AUTHOR James, Frank W. Job Performance Aid Methods (for ... · Recent Air Force publication advancements are the PTSA and the JGM. The PTSA is a Procedural Troubleshooting Aid and

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DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 118 75; CE 006 194

AUTHOR James, Frank W.TITLE Job Performance Aid Methods (for Job Guide Manuals

and Other Formats).INSTITUTION Air Force Logistics Command, Wright-Patterson AFB,

Ohio.REPORT NO DSPD-R-75-1PUB DATE 2 Oct 75NOTE 159p.; Some of the diagrams will not reproduce yell;

Prepared by the Packaging Evaluation Agency

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$8.69 Plus PostageDESCRIPTORS Composition Skills (Literary); *Direction Writing;

k Grammar; Job Analysis; Manuals; *MaterialDevelopment; Paragraph Composition; Task Analysis;*Task Performance; *Technical Illustration;*Technical Writing; Verbs; Visual Aids; Vocabulary;Writing Skills

IDENTIFIERS Job Performance Aids; JPAs

ABSTRACTThe report provides simplified instructions for

writing and illustrating Job Performance Aids (JPAs). JPAs arestep-by-step work instructions geared to the intellectual level ofthe performer and background training aids for psychological taskpreparedness. The first two sections of the report discuss the originof JPAs and the principles of task performance analysis. Section 3gives detailed instructions for writing JPAs which includesguidelines on grammatical form, vocabulary, and format. Section 4discusses the expanded uses of JPAs, and section 5 presents detailedinstructions for illustrating JPAs (lighting, projections, flowdiagrams, typography, and layout). Section 6 discusses modifying JPAsto meet ad hoc training requirements. Three appendixes comprise more'than half the document and include a verb list and a ifonjunction list(which provide definitions, examples, preference ranks, and synonymsby order of preference: and a sample JPA covering foam-in-placepackaging. (JR)

V

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a.

IreelaIllh.

IV

JAN 61916

U.S . OEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EDUCATION & WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN ,REPRO.DUCE° EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONSSTATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

1 l )

Air Force PackagingEvaluation Agency

Headquarters

Air Force logistics Command

1

Approved for Public Release DSPD Report No.75-1Distribution Unlimited

Air Force Packaging Evaluation Agency

FRANK W. JAMES

Illustrator, Technical Equipment

JOB PERFORMANCE AID

METHODS

(For Job Guide Manuals and Other Formats)

i (ii blank)

NOT ICE

When government drawings, specifications, or other data ore used for any purpose other than

in connection with a definitely related government procurement operation, the United StatesGovernnient thereby incurs no responsibility whatsoever; and the fact that the governmentmay have formulated, furnished, or in any way supplied the said drawings,'specifications,or other data, is not to be regarded by implication or otherwise as in any manner licensingthe holder or any other person or corporation, or convoying any rights or permission to manufacture, use, or sell any patented invention that may in any way be related thereto. Thisreport is not to be used in whole. or in port for advertising or sales purposes.

ABSTRACT

Job Performance Aids (JPAs) primarily tell how tasks are to be

accomplished. JPAs are step-by-step instructions for use\in work

areas and are also background training for psychological, -task

preparedness. JPAs are intended for use in performance of tasks.

They are based on the premise that anyone can perform technical

tasks if specific instructions are given on the intellectual level

of the performer.

This report includes simplified engineering writing, techniques,

and illustrating instructions. Task forces and project teams

who prepare JPAs are generally organized as ad hoc functions within

existing and ongoing functions. The Air Force Packaging Evaluation

Agency (AFPEA) will use this report as information about JPAs and

as a guide in preparing Job Guide Manuals (JGMs).

This report will be available to the public from the National

Technical Information Service in Springfield VA. This report

will also be made available throughout the Air Force and to

other government agencies upon request. Jointly with AFHRL,

AFPEA has presented papers on JPAs at the National Conference

of Industrial Graphics International. These have been reproduced

and widely distributed.

.IREPAREDB11

C.Mititi 74'144(FRANK W. JAMES-1Illustrator, Technical Equipment

RE

RALPH ZYNChief, D ign Division

Directorate of Packaging

AContainerization

PUBLICATION DATE

k 2 OCT 1975

APP

WANE C. OBERGc Lt CoT,4 Direct):: of Packaging

and ContainerizationOffice of DCS/DI:striuutfon

iii

"40

t

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Air Force Human Resources Laboratory (AFHRL/AST) personnel -have been of great help in researching background material.Messrs Robert Johnson, William Carom, Don Thomas, and John Kleschhave cooperated in obtaining workable application for Job GuideManuals on packaging subjects. It was with their help thatadaptation has become a reality.

The first AFPEA Job Guide Manual (MM) was coordinated throughthe Technical and Engineering Branch (AFLC/MMOMP) to establishthe proper format. Mr. Robert Ross gave us some excellentguidance. In addition, it should be noted that Mr. Edward Earlsof the Materials Division (AFLC/DSPS) wrote the text for thefirst packaging JGM; Mr. Perry Quijas aided with the verb list.

