–17

7,82,3,5,8,9,13,16,18

77–9

1–9–12,13,181–18

2,6,7–10,18

11–10,13,17,18

7,97,8

3,8,138,93,96,7

1–9,12,13,15–18

SCU

FCSCUC

UFC

XU

CCU

XUUSCUSCSCSCC

IIII

I,II,IIIII

II,III

II

IVIII

VVV

IIII,III,V

IIII,III,IIIIIIIII

II,III

S,HR,H

R,S,HR,S,HR,H

R,S,H

R,S,HR,S,H

SS

SSS

SR,P,S,H

SM,P,S,H

M,PSSS

R,P,S,H

503

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E N

ORTH

ERN

CEN

TRAL A

ND

ES

APPENDIX 1. Continued.


Broad-winged HawkRed-backed HawkShort-tailed HawkZone-tailed HawkBlack Hawk-EagleOrnate Hawk-Eagle

FalconidaeLaughing FalconBarred Forest-FalconCrested CaracaraRed-throated CaracaraYellow-headed CaracaraAmerican KestrelBat FalconAplomado Falcon

RallidaeRusset-crowned Crake

CharadriidaeSouthern Lapwing

ColumbidaeRuddy Ground-DoveScaled PigeonBand-tailed PigeonPale-vented PigeonRuddy PigeonGround-DoveEared DoveWhite-tipped Dove

PsittacidaeBlue-fronted Parrotlet

Buteo platypterusButeo polyosomaButeo brachyurusButeo albonotatusSpizaetus tyrannusSpizaetus ornatus

Herpetotheres cachinnansMicrastur ruficollisCaracara cheriwayIbycter americanusMilvago chimachimaFalco sparveriusFalco rufigularisFalco femoralis

Anurolimnas viridis

Vanellus chilensis

Columbina talpacotiPatagioenas speciosaPatagioenas fasciataPatagioenas cayennensisPatagioenas subvinaceaGeotrygon m. montanaZenaida auriculataLeptotila verreauxi

Touit dilectissimus

11–3,5,8,9

138

3–9,17,183

1,3–10,13,181–5,7–9,18

1–4,11,13,17,183,5–9,11,13,15–18

1,2,8,9,131,3–11,13,14,16–18

182

1,4,5,7,8,13,14

1,3,5,8,9,13,18

8,9,186,8,16,18

1–9,11,13,16,184,7–9,18

1–10,13,17,182,6,7,102,8,13

8,9

1–9,11–14,16–18

XUXX

FCX

FCFCUFCUCSCX

FC

U

UUCUCSCSCSC

C

IIII,III,V

IIII

II,VII

II,IIII,IIIIII,II

II,IIIIIIIIIII

III

III

IIIII

I,II,IIIII,IIII,III

IIIII

I,II

S,HR,P,S,H

SS

R,P,S,HS

R,S,HR,S,H

SR,S,HS,H

R,S,HS,HS

R,S,H

S,H

SR,S,HR,S,HS,H

R,S,HM,R,H

S,HS

R,S,H

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L.



Saffron-headed Parrot (NT)Blue-headed ParrotBronze-winged ParrotMealy Parrot

CuculidaeSquirrel CuckooSmooth-billed AniStriped CuckooPavonine Cuckoo

StrigidaeTropical Screech-OwlCinnamon Screech-OwlMottled Owl

NyctibiidaeCommon Potoo

CaprimulgidaeCommon Nighthawk6

Common PauraqueBand-winged Nightjar

ApodidaeChestnut-collared SwiftWhite-collard SwiftGray-rumped SwiftShort-tailed SwiftLesser Swallow-tailed Swift

TrochilidaeWhite-necked JacobinWhite-tipped SicklebillRufous-breasted HermitBand-tailed Barbthroat

Pyrilia pyriliaPionus menstruusPionus c. chalcopterusAmazona farinosa

Piaya cayanaCrotophaga aniTapera naeviaDromococcyx pavoninus

Megascops cholibaMegascops petersoniCiccaba virgata

Nyctibius griseus

Chordeles minorNyctidromus albicollisCaprimulgus longirostris ruficervix

Streptoprocne rutilaStreptoprocne zonarisChaetura cinereiventrisChaetura brachyuraPanyptila cayennensis

