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Availability of Passenger Safety Information for Improved Survival in Aircraft Accidents
Office of Aerospace MedicineWashington, DC 20591
DOT/FAA/AM-04/19
Donna K. Cosper
Advancia CorporationOklahoma City, OK 73104
Garnet A. McLean
Civil Aerospace Medical InstituteFederal Aviation AdministrationOklahoma City, OK 73125
November 2004
Final Report
This document is available to the public through the Defense Technical Information Center, Ft. Belvior, VA 22060 and the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.
NOTICE
This document is disseminated under the sponsorship ofthe U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest ofinformation exchange. The United States Government
assumes no liability for the contents thereof.
i
Technical Report Documentation Page1. Report No.
DOT/FAA/AM-04/19 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.
4. Title And Subtitle
Availability of Passenger Safety Information for Improved Survival in Aircraft Accidents
5. Report Date
November 2004
7. Author(s)
Cosper, DK1 and McLean, GA2
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 1Advancia Corporation 655 Research Parkway, #400 Oklahoma City, OK 7310425
2FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute P.O. Box 25082 Oklahoma City, OK 73125
8. Performing Organization Report No.
10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
Office of Aerospace Medicine Federal Aviation Administration 800 Independence Ave. Washington, DC 20591
11. Contract or Grant No.
13. Type of Report and Period Covered
15. Supplemental Notes
This work was performed under task AM-B-01-PRS-93. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code
16. Abstract
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has set goals to be proactive regarding airline passenger education. One of the strategic goals is to identify, develop, and conduct research to improve methods, procedures, and technologies for increasing survival in aircraft accidents. In support of the FAA goals, this study identified safety- and survival-related information currently available to the flying public, providing an opportunity for estimating the general educational level of the typical air traveler.The information available to typical airline passengers was obtained through a survey of air-travel information resources, including all material available from 15 major and 25 minor airlines flying in U.S. airspace. Additional sources were found using an exhaustive search of Internet Web sites, books, periodicals, and journal articles of government agencies, aviation training programs, educational and academic sources, aircraft manufacturers, consultants, U.S. military, corporations, and non-profit companies. An array of important factors was investigated: travel preparation, prohibited goods, in-flight “things-to-know,” medical information, safety concerns, emergency aircraft operations, emergency procedures, post-emergency survival-related topics, airport requirements, and international travel information. The results reveal serious inadequacies in the availability of safety information for airline passengers, indicating that reaching the goal of assured air traveler safety and survival in emergencies is problematic but amenable to significant improvement. To increase the probability that air travelers will survive in emergencies, substantially improved safety and survival information needs to be implemented and made available through a well-constructed passenger education program.
17. Key Words
Passenger Safety, Passenger Education, Emergency Evacuation, Survival
18. Distribution Statement
Document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161
19. Security Classif. (of this report)
Unclassified 20. Security Classif. (of this page)
Unclassified 21. No. of Pages
1922. Price
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized
1
AVAILABILITY OF PASSENGER SAFETY INFORMATION FOR IMPROVED SURVIVAL IN AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has no mission more important than assuring the safety of the more than one million passengers who fly on air carriers every day in the United States. As part of this mission, the FAA has long been active in assuring safe evacuation of transport airplanes in emergencies. To support this effort the FAA has published Advisory Circular (AC) 121-24B (US DOT, 1999), regarding passenger safety information briefings and briefing cards. The AC states that an aler t , knowledgeable person has a much better chance of surviving a life-threatening situation that occurs during passenger-carrying operations in civil aviation. Further, the FAA Strategic Plan (2001) set goals to be proactive regarding passenger education. Included is the sharing of safety information with passengers to reduce fatal accidents and increase the probability that passengers and crew will survive. Identification and development of improved methods, procedures, and technologies to increase survival in aircraft accidents are key.
In a recent safety study by the National Transpor-tation Safety Board (2000) investigating 46 accidents that occurred between September 1997 and June 1999, there were 2,651 passengers involved in emergency aircraft evacuations. The evacuations were ordered by the crew or initiated by passengers perceiving a threat; these evacuations occurred every 11 days, on average. Detailed analyses were conducted on a subset of the 46 emergency evacuations; these involved fire, suspicion of fire, or inflatable escape slide usage. Questionnaires regarding the preflight safety briefing, emergency exits, carry-on baggage, evacuation slides, passenger behavior, use of seat belts, communication, injury, post-evacua-tion events, and personal information were sent to the accident survivors. The goal of the study was to identify critical factors that influence evacuations and effect im-provements that would promote successful evacuations in the future.
The report provided insight into specific factors, such as crewmember training and passenger behavior, which affected the outcome of the emergency evacuations and
influenced safety. The questionnaire responses indicated that passengers had difficulties in many areas. Most passengers, including those seated in exit rows, did not read the safety briefing cards provided to assist them in understanding the tasks they needed to perform in an emergency. This resulted in slower egress times and unnecessary injuries.
Such a lack of attention to the onboard safety infor-mation apparently occurs because of a misconception among airline passengers that there is little hope of sur-vival in accidents, as suggested by studies conducted by Daniel Johnson (1984) and Parkinson and Muir (1995), which investigated passenger perceptions about transport airplane safety. Both studies concluded that passengers believed about 75% of transport airplane accidents are fatal, i.e., without hope for survival. This misperception is not only unfortunate, but dangerous, because statis-tics show that while passengers with an understanding of what to do in an accident will survive in most cases, passengers without the hope for survival find little need to prepare (Johnson, 1984). This failure to prepare can lead to fatalities.
An example of this situation is the Air Canada Flight 797 (Douglas DC-9-32) accident at the Cincinnati Air-port on June 2, 1983, in which 18 passengers and five crewmembers escaped the airplane after an in-flight fire started in the aft lavatory. Regrettably, 23 passengers were unable to get out of the plane and died in the fire; the NTSB report (1986) of the accident indicated that pas-sengers probably lacked an understanding of what to do. Many of the survivors stated they had to travel aftward in the plane to reach the overwing emergency exits and only found the exits in the thick smoke because they had identified the number of seat rows between their seats and the overwing exits when they boarded the airplane. The NTSB concluded that the single most important factor for those surviving the accident was likely the extent to which they took personal responsibility for their own safety; i.e., they had pre-planned their escape, allowing them to react quickly to the emergency.
2 3
The NTSB safety study (2000) also examined passen-ger performance in exit rows, as passengers seated there were forced to operate the overwing exits in several of the emergency evacuations. These passengers were generally not ready to act quickly in an emergency, because unlike the airplane crew, they had not been individually informed about the proper procedures nor had they received formal training on the necessary tasks. Three main problems were identified. The first was failing to attend to the safety information provided, the second was not knowing to assess conditions outside the exit before opening it, and the third was having difficulty making the decision to open the exit. Many of the passengers who opened the overwing exits also struggled to maneuver the Type-III exit hatch and throw it clear of the opening. Difficulty in opening the exits caused additional delays for other passengers waiting to use them.