Three college co-op students helped in editing the Verb andConjunction Lists located in the Appendix of this report and inthe preparation of some drawings. They were Messrs Daryl Edwards,Thomas Hertenstein, and Anthony Jenkins.

iv

FOREWORD

This report gives detailed instructions for preparing Job GuideManuals (Sections 3, 4, and 5).. It may be used to simplifyengineering writing and illustrating work tasks.

Some discussion is also presented in this report on other JobPerformance Aid techniques. These would include use of feedback,electronic equipment, psychological task orientation, programlearning, and training aids. All of these techniques are subjectsof research that should be explored much further._ It is hoped thatthey will stimulate further development of Job 15erformance Aids asdefined in this text.

It is recognized that some will debate the use of Job PerformanceAids as the subject's rightful title. However, it is felt thatthere is not a more encompassing term for the total approach(in this report,the communication pilnciples behind previouslyestablished jot guide and proceduralized troubleshooting aids areused). The' term, JPA, has become widely used by the public andsegments of the Government to mean many of the same thingscontained here. In addition, the term has been expanded to includeareas of research in the performance of tasks (Sections 2 and 6).

6

v (vi blank)

INDEX

Cover Page

Notice iii

Abstract iii

Approvals iii

Acknowledgments iv

Foreword

Index vii

Summary ix

SECTIONS

Origination of the Job Peformance Aid (JPA) 1-1

Task Performance Analysis 2-1

Writing the Job Performance Aid (JPA) 3-1

Expanded Roles of Job Performance Aids 4-1

Illustrating the Job Guide Manual 5-1

Ad Hoc of the Job Performance Aid 6-1i4

APPENDIX

Verb List A-1

Conjunctions B-1

EY.Flar_les from Foam -In -Place Packaging (TO 00-85-37) C-1

vii (viii blank)

SUMMARY

1. Recent Air Force publication advancements are the PTSA and the JGM.The PTSA is a Procedural Troubleshooting Aid and the JGM is a Job GuideManual. The premise of both is that anyone can perform a technical taskwithout much training if specific instructions are given in a series ofdescriptive steps.

2. The Directorate of Packaging & Containerization is interested inonly the JGM. Packaging personnel are not often called on to troubleshoot;therefore, PTSAs would be used infrequently. However, much of thetechnical information about JGM is found in engineering and researchpapers or reports-that do not distinguish clearly between JGM andPTSAs. They were developed together under project, "Preparation ofInformation for Maintenance and Operations (PIMO)," initiated inSeptember 1964 and go by the subject title of Job Performance Aids(JPAs). The Air Force Human Resources Laboratory (AFHRL/AST) atWright-Patterson AFB OH of the Air Force Systems Command (AFSC) haveoverseen the project until it ended April 1969.

3. The concepts of PIMO were developed into volumes of reports. Thesewere later used to prepare guides for dual language text in Vietnameseand English as part of the Vietnamization effort as the U.S. withdrewfrom the war. These publications were called Job Performance Aids.In December 1973 (this was after Vietnamization), new guides for onlyEnglish versions were developed and called, "Fully ProceduralizedTroubleshooting Aids." Both in private industry and military thetitle, Job Performance Aids, has now come to mean a method of preparingtasks in logical series of steps to be used during training and whileperforming actual tasks at job sites.

4. The Boeing Company's Vertol Division has taken the JPA concept tothe public consumer. They have prepared the Volkswagen Handbook onThe Beetle and Super Beetle," Fiat electrical system troubleshooting

aid, and the dealer's manual for the Yamaha motorcycle (includingcrating instructions).

5. Since these first adaptive of arts of the PIMO project in 1972,there have been many applications de. A handbook to aid ladies indoing repairs around the home was prepared and advertised on nationalTV. It seemed feasible that packaging would have some directapplication for JPAs. Our preliminary research indicates that thisis so.

6. The PIMO reports indicate that performance of experienced specialistsand performance of unexperienced technicians proved to be effectivelyequalized by JPAs. Technicians using JPA handbooks under test conditionscommitted no measurable errors. This was a performance unequaled bytechnicians performing tasks with other technical publications. Manpowereffectiveness was increased from 25-50 percent. This would indicatebetter use of packaging personnel should be a by-product of packagingJPAs.

8ix

7. Since packaging engineering data is sometimes difficult to use,AFPEA has been striving to improve communications with field personnel.It was felt that JPAs could be a good approach. The first trial effortwas published as an attachment to AFLC CMAL Number 73-3, DistributionPackaging, in May 1973. The results were very favorable. After thisfirst effort, it was decided to produce, a second publication expandingmuch of the same material. Work has been completed on T.O. 00-65-37 on tnesubject of foam-in-place. The AFPEA's management agreed to have theirillustrator spearhead the project. This was done, in part, becausethe weakness of the JPA research was in illustrative technology. TheJPA relies heavily on illustrations.

8. A look down the pike to the future of the JPA shows some realinnovative applications not yet fully explored. Most of these concernpsychologically preparing writers for specific approaches. The majorityis therefore related to education and training. Others are related tofeedback and updating systems. -Stbtents like videotape, programlearning, on line communications, andelivironmental orientation willbecome part of the vocabularies of JPA preparers.

