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AVIATION SAFETY & SECURITYLECTURE 6X-RAY TECHNOLOGY & BASIC EQUIPMENTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Know types of X-Ray Technologies related to aviation safety and security.
Explain how x-ray machine work.
Identify equipments used to ensure aviation safety.
Explain how the equipments function and work.
X-RAY TECHNOLOGY
X-ray based technology Do not detect explosives Detect materials that have explosives-
like characteristics. (Base on picture) High density is the characteristic for
explosives-like materials.
EQUIPMENTS
X-raya) Single Energyb) Dual Energyc) Computed Tomography (CT Scan)d) Backscattere) Fluoroscopy
Metal Detectora) Hand held metal detectorb) Pulse Induction (PI) System
Single Energy x-ray
Description An x-ray beam of one energy is used. The image indicates the degree of
absorption of the X-rays
Advantage & Weakness Useful for bomb detection. Looking for wiring, fusing, and metal
parts. Not provide enough information for
explosives materials detection.
Dual Energy x-ray
Description Use x-ray technology. Function likes an electromagnetic waves. More energetic than electromagnetic waves. Penetrate more than electromagnetic. Usually use for baggage and luggage checking
Advantage & Weakness We can see the unseen image inside the
luggage. Provide image of suspicious item. Only can be seen in 2-dimensional Image
The left image is of a commercially available dual-energy system.
Right image is of a briefcase that has alarmed; the area of concern is marked with a red box.
Computed Tomography (CT Scan)Description An x-ray technique that produces 2-dimensional
images. Provide 2-D images from every edges and angles
of a bag. This data create 3-Dimensional image when we
combine with the other 2-D images.
Advantages Able to calculate the mass and density of
individual objects in your bag based on this tomogram.
If mass/density falls within the range of a dangerous material, the CT scanner warns the operator of a potential hazardous object.
Figure : Compilation of 2-D Image of CT Scan
Figure : 3-D view of 2-D images combination
Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
Figure:Image of CT
Scan
Backscatter X-ray
Description One of the latest technology implement to
ensure safety.
Alternative to personal searches at airport.
Perform a security scan for passengers.
Detects radiation comes back from the target.
Only one side is available for examination
Backscatter X-ray
Advantages & Weaknesses Produce 3-D image of people body. Can see any hiding object inside clothes or
body. High energy and scatter instead of penetrate
materials. Raises privacy concern. (Nude picture) Image of private part being blurred. Allow passenger to carry weapons by
attaching them to private parts. Dangerous level of radiation.
Figure : Image from Backscatter x-ray
Fluroscopy
X-ray imaging technique where transmitted radiation through an object is detected.
A monitor can view a dynamic image or still images of the object. Fluoroscopic equipment is used
typically as portable scanners for screening mail
and small packages for explosive
devices
Handheld Metal Detector
Description Electronic gadgets used to distinguish any occurrence
of metals. Use electromagnetic induction to detect metals. Main part of metal detector:
a) Control Box (Speaker, batteries, microprocessor)b) Shaft c) Search coil
Advantage & Disadvantage Light and not heavy. Efficient to use:
a) Can be transported anywhereb) Simple to use.
Consume lots of battery power.
Airport Metal Detector
Description Use Pulse Induction (PI) System. Tall and boxy metal detectors are
meant to be walked through. Use a coil of wire on one side of the
arch as the transmitter and receiver. Process works something like echoes.
Advantage & Disadvantage
Capable of identifying:Explosive materials
Very sensitive to metal
Can’t distinguish between a gun and metal buckle.
Alarm signals for all types of metal.
Airport Metal Detector
Q& A SESSION
THE ENDTHANK YOU