The most frequent impediment to rapid emergency evacuation was passengers who carried baggage while try-ing to evacuate the airplanes. Of the 457 passengers who replied to the questionnaire, only 25 individuals reported having had no bags with them inside the airplane, while nearly 50% (208) of the remaining passengers reported that they attempted to carry a bag outside during the emergency evacuation. This tendency for passengers to retrieve and carry baggage reflects a serious lack of knowl-edge about the short time available for escape in aircraft accidents and the impediment to successful evacuations that carry-on baggage represents.
Competitive passenger behavior was also an unexpected obstacle described by accident survivors. Many passengers reported seeing competitive behaviors that included push-ing, climbing over seats, and aggressive disputes among passengers. Overall, 12.1% of the responding passengers reported they climbed over seats to get out of the airplane and another 20.4% reported that they observed someone climbing over seats. There were also 29% who reported having seen passengers being pushed, 18.7% indicated they had actually been pushed, and 5.6% indicated they personally pushed another passenger. Although climb-ing over seats and pushing may sometimes prove to be necessary actions for emergency egress, conflicts typi-cally produced by these actions consume valuable time, demonstrating that uneducated passengers are likely to behave negatively when anxiety and heightened emotion are in control.
Precautionary emergency evacuations (PEEvacs) are another category of transport airplane evacuation or-dered by the crew, or initiated by passengers, because of a perceived threat (e.g., fire), although the threat never actually develops. An investigation of PEEvacs conducted for the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) by
Michael Hynes (1999) found that during a nine-year period from January 1, 1988, through December 31, 1996, there were more than 500 such incidents, occur-ring about once a week, on average. The 500 PEEvacs involved approximately 6,000 passengers, at a direct monetary cost of more than $11 million annually to the airlines (Hynes, 2000), which resulted in large part from passenger injuries. Hynes concluded that one of the ways to prevent passenger injuries associated with PEEVacs is to improve passenger safety information and instruction. This conclusion reaffirms the findings of the NTSB Safety Study (2000) regarding the need for better passenger education.
The foregoing discussion is a mere snapshot of the concerns related to the lack of attention passengers give to safety information on transport airplanes, the resulting lack of safety knowledge passengers possess as a result, and the negative behavioral effects these inadequacies produce. Apparently, the FAA goal of having proactive safety information-sharing with passengers is not being met by the airline safety-information briefing programs in place, and the question remains as to whether there is an alternative information base available to support this goal.
METHODS
The current study was conducted to answer that ques-tion, i.e., to identify the aircraft safety and accident survival information currently available to the flying public. The resources reviewed for this study included all materials supplied to passengers by the 15 largest airlines and 25 smaller airlines flying in US airspace. Additional informa-tion and material were found using an exhaustive search of Internet Web sites, books, periodicals, and journal ar-ticles of government agencies, aviation training programs, educational and academic sources, aircraft manufacturers, consultants, US military, corporations, and non-profit companies (see Appendix for details).
An array of important factors was explored: • Up-to-date information regarding travel preparation • In-flight things to know list• Emergency aircraft operations plan• Emergency procedures• Safety concerns and issues list• Post-emergency survival topics • Prohibited goods list• Medical information • International travel information• Airport requirements
2 3
RESULTS
The search of aviation- and travel-related materials revealed there is relatively little in the way of aircraft-specific safety and accident survival information readily available to the flying public. Indeed, most information is related to travel preparation, recent security concerns, and/or limited interpretations of safety topics. Not a single existing source of information can be considered comprehensive, especially given the current aviation safety and security environment.
Importantly, this information is also universally dif-ficult to obtain. For example, the FAA Internet Web site is one of only three Web sites found to contain advanced passenger safety information. Although recently updated, however, the subject matter remains incomplete and some-times vague regarding passenger safety in emergencies; i.e.,
in need of interpretation. The other government Web site that has significant passenger safety information is that of Transport Canada, whereas Qantas Airlines provides the only commercial Web site that gives passengers advanced safety information. The single resource that would be considered the most comprehensive, if somewhat dated, is the (out of print) book, Just in Case, by Dan Johnson (1984). Table 1 displays the information obtained with ratings for completeness and relative availability.
DISCUSSION
Accident reports indicate that passengers are gener-ally uninformed about airplane accidents, emergency evacuation, and accident-survival issues. For example, passengers lack knowledge about performing emergency tasks, are unaware that they should leave their carry-on
Table 1. Available Safety Information
Rating * Resource name Total 1 2 3 4 5 Notes
Airline Supplied Materials
40 19 11 9 1 15 Major Airlines &
25 Smaller Airlines
Government 22 16 2 4 10 U.S. & 12 International
Educational/Academic 10 10
Internet Sources 19 15 1 2 1
Books & Publications 9 3 5 1 Internet search found 12,417 “Aviation Safety” titles. Search narrowed by “Commercial Aviation Safety” and then by “Passenger Safety” to reach a total of nine books that fit the objective.
* Rating Scale
1. No travel preparation or emergency information 2. Minimal travel preparation information / No emergency data 3. Minimal travel preparation information / No emergency data / Links to other Web sites 4. Good travel preparation information / No emergency data
• Possible subject matter: Travel Preparation, How To Dress, Baggage, Travel Documents, Special Needs, Dangerous Goods & Prohibited Items List, Medical Information, Airport Requirements, In-Flight Advice, Frequently Asked Questions, International Travel, Customs, and In-Flight Health.
5. No Travel Preparation Information / Good Safety & Emergency Information Available • Possible Subject Matter: Types of Accidents, Behavior, Decompressions, In-Flight
Emergencies, How To Prepare For a Crash, Fire, Emergency Escape On Land, Ditching, Stress Reactions After an Accident.
Appendix A contains a complete list of all information sources surveyed.
4 5
baggage behind during an emergency aircraft evacuation, and have little idea about what to expect during and after emergency evacuations. These shortcomings result from the general lack of safety information readily available to the public, suggesting that minimal importance has been placed on making passengers part of the safety equation. Thus, passengers are often unaware of the factors they need to know to enhance their survival in emergencies.
A consequence of this approach to passenger safety is that most passengers believe that survival in an airplane accident is highly unlikely, although the reverse situation is, in fact, true. Importantly, it has been recognized that if passengers believe they can influence their own survival, they will be more willing to attend to safety information. Such safety information may differ from airplane to air-plane, which is the reason that exit locations, floor path marking systems, and oxygen equipment are all discussed in the pre-flight oral safety briefing and displayed on the seat-back safety information cards aboard airplanes.
The existence of such differences is only one factor that passengers need to be made more aware of, in order to heighten their attention to all safety information. Par-kinson and Muir (1995) showed that increased awareness generated via safety training raised passenger awareness of other important safety issues and increased passenger motivation to pay attention to the safety information available. This led to increased behavioral effectiveness in an emergency. These effects were greatest for those passengers who experienced direct practice with safety-related tasks, although the authors also found that mental practice, alone, improved performance. Additional gains could be expected through increased compliance with safety regulations and greater personal responsibility for accident survival.