9. WRITING JPAs:

a. The AFPEA's writers are engineers and technicians whogenerally use highly technical approaches. Converting to the simplifiedJPA style requires considerable training. For example, the JPA stylefor 8th grade reading level is:

(1) Maximum words per paragraph

(2) Maximum words per sentence

(3) Sentences constituting one paragraph

(4) Maximum paragraphs for each task step

(5) Maximum elements per step

30.

15.

3.

3.

17.

(6) The sentences are generally arranged in the following order:

(a) Subject

(b) Verb

(c) Object

(d) Predicate Object

(e) Indirect Object

x

b. In analyzing writing problems, it was found that our writers

over used conjunctions. Therefore, a list of conjunctions was establishedand included in the appendix. This helps to recognize conjunctions andto begin dropping most of them when preparing text copy for the JPA.Sentences should never start with conjunctions.

c. A verb list was made containing words used in packaging andadded to the aircraft maintenance list to describe technical acts. This

list includes the verbs, definitions, examples, preference rank,synonyms by order of preference, and notes. This was done in an effort

to convert the established JPA jargon for packaging use. This list is

also in the appendix.

d. The observation test should be based on sound engineering

practices. To aid in this approach, a system has been suggested. It

employs an action tree of tasks and full written descriptions of tools,supplies, steps and stops. Ad hoc terms are used to staff these effortswhile still maintaining other ongoing functions and responsibilities.

10. ILLUSTRATING JPAs: The first effort was to establish minimumrequirements for illustrations as listed below. Most of these havebeen already adapted now by AFHRL; however, it should be noted thatsome of them are being reevaluated.

a. Line art is usually used. The art work should be reproducibleby any printing method. In addition, no line should be reproduced inthe publication which is less than .005 wide (a little less than 1/128of an inch). This can be accomplished by using crape tape that is noless than 1/64 and by not reducing the original art more than 50%.

b. Improperly drawn screw threads which would fill in, whenreproduced, are unacceptable.

c. Strippling shall not be used as a shading method.

d. Thick-weight lines should be used for shadowed areas,while thinner lines are used for areas that would receive more light.It is recommended that the light for bird's-eye views should come fromthe upper right side at an angle of 45°; in worm-eye views from the lower

left side. (To me, an alternate method is acceptable that is of

silhouetting objects with heavy lines and using lighter lines for

interior details. This, however, has not been adopted yet.)

e. Reflected light off of glossy surfaces (nicknamed nonlines)shall be used on all rounded features. These should be broken up in amixture of short and long dashes with varying space between the dashes.This avoids confusion with center and phantom lines.

f. Object lines are broken 1/128 - 1/16 inches from overlayingfeatures. This avoids confusing lines that bunt together with those

that pass over/under each other.

g. Details that confuse the information contained in the text

10xi

or conceal by reducing focalizing on key details or hardware shallbe dropped out.

h. When illustratingthe angle of view, as seen by technicianperforming the task,shall be used to render the drawing. Rotation ofitems is possible if those rotations are clearly given on the illustratio

i. In exploded views the parts will be shown aligned on centerlines drawn to their actual location when assembled.

j . A locator illustration will be used to identify equipmentitems within a system. The item will then be located alone on therendering along with an arrow from the location silhouetted on thesystems overview.

xii

ORIGINATION OF THE JOBTERFORMANCEAID (JPA)

SECTION 1

1-1. Premise

Recent Air Force publicationadvancenents in technical manualsare the PTSA and the JPA. The PTSAis the Procedural TroubleshootingAid while JPA is the Job PerfornanceAid.

Specific instructions are given in

the JPA and the PTSA. These are

given in illustrated steps withdescriptive text instructions.

Any one can perform technical taskswithout special training. Specificinstructions must be on the

intellectual level of the performer.

A series of descriptive steps mustalso be given.

1-2. Project Preparation ofInformation for Maintenanceand Operations (PIMO)

The JPA and the PTSA were developedtogether. It was initiated in

September of 1964. ProjectPreparation of Information forMaintenance and Operations (PIMO)was the development title.

The Air Force organization overseeingPIMO was the Air Force Human Resources

Laboratory. The first effort was

completed in April of 1969. PIMO

started a number of related projectsthat are still continuing.

This report is only concerned withthe Job Performance Aid (JPA). PIMOdata will be used as it' relates tothe JPA.

1-1

1-3. Packaging Manuals and PIMO

Majority of Air Force packagingmanuals have been written on anengineering level. There have beenno manuals designed for linepersonnel. Manuals are used byboth engineers and the lowerskilled personnel.

The PIMO trend should indicate thedireciOn of packaging if,tests werecondustLi. Some of PIMO test resultsare given. Others that cannot berelated to packaging have beendiscarded.

Maintenance publications have alwaysbeen prepared for nonengineers.Packaging results with the JPA shouldbe better than with PIMOs. The results

of packaging JPAs should be quitedramatic.

ae

1-4. First Contracted JPAs

Seredipty Incorporated contracted forthe UH-1H Helicopter System.R.M. Parson's Company contracted forthe Back. -up Interceptor Control System.There have been many others like theC-7A, C-141A, F5E, etc.