Florisuga mellivoraEutoxeres aquila mundaGlaucis hirsutus affinisThrenetes ruckeri darienensis

1–3,5–8,13,17,187,14

4,5,7,8,11,13,14,17,1817,18

1–9,15,16,181–11,13,14,16–18

1,2,4,5,7–9,12,13,16,173,8,9,15,18

1–5,7–10,13,188,9

1–4,7–9,13

3,4,7–9,13

72–4,6–10,13,14,16

1–3,5–9,16,18

1–10,13,16–181–4,7–10,13,15–18

3,7,8137

3,131–5,7–10,18

1310

FCSCFCU

FCC

FCU

FCUFC

FC

SCCC

CFCFCXSC

SCCSCSC

I,III,III,III,II

I,II,IIIII,IIIII,IIIII,III

II,IIII,III,II

II

IIIII

II,III

VVVVV

II,IIII,IIIIII

M,R,P,S,HS,H

R,P,S,HR,P,S,H

R,P,S,HR,S,HR,HR,H

R,S,HM,R,P,H

R,S,H

R,P,S,H

SS,H

M,R,P,S,H

R,P,S,HP,S,HR,S,H

SS

SM,P,SM,PM

505

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E N

ORTH

ERN

CEN

TRAL A

ND

ES



Stripe-throated HermitGreen HermitTawny-bellied HermitGreen-fronted LancebillWedge-billed HummingbirdBrown VioletearGreen VioletearSparkling VioletearTooth-billed HummingbirdPurple-crowned FairyBlack-throated MangoGreenish PufflegBronzy IncaBooted Racket-tailGreen-crowned BrilliantPurple-throated WoodstarWestern EmeraldViolet-headed HummingbirdGreen-crowned WoodnymphRufous-tailed HummingbirdAndean EmeraldSteely-vented Hummingbird

TrogonidaeGolden-headed QuetzalCollared TrogonBlue-tailed TrogonAlcedinidaeGreen Kingfisher

MomotidaeBlue-crowned Motmot

Phaethornis s. striigularisPhaethornis guy emiliaePhaethornis s. syrmathophorusDoryfera l. ludovicaeSchistes geoffroyi albogularisColibri delphinaeColibri thalassinusColibri c. coruscansAndrodon aequatorialisHeliothrix barrotiAnthracothorax nigricollisHaplophaedia a. aureliaeCoeligena coeligena ferrugineaOcreatus underwoodiiHeliodoxa j. jaculaCalliphlox mitchelliChlorostilbon melanorhynchus pumilusKlais guimetiThalurania f. fannyiAmazilia t. tzacatlAmazilia f. franciaeAmazilia s. saucerrottei

Pharomachrus auricepsTrogon collaris subtropicalisTrogon comptus

Chloroceryle a. americana

Momotus momota aequatorialis

4,7,81–10,13–16,18

81,3–5,7–10,13,16,18

2,3311

7,187

1,4,71–3,7–10,12,15,16,18

1–3,8,9,15,161–3,5–9,15,16,18

1–10,13,16,185,9

1–5,7,9–11,13–15,177,18

3–10,12,13,16,184,6–8,11,13

1–9,11,13–181–5,7,8,13

1–4,7–10,13,15–181–10,13–18

18

9,13,17,18

1–4,7–9

UCSCCUXXUUXSCC

FCCCSCCSCCUC

FC

FCFCX

SC

U

I,III,IIII

I,III,IIIII

II,IIIII

IIII,III,III,III,III,II

I,II,IIII

I,II,IIIIIII,II

II,III

I,III,III

II,IV

I,II,III

M,P,SM,R,P,S,H

M,P,SM,P,SM,P,SM,PS,H

M,P,S,HM,P,S,H

SS

M,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

M,P,SM,P,SM,P

M,P,SR,S,H

M,R,P,S,HM,P,S

M,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

R,S,H

M,P,S

P,S,H

506

CUE

RVO

ET A

L.