Much of the safety information that needs to be pre-sented is already known and only needs to be compiled or applied to the commercial aviation environment, although some additional aviation-specific safety infor-mation ought to be developed. Therefore, creative and effective methods should be employed to enhance and convey safety information for passengers, in order to achieve the FAA goal of assuring that air travelers have the information necessary for effective survival in any emergency. Provision of such information, because of its large scope, will likely require a significant passenger education program beyond that currently employed for airline passengers; that is, onboard safety briefings and passenger safety information cards need to become the last link in the chain of safety information provided for the flying public.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following strategies for educating air travelers will support the FAA goals of being proactive regarding passenger education:1. Develop a comprehensive aircraft safety education
curriculum. Toward this end:a. Conduct surveys of known travel safety information
outside aviation to identify the extent to which ad-ditional safety information is available and/or needs to be developed.
b. Conduct surveys to obtain information from the general public as to exactly what they know regard-ing safety in all emergencies, but especially aircraft accidents. The surveys should be constructed to identify insufficiencies in current materials to inform about future directions for development of safety information and educational materials. A Web site linked to commercial airline travel Web sites (e.g., Orbitz, Expedia) could be used to obtain broad-based participation.
c. Develop and implement state-of-the-art methods for educating air travelers, using creative technologies such as interactive CD-ROMs that could be passed out at airports, air shows, and public events. Airline magazines could be used to assist in the distribution effort and provide self-tests regarding facts about safety, security, and emergency readiness.
d. Set up portable training devices (e.g., interactive kiosks and airplane-exit simulators) at airports and other public venues to allow individuals to gain better information and get hands-on experience.
2. Develop and teach proactive safety procedures in public schools as part of a first aid and lifesaving skills training curriculum.
3. Provide travel safety information on the public broad-cast channels.
4. In the interim, the Passenger section of the FAA Inter-net Web site should be enhanced and a plan created to inform the general public of its existence, in order to address current deficiencies in airplane passenger safety education. Topics should include:
SAFETY AND SURVIVAL INFORMATION
Safe Flight Information• Safety on the Tarmac• In-Flight Health• Preparedness for Emergencies• In-Flight Emergency Information
4 5
• Know Your Exits• Seat Belts• Exit Row Seating• Turbulence• Electronics Safety• Decompression• Oxygen Mask• Brace for Crash Positions• Flotation Devices• Fire and Smoke• Using the Escape Slide
Post-crash Emergency Information• Crash on Take-off or Landing• Panic• Fire and Smoke• Ditching• Rescue• Stress Reaction
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Before You Travel• How to Pack• What to Wear• Checking Flight Status• At the airport• Traveler Services• Identification• Health• Children and Flying• Travelers With Special Needs• Traveling With Pets• How to File Airline Complaints
Baggage Tips• Things to Bring• Things NOT to Bring• Carry-on Baggage• Checked Baggage• Wrapped Packages• Sporting Equipment• Musical Instruments
REFERENCES
Federal Aviation Administration, Strategic Planning Branch, APO-120, http://api.hq.faa.gov/sp01/sp2001.html, January 2001.
Hynes, M. “Frequency and Costs of Transport Airplane Precautionary Emergency Evacuations,” Office of Aviation Medicine Report, DOT/FAA/AM-99/30, 1999.1
Hynes, M. Evacuee Injuries and Demographics in Transport Airplane Precautionary Emergency Evacuations, Office of Aviation Medicine Report, DOT/FAA/AM-00/11, 2000.1
Johnson D. “Just In Case, a Passenger’s Guide to Air-plane Safety and Survival,” Plenum Publishing, New York, 1984.
National Transportation Safety Board. Final Accident Report No. NTSB/AAR-86/02, 1986.
National Transportation Safety Board. Safety Study, “ Emergency Evacuation of Commercial Airplanes,” NTSB/SS-00/01, 2000.
Parkinson, S. and Muir H.C., “The Effect of Training, Overtraining, and Transfer of Training on Passenger Performance in a Simulated Aircraft Emergency.” Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Air-craft Cabin Safety Symposium, 1995.
US Department of Transportation. FAA Advisory Cir-cular No. 121-24B, 1999.
1This publication and all Office of Aerospace Medicine technical reports are available in full-text from the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute’s publications Web site: http://www.cami.jccbi.gov/aam-400A/index.html
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rash
Info
rmat
ion
Onl
y.
No
Tra
vele
r In
form
atio
n.
Airl
ine
Saf
ety
Rec
ords
.com
ht
tp://
ww
w.a
irlin
e-sa
fety
-rec
ords
.com
/ 1
A R
epor
t Car
d on
Airl
ines
. N
o T
rave
ler
Info
rmat
ion.
Avi
atio
n R
efer
ence
Des
k ht
tp://
ww
w.a
viat
ionr
efer
ence
desk
.com
/?so
urce
=ove
rtur
e#W
eath
er%
20&
%20
Tra
vel
1 Li
nks
to A
irlin
e S
afet
y R
ecor
ds.
No
Tra
vele
r D
ata.
A2 A3
Nam
e of
Web
Site
/Doc
umen
t S
ourc
e R
atin
g (1
-5)
* S
peci
al N
otes
Com
pare
Airl
ines
ht
tp://
trav
el.s
impl
yqui
ck.c
om/d
isco
unt-
airf
ares
/airl
ines
.htm
l 1
No
Tra
vele
r D
ata
/ Rat
es A
irlin
e S
ervi
ce a
nd S
afet
y.
No
Tra
vele
r In
form
atio
n.
Abo
ut.c
om –
Tra
velin
g W
ith D
iabe
tes
http
://di
abet
es.a
bout
.com
/cs/
trav
eldi
abet
es/
2
Abe
’s S
afet
y T
ips
http
://w
ww
.trav
el-s
afet
y-an
d-he
alth
.com
/ 3
Fre
e T
rave
l Tip
s.co
m
http
://w
ww
.free
trav
eltip
s.co
m/
4 In
form
atio
n fr
om a
Tra
vel A
genc
y. G
oal i
s to
Get
You
to P
urch
ase
Tic
kets
. All
Top
ics
Lead
to a
Pur
chas
e.
Info
rmat
ion
is B
ulky
And
H
ard
to W
ork
Thr
ough
. In
clud
es P
acki
ng L
ist &
Kid
s T
rave
ling
Tip
s. L
inks
to O
ther
Tra
vel S
ites.
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
For
Dis
ease
Con
trol
ht
tp://
ww
w.c
dc.g
ov/tr
avel
/ 1
Che
ck o
n H
ealth
Info
rmat
ion
for
Spe
cific
Tra
vel A
reas
. (D
isea
se
Out
brea
ks O
r C
once
rns)
.
Cab
inS
afet
y.co
m
http
://w
ww
.cab
insa
fety
.com
/hom
e.ht
ml
1 B
riefin
g C
ards
Onl
y.
Avi
atio
n S
afet
y M
agaz
ine
http
://w
ww
.avi
atio
nsaf
etym
agaz
ine.
com
/inde
x.ht
ml
1 M
agaz
ine
for
Gen
eral
Pilo
ts.
Equ
ippe
d T
o S
urvi
ve
http
://w
ww
.equ
ippe
d.co
m
2 S
urvi
val E
quip
men
t / N
o T
rave
ler
Info
Spe
cific
. G
ood
Ditc
hing
and
E
quip
men
t Inf
o.
RP
Tec
hnol
ogie
s ht
tp://
ww
w.r
p-te
chno
logi
es.c
om
1
Aer
ow
eld
http
://ae
row
eld.
com
1
Bui
lds
Avi
atio
n T
rain
ing
Sim
ulat
ors.
