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Automotive Batteries: From Car to Grid and Back Again
Joseph Manser, ARPA-E Fellow
EV (battery) market poised for substantial growth
90 kWh1200 lb7k cells
0 5 10 15
2016
2030
U.S. Plug-in Electric Vehicle Stock (Millions)
Source: Navigant
0.5 kWh32 lb6 cells
Source: GM
1
2Insert Presentation NameMarch 9, 2017Photo Credit: Chris Jordan
3Insert Presentation NameMarch 9, 2017Photo Credit: Chris Jordan
40GWh
2030
5.8Million,6Hours
Automotive battery ecosystem
4Adapted from: Gaines, L. Comparison of Lithium Ion Battery Recycling Processes. 2011 Joint US-China Electric Vehicle and Battery Technology Workshop (2011)
Con
vent
iona
l
Today
Automotive battery ecosystem
5
Con
vent
iona
lAd
vanc
ed
Adapted from: Gaines, L. Comparison of Lithium Ion Battery Recycling Processes. 2011 Joint US-China Electric Vehicle and Battery Technology Workshop (2011)
Tomorrow
Market opportunity for repurposed packs
6
0
40
80
120
>150 <150
Pow
er M
arke
t Pot
entia
l 203
0 (G
W)
Capital Cost for DC System ($/kWh)
Source: BMW
Adapted From: “Following the Grid Storage Current: Technology, cost, and economics,” IHS Energy, 2016.
Scenario 1Scenario 2
Factors impacting the feasibility of repurposing
Energy throughput capacity
Disassembly, testing, repackaging, validation, warranty
$Cost of new batteries & recycling
7
Economic Value in Secondary Application
($/kWh)
Repurposing Cost ($/kWh)
Relative Cost of New
Battery ($/kWh)
Commodity Prices ($/kg)
Energy Throughput Capacity (kWh)
Low
High
RecycleRepurpose
Technological opportunities
8
Disassembly State of Health Assessment Cell Refurbishment
Battery Management System
Source: Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics
Degradation Models
Source: Battery Design, LLC
Design for Second Use
Thank you
‣ What technical areas can ARPA-E pursue to:– Facilitate development of a low cost and reliable second use and end of life
automotive battery ecosystem
‣ Panel session tomorrow at 11:20 a.m. in Potomac 5
9