BucconidaeMoustached PuffbirdLanceolated Monklet

CapitonidaeWhite-mantled Barbet (EN)Red-headed Barbet

RamphastidaeBlack-mandibled ToucanChannel-billed ToucanCrimson-rumped Toucanet

PicidaeOlivaceous PiculetAcorn WoodpeckerRed-crowned WoodpeckerSmoky-brown WoodpeckerGolden-olive WoodpeckerSpot-breasted WoodpeckerLineated WoodpeckerCrimson-crested Woodpecker

FurnariidaeTawny-throated LeaftosserAzara's SpinetailPale-breasted SpinetailSlaty SpinetailRed-faced SpinetailSpotted BarbtailTreerunnerMontane Foliage-gleanerLineated Foliage-gleanerStriped Woodhaunter

Malacoptila m. mystacalisMicromonacha lanceolata

Capito h. hypoleucusEubucco b. bourcierii

Ramphastos ambiguous swainsonii Ramphastos vitellinus citrolaemusAulacorhynchus h. haematopygus

Picumnus olivaceusMelanerpes formicivorus flavigulaMelanerpes rubricapillusPicoides f. fumigatusColaptes rubiginosus gularisColaptes punctigulaDryocopus lineatusCampephilus melanoleucus

Sclerurus mexicanus andinusSynallaxis azarae mediaSynallaxis albescensSynallaxis brachyuraCranioleuca erythrops griseigularisPremnoplex b. brunnescensMargarornis sp.Anabacerthia striaticollisSyndactyla subalaris striolataHyloctistes subulatus cordobae

1–10,13,16–187,8

2,7,8,101–10,16,18

7,9,17,183

1–5,7–10

1–4,7,9,13,151–3,5,7–9,11,13,14,16,18

1,8–101–10,13,16,181–5–8,10,18

1,4–6,83–5,7,8,11,13,14,18

1–5,7–9,13

71–9,11,12,14,16–18

1–9,11,13,147

1–3,5,7–9,182,3,5,7–9,18

72,3

1–5,7–9,16,185–7,9,17,18

FCSC

UFC

SCX

FC

UUSCFCFCUFCFC

SCC

FCSCFCFCXSCFCFC

I,III,II

I,III,II

I,II,IIIII

I,II

I,II,IIIII,IIIIIII,II

I,II,IIIIII

II,IIII,II,III

II,II,IIIII,III

III,IIIIII

I,III

M,R,P,S,HS,H

M,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

R,HS

M,R,P,S,H

M,P,SM,R,P,S,H

S,HM,R,P,S,H

R,P,S,HS,H

P,S,HR,P,S,H

M,P,HM,R,P,S,H

R,P,S,HS

M,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

SP,S

M,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

507

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E N

ORTH

ERN

CEN

TRAL A

ND

ES



Slaty-winged Foliage-gleanerBuff-fronted Foliage-gleanerStreak-capped TreehunterRuddy Foliage-gleanerPlain XenopsStreaked XenopsPlain-brown WoodcreeperOlivaceous WoodcreeperWedge-billed WoodcreeperStrong-billed WoodcreeperBlack-banded WoodcreeperSpotted WoodcreeperOlive-backed WoodcreeperMontane WoodcreeperBrown-billed Scythebill

ThamnophilidaeBar-crested AntshrikeUniform AntshrikePlain AntvireoChecker-throated AntwrenSlaty AntwrenLong-tailed AntbirdRufous-rumped AntwrenParker's AntbirdImmaculate Antbird

FormicariidaeRufous-breasted Antthrush

GrallaridaeWhite-bellied AntpittaOchre-breasted Antpitta

Philydor fuscipenne erythronotumPhilydor rufum rivetiThripadectes virgaticeps magdalenaeAutomolus rubiginosus saturatusXenops minutus littoralisXenops rutilans heterurusDendrocincla fuliginosaSittasomus griseicapillus levisGlyphorhynchus spirurus integratusXiphocolaptes promeropirhynchusDendrocolaptes picumnusXiphorhynchus erythropygius insolitusXiphorhynchus t. triangularisLepidocolaptes lacrymigerCampyloramphus p. pusillus

Thamnophilus multistriatusThamnophilus unicolor grandiorDysithamnus mentalis semicinereusEpinecrophylla fulviventris salmoniMyrmotherula s. schisticolorDrymophila c. caudataTerenura c. callinotaCercomacra parkeriMyrmeciza i. immaculata