Inte
rnat
iona
l Civ
il A
viat
ion
Org
aniz
atio
n ht
tp://
ww
w.ic
ao.o
rg
1 Li
st O
f Mem
bers
hip
Org
aniz
atio
ns.
A S
tudy
Of F
acto
rs In
fluen
cing
The
E
vacu
atio
n O
f Occ
upan
ts In
Fire
Rel
ated
A
ccid
ents
1
Dat
abas
e of
Acc
iden
ts.
Aca
dem
ics
Of F
light
ht
tp://
mem
bers
.aol
.com
/aof
web
page
/fa.h
tml
1 F
light
Atte
ndan
t Tra
inin
g C
ompa
ny.
Flig
ht S
afet
y F
ound
atio
n
http
://w
ww
.flig
htsa
fety
.org
/hom
e.ht
ml
1 F
ound
atio
n fo
r In
depe
nden
t Res
earc
h, A
uditi
ng, E
duca
tion
and
Adv
ocac
y.
Cab
in C
rew
Saf
ety
Art
icle
s A
vaila
ble.
Adv
ance
d C
ompo
site
Tec
hnol
ogie
s, In
c.
http
://w
ww
.adv
ance
dcom
posi
tete
ch.n
et/
1 IC
AO
Mem
ber
- B
uild
s A
ircra
ft In
stru
men
t Pan
els.
Airb
us T
rain
ing
Cen
ter
http
://w
ww
.airb
us.c
om/c
usto
mer
/trai
ning
.asp
1
Tra
inin
g fo
r F
light
Cre
ws
Onl
y.
A4 A5
Nam
e of
Web
Site
/Doc
umen
t S
ourc
e R
atin
g (1
-5)
* S
peci
al N
otes
AirC
are
Inte
rnat
iona
l Ltd
. ht
tp://
ww
w.fa
cts-
airc
are.
com
/inde
x.cf
m?m
enug
roup
=F
AC
TS
+Hom
e 1
Tra
inin
g fo
r F
light
Cre
w O
nly.
Airl
ine
Gro
und
Sch
ools
, Inc
.
http
://w
ww
.ags
choo
ls.c
om/in
dex.
htm
1
Gro
und
Sch
ool a
nd F
light
Tra
inin
g O
nly.
Airm
an F
light
Sch
ools
, Inc
.
http
://w
ww
.airm
anfli
ghts
choo
l.com
/ 1
Pilo
t Tra
inin
g O
nly.
Airp
ack
Inc.
ht
tp://
ww
w.a
irpac
k.co
m/
1 A
ir F
reig
ht D
ange
rous
Che
mic
als
Tra
inin
g (P
acki
ng a
nd H
andl
ing)
.
Airs
pace
Saf
ety
Ana
lysi
s C
orp.
ht
tp://
ww
w.a
saci
nc.c
om/h
ome.
phtm
l 1
FA
A R
egul
ator
y C
ompl
ianc
e T
rain
ing.
Am
eric
an A
irlin
es
http
://w
ww
.aa.
com
2
Aer
ospa
ce M
edic
al A
ssoc
iatio
n
http
://w
ww
.asm
a.or
g/P
ublic
atio
n/T
ips_
For
_Tra
vele
rs20
01.p
df
2 G
ener
al H
ealth
Info
rmat
ion
for
Tra
vele
rs.
Ave
rett
Uni
vers
ity
http
://w
ww
.ave
rett.
edu/
cat0
204/
avia
tion.
htm
l 1
Aer
onau
tical
Man
agem
ent D
egre
e P
rogr
am.
Avi
atio
n C
onsu
ltant
Ent
erpr
ise
ht
tp://
ww
w.te
chno
jobs
.co.
uk/p
ages
/D39
789.
htm
l 1
Avi
atio
n R
ecru
iters
.
Inte
rnat
iona
l Air
Tra
nspo
rt A
ssoc
. (IA
TA
) ht
tp://
ww
w1.
iata
.org
/inde
x.ht
m
1 A
viat
ion
Tra
inin
g fo
r T
rave
l Age
nts.
Avi
atio
n La
ngua
ge S
choo
ls In
c.
http
://w
eb.id
irect
.com
/~al
s/ho
me.
htm
1
Cou
rses
for
Pilo
ts, F
light
Atte
ndan
ts, M
aint
enan
ce P
erso
nnel
, and
A
ircra
ft D
ispa
tche
rs.
Avi
atio
n T
rain
ing
Man
agem
ent,
Inc.
ht
tp://
ww
w.a
viat
iont
rain
inga
tm.c
om
1 P
ilot T
rain
ing
Onl
y.
Avi
atio
n T
rain
ing
Ser
vice
s / U
nite
d S
ervi
ces
http
://w
ww
.ual
serv
ices
.com
/htm
l/ind
ex.h
tml
1 U
nite
d A
irlin
es C
rafts
man
ship
Tra
inin
g.
Uni
ted
Airl
ines
ht
tp://
ww
w.u
al.c
om/p
age/
artic
le/0
,,182
1,00
.htm
l 2
Min
imal
Info
rmat
ion
Ava
ilabl
e.
Avi
atio
nCR
M.c
om
http
://w
ww
.avi
atio
nCR
M.c
om
1 C
rew
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t Tra
inin
g O
nly.
Avi
em In
tern
atio
nal I
nc.
http
://w
ww
.avi
em.c
om/s
ervi
ces.
htm
l#in
form
atio
n 1+
T
rain
s in
Airl
ine
Dis
aste
r R
espo
nse.
N
o T
rave
ler
Info
rmat
ion.
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Air
Acc
iden
t Inv
estig
atio
n
http
://w
ww
.aai
b.df
t.gov
.uk/
inde
x.ht
m
1 U
nite
d K
ingd
om’s
Equ
ival
ent t
o A
mer
ican
NT
SB
.
AV
SE
C In
c.
http
://w
ww
1.ia
ta.o
rg/ic
e/av
sec2
002/
inde
x
1 P
re-e
mpt
ing
the
Thr
eat –
Con
fere
nce
Con
duct
ed b
y th
e In
tern
atio
nal A
ir T
rans
port
Ass
oc. /
Avi
atio
n S
ecur
ity D
iv.
A4 A5
Nam
e of
Web
Site
/Doc
umen
t S
ourc
e R
atin
g (1
-5)
* S
peci
al N
otes
Big
Ben
d C
omm
unity
Col
lege
/ A
viat
ion
ht
tp://
ww
w.b
igbe
nd.e
du
1
Airf
ram
e an
d P
ower
plan
t Mai
nten
ance
Tra
inin
g.
Bija
n A
ir, In
c.
http
://w
ww
.bija
nair.
com
/sch
ool.h
tml
1 P
ilot F
light
Tra
inin
g.
Cen
ter
For
Adv
ance
d A
viat
ion
Sys
tem
D
evel
opm
ent (
CA
AS
D)
The
MIT
RE
Cor
p.
http
://w
ww
.caa
sd@
mitr
e.or
g
1 P
rovi
des
Eng
inee
ring,
Res
earc
h an
d D
evel
opm
ent,
Info
rmat
ion
Tec
hnol
ogy.
