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I T I S T I M E T O U P D A T E T H E C P P D R M A I L I N G L I S T !

I F Y O U W I S H T O C O N T I N U E R E C E I V I N G T H I S P U B L I C A T I O N ,

P L E A S E F I L L I N A N D R E T U R N T H E F Q R M O N T H E I N S I D E

B A C K C O W E R O F T H 1 S I S S U E .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t Concerns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CPPDR lanuary-May 1995 Page 3

- ENTOMOLOGy HIGHLIGHTS - SlGNlFICANT FlNDS

MEXICAN FRUIT FLY, Anastrepha ludens, -(A)- A Mexican fruit fly was found in a McPhail trap by Lopez on May 19 in Los Angeles, Los Angeles County.

ARTICHOKE FLY, Terelliafuscicornis, -(Q)- Artichoke flies were found on Silybum marianum in Nipomo, San Luis Obispo County. Little made the finds on April 12.

AFRICANIZED HONEY BEE (AHB), Apis "Africanized", -(A)- An AHB bee was trapped in an AHB trap in Blythe, Riverside County, on March 20. This is the first trapped AHB bee this year. On March 27, an AHB bee swarm was detected in El Centro, Imperial County. On the next day, March 28, an Africanized honey bee was trapped in Calipatria, Imperial County. Also in the same county, Ray and Inay discovered an AHB bee swarm in Imperial on May 4.

NEW COUNTY RECORDS

AUSTRALIAN GUM TREE WEEVIL, Gonipterus scutellatus, -(Q)- An Australian gum tree weevil was detected on a eucalyptus tree on the UCSD campus, La Jolla, San Diego County. The find was made by Kellam and Shaw on April 18.

AVOCADO MITE, Oligonychus perseae, -(Q)- Avocado mite has been found for the first time in Santa Barbara County. Harriet Heath discovered the pest on Persea americana on March 21 in Carpinteria. This mite has also been found in Los Angeles County for the first time. Found on the same host species, the find was made by Thomas Herrera in South Gate on April 6.

CYTISUS PSYLLID, A ytainilla spantiophila, -(C)- Jim Xerogeanes discovered cytisus psyllid on Cytisus scoparius in Caspar, Mendocino County. This new county record occurred on March 31.

EUGENIA PSYLLID, Trioza eugeniae, -(C)- This psyllid pest was also found for the first time in Mendocino County on March 31. Jim Xerogeanes made this find in Fort Bragg on Eugenia SP.

A GRASS MEALYBUG, Miscanthicoccus miscanthi,-(Q)- This grass mealybug was found for the first time in Santa Barbara County. Suzanne Squires made the find in Santa Barbara on February 22.

KUNO SCALE, Eulecanium kunoense, -(B)- Kuno scale was found for the first time in Napa County. Joel King made the collection in Napa on February 9.

CPP

DR

lan

uarv

-Mav

199

5

"A",

"B",

and ''a

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ed P

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on

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s ln

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rant

ine

May

199

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CPP

DR

--

Janu

ary-

May

199

5 -

..

Page

10

"A",

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and

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ted

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hrop

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94 -

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CPP

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CPP

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lan

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199

5 Pa

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Rog

o ysk

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CPPDR January-May 1995 Page 13

BORDER STATKINS

ZEBRA MUSSEL, Dreissena polymorpha, -(Q)- Live zebra mussels were once again discovered on a boat bound for San Diego. This time the pest was found in the starboard intake of a 40 foot yacht being shipped from Michigan. The find was made by Cliff McDonald on March 6 at the Needles Station. This is the third interception of zebra mussel at the California border stations.

PAPAYA FRUIT FLY, Toxotypana curvicauda, -(X)- A heavy infestation of live papaya fruit fly larvae were found in a commercialshipment of Mexican papayas bound for San Jose. Andy Lacy discovered the pest at the Vidal Station on April 16.

The following list outlines some of the important discoveries of pests of tropical fruits at the border stations during the summer of 1994. See report on similar finds on page 9.

Pest - Station Longan Scale -- HO

Thysanoforinia nephelli HO DO HO HO HO HO HO

Mealybugs HO

Date 07/15 07/23 08/16 08/21 08/25 08/26 09/06 09/19 07/ 19

Oricin Canada Canada Canada Oregon Washington Canada Canada Canada Washington

Collector Calvery Johnson Chapman Johnson Smith Zavala Brown Johnson Johnson

Host longans longans long ans longans longans long ans longans longans rambutans

A total of 178 ant discoveries were made at California's border stations since last summer. The following list outlines the finds:

Common Name FLORIDA CARPENTER ANT CARPENTER ANT RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT FIRE ANT

BIGHEADED ANT BLACKHEADED ANT VARIOUS ANT PESTS

Scientific Name Camponotus abdominalisfloridanus Camponot us sp. Solenopsis invicfa Solenopsis sp. Myrmicinae Pheidole megacephala Tapinoma melanocephalum Monomorium floricola Pheidole sp. Tapinoma sp. Tetramorium sp. Formicidae Ponerinae