Formicarius rufipectus carrikeri

Grallaria h. hypoleucaGrallaricula flavirostris

7,181–9,12,13,15–18

1–3,5,7–9,155,7,18

4,5,7–9,181–5,7,8,13,15,18

7,9,182–5,7–10,15,17,18

73,5,7,9

94–7,10,13,181–3,8,9,16

2,3,5,92,3,5,7–9,16,18

1,3–5,7–9,121–4,6–9,15–182–5,7–10,18

52–10,18

1,22,3,7–9,18

1–10,13,15–187,15,18

3,9,10

2,3,8,9,162,5,8,9,16

UCUSCUFCSCFCSCUSCFCUUFC

FCFCFCX

FCUUCSC

SC

UU

II,IIII

I,III,III

I,IIIIIII

I,III

II,IIII,III,IIII

I,III,II

I,II,IIII

I

II

M,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,P,S,H

M,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

M,P,SS,HR,H

M,R,P,S,HM,P,S,H

P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

R,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

M,PM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,S,H

M,R,P,S,HR,S,H

M,R,S,H

R,S,HM,R,P,S,H

508

CUE

RVO

ET A

L.



ConopophagidaeChestnut-crowned Gnateater

RhinocryptidaeWhite-crowned TapaculoStiles's Tapaculo (NT)

TyrannidaeSooty-headed TyrannuletAshy-headed TyrannuletPlumbeous-crowned TyrannuletGray ElaeniaYellow-bellied ElaeniaLesser ElaeniaMountain ElaeniaTorrent TyrannuletGolden-faced TyrannuletMarble-faced Bristle-TyrantRufous-browed TyrannuletStreak-necked FlycatcherOlive-striped FlycatcherOchre-bellied FlycatcherSlaty-capped FlycatcherOrnate FlycatcherScale-crested Pygmy-TyrantPearly-vented Tody-TyrantCommon Tody-FlycatcherFulvous-breasted FlatbillWhite-throated SpadebillOrange-crested FlycatcherTawny-breasted FlycatcherCinnamon Flycatcher

Conopophaga c. castaneiceps

Scytalopus atratus confususScytalopus stilesi

Phyllomyias griseicepsPhyllomyias cinereicepsPhyllomyias plumbeicepsMyiopagis canicepsElaenia flavogasterElaenia chiriquensis albivertexElaenia frantziiSerpophaga cinereaZimmerius c. chrysopsPhylloscartes o. ophthalmicusPhylloscartes superciliarisMionectes striaticollis columbianusMionectes olivaceus hederaceusMionectes oleagineusLeptopogon superciliaris poliocephalusMyiotriccus ornatus stellatusLophotriccus pileatus hesperiusHemitriccus margaritaceiventerTodirostrum cinereumRhynchocyclus fulvipectusPlatyrinchus mystaceus neglectusMyiophobus phoenicomitra litaeMyiobius v. villosusPyrrhomyias cinnamomeus pyrrhopterus