Fed
eral
ly F
unde
d R
esea
rch
for
the
DO
D, F
AA
, IR
S.
Cen
tral
Mis
sour
i Sta
te U
nive
rsity
ht
tp://
ww
w.c
msu
.edu
/avi
atio
n
1 C
olle
ge o
f Avi
atio
n O
nly.
Clo
verp
ark
Tec
hnic
al C
olle
ge
http
://w
ww
.cpt
c.ed
u
1 A
viat
ion
Mai
nten
ance
Pro
gram
.
Coc
hise
Col
lege
/ A
viat
ion
ht
tp://
ww
w.c
ochi
se.o
rg/a
viat
ion/
inde
x_ie
.htm
1
Pro
fess
iona
l Flig
ht T
echn
olog
y, A
viat
ion
Mai
nten
ance
and
A
vion
ics
Tec
hnol
ogy
Pro
gram
s O
nly.
Col
lege
of A
eron
autic
s A
viat
ion
Tra
inin
g In
stitu
te
http
://ed
ucat
ion.
serv
ice-
site
s.co
m/a
viat
ion-
scho
ol.h
tm
1 A
irfra
me
and
Pow
erpl
ant M
aint
enan
ce T
rain
ing.
Uni
vers
ity o
f Illi
nois
/ A
viat
ion
ht
tp://
ww
w.a
viat
ion.
uiuc
.edu
1 H
uman
Fac
tors
, Airc
raft
Mai
nten
ance
, Airp
ort O
pera
tions
, Airp
ort
Fire
and
Pro
fess
iona
l Pilo
t Pro
gram
s.
Com
air
Avi
atio
n A
cade
my
ht
tp://
ww
w.c
omai
raca
dem
y.co
m
1 P
ilots
Tra
inin
g O
nly.
Com
mun
ity C
olle
ge O
f Bea
ver
Cou
nty
ht
tp://
ww
w.c
cbc.
cc.p
a.us
1 A
eros
pace
Man
agem
ent,
Pro
fess
iona
l Pilo
ts, A
ir T
raffi
c C
ontr
ol.
Cro
use-
Hin
ds A
irpor
t Lig
htin
g P
rodu
cts
ht
tp://
ww
w.c
halp
.com
1
Airp
ort R
unw
ay L
ight
ing.
CT
I Con
sulti
ng a
ka C
ount
er T
echn
olog
y In
c.
http
://w
ww
.cou
nter
tech
.com
/abo
utus
.htm
l 1
Airp
ort V
ulne
rabi
lity
Ass
essm
ents
, Sec
urity
Pla
n D
evel
opm
ent,
Sec
urity
Sys
tem
s D
esig
n, E
mpl
oyee
Bac
kgro
und
Inve
stig
atio
ns.
Airp
ort C
ounc
il In
tern
atio
nal (
AC
I) /
Nor
th
Am
eric
a
http
://w
ww
.aci
-na.
org
3
Sm
all A
mou
nt o
f Tra
vele
r P
repa
ratio
n In
fo /
Link
s to
the
TS
A S
ite.
AA
AE
: Arc
hive
s O
f Am
eric
an A
eros
pace
E
xplo
ratio
n
http
://sc
hola
r2.li
b.vt
.edu
/spe
c/ae
rosp
/aer
ohp.
htm
1
Dig
ital L
ibra
ry a
nd A
rchi
ves,
Uni
vers
ity L
ibra
ries,
Virg
inia
P
olyt
echn
ic In
stitu
te a
nd S
tate
Uni
vers
ity.
Airc
raft
Ow
ners
And
Pilo
ts A
ssoc
iatio
n
http
://w
ww
.aop
a.or
g
2
Pro
vide
s A
ircra
ft O
wne
rs a
nd P
ilots
a M
onth
ly M
agaz
ine
Foc
used
Prim
arily
on
Avi
atio
n S
afet
y an
d P
ilot E
duca
tion.
The
Onl
y T
rave
ler
Pre
para
tion
Info
rmat
ion
Ava
ilabl
e is
in M
agaz
ine
Art
icle
s.
Dan
iel W
ebst
er C
olle
ge /
Avi
atio
n
http
://w
ww
.dw
c.ed
u
1 P
ilot T
rain
ing
Pro
gram
Onl
y.
Em
bry-
Rid
dle
Aer
onau
tical
Uni
vers
ity
http
://w
ww
.era
u.ed
u
1 A
viat
ion
and
Aer
ospa
ce E
duca
tion.
A6 A7
Nam
e of
Web
Site
/Doc
umen
t S
ourc
e R
atin
g (1
-5)
* S
peci
al N
otes
Del
egat
ed E
ngin
eerin
g R
epre
sent
ativ
e S
ervi
ces
Gro
up In
c.
http
://w
ww
.der
s-gr
oup.
com
1
DE
R’s
Del
ta A
irlin
es
http
://w
ww
.del
ta.c
om/h
ome/
inde
x.js
p
2 A
vaila
ble
Info
rmat
ion
App
licab
le to
Del
ta A
irlin
es T
rave
l Ser
vice
Q
uest
ions
Onl
y.
Dan
gero
us G
oods
Inte
rnat
iona
l (D
GI)
T
rain
ing
Inc.
ht
tp://
ww
w.d
gitc
@dg
itrai
ning
.com
1 D
ange
rous
Goo
ds /
Haz
ardo
us M
ater
ials
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Tra
inin
g S
peci
alis
t.
FA
CT
S T
rain
ing
Inte
rnat
iona
l / A
irCar
e In
tern
atio
nal
http
://w
ww
.fact
s-ai
rcar
e.co
m
1 F
light
Cre
w T
rain
ing.
Fal
co D
ange
rous
Goo
ds S
ervi
ces
ht
tp://
ww
w.fa
lcoD
Cse
rvic
es@
cs.c
om
1 D
ange
rous
Goo
ds T
rain
ing.
Fam
ily A
ssis
tanc
e F
ound
atio
n
http
://w
ww
.fafo
nlin
e.or
g
1 A
irlin
e D
isas
ter
Sup
port
Ser
vice
s.
Flig
ht D
ispa
tch
Car
eers
, Inc
.
http
://w
ww
.flig
htdi
spat
cher
.org
/cla
sses
/inde
x.ht
ml
1 F
AA
App
rove
d F
light
Dis
patc
h T
rain
ing.
Inno
vativ
e S
olut
ions
Inc
http
://w
ww
.isic
ns.c
om
1 S
atel
lite
Bas
ed C
omm
unic
atio
ns, N
avig
atio
n an
d S
urve
illan
ce.
Lufth
ansa
Car
go
http
://w
ww
.lufth
ansa
-car
go.c
om/c
cLIV
N-
5FE
CF
9.ht
ml
1 A
ir C
argo
Com
pany
.
Ree
m A
viat
ion
Sec
urity
Con
sulta
nts
http
://w
ww
.gsc
trai
ning
.com
/gsc
s.ht
m
1 G
roun
d S
ecur
ity T
rain
ing
/ FA
A A
ppro
ved.
Sur
viva
l Sys
tem
s U
SA
, Inc
.
http
://w
ww
.sur
viva
lsys
tem
sinc
.com
/avc
ours
elis
t.htm
l 1
Avi
atio
n an
d M
arin
e S
afet
y S
urvi
val C
ours
es.