Many of the JPAs were dual Vietnameseand English. Military SpecificationMIL-J-83302, Job Perf9PRallgg..WRs.Advanced Type, for Vietnamese NationalAir Force Organizational Maintenancewas used to prepare them.

Fire truck and ground generator

JPAs have also been prepared. These

were the first nonaircraft maintenancesubjects to appear formatted as JPAs.

1 -5. PIMO Test Locations

Tests were conducted at.Charleston AFB,Dover AFB, and Norton AFB. They wereinitiated in January and ended inNovember of 1968. Tests were not

made on aircraft in active commandmission duty.

'tlgr!!!!="611111117Test results are hypothetical for fully 111111WIMOaugmented mission support Activities. _ _eirair'rTiar"

Aircraft and personnel were assignedto the test. These were cross-sectioned

,....

F 5E Lrepresentations used for validation.

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1-6. PIMO Test Results

These results concern aircraftmaintenance only. Results fromconversion to other subjects arenot known. No tests are plannedto validate using JPAs forpackaging information.

IMO test summary indicates:

1. Training time is decreasedby 25%

2. Errors in performing tasksare decreased by . 50-100%

3. Manpower demands decreasedby 30-39%

4. Operational readinessincreased by . . . .38-40%

NOTE

PIMO's eight volume report isavailable from the NationalTechnical Information Service(AD-852-101 through 108).

This report is the first attemptto describe conversion to packagingJPAs from nonaircraft maintenancesubjects.

1-7. Air Force Human ResourcesLaboratory (AFHRL) FurtherRefinement of the JPA

The Air Force Human ResourcesLaboratory developed theproceduralized JPA. The first

three volume report waspublished in December of 1971.It was further developed intoMIL-J-83302.The first set of reports (AFHRL-TR-71-53, Fully Proceduralized JobPerformance Aids) set fqrth guidesfor dual Vietnamese and Englishtext. A second set of reports forjust English was published inDecember 1973 (AFHRL-TR-73-43, sametitle).

1-3

The second set is being used by AFPEAin developing the packaging JPA. Thesets also formed the basis ofMIL- M- 38800A, Manuals, Technical:Organizational Maintenance Instructions(for Aircraft, Missiles, GroundCommunications - Electronics -

Meterological" Equipment, Vehicles,and Various Other Equipments).

1-8. Air Force Packaging EvaluationAgency (AFPEA) Contact withAFHRL

In February 1973 representatives ofthe Air Force Packaging EvaluationAgency (AFPEA) contacted the AFHRL.This resulted in AFPEA adapting theJPA to package engineering.

AFPEA published its first draftedformatted JPA as an attachment to acommand letter.

The joint effort with the JPA iscausing favorable response byindustry. Representatives fromAFHRL and AFPEA spoke at theIndustrial Graphics InternationalConference in June 1974. A largesegment of industry is interestedin adaptation of the JPA forconsumer markets.

1-9. Industrial SPA Applicationby Vertol

Boeing's Vertol Division was one ofthe first to take the concept to theU. S. consumer. They prepared theVolkswagen's (a SPA) handbook.Also prepared was Fiat's (a PTSA)dealer's manual on the electricalsystem.

Vertol prepared the first commercialJPA descriptive section on packaging.It appeared in the Yamaha's motor-cycle dealer's manual

1-4

j3

18

Vertol's adaptation indicates thatthere are many feasible applicationsfor the JPA. Preliminaryinvestigation show that AFPEA canuse some of these applications.

NOTE

Additional information aboutVertol's adaptations can beround in Februery 1973 issueof Industrial Art Methods.The article is byR. W. D. Buchstone titled,"JPA - The New Look inIllustrated Manuals."

1-10. Proposed Procedures for

Adaptation

The following is a flow ofobjectives. They are not milestones.

1. Formulate a list of verbsused in packaging to beadded to those furnished inMIL-M-38800, Manuals,Technical: OrganizationalMaintenance Instructions(for Aircraft)

2. A set of instructions onhow to prepare packagingJPAs to be used by engineersand technicians to writeTechnical Orders (TOs)

3. Development of a trainingcourse for new packagingemployees

NOTE

It is hoped that much of theeffort will be done throughthe Joint Military PackagingTraining Center (JMPTC) at theAberdeen Proving Ground. In

this way all Department ofDefense (DOD) packagingactivities can benefit.

1-5

4. Efforts would begin toupdate present Air Forcepackaging TOs into theJPA format

5. Be of assistance in developmentof JPA formatting throughout theAir Force Logistics Command

6. Encourage Department of Defenseuse of the JPA format throughdevelopment of packaging trainingcourses and AFLC's adaptations.

1-6

17

TASK PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

SECTION 2

2-1. Job Performance Aid (JPA) TaskAnalysis

Before a JPA can be. written. around

a set of tasks there must be,background analysis. The analysisis conducted to find the easiestmethod of performing tasks. Taskperformance should be tried andproven before becoming a part ofa JPA.

Task Analysis involves time-and-

motion studies. Engineers will bedeveloping better methods, equipment,and products by observing tasks under

test conditions.