4–7,9,10,13,18

3–5,7–9,13,181–10,13,15–18

7,8,172

2,3,5,73,7,9

1,2,4,5,7–9,13,1513

1,2,5,75–7,9

1–9,11–181–3,5,7–9,13,17,18

1–5,7–9,13–15,17,181–3,8,10,15,16

1,4,6–9,13,15,16,184,7,11

1,3–5,7,8,13,15,182–9,12,13,16–18

1–11,13–183,10

4,5,7–9,11,13,14,172,5,7,92–9,18

75,7,18

1–3,8,9,17

U

FCC

USCUUFCSCUFCC

FCFCCCSCFCFCCSCSCSCFCSCSCU

I

III

III,IIII

II,IIIIIIIIV

I,II,IIII,III,III,III,III,II

I,II,IIII,III,IIIIIIIIIII

I,II

M,R,P,S,H

M,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

R,S,HM,P

M,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

R,P,S,HM,P

R,P,S,HS

M,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

M,P,SP,S,H


R,S,HS,H

M,P,SM,R,P,S,H

M,P,SM,P,S

M,R,P,S,H

509

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E N

ORTH

ERN

CEN

TRAL A

ND

ES



Acadian Flycatcher6

Willow Flycatcher6

Alder Flycatcher6

Olive-sided Flycatcher6 (NT)Smoke-colored PeweeEastern Wood-Pewee6

Western Wood-Pewee6

Black PhoebeVermillion FlycatcherRufous-tailed TyrantCattle TyrantPiratic FlycatcherRusty-margined FlycatcherGreat KiskadeeLemon-browed FlycatcherGolden-crowned FlycatcherStreaked FlycatcherFork-tailed FlycatcherTropical KingbirdRufous MournerDusky-capped FlycatcherPale-edged FlycatcherGreat Crested Flycatcher5

Bright-rumped AttilaOxyruncidae

SharpbillCotingidae

Golden-breasted FruiteaterChestnut-capped Piha (EN)Purple-throated Fruitcrow

Empidonax virescensEmpidonax trailliEmpidonax alnorumContopus cooperiContopus fumigatus ardosiacusContopus virensContopus sordidulusSayornis nigricansPyrocephalus rubinusKnipolegus poecilurusMachaetornis rixosaLegatus leucophaiusMyiozetetes cayanensisPitangus sulphuratusConopias cinchonetiMyiodynastes chrysocephalus minorMyiodynastes maculatusTyrannus savannaTyrannus melancholicusRhyptipterna holerythraMyiarchus t. tuberculiferMyiarchus cephalotes caucaeMyiarchus crinitusAttila spadiceus sclateri

Oxyruncus cristatus

Pipreola a. aureopectusLipaugus weberiQuerula purpurata

4,7,8,13,1813

2–5,73,6–9

2,3,7,9,163–8,13,17,18

71,4,6–9,13,15,17,18

43

7–9,115,7,8

3–10,13,141,4,8,9

181–9,13,18

5,7–91–9,11,131–16,18

71–5,7–9,13,18

1–3,5–9,13,16–1813

2–5,7,8

18

2,3,8,92–9,11–182,3,5,7,18

FCSCSCSCUFCSCCSCSCFCSCCUX

FCUFCCSCFCFCX

FC

X

UFCU

I,II,IIII,II,IIII,II,IIII,II,III

I,IIII,IIIII,III3,4IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

I,IIII,IIIIII

II,IIII

I,III,IIII

I,II

I

I,III,III,II

M,P,SM,P,SM,P,SR,S,H

M,R,P,S,HR,P,S,H

R,HS,HS

R,P,S,HS,HH

R,P,S,HR,S,H

SR,P,S,HR,S,HS,H

R,P,S,HS

M,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

M,P,SM,R,P,S,H

M,P


510

CUE

RVO

ET A

L.



Red-ruffed FruitcrowPipridae

Golden-winged ManakinStriped ManakinBlue-crowned ManakinWhite-bearded ManakinGreen ManakinYellow-headed Manakin (NT)White-crowned ManakinGolden-headed Manakin

TityridaeMasked TityraThrush-like SchiffornisBarred BecardCinereous BecardCinnamon BecardWhite-winged BecardIncerta Sedis 1Wing-barred Piprites

VireonidaeBlack-billed PeppershrikeYellow-browed Shrike-VireoYellow-throated Vireo6

Brown-capped VireoRed-eyed Vireo6

Rufous-naped GreenletCorvidae

Black-chested JayGreen Jay

Hirundinidae

Pyroderus scutatus occidentalis

Masius chrysopterus bellusMachaeropterus regulus antioquiaeLepidothrix coronataManacus manacus abditivusXenopipo holochlora litaeXenopipo flavicapillaPipra pipra bolivariPipra erythrocephala

Tityra semifasciata columbianusSchiffornis turdina panamensisPachyramphus v. versicolorPachyramphus r. rufusPachyramphus cinnamomeusPachyramphus polychopterus cinereiventris

Piprites chloris antioquiae Cyclarhis nigrirostrisVireolanius eximiusVireo flavifronsVireo l. leucophrysVireo olivaceusHylophilus semibrunneus