US
Dep
artm
ent o
f Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
ht
tp://
ww
w.d
ot.g
ov/s
afet
y.ht
ml
3 Li
nks
to F
AA
and
CA
MI W
eb S
ites.
Inte
rnat
iona
lben
efits
.com
ht
tp://
ww
w.in
tern
atio
nalb
enef
its.c
om/tr
avel
-saf
ety-
tips.
htm
1+
(Sea
rch:
Tra
vele
r S
afet
y T
ips)
T
his
Site
Is F
or A
n In
sura
nce
Com
pany
. N
o A
viat
ion
Rel
ated
Info
rmat
ion.
Jorb
ins.
com
ht
tp://
ww
w.jo
rbin
s.co
m/tr
avel
_vac
atio
ning
_mag
azin
e/s
afet
ytra
vel.h
tml
1+M
agaz
ine
Art
icle
For
Wom
en T
rave
lers
. N
o A
viat
ion
Rel
ated
Info
rmat
ion.
Cen
ter
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
ht
tp://
ww
w.c
dc.g
ov/tr
avel
1+
No
Avi
atio
n R
elat
ed In
form
atio
n.
Sou
thw
est A
irlin
es
http
://w
ww
.ifly
swa.
com
3
Link
s to
TS
A W
eb S
ite w
ith L
inks
to F
AA
/CA
MI W
eb S
ite.
Env
iro-T
ech
Inte
rnat
iona
l ht
tp://
ww
w.e
tisur
viva
l.com
/pil.
htm
1
(Sea
rch:
Pos
t Em
erge
ncy
Pro
cedu
res)
Airc
raft
Pilo
t Sur
viva
l T
rain
ing
Com
pany
.
A6 A7
Nam
e of
Web
Site
/Doc
umen
t S
ourc
e R
atin
g (1
-5)
* S
peci
al N
otes
Saf
e S
kies
Inte
rnat
iona
l ht
tp://
ww
w.s
afe-
skie
s.co
m/a
irlin
e_sa
fety
.htm
3
Avi
atio
n P
rofe
ssio
nals
Who
Pro
vide
Ne
ws,
Saf
ety
Aw
aren
ess,
A
viat
ion
Kno
wle
dge
And
Reg
ulat
ory
Insi
ght f
or th
e F
lyin
g P
ublic
.
Jet S
afet
y.co
m
http
://w
ww
.jets
afet
y.co
m
3C
rash
Dat
a, S
afet
y Li
nks.
Bar
nes
And
Nob
le
http
://w
ww
.bar
nesa
ndno
ble.
com
2
12,4
17 B
ooks
on
“Saf
ety”
, 354
Boo
ks “
Avi
atio
n S
afet
y”, 8
4 B
ooks
on
“C
omm
erci
al A
viat
ion
Saf
ety”
, 9 B
ooks
on
“Pas
seng
er S
afet
y” .
Non
e C
onta
in A
ccid
ent S
urvi
val I
nfor
mat
ion.
Wal
denb
ooks
ht
tp://
ww
w.w
alde
nboo
ks.c
om
2Li
nks
to A
maz
on W
eb S
ite O
nly.
Am
azon
ht
tp://
ww
w.a
maz
on.c
om
223
0 B
ooks
(10
0 th
e S
ame
As
Bar
nes
& N
oble
)
Bur
eau
Of T
rans
port
atio
n S
tatis
tics
/ Poc
ket
Gui
de T
o T
rans
port
atio
n
http
://w
ww
.bts
.gov
/pub
licat
ions
/poc
ketg
uide
/ent
ire.
1D
OT
Sta
tistic
al D
ata.
Con
tinen
tal A
irlin
es
http
://w
ww
.con
tinen
tal.c
om
3Li
nks
to T
SA
Web
Site
.
Nor
thw
est A
irlin
es
http
://w
ww
.nw
a.co
m
1
Fro
ntie
r A
irlin
es
http
://w
ww
.flyf
ront
ier.
com
1
Jet B
lue
http
://w
ww
.jetb
lue.
com
3
Link
s to
TS
A W
eb S
ite.
Cha
mpi
on A
ir
http
://w
ww
.cha
mpi
onai
r.co
m
1
AT
A (
Am
eric
an T
rans
Air)
ht
tp://
ww
w.a
ta.c
om
1
Air
Tra
n A
irw
ays
http
://w
ww
.airt
ran.
com
2
Ava
ilabl
e In
form
atio
n A
pplic
able
to A
ir T
ran
Tra
vel Q
uest
ions
Onl
y.
(Bag
gage
Info
)
U S
Airw
ays
http
://w
ww
.usa
ir.co
m
3Li
nks
to T
SA
Web
Site
.
Van
guar
d A
irlin
es
http
://w
ww
.flyv
angu
ard.
com
/hom
e.as
p
1F
iled
Cha
pter
11
Ban
krup
tcy.
Lufth
ansa
Ger
man
Airl
ines
ht
tp://
cms.
lufth
ansa
.com
/pre
/de/
en/h
omep
age_
Nof
ram
es/0
,444
9,0-
0-60
5242
,00.
htm
l 1
Ger
man
Airl
ine.
Join
t Avi
atio
n A
utho
ritie
s (
JAA
)
http
://w
ww
.jaa.
nl
1T
he E
urop
ean
Join
t Avi
atio
n A
utho
ritie
s.
Eur
ocon
trol
ht
tp://
ww
w.e
uroc
ontr
ol.b
e
1E
urop
ean
Org
aniz
atio
n fo
r th
e S
afet
y of
Air
Nav
igat
ion.
A8 A9
Nam
e of
Web
Site
/Doc
umen
t S
ourc
e R
atin
g (1
-5)
* S
peci
al N
otes
Civ
il A
viat
ion
Aut
horit
y (C
AA
) ht
tp://
ww
w.c
aa.c
o.uk
1
Brit
ish
Equ
ival
ent t
o th
e F
AA
.
La D
irect
ion
Gen
eral
e de
l’A
viat
ion
Civ
ile
http
://w
ww
.dga
c.fr
/def
ault_
gb.h
tm
1F
renc
h E
quiv
alen
t to
the
FA
A.
Luftf
ahrt
-Bun
desa
mt
http
://w
ww
.lba.
de
1G
erm
an E
quiv
alen
t to
the
FA
A.
Ent
e N
azio
nale
per
l’A
viaz
ione
Civ
ile
http
://w
ww
.ena
c-ita
lia.it
1
Italia
n E
quiv
alen
t to
the
FA
A.
Fed
eral
Avi
atio
n A
utho
rity
of R
ussi
a ht
tp://
ww
w.c
ivila
via.
ru
1R
ussi
an E
quiv
alen
t to
the
FA
A.
Ala
ska
Airl
ines
Hor
izon
Airl
ines
http
://w
ww
.ala
skaa
ir.co
m
http
://ho
rizon
air.
alas
kaai
r.co
m
3S
ite In
clud
es a
Let
ter
to J
im L
oy, H
ead
of T
he T
rans
port
atio
n S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n. L
inks
to T
SA
Web
Site
. D
uplic
ate
Site
s /
Sam
e O
wne
r.