Many packaging tasks have becomesystematic. Line personnel passalong information to fellow workers.The tasks are not always engineered.

2-2. Observing Tasks

There are a nuMbey of ways to observeA task while making a record foranalysis. One cell make a completetime and motion study. With ashortage of manpower, this willnot always be possible.

NOTE

This report will not spell outmethods for lengthy analyticalstudies. Engineers assignedto such tasks should draw ontext devoted to those subjects.

There are a number of people thatshould be observers. They arewriters, illustrators, editors, andengineers.

A record of observation is arequirement for validating JPA data.These can be written, sketched,photographed, videotaped, or tape

recorded. All of the team personnelpreparing the JPA should thenreview the observation.

2-1

2-3. Written Observation Lists

List each tool, equipment, andsupplies to do the given task.Write a description of each itemnot common to the less than average"around the house do-it-yourself"type person. Number the itemsnumerically in parentheses.

List in numerical order each stepin the task. Include a subparagraphdescribing the step in detail.Indicate alternate methods assubnotes.

List all points where the tasks arestopped. These can be for qualitycontrol checks, equipment checks,tests, curing time, etc. Assign analphabetical letter(s) to each.

2-. Observer's Action Tree

From the written observation list developan action tree. The numbers and lettersmust correspond to the written observation.

1. Tools, equipment, supplies, etcare numbered and enclosed inparentheses.

2. Task steps are numerically numberedand enclosed in squares.

3. Each stop alphabetical letter iscircled.

Arrows are drawn-to each step and stop inthe order of their occurrence.Parentheses of items needed for the taskor stop appear directly under the squareor circle.

Alternate steps and stops are given onthe same diagram. Arrows to these aredashed.

NOTE

Engineering changes in procedures oftasks should be mapped out usingaction trees. All task stepsappearing in the JPA should beestablished by action trees.

2-2

(1-2) 1-3

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20

2-5. Sketched Observations

Illustrators observing tasks will want tosketch as many of the procedures aspossible. These should be quicklydashed off for refinement later. Orderof tasks and engineering data should bemaintained by other observers.

2-6. Photographed Observations

Photographs are used later to make linedrawings of tasks to appear in the JPA.Much.care must be given, to include manyclose-up shots. A record of the orderof shots must be maintained.

NOTE

Photography includes stills for prints,slides, and motion pictures.

.

2-7. Videotape RecordincUbservations

Videotaping is a good method for a teamdevtloped.JPA. This reduces the numberof observers requireto be presentduring a test. The team is able toObserve the task from the same advantage

point.

The videotape can be used by the artistto develop the illustrations. The tape

may be stopped at any point for details.

The written observation lists and actiontrees can be developed from videotape.

2-8. Sound Recording Observations

A small tape recorder can be used to

narrate task observations. Care must

be given to describe in detail what isseen. Descriptions to be filled in laterwith write-ups should be avoided.

NOTE

No numbering of the dialog shouldbe attempted while recording.

2-3

2-9. Task Developing

The technician develops a writtenfoimat into logical steps.

Observation can then be7ased onlyto substantiate task procedures.

The technician develops a writtentask analysis. This would includeitems, tasks, and stops supportedby action trees.

Tests are then run. One or more ofthe observation methods are used.

2-10. Remote JPA Developers

Very often the developers of JPAsare removed from the task site.This is sometimes by miles, time,adequate space, etc. Some methodof gathering data is required.

The gathering of such data can bedone by photographs and phone calls.People like to talk about theirwork tasks. They usually likepictures of their work taken.

The most difficult problem is toget information directly from theperformers of tasks. This actionis often blocked by administrators.Information passed on by

administrative communication usuallylacks details.

NOTE

Interviews with personsperforming tasks are anessential part of JPAdevelopment. It should notbe avoided.

2-11. The JPA Team Developers

The JPA is a collection of engineeredtasks. The tasks are so arrangedthat persons of low reading andtechnical skills can complete theseries of logical steps. Thesesteps are well illustrated.

2-4

2 1

.. Technicians develop and test thetask steps. Writeri express thesesteps for low reading skills.

. Illustrators show these steps invisuals that can be followed.

The JPA team developers can be inthe person of one. The contributorscan be a large staff not necessarilyunder the same roof. Ideally theteam is made up of:

1. Engineers/technicians

2. Writers

3, Illustrators

2-12. Contributors

Contributors are every personinterviewed or observed that haveany knowledge about a task. Theyvalidate the JPA data.

Photographers, technical assistancepersonnel and many others contributedirectly to the JPA. They are thesupport personnel.

Data centers for computer information-have direct input into the JPA.Any system used to gather anddispense information are potentialcontributors.

2-13. Milestones in Preparingthe JPA (Summary)

1. Develop task analysis.

2. Validate the analysisby observation.

3. Tealeffort the contentof Ole JPA.

4. Publish a draft.

5. Repeat steps one throughthree.

226. Publish the final JPA.

2-5 (2-6 blank)

You can do j it

eyes

WRITING THE JOB PERFORMANCE AID (JPA)

SECTION 3

3-1. Prerequisite

Only after the task performanceengineering (Section 2) is completedcan the actual writing begin. It isnow a matter of putting the tasks inthe right language and format.