Cyanocorax affinisCyanocorax yncas galeatus

2,3,9

1–3,5,7–9,11,164,7,9,10,18

182,9182

4–7,9,10,13,185,18

7,9,1018

2,3,9,10,16–187,13

3,4,6,7,10,181–8,16,18

2,3,5–8,16–18

1–5,7–97,10

51–3,8,182,8,13,181–9,13,18

1,2,4,5,8–10,181–10,13,16–18

U

FCUXSCXUCX

SCXUUFCFC

FC

FCUX

FCSCC

UC

I,II

I,III,IIIIIIII

I,III

III

I,IIII

II,IIII,II

I,II

I,IIIII

I,IIII

I,II

II,IIII,II

R,P,S,H

M,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

SM,P,HM,PM,P

M,R,P,S,HP

P,S,HM,P,HR,P,S,HM,P,SR,S,H

M,R,P,S,H

M,R,P,S,H

R,P,S,HR,S,H

SM,R,P,S,H

R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

R,S,HM,R,P,S,H

511

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E N

ORTH

ERN

CEN

TRAL A

ND

ES



Blue-and-white SwallowWhite-thighed SwallowSouthern Rough-winged SwallowGray-breasted Martin

TroglodytidaeScaly-breasted WrenHouse WrenSooty-headed WrenWhiskered WrenBay WrenGray-breasted Wood-WrenSong Wren

PolioptilidaeLong-billed Gnatwren

TurdidaeAndean SolitaireGray-cheeked Thrush6

Swainson's Thrush6

Pale-eyed ThrushGreat ThrushGlossy-black ThrushBlack-billed ThrushPale-vented Thrush

MimidaeTropical Mockingbird

ThraupidaeBlack-faced TanagerOleaginous HemispingusWhite-lined TanagerCrimson-backed Tanager

Pygochelidon cyanoleucaAtticora tibialis minimaStelgidopterix ruficollisProgne chalybea

Microcerculus marginatusTroglodytes aedon striatulusThryothorus spadixThryothorus mystacalisThryothorus nigricapillusHenicorhina l. leucophrysCyphorhinus phaeocephalus

Ramphocaenus melanurus griseodorsalis

Myadestes ralloides plumbeicepsCatharus minimusCatharus ustulatusTurdus leucopsTurdus fuscater quindioTurdus serranusTurdus i. ignobilisTurdus o. obsoletus

Mimus gilvus tolimensis

Schistochlamys melanopisHemispingus f. frontalisTachyphonus rufusRamphocelus dimidiatus

1–9,11–13,16–186–81–18

7

7,9,101–9,11–14,17,181–10,13,15–18

15–7,9,15,18

2–187

1,7,9

1–3,6–9,16,185,7–9,13,16,18

1–5,7–10,13,15,183,5,7–9,13,15,18

1–3,6,8,9,11,12,14–172,3,9,161–9,13

7

1–9,13

1,3,6–9,12–14,17,182,3,8,91,2,5

1–10,12,13,15,17

FCUCU

UFCCSCUFCX

U

FCUC

FCFCSCFCSC

FC

UFCUFC

III,VII,VIII,VIS,V

III,IIII,II

II,IIIII,IVI,III

I,II

I,III,II

I,II,IIII,II

II,IIII

II,IIII,II

III

II,IIII,IIIIIIII

S,HM,R,P,S,H

R,P,S,HS

R,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

HR,S,H

M,R,P,S,HH

M,R,P,S,H

M,R,P,S,HP,S,H

R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

SR,P,S,HM,P,S

M,R,P,S,H

SM,R,P,S,H

S,HS,H

512

CUE

RVO

ET A

L.



