(autumn olive; Elaeagnus par - University of Hawaii · Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive; Elaeagnus parAnsweSource Notes 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n no evidence

Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive; Elaeagnus parAnsweSource Notes1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n no evidence

1.02 Has the species become naturalized wherey=-1, n=-1 y

Reed, William R. 1992. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (2001, October). Fire Effects Information System,. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/elaumb/all.html; [4,14,18,23]. in reference

Autumn-olive is native to Asia. It has been introduced in North America, and has naturalized in the East. Its naturalized range is from Maine south to South Carolina, west to Oklahoma, and north to southwest Minnesota. It is also occurs, but has not naturalized in, Hawaii, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming

1.03 Does the species have weedy races? y=-1, n=-1 y

West Virginia Department of Agriculture. 1997. Regulations Governing the Distribution of Plant Material in West Virginia. West Virginia Department of Agriculture.

E. umbellata and E. umbellata var. parvifolia are both listed as noxious weed in Virginia

2.01 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climSee Appen 0

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Elaeagnus+umbellata (07 November 2001). (2) Reed, William R. 1992. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (2001, October). Fire Effects Information System,. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/elaumb/all.html

(1) Native distributional range: Asia-Temperate: China; Japan - Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku; Korea; Taiwan (2) Autumn-olive is native to Asia. It has been introduced in North America, and has naturalized in the East. Its naturalized range is from Maine south to South Carolina, west to Oklahoma, and north to southwest Minnesota. It is also occurs, but has not naturalized in, Hawaii, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming [4,14,18,23].; Seeds require cold stratification for germination. Optimum germination is achieved with a minimum stratification period of 16 weeks at 50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit (10-20 deg C) [28]. NEEDS COLD STRATIFICATION

2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-inte 1

2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental very=1, n=0 n

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Elaeagnus+umbellata (07 November 2001). (2) Reed, William R. 1992. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (2001, October). Fire Effects Information System,. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/elaumb/all.html

(1) Native distributional range: Asia-Temperate: China; Japan - Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku; Korea; Taiwan(2) Autumn-olive is native to Asia. It has been introduced in North America, and has naturalized in the East. Its naturalized range is from Maine south to South Carolina, west to Oklahoma, and north to southwest Minnesota. It is also occurs, but has not naturalized in, Hawaii, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming [4,14,18,23].; Seeds require cold stratification for germination. Optimum germination is achieved with a minimum stratification period of 16 weeks at 50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit (10-20 deg C) [28].

2.04 Native or naturalized in regions with tropicay=1, n=0 n

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 588.

"sparingly naturalized" only around Volcano village

2.05 Does the species have a history of repeate ?=-1, n=0 y



3.01 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (sy



3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0 y

(1)West Virginia Department of Agriculture. 1997. Regulations Governing the Distribution of Plant Material in West Virginia. West Virginia Department of Agriculture. (2) Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia(http://www.dcr.state.va.us/dnh/fselum.pdf) Virginia Natural Heritage Program. 217 Governor St.Richmond, VA 23219; (804) 786-7951;FAX (804) 371-2674

(1) listed as noxious weed in Virginia (2) "Typical habitats are disturbed areas, roadsides, pastures and fields of wide range of soil. Autumn olive is drought tolerant and may invade grassland and sparse woodlands. It does not do well on wet sites or densely forested areas."

3.03 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0 y



3.04 Environmental weed n=0 y



3.05 Congeneric weed n=0 y

USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA

E. angustifolia, E. pungens are listed as weeds

4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 y

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 588. branches spiny

4.02 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n

Reed, William R. 1992. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (2001, October). Fire Effects Information System,. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/elaumb/all.html

Because of its nitrogen fixing abilities, autumn-olive has been utilized as a nurse plant for black walnut (Juglans nigra) in Canada and the United States [15,17,21].

4.03 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n


4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n no evidence, browsed by deer

4.05 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n


Autumn-olive is highly valued species for wildlife [8,12,13,24]. It provides both cover and food for a variety of birds and mammals. The fruits, which remain on the plant until late winter, are browsed by deer, songbirds, and gamebirds [7,17,23,28]. The foliage provides thermal and nesting cover for birds and small mammals, especially when planted as windbreaks [7,23].

4.06 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 y

Arthur, J.C., and G.B. Cummins. 1933. Rusts of the Northwest Himalayas. Mycologia 25:397-406

E. umbellata is an acedium host of Puccinia coronata, which is a servere pathogen attacking about 700 species of grass including crop species.

4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to hu y=1, n=0 n no evidence4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystemsy=1, n=0 n no evidence

4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of ity=1, n=0 n

N. Sather, Nancy Eckardt (1987).Element Stewardship Aabstract for Elaeagnus umbellata. The Nature Conservancy. (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/elaeumb.html)

Mature trees tolerate light shade, but produce more fruits in full sun, and seedlings may be shade intolerant. (Nestleroad, J., U. D. Zimmerman, and J. E. Ebinger. 1984. Autumn olive reproduction in three Illinois state parks. Unpublished. ).