Writers should have a knowledge of thevocabulary limitations of the JPAreader. Adult reading skills rangefrom fifth grade to graduate schoollevels. Example:

1. 5th grade - Liquid A and B,are mixed to produce foam.

2. 8th grade - Compound A and Bare combined to produce urethane foam.

3. College - Isocyanate andhydroxyl containing resin with ablowing agent produces urethane 4foam.

elit

\closed . 4. Graduate school - R-NC0+111-0H-

H-0II + heat are reactive

R-N-C-OR'.

ingredients of *polyurethane foam.

23

3-2. Mood

Second person imperative mood is usedto give step-by-step instructions. The

third person indicative is used fordescriptions and discussions.

3-3. Sentence Structure

The reading skills of the JPA userdetermines sentence structure. The

fifth to eighth grade reading levelsmust be generally arranged in thefollowing orders.

1. Subject - implicit, except whenmore than one.

3-1

2. Verb - a verb list should bedeveloped for the subject area.

NOTE

A verb list for packaging andaircraft maintenance is includedin the appendix.

3. Object - specific tools, items,or equipment.

4. Predicate object - qualifyingconditions.

5. Indirect object - locatiQils

The word "using" should precede tools,equipment, or supplies.

Verbs used to describe a task actionin packaging or aircraft maintenanceshould be selected from the verblist. Consistency of meaning is akey factor in JPA writing. Consistencyalso aids in skim reading.

3-4. Lengths (Maximums)

The reading skills of the JPA user'determines the length of sentencesand paragraphs.

1.- 5th grade - No more than 25

words per paragraph with no more than10 words in each sentence. Only threesentences per paragraph.

2. 8th grade - No more than 30words per paragraph with no more than15 words in each sentence. Onlythree sentences per paragraph

NOTE

The eighth grade standard isusually used. This has been theestablished average, Americanadult reading skill level.

3-2

'2/1

5 25 10 3

8 30 15 3

16 40 17 4

REMOVE AND INSTALL AERIAL REFUELINGPROBE

Connect Battery

1. Remove danger tag (9) from control stick (10).

2. Be sure that battery switch (1) is set at OFF.S. Open battery access door No 561 (2).

4. Remove danger tag (3) from battery connector(6).

5. Insert battery connector (6) into battery recep-tacle and turn knob (7) clockwise to secure con-nector to battery (8).

6. Close battery access door (2).7. Open external power receptacle access door

No 618 (4), remove danger tag (5), and closedoor.

Follow-on maintenance action required:

Test aerial refueling system. (See T.O.1F-5E(11-2-4-7`.)

Install and test M39 20mm gun weapondelivery control unit. (See T.O.1F-5E(I)-2-10-2-2.)Lower and secure windshield. (See T. 0.1F-5E-2-11-5.)

END OF ACTIVITY

25

3. College (16 years ofschooling) - No format has beenestablished. An increase to 40 wordsper paragraph seems acceptable.Three sentences per paragraphcan be relaxed to include anoccasional four.

NOTE

Compound titles, names, andnumbers are counted as oneword. Grouped titles arecounted as one word.

'3-5. Paragraph Arrangements (Maximums)

Three paragraphs may be arranged undershort subtitles. This aids in scanning.Subtitles only are numbered.

Three subparagraphs may be arrangedunder numbered introductive paragraphs.The introductive and subparagraphsare grouped into sets under shortsubtitles. Ideally this producesa maximum of twelve paragraphs persubtitle.

'NOTE

Items in 3-6 are not consideredin paragraph maximums.

Each paragraph may be numbered undersubtitles. No more than 17 paragraphsin JPAs should be included under asubtitle.

.NOTE

MIL-M-38730, General Requirementfor Preparation of TechnicalManuals shall be used for thisnumbering system.

3-6. One Line Numbered Listings,Notes, Cautions, Warnings,

"prelitinary IndtrUCtiont orInformation, Stedial Ifistrlictionsor Ending'InattUdtions

Under any paragraph may appear oneline numerical listings. Thereshould never be more than 17 taskitems (preferably less) perparagraph.

NOTE

List of tools, supplies, etc maybe expanded to full totals. Theymay exceed the 17 maximum.

3-3

Notes, cautions, warnings, preliminary

instructions or information, specialinstruction or ending instructions shallbe constructed as subparagraphs. Rulesof paragraph structures are bindingon them.

Notes, special instructions, and endinginstructions come after relatedparagraphs. All others of the abolemust proceed their related instructionaltext.

WARNINGS MUST COME FIRSTTO AVOID DISASTERS.

3-7. Keying Text and CrossReference

Text copy may make a number ofreferences to the illustration.T1e copy should include a numeral(parenthetically) locator. Thatnumber is shown in an open facearrow on the illustration.

Cross references should give thevolume number and subtitle numberor page number. Ctep texts shouldnot be repeated in their entirety.

3-8. Engineers, Technicians, andIllustrators Writing JobPerformance Aids (JPAs)

Other than technical writers arepressed into writing JPAs, Thisis usually due to shortage of

manpower, proven skills, oradministrative policy.