Alo
ha A
irlin
es
http
://w
ww
.alo
haai
rline
s.co
m/a
q/in
dex.
shtm
1
Arr
ow A
irlin
es
http
://w
ww
.arr
ow
air.
com
/inde
x.ht
m
1B
ecam
e a
Car
go A
irlin
e A
fter
the
Cra
sh o
f Flig
ht 1
285.
Atla
ntic
Coa
st A
irlin
es
http
://w
ww
.atla
ntic
coas
t.com
2
Con
nect
s to
Del
ta a
nd U
nite
d A
irlin
es’ W
eb S
ites.
Cha
utau
qua
Airl
ines
ht
tp://
ww
w.fl
ycha
utau
qua.
com
1
Big
Sky
Airl
ines
ht
tp://
ww
w.b
igsk
yair.
com
/inde
x.ph
p
1
Chi
cago
Exp
ress
Airl
ines
ht
tp://
ww
w.a
ta.c
om/p
rod_
svcs
/ata
_con
nex.
htm
l 1
Col
gan
Air,
Inc.
ht
tp://
ww
w.c
olga
nair.
com
3
Link
s to
US
Airw
ays.
Cry
stal
Air
way
s ht
tp://
ww
w.c
ryst
alai
rway
s.co
m
1
Ha
wai
ian
Airl
ines
ht
tp://
ww
w.h
awai
iana
ir.co
m/a
bout
1
Mes
a A
ir ht
tp://
ww
w.m
esa-
air.
com
/airc
raft.
htm
l 1
Mia
mi A
ir In
tern
atio
nal,
Inc.
ht
tp://
ww
w.m
iam
iair.
com
1
Mid
wes
t Exp
ress
Airl
ines
ht
tp://
ww
w1.
mid
wes
texp
ress
.com
/hom
e.as
p
2
Pan
Am
Airl
ines
ht
tp://
ww
w.fl
ypan
am.c
om
1
Sky
Ser
vice
Airl
ines
ht
tp://
ww
w.s
kyse
rvic
eairl
ines
.com
2
A8 A9
Nam
e of
Web
Site
/Doc
umen
t S
ourc
e R
atin
g (1
-5)
* S
peci
al N
otes
Sky
Wes
t Airl
ines
ht
tp://
ww
w.s
kyw
est.c
om
1
Spi
rit A
irlin
es
http
://w
ww
.spi
ritai
r.co
m/w
elco
me.
cfm
?msg
=Y
es&
Lang
uage
=E
nglis
h
3Li
nks
to T
SA
Web
Site
.
Sun
Cou
ntry
Airl
ines
ht
tp://
ww
w.s
unco
untr
y.co
m
2
Tra
ns S
tate
Airl
ines
ht
tp://
ww
w.tr
anss
tate
s.ne
t 2
Cus
tom
er S
urve
y In
clud
ed o
n W
eb S
ite.
You
r O
pini
on M
atte
rs!
Wes
t Jet
Airl
ines
LT
D.
http
://c0
dsp.
wes
tjet.c
om/in
tern
et/s
ky
2
Gre
at P
lain
s A
irlin
es
http
://w
ww
.gpa
ir.co
m/in
dex.
htm
1
Am
eric
a W
est A
irlin
es
http
://w
ww
.am
eric
awes
t.com
/hom
eIE
.asp
3
Link
s to
TS
A W
eb S
ite.
Brit
ish
Airw
ays
http
://w
ww
.brit
isha
irway
s.co
m/tr
avel
/hom
e/pu
blic
/en
_us
2
Titl
e: S
urvi
val F
or A
ircre
w
Aut
hor:
Sar
ah-J
ane
Pre
wIS
BN
: 1
8401
4 52
1 8
Pub
lishe
r: A
shga
te P
ublis
hing
Ltd
C
all N
umbe
r: T
L 5
53.7
.P
748
199
9 / C
AM
I Li
brar
y
2C
rew
Tra
inin
g.
Titl
e: J
ust I
n C
ase,
A P
asse
nger
’s G
uide
To
Airp
lane
Saf
ety
And
Sur
viva
l A
utho
r: J
ohns
on, D
anie
l A.
ISB
N:
0306
4157
63
Pub
lishe
r: N
ew Y
ork
/ Ple
num
C
all N
umbe
r: W
D 7
40 J
66J
1984
C
AM
I Lib
rary
B
ook
Out
Of P
rint –
Nee
ds U
pdat
es
5P
rovi
des
Pas
seng
er E
mer
genc
y In
form
atio
n O
n T
ypes
Of
Acc
iden
ts, B
ehav
ior,
Dec
ompr
essi
ons,
In-f
light
Em
erge
ncie
s, H
ow
To
Pre
pare
For
A C
rash
, Fire
, Em
erge
ncy
Esc
ape
On
Land
, D
itchi
ngs,
And
Str
ess
Rea
ctio
ns.
N
o T
rave
ler
Pre
para
tion
Dat
a.
The
Vol
pe N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n S
yste
ms
Cen
ter
http
://w
ww
.vol
pe.d
ot.g
ov
1R
esea
rch
And
Spe
cial
Pro
gram
s A
dmin
istr
atio
n C
ondu
ctin
g A
viat
ion
Res
earc
h F
or A
dvan
ces
In T
echn
olog
y.
Titl
e: A
ir T
rave
l: H
ow S
afe
Is It
? A
utho
r: T
aylo
r, L
aurie
IS
BN
: 0-
632-
0316
3-8
Pub
lishe
r: B
lack
wel
l Sci
ence
Ltd
. C
all N
o: T
L 55
3.5
T34
198
8 C
AM
I Lib
rary
1A
ircra
ft D
esig
n, B
ird S
trik
es, S
truc
ture
Fai
lure
, Wea
ther
Dat
a, E
tc.
Titl
e: J
et S
mar
ter:
The
Air
Tra
vele
r’s R
x A
utho
r: F
aire
child
, Dia
na
ISB
N:
1892
9974
95
Pub
lishe
r: A
naho
la H
awai
i: F
lyan
a R
hym
e C
all N
o: W
M 1
88 F
35 1
992
CA
MI L
ibra
ry
2O
ne C
hapt
er O
n P
asse
nger
Edu
catio
n. “
The
Sm
arte
r Jo
urne
y.”
T
he B
ook
Con
tain
s N
egat
ive
Inpu
t.
Titl
e: T
he B
acks
eat F
lyer
: Pla
ne S
ense
Abo
ut
Fly
ing
As
A P
asse
nger
A
utho
r: A
nder
son,
Nin
a IS
BN
: 18
8482
0352
Pub
lishe
r: S
afe
Goo
ds, 1
998
2P
rovi
des
A S
mal
l Am
ount
Of T
rave
ler
Info
rmat
ion.
A10 A11
Nam
e of
Web
Site
/Doc
umen
t S
ourc
e R
atin
g (1
-5)
* S
peci
al N
otes
Fly
ing
With
Con
fiden
ce
http
://w
ww
.uw
illfly
.com
2
Tra
vel P
repa
ratio
n In
form
atio
n.