Flame-rumped TanagerBlue-gray TanagerPalm TanagerBlack-and-gold Tanager (VU)Blue-winged Mountain-TanagerPurplish-mantled Tanager (NT)Multicolored Tanager (VU)Golden TanagerSilver-throated TanagerSaffron-crowned TanagerSpeckled TanagerBay-headed TanagerScrub TanagerBlue-necked TanagerBlue-necked TanagerBlack-capped TanagerPurple HoneycreeperGreen HoneycreeperGuira TanagerScarlet-and-white TanagerRusty FlowerpiercerIndigo FlowerpiercerIncerta Sedis 2Common Bush-TanagerYellow-throated Bush-TanagerBananaquitYellow-faced GrassquitDull-colored GrassquitBuff-throated SaltatorBlack-winged Saltator

Ramphocelus flammigerus icteronotusThraupis episcopus canusThraupis palmarum atripennisBangsia melanochlamysAnisognathus somptuosus antioquiaeIridosornis porphyrocephalusChlorocrysa nitidissimaTangara arthus occidentalisTangara i. icterocephalaTangara xanthocephalaTangara guttata tolimaeTangara gyrola deleticiaTangara vitriolinaTangara cyanicollis granadensisTangara nigroviridis consobrinaTangara heineiCyanerpes caeruleus microrhynchusChlorophanes spizaHemithraupis guira guirinaChrysothlypis salmoniDiglossa sittoides dorbignyiDiglossa indigotica

Chlorospingus ophthalmicus nigricepsChlorospingus f. flavigularisCoereba flaveola columbianaTiaris olivaceusTiaris o. obscurusSaltator maximusSaltator a. atripennis

4,6–14,17,181–14,17,18

1,3–5,7–11,13,17,188,9,16–18

1–4,6,8,9,181–3,6–9,15–18

2,3,5,7–91–5,7–9,11–18

2,3,7,83

3–10,13,14,181,3–5,7–9,13,14,17,18

1–9,11–14,16,171–5,7–9,11–13,14,17

1–9,11,13–181–5,7,8,11,13,16–18

7,189

2–5,7–9,13,187,15,18

1–38,9,16–18

1,22–4,7–10,13,15–181–9,11,13,15–18

1–13,175

4,5,7–10,131–9,12,13,17,18

FCFCFCUFCFCUC

FCXUFCFCUFCFCSCSCUFCUSC

UCCCSCFCFC

IIIII,IIIII,IIII,II

I,II,IIII,II,III

I,III,III,IIII

I,III,II,IIIII,IIIII,IIII,II

II,IIII

I,III,III,II

II,IIII,II

III,II

I,II,IIIII,III

IIII,IIII,II

S,HR,P,S,HR,P,S,H

M,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

SM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

M,P,SS

M,P,SM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

P,SM,R,P,S,H

R,P,S,HR,P,S,HM,P,S

R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

513

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E N

ORTH

ERN

CEN

TRAL A

ND

ES



Grayish SaltatorStreaked Saltator

EmberizidaeRufous-collared SparrowSlaty FinchSaffron FinchBlue-black GrassquitSlate-colored SeedeaterVariable SeedeaterYellow-bellied SeedeaterRuddy-breasted SeedeaterThick-billed Seed-FinchBlack-striped SparrowChestnut-capped Brush-FinchStripe-headed Brush-FinchWhite-naped Brush-Finch

CardinalidaeSummer Tanager6

Scarlet Tanager6

White-winged TanagerSooty Ant-Tanager (NT)Crested Ant-TanagerLemon-spectacled TanagerRose-breasted Grosbeak6

Blue-black GrosbeakParulidae

Golden-winged Warbler6 (NT)Tennessee Warbler6

Tropical ParulaBay-breasted Warbler6

Saltator coerulescensSaltator striatipectus

Zonotrichia capensis costaricensisHaplospiza r. rusticaSicalis flaveolaVolatinia jacarinaSporophila schistaceaSporophila corvinaSporophila nigricollisSporophila minutaOryzoborus funereus ochrogyneArremonops conirostrisArremon brunneinucha frontalisArremon torquatus atricapillusAtlapetes albinucha gutturalis

Piranga rubraPiranga olivaceaPiranga leucoptera venezuelaeHabia gutturalisHabia cristataChlorothraupis olivaceaPheucticus ludovicianusCyanocompsa c. cyanoides