Such writers usually have problemswith simplicity and directness.They also tend to rush their writing.Writing to them is an addedduty.

26

3-4

T. O. 1F- 5E(I)-2-4-7

0 0\1

F-58(1) JG-4-7-48

TYPICAL

REMOVE AND INSTALL FLIGHT

COMPARTMENT SLIDING DOOR

INPUT CONDITIONS

Applicable Serial Nos:

All C-7A aircraft

Special Tools and TestEquipment:

None

Supplies:

None

Personnel Required: Two

One assistantto support door.

Equipment Conditions:

NOTE

Two screws (AN50910R18) andnuts (C4FM1061-3) are disposedof due to screw ends beingtapped flat during installa-tion.

ACTIVITY INDEX

Procedure Page

Replacement parts 6-3Remove Flight Compart-ment Sliding Door 6-4Install Flight Compart-ment Sliding Door 6-8

2'

Here are a number of helpful hints:

1. Use the verb list to searchout descriptive words.

2. Never start sentences withconjunctions.

3. Reduce the number of thoughtsjoined by conjunctions.

4. Put the subject of sentencesfirst.

5. Put qualifying conditions andlocations at the end of sentences.

NOTE

A verb and a conjunction listare at the end of thisfrepa

3-9. Other Guides

The writing format here is a summeryof AFHRL-TR-73-43(1), FullyProceduralized Job Performance Aids.Some adaptation explanations havebeen made for preparing packagingJPAs. These are:

1. Breakdown of reading lt.els -AFHRL report is based on the eighthgrade level.

2. Three choices of paragrapharrangements are given. This isbecause of the difference inmaintenance and packaging technicalorder series.

3. AFPEA is hoping to. structurea training guide using the JPA format.

4. The ease of skim reading textand illustrations by persons not

familiar with manuals.

5. At the AFPEA, engineers andtechnicians are primarily usedfor writing JPAs.

MIL-M-38730 and MIL-M-38800 are the

two AFLC guide requirements. No

real guides devoted to just theJPA as adapted for packaging now

exists.

3-5

The best guide at present isMIL-M-38800A - as modified forA-10A aircraft. It is titled,"Organizational MaintenanceInstructions (for Aircraft,Missiles, Ground Communications -

Electronics - Meterological Equipment,Vehicles, and Various Other Equipment)Technical Manuals." It was preparedby the Air Force Systems Command.

28

3-6

4

4

EXPANDED ROLES OF JOB PERFORMANCE AIDS (JPAs)

SECTION 4

4-1. Impartation of Knowledge

JPAs are well illustrated and discussedinstructions on task subjects whichimpart specific instructions. JPAsmay be printed, filmed, recorded,computerized, environmentalized, ormechanized. They impart knowledgeabout tasks.

Knowledge imparted may be for futureor for immediate tasks. JPAs maybe for abstract or physical tasks.Instructions may be on singularor collective tasks.

JPAs primarily tell exactly how atask is to be accomplished. Theyact as guides through maser ofpossible solutions. All JPAsgive step-by-step instructions.

4-2. Nigh, to Work

JPAs are used during the act oftask performance. They are keptnigh to work tasks. They tellexidtly how tasks are to be done.

JPAs are designed so that anyonecan follow the given series ofsteps. These are used on tasksites. The format for theseJPAs can vary.

JPAs can be publications orprintouts from electroniccommunications taken to tasksites. They may also be takentotask sites as videotape oras visual aids. They areviewed while performing tasks.

4-3% Training for Tasks

Some tasks require knowledge of setups before task performances. Someenvironments requiie knowledgebefore a task is performed withinthem. Some tasks require knowledgeof special tools, equipment,up lies, or systems.

NOTE

More information abouttraining is given in SECTION6. Such tasks requiretraining. Again the JPAis used. This time it

imparts pre-knowledgerequirements.

Text books and lessons can be prepared

as JPAs. Programmed learningtechniques could be used. Visuals,

simulators, panoramas, and psych-corpart can also be used to aid inpsychological preparedness.

NOTE

Psych-corp art usually iswalk-in panoramas completewith sound, smell, feeland visual sensory aids.They have been widely usedin Walt Disney lands. Itis the art of transportingenvironments with technicalequipment to producerealities.

The training JPA is used in conjunctionwith nigh to task JPAs. Together they

form a bank of knowledge. JPAs impartknowledge comprehensively to performersof tasks.

4-4. Comprehension

The JPA must be prepared for segmentedaudiences. Vocabulary, visualsymbolism, and prior education arelevel considerations that determineJPA formats. They are always preparedfor the projected inexperiencedperformers.

The United States' average adult readson the 8th grade level. The lowerrange would be 5th grade. This wouldmean 5th grade levels should be usedfor the general public.

Young persons have higher levels ofreading skill than the average adult.People finishing the ninth grade

op should have 8th grade reading skills.ak, Reading skill development usually

stops at this point.

4-1

Symbolisms are highly developed inhighly technical societies. Thisis largely due to family TV programs.The average skills in this areahave never been academically testedor workably defined.