Titl
e: S
urvi
val P
sych
olog
y A
utho
r: L
each
, Joh
n IS
BN
: 0-
8147
-509
0-7
Pub
lishe
r: N
ew Y
ork
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
C
all N
o: B
F 7
89.D
5 L4
3 19
94
CA
MI L
ibra
ry
1P
sych
olog
ical
Res
pons
es T
o D
isas
ter.
Titl
e: O
n A
Win
g A
nd A
Pra
yer
Aut
hor:
Mac
Phe
rson
, Mal
colm
IS
BN
: 00
6095
9789
Pub
lishe
r: H
arpe
rper
enni
al L
ibra
ry, 2
002
Cal
l No:
TL
553.
7 M
34
CA
MI L
ibra
ry
1P
erso
nal A
ccou
nts
Of A
irlin
e C
rash
Sur
vivo
rs.
Titl
e: S
afe
Air
Tra
vel C
ompa
nion
A
utho
r: M
cKin
non,
Dan
IS
BN
: 007
1406
875
Pub
lishe
r: N
ew Y
ork:
McG
raw
Hill
C
2002
C
all N
o: H
E 9
779M
35 2
002e
b C
AM
I Lib
rary
1G
ood
Info
rmat
ion
On
Dea
ling
With
Ter
roris
m.
AD
DIT
ION
AL
RE
SO
UR
CE
S:
Nam
e of
Web
Site
/Doc
umen
t S
ourc
e R
atin
g (1
-5)
* S
peci
al N
otes
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Saf
ety
Boa
rd (
2000
).
Saf
ety
Stu
dy.
Em
erge
ncy
Eva
cuat
ion
of
Com
mer
cial
Airp
lane
s.
NT
SB
: SS
-00/
01
http
://w
ww
.nts
b.go
v/pu
blic
tn/2
000/
SS
0001
N
TS
B R
epor
t Reg
ardi
ng E
mer
genc
y E
vacu
atio
n.
Why
Pla
nes
Bur
n W
ritte
n A
nd P
rodu
ced
By
Ale
c N
isbe
tt N
OV
A /
1988
V
ideo
with
Info
rmat
ion
from
the
FA
A T
ech
Cen
ter
on A
ircra
ft A
ccid
ents
/Inci
dent
s T
hat I
nclu
ded
a F
ire.
720
Cra
sh T
est
NO
VA
/ 19
88
Vid
eo o
f Cra
sh T
est f
rom
the
FA
A T
ech
Cen
ter.
Slid
e M
etho
ds
CA
MI /
199
5 V
ideo
of S
lide
Bea
m S
tren
gth
Per
form
ance
Dur
ing
Egr
ess.
McL
ean,
Pal
mer
ton,
Chi
ttum
, Geo
rge,
&
Fun
khou
ser
(199
8). O
ffice
of A
viat
ion
Med
icin
e R
epor
t. In
flata
ble
Esc
ape
Slid
e B
eam
and
Girt
Str
engt
h T
ests
: S
uppo
rt fo
r R
evis
ion
of T
echn
ical
Sta
ndar
d O
rder
(T
SO
) C
-69b
. D
OT
/FA
A/A
M-9
8/3
CA
MI –
OA
M R
epor
t
Pro
ceed
ings
of t
he T
hird
Inte
rnat
iona
l Airc
raft
Fire
& C
abin
Saf
ety
Res
earc
h C
onfe
renc
e,
Oct
22
– 25
, 200
1
DO
T/F
AA
/AR
-02/
48 T
P13
910E
JA
A-O
SP
AG
-200
2-1
SM
-169
C
D-R
OM
A10 A11
Nam
e of
Web
Site
/Doc
umen
t S
ourc
e R
atin
g (1
-5)
* S
peci
al N
otes
McL
ean,
Geo
rge,
Fun
khou
ser,
& C
hittu
m
(199
6).
Offi
ce o
f Avi
atio
n M
edic
ine
Rep
ort.
A
ircra
ft E
vacu
atio
ns O
nto
Esc
ape
Slid
es a
nd
Pla
tform
s I:
Effe
cts
of P
asse
nger
Mot
ivat
ion.
D
OT
/FA
A/A
M-9
6/18
CA
MI –
OA
M R
epor
t
Par
kins
on, S
.E.a
nd M
uir,
H.C
. (19
95).
The
E
ffect
of T
rain
ing,
Ove
rtra
inin
g an
d T
rans
fer
of
Tra
inin
g on
Pas
seng
er P
erfo
rman
ce in
a
Sim
ulat
ed A
ircra
ft E
mer
genc
y.
Res
earc
h R
epor
t Fro
m T
he D
epar
tmen
t of A
pplie
d P
sych
olog
y, C
ranf
ield
Uni
vers
ity, U
K
12th A
nnua
l Int
erna
tiona
l Airc
raft
Cab
in S
afet
y S
ympo
sium
.
Fla
shov
er, L
earn
ing
To
Bea
t It.
(199
1)
Sw
ede
Sur
viva
l Sys
tem
s, In
c.
Vid
eo o
n F
lash
over
Tur
bule
nce
Edu
catio
n A
nd T
rain
ing
Aid
– A
Li
ttle
Bum
py A
ir. (
1997
)
Air
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Ass
ocia
tion
of A
mer
ica
/ M
cDon
nell
Dou
glas
T
rain
ing
Vid
eo
Why
Pla
nes
Go
Dow
n. (
1996
) V
DI/
Fox
Bro
adca
stin
g C
ompa
ny
Vid
eo O
n A
ircra
ft A
ccid
ents
* R
atin
g Sc
ale
1. N
o tr
avel
pre
para
tion
or
emer
genc
y in
form
atio
n av
aila
ble
2. M
inim
al tr
avel
pre
para
tion
info
rmat
ion
avai
labl
e /
No
emer
genc
y da
ta
3. M
inim
al tr
avel
pre
para
tion
info
rmat
ion
avai
labl
e /
No
emer
genc
y da
ta /
Lin
ks t
o ot
her
Web
sit
es
4. G
ood
trav
el p
repa
rati
on in
form
atio
n av
aila
ble
/ N
o em
erge
ncy
data
• Pos
sibl
e Su
bjec
t M
atte
r: T
rave
l Pre
para
tion
, How
to
Dre
ss, B
agga
ge, T
rave
l Doc
umen
ts, S
peci
al N
eeds
, Dan
gero
us G
oods
and
Pro
hibi
ted
Item
s Li
st, M
edic
al I
nfor
mat
ion,
Air
port
Req
uire
men
ts, I
n-Fl
ight
Adv
ice,
Fre
quen
tly A
sked
Que
stio
ns, I
nter
nati
onal
Tra
vel,
Cus
tom
s, a
nd I
n-Fl
ight
H
ealth
.5.
Goo
d sa
fety
and
em
erge
ncy
info
rmat
ion
avai
labl
e
• Pos
sibl
e Su
bjec
t M
atte
r: T
ypes
of A
ccid
ents
, Beh
avio
r, D
ecom
pres
sion
s, I
n-Fl
ight
Em
erge
ncie
s, H
ow t
o Pr
epar
e fo
r a
Cra
sh, F
ire,
Em
erge
ncy
Esc
ape
on L
and,
Dit
chin
gs, a
nd S
tres
s R
eact
ions
Aft
er a
n A
ccid
ent.