Vermivora chrysopteraVermivora peregrinaParula pitiayumiDendroica castanea

7–91,4,5,9

1–9,11–14,16–1815

6–83–5,7–9,13,14

9,1610

1,3–9,137–9,11,13,17,18

5,7,10,13,154–9,13,17,18

1–9,11,13,17,185,7,9

1–9,13,15,16,18

1–5,6,8,9,12,13,17,188,13,18

2,3,5,7–9,15,187187

2–5,13,185,7,10

4,5,8,9,163,5,87,9

2,4,5,7,13,17

UFC

CSCSCUSCXCUUFCFCUFC

FCFCUXSCXUU

UUUFC

II,IIIII,III

II,IIII

IIIIIIIIIII

II,IIIIIII

IIII,IIII

II,III

I,II,IIIII

I,III

I,IVI

II,IIII,II

II,II

II,IIIII

SR,S,H

M,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

S,HS,HSS

R,P,S,HS

M,P,SR,S,H


P,S,HP

M,R,P,S,HM,R,S,H

R,S,HS

P,SM,R,P,S,H

SP,SS

P,S

514

CUE

RVO

ET A

L.



Blackburnian Warbler6

Yellow Warbler6

American Redstart6

Black-and-white Warbler6

Northern Waterthrush6

Mourning Warbler6

Canada Warbler6

Slate-throated RedstartGolden-crowned WarblerRufous-capped WarblerThree-striped WarblerBuff-rumped Warbler

IcteridaeRusset-backed OropendolaScarlet-rumped CaciqueRed-bellied Grackle (EN)Giant CowbirdShiny Cowbird

FringillidaeAndean SiskinYellow-bellied SiskinLesser GoldfinchThick-billed EuphoniaGolden-rumped EuphoniaOrange-bellied EuphoniaBlue-naped ChlorophoniaChestnut-breasted Chlorophonia

Dendroica fuscaDendroica petechiaSetophaga ruticillaMniotilta variaSeiurus noveboracensisOporornis philadelphiaWilsonia canadensisMyioborus miniatus balluxBasileuterus culicivorusBasileuterus rufifrons mesochrysusBasileuterus tristriatusPhaeothlypis fulvicauda

Psarocolius angustifrons salmoniCacicus uropygialisHypopyrrhus pyrohypogasterMolothrus oryzivorusMolothrus bonariensis

Carduelis spinescensCarduelis x. xanthogastraCarduelis psaltriaEuphonia laniirostrisEuphonia cyanocephala pelzelniEuphonia xanthogaster oressinomaChlorophonia cyanea longipennisChlorophonia pyrrhophrys

1–9,11–14,16–1864

1–5,7–9,11,16,184,13

4,13,181–5,7,8,10,13,18

1–9,13,15–187

3,41–5,7–12,15–18

6,7,18

1–10,13,15–187,18

1–10,12,13,15–183,4,7,9

3,4,7,8,12,13

82,3,7–9

1,4–9,13,164,8,95,7,13

1–10,13,15–182,3,6,7,18

8,9,15

CUUFCUUFCCSCUCU

CSCCSCU

XUFCUSCCUSC

I,II,IIIIIII

I,IIII,IV

III,II

I,II,IIII,II

II,IIII,II

II,IV

I,II,IIII,II

I,II,IIIIIIIII

IIIIIIIIIIII

I,IIII

P,SS

P,SS

P,SP,SP,S

M,R,P,S,HP,S

M,P,SM,R,P,S,H

R,S,H

R,P,S,HR,S,H

M,R,P,S,HS

S,H

SM,R,P,S,H

S,HS,H

M,P,SM,R,P,S,HM,R,P,S,H

S

515

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E N

ORTH

ERN

CEN

TRAL A

ND

ES

1Letters in parenthesis refer to the global IUCN Red List categories: EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near threatened.2Subspecies names are given, when available, from identified specimens in the museum or from unambiguous identifications from other evidence.3Relative abundance: C = common (more than 10 individuals per day and daily encounters), FC = fairly common (less than 10 individuals per day and daily or almost daily encounters), U = uncommon (found in small numbers and not daily in prime habitat), SC = scarce (only occasionally found in small num-bers), X = single record.

4Habitat: I = forest interior, II = edges and gaps, III = young second growth, pastures, and cultivated areas, IV = riverine vegetation or water courses, V = aerial or soaring.

5Type of evidence: M = museum specimen, R = tape recording, P = photograph, S = sight record, H = vocalization heard and confidently identified.6Nearctic migrant.

Documents

AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CORDILLERA CENTRA.pdf