4.1 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (oy=1, n=0 y

(1)Pankaj Panwar; Bhardwaj, S. D. 2000. Performance of shrubs in sand and lime stone mines of Himachal Pradesh. Indian Forester, 2000, Vol.126, No.3, pp.279-283, abstract (2) Reed, William R. 1992. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (2001, October). Fire Effects Information System,. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/elaumb/all.html

(1) Three nitrogen fixing shrub species were planted in June 1988 in sandstone and limestone mined areas in Himachal Pradesh, India, using 2 treatments - planting in forest soil (2.5 kg/pit) and in mine spoil alone. Survival, growth, and biomass production were recorded 6 months later. Elaeagnus umbellata had maximum survival and growth performance, followed by Coriaria nepalensis and Indigofera pulchella , in both sandstone and limestone mined areas. In sandstone mine spoil E. umbellata registered 73.33% survival, which increased to 91.67% when soil was added to the planting pit; in limestone mine spoil survival was 87.5%, which increased to 95.24% with the addition of soil. I. pulchella did not survive under either

4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n


branches slender, spreading

4.12 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y

(http://www.hear.org/pier/elumb.htm) Sternberg, G. in: Randall, J. M. and J. Marinelli, ed. 1996. Invasive plants: weeds of the global garden. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Handbook 149.

Autumn olive grows rapidly into an impenetrable, thorny thicket, usurping space from more valuable species. The shrub can dominate almost any landscape type, from fencerows to meadows to open woods, even sand dunes and mine spoils." (Sternberg, 1996)

5.01 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n


5.02 Grass y=1, n=0 n


5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 y

Tredici, P. del 1996. A nitrogen fixation: the story of the Frankia symbiosis. Arnoldia (Boston), 1996, Vol.55, No.4, pp.26-31,

The importance, distribution, and use of non-leguminous nitrogen-fixing trees and shrubs, with their symbiosis with Frankia , is described. Species covered include Alnus , Myrica pensylvanica , M. cerifera , Comptonia peregrina , Ceanothus americanus , Shepherdia canadenis , Purshia tridentata , Cercocarpus , Casuarina , Elaeagnus umbellata

5.04 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground s y=1, n=0 n


6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failurey=1, n=0 n no evidence

6.02 Produces viable seed. y=1, n=-1 y


Sexual reproduction: Autumn-olive generally flowers at 2 to 3 years of age. Abundant seed production begins at age 3 to 4 years. Seeds require cold stratification for germination. Optimum germination is achieved with a minimum stratification period of 16 weeks at 50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit (10-20 deg C) [28].

6.03 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-16.05 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n no evidence

6.06 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n


6.07 Minimum generative time (years) See left 2

(1) Reed, William R. 1992. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (2001, October). Fire Effects Information System,. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/elaumb/all.html (2) (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/elaeumb.rtf) N. Sather, Nancy Eckardt 1987. ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT for Elaeagnus umbellata, Natural Concservancy

(1) Sexual reproduction: Autumn-olive generally flowers at 2 to 3 years of age. Abundant seed production begins at age 3 to 4 years. Seeds require cold stratification for germination. Optimum germination is achieved with a minimum stratification period of 16 weeks at 50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit (10-20 deg C) [reference 28].; (2) It grows rapidly, producing fruits in 3-5 years. Anthesis occurs after first leaves are out from May to June. Flowers are fragrant and pollinated by a variety of insects (Holtz 1981).

7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentioy=1, n=-1 y


Autumn-olive is used as an ornamental on highway and park landscapes [7].

7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by peopy=1, n=-1 y


7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce y=1, n=-1 n no evidence

7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 588. fleshy fruit

7.05 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 588. fleshy fruit

7.06 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y


Seeds are ingested with fruit and dispersed by birds and mammals [14,24]

7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (ex y=1, n=-1 n



7.08 Propagules survive passage through the guy=1, n=-1 y



8.01 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y

N. Sather, Nancy Eckardt (1987).Element Stewardship Aabstract for Elaeagnus umbellata. The Nature Conservancy. (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/elaeumb.html)

E. umbellata produces a large amount of seed, each tree producing 2-8 lbs. of seed per year and the number of seeds per lb. ranging from 20,000-54,000. The seeds are widely distributed by birds and have a high rate of germination

8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank y=1, n=-1 y

Fowler, Linda J.; Fowler, Dale K. 1987. Stratification and temperature requirements for germination of autumn ol olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) seed. Tree Planter's Notes. 38(1): 14-17, abstract

Berries were collected in Nov. 1979 from 25 shrubs on the Ollis Creek Surface Mine, Tennessee. Seeds were separated from the pulp and placed in naked cold stratification at 5 deg C for 8, 12, 16 or 20 wk before testing for germination on moist filter paper at night/day temp. of 5/15 deg , 10/20 deg or 20/30 deg . Results indicated that opt. germination percentages and rate will be achieved with stratification for 16 wk and a subsequent night/day temp. of 10/20 deg .

8.03 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y

Kuhns, L. J. 1986. Controlling autumn olive with herbicides. Proceedings, 40th annual meeting of the Northeastern Weed Science Society., 1986, pp.289-294, abstract

In field trials in 1984, foliar applications of 2,4-D + 2,4-DP [dichlorprop], triclopyr, 2,4-D + triclopyr or metsulfuron methyl at recommended rates did not provide total kill of Elaeagnus umbellata and plants severely injured after application recovered the next year. Dicamba provided total kill of 90% of treated plants and severely retarded the growth of survivors the following year. Basal applications of triclopyr alone or with 2,4-D gave excellent control of E. umbellata at very low concn. Low rates of 2,4-D + 2,4-DP provided slower and incomplete kill b t

8.04 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivy=1, n=-1 y


Autumn-olive may sprout from the root crown following low- to moderate-severity fire. It is probably an off-site colonizer of burned sites because it produces adundant seed which is dispersed by animals [14,24].

8.05 Effective natural enemies present locally (ey=-1, n=1 no evidenceTotal score: 13

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(autumn olive; Elaeagnus par - University of Hawaii · Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive; Elaeagnus parAnsweSource Notes 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n no evidence