# Finds 7

28 30 23 11 1 10 1

I I 24 18 12 2

S tapelyear live/dead adults, 1995 live adults, 1994/95 live adults, I994/95 live adults, 1994/95 live adults, 1994/95 live adults, I994 live adults, 1994/95 live adults, 1995 live adults, I994/95 live adults, 1994/95 live adults, 1994/95 live adults, 1994 live adults, 1994

CPPDR January-May 1995 Page 14

*- OTHER SIGNIFICANT CONCERNS -*

CITRUS PEEL MINER, Marmara salictella (?), -(C)- A lot of interest has been generated over the appearance in Florida several years ago of the very serious citrus pest called citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistus citrella (see CPPDR 12[fl-2]:15-17). That pest is certainly one to be reckoned with and would have a very serious impact on California citrus production. However, California has already had a leafminer problem on citrus for a number of years. The citrus peel miner has been a pest off and on since the mid 1950s in the Coachella Valley area of Riverside County. The following report by Dr. Eldon Reeves, Entomologist with the Riverside County Agricultural Commissioner's office, with minor modifications by the editor, outlines the problem:

ClTRUS PEEL MlNER PROBLEMS from a report by Eldon L. Reeves

Entomologist, Riverside County

A high population of this citrus pest has occurred in several citrus groves, primarily grapefruit, in the Oasis area of the Coachella Valley the past two seasons. This has been an ongoing citrus pest for several years. There was considerable loss due to this pest, in this same community, in 1984-85.

Dr. E. L. Atkins, Jr., of the University of California, Citrus Experiment Station in Riverside, pointed out in a paper entitled Citrus Peel Miner (in The California Citrograph, Sept. 1961) that this is an important economic pest of citrus and that its preferred host plant in this area is oleander. The larvae mine between upper and lower layers of epidermis on new oleander growth and occasionally mine the upper surface of oleander leaves and stems.

When high populations of this small moth build up in oleander, as we have observed in the Oasis area the past two seasons, the adult moths tend to be carried by wind currents to the citrus groves in the area. Grove inspections this past fall revealed extensive insect damage to the citrus fruit, with obvious crop losses to the growers.

There is a cultural practice that has been used to control this pest. It has been used quite successfully on several occasions within the Coachella Valley. It consists of removing all of the oleander plants within approximately 1 /2 to 3/4 of a mile of any given citrus grove, thus eliminating this source of the insect pest.

By this method there would be very little, or no, pesticides involved in controlling this insect pest on the oleander or on the citrus fruit, consequently, it would be an environmen- tally friendly approach. This could be a fine example of Integrated Pest Management, or Sustainable Agriculture, whereby a crop pest is brought under control, for an extended period of time, without the use of pesticides.

CPPDR January-May 1995 Page 15

Another plus for removing oleander, as well as caster bean and Jimsonweed from your community, would be for the safety of the children. All three of these plants are quite poisonous.

A summary of information contained in the report by E.L. Atkins in his California Citrograph article indicates that the miner burrows between epidermal layers of the leaves of the favored host, oleander. The oleanders are frequently planted in the area as wind breaks. Apparently, when populations build up on oleander, the insect moves into citrus that may be nearby, especially grapefruit. The larvae then mine the epidermal area of the fruit peel, particularly on fruit on the inside of the tree and near the ground. Occasionally they will also mine the young twigs. Multiple individuals may be present in the same fruit. The mines are small, almost hair- like streaks at the start, but as the insect grows, the mines become wider. The mines can be numerous, curved, often cross and recross each other, and usually end in a relatively wide blotch just under the rind surface. In some instances, the whole fruit surface may be blistered and resemble the peeling skin of a badly sunburned person. The damage is strictly cosmetic but the fruit is rendered unsaleable in the fresh fruit market.

The species was described in 1863 from specimens found mining the leaves of willow in the eastern United States. It was first recorded attacking citrus in 1917, in southern California. Periodic reports appeared in 1933, 1948 and in the late 1950s in various areas in southern California. It has also attacked citrus in Yuma, Arizona. The report by Dr. Reeves covers some of the more recent episodes of damage. According to CDFA Lepidopterist Tom Eichlin, there may be a species complex involved with this insect on the various hosts that it has been found to attack, and that the entity on oleander or citrus may or may not be salictella. Dr. Don Davis, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, has been trying to resolve this complex problem since early on. Specimens have been difficult to obtain.

Eggs are deposited singly on the epidermis of the current stem growth of oleander, and on the twigs of flush growth and peel of green fruit of citrus. Females produce about 20 eggs. The larvae burrow from the egg directly into the epidermis, where they mine, feed and develop through six instars. The last stage larva cuts a hole in the epidermis and travels to a secluded niche to pupate. The adult moths are small, brownish with an irregular silvery band on the basal third of the forewing. Adults are active right at dusk. A life cycle lasts approximately 40-45 days.

References Arizona Cooperative Survey 1960. A peel miner (Marmara salictella). In Cooperative Economic Insect Report (CEIR)

10(48):1100. Atkins, E. L. Jr. 1961. Citrus peel miner. In The California Citrograph, September 46(11):367-371. Atkins, E. L. Jr. 1971. Citrus peel miner, more problems in the desert. In The California Citrograph, June 56(8):245246,267. Clemens, J. B. 1863. North American microlepidoptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 26-8. DeGryse, J. J. 1916. The hypermetamorphism of the lepidopterous sapfeeders. P m . Ent. Soc. Wash. 18(1):164-168. Lockwood, Stewart 1933. Orange peel miner. Calif. Agr. Monthly Bul. 22343. Vinal, S. C. 1917. Notes on the life-history of Marmara elotella Busck, a lepidopterous sap feeder in apple twigs. Jour. Econ.

Ent. 10(5 ) :W%. Woglum, R S. 1948. A willow pest that occasionally injures oranges. Calif- Fruit Growers Exchange, Pest Control Circular

No. 168, p. 658.

CPPDR January-May 1995 Page 16

Fig. 6. Citrus peel miner, Marmara salicfella (?). A: Beginning mine. B, C: Multiple mines affecting progressive@ more fruit surface. D: Severe and often complete blistering of epidermal layers of fruit.

CPPDR January-May 1995 Page 17

+ BOTANY HIGHLIGHTS +

HYDRILLA, Hydrilla verticillata, -(A)- The following report on a significant race of hydrilla was prepared by State Plant Taxonomist, Doug Barbe. For further information of hydrilla in California, see CPPDR 13(3-4):35-36,38.

An established monoecious race of Hydrilla has been identified from Clear Lake, Lake County, California, and from Pipe/Lucerne Lake, a small private lake south of Seattle, near Auburn, King County, Washington.

The significance of these populations lies in a study published by Kerry Steward, USDA- ARS, Ft Lauderdale, Florida, in the journal Aquatic Botany, 46(2):169-183 (1993).

Steward evaluated the potential for sexual reproduction in the various races in an international Hydrilla germplasm collection representing races of Hydrilla from Africa, Pakistan, India, Nepal, China, Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, Panama, and the United States.

Crosses between dioecious and monoecious races of Hydrilla verticillata resulted in seed production in 40 of the 56 crosses (71%). Seeds from 90% of these crosses were viable and most seedlings survived. The dioecious female race, established in the US since the 1950s, has never been reported to produce seed in the United States. This female race was discovered to be one of the greatest seed producers in the crosses. This race has been reported to be triploid, but seed from four of its five crosses were viable. Triploids are generally sterile, so these findings raise questions about the reported ploidy level of this race. Another observation, not previously reported for Hydrilla, was the occurrence of monoecious offspring from dioecious parents. The reported lack of seed production in the US female plants of the dioecious race apparently has been due to the absence of a viable pollen donor.

On the next three pages are the updated California weed distribution maps for the first part of 1995.

STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF PLANT INDUSTRY - ANALYSIS & IDENTIFICATION/BOTANY 18

DITECTION MANUAL

5 D. T. 6:51a

Revised 1 /20/95

l ) ( I I I I / l l ~ / l / I ( l l I ~ ~ / I I ) ~ / / l / ~ / l l ~ ~ l l 1 ) ~ l l l ~ ~ l l 1 ~ ) / 1 1 ~ ~ l 1 1 ~ ~ 1 1 / ~ ~ 1 I I / / I / I ~ ) - I! 10 5 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 1 -

W W W W D E E E E E E E E E E E E E E - - -

Centaurea calcitrapa

purple starthistle Pest rating: B

STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF PLANT INDUSTRY - ANALYSIS & IDENTIFlCATlONlBOTANY 19

DETECTION MANUAL D. T. 6:57a

Revised 2/9/95

Cynara cardunculus

artichoke thistle

Pest rating: B

. .

I l l l l l l I I I I I l

m- townships of past or present infestations

- - I1 1 1 1 I I I I J I I I I 1 1 1 ~ ~ 1 1 1 ~ ( 1 1 1 ~ ~ 1 1 1 ~ ) 1 1 1 ( ~ 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 I l l ~ ~ l l l ~ ~ l l l J / l l l ~ I I l ~ ~ I I I ~ ' -- W w w w D E E E E E E E E E E E E E E I 5 l d l 5 m ~ m s ! ! w s w ~ m L.

25N--- - -

25SI - - -

10 15 20 25 E E E E

I 20 15 10 5 M 5 10 15 20 25 30 S 40 45 50 55 80 65 70 W W W W D E E E E E E E E E E E E E E

r25S -

I l l l l l / l l l l l l l l l l l l l 1 1 1 l 1 l 1 I I 1 1 l l I 1 -

STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF PLANT INDUSTRY - ANALYSIS & IDENTIFICATION/BOTANY 2 0

DETECTION MANUAL D. T. 6:3a

Revised 1 /20/95

Onopordum acanthium

Scotch thistle Pest rating: A

m- townships of present infestations

a- townships of past infestations

& 1 0 1 5 20 25 24 35 40 4 5 ' E E E E E E

I l l I l l I l l I 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 W W W W W W W B E E E E E E E

CPPDR January-May 1995 Page 21

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