4-5. Encapsulation of Environments

Moving trainees to total environmentsusing JPAa has been tried. Simulators,models, and panoramas are not new.Accidental formats may have occurredbut not called JPAs.

Systematically engineered tasksorganized as training JPAs need tobe forthcoming

Psych-corp art has not yet been explored.as JPAs. It is only a matter of timewhen the JPA will be produced for outerspasee(or under sea) environments fororganized task performance training.

4-6. Future of Sob Performance Aids

The JPA will be increasingly transmittedto task sites by electronic communications.These methods'will allow for betterfeedback systems to be developed. Updatinginformation is very rapidly transmitted.

The JPA will become programmed forlearning. Electronic visual aids willbe prepared using JPA formats.

Creating environments for training willbecome part of the total approach. Taskenvironments for training are just asimgoortent to success as on sitedescriptive instructions for jobperformances. JPA developers willeventually use psych -core artists as

30

4-2

well as industrial artist.

e -7. Packaging JPA Developments ipthe Future

The Job Guide Manual format will befurther developed. Other areas forthe JPA will be examined. Thesecould be in the area of standardizationpublications and transportationpackaging orders.

Packaging training JPAs will becomea reality. These may depend on theJoint Military Packaging TrainingCenter's (JMPTC) or other interestedorganizations.

Plans for any environmentorientation JPAs have not beenmade. There are other subjectsthat will probably be developedfirst.

4-8. Feedback System for Packagin&

Preparers of JPAs need to know theskill levels of performers. Theselevels are always changing becauseof education and social backgroundof personnel. Job markets neverremain constant.

Words change meanings and knowledgeof syibols increase constantly. Theat and the text must keep pace.Revisions can be a nightmare unlessAtedback systems are developed.

Packaging JPAs do have this inherentproblem. Part of any futuredevelopaent must deal with feedback.A number of ideas are proposed inBution 6, Title 5.

31

ILLUSTRATING THE JOB GUIDE MANUAL

SECTION 5

5-1 Minimum Requirements

Art work should be reproducible

by any printing method. Photographs

should not be used unless they are of

high contrast. Second generationreproductions should not require

repeated half-tone screening.

Reproduced lines should be no lesstfian* 665thick. Art that isdrawn 50% larger than theirreproduction should use 1/64 minimumlines. Strippling ehoula not beused for shading.

Thick weight lines on drawingsshould be used for shadowedareas. Thinner lines are usedfor areas that receive light.Silhouetting With heavy linesand using thin lines forinteriors are permissable.

5-2. Reflected Light

Reflections off ofform lines. Thesein series of mixeddashes. The spaceis also varied.

rounded surfacesshould be drawnshort and longbetween dashes

Any reflected light off of glossysurfaces form bright areas andlines. They often give detailedsurface characteristics. Do not

drop them.

NOTE

Reflected lines are

nicknamed "nonelines."

5-1

5-3. Overlaying Features

Overlaying features shall bewell defined. This is doneby breaking cross under lines1/128 to 1/16 inches from over-laying features. Confusionto what bunts together orpasses over/under is avoided.

5-4. Threads & Helixs

Screw threads and helixs shouldnot fill in when reproduced.

A reflected white line is usedto avoid ink fill-ins. It isstripped in on the side receivinglight.

5-5. Lighting Angles

Light should come from the rightside at a 45° angle. This is thenormal lighting for axonometricdrawings. Light for all "birdeye" views is from the topright side.

Views from the bottom are lightedfrom the bottom left.

Care should be taken to lightillustrations as they wouldbe in "real life." Perspectivedrawings are lighted naturally.

Details, Viewing, & Locations

Confusing details should be droppedfrom illustrations. Focalizing on keyinformation or hardware is mostimportant. Phantom lines are usedto give orientation.

2

tri

32

Views seen while performing tasksshould be used. Rotations from thesenormal viewing angles should be givenon the illustrations.

A locator illustration is used toidentify items within a system.Detailed items will be locatedw:tn the over view. Swoopingarrows are drawn from the silhouettedlocation to the items.

5-7. Exploded Views

Parts on an exploded view are alignedon center lines. These center lines

are drawn to item locations. The

actual locations and order of assemblyare shown.

Care must be taken to show jigs orother holding devices. Warnings

o must be given if items are spring

loaded. Holding methods shall begiven as the first steps fordisassembly.

5-3

5-8. Drawings From Photographs

Effortless tracings to form linedrawing are made from photographs.Photographs must be taken fromthe right viewing angle. Theymay not be used if the angle iswrong.

A little time taking photographscan save many hours. Hang itemsfrom wires or brace them up beforeshooting. Use stepladders orlay on floors to get right angles.

Cropped blowups asy be used.Close-ups often distort realisticviews. Be very careful that alldetails are in focus.

5-9. Illustrating Prototypes

Very often manuals must be preparedbefore,products are completed. Theillustrations must then be projectedfrom engineering drawings.

The angle of viewing must be fromthe performer's vantage point.Tasks done on workbenches cdn beaxonometricly drawn. "Bird's-eye"views are Used.

There, are four types of axonometricdrawings;

1. Isometric projections haveone vertical and two 30°horizontal axis.

Oblique projections areorthographically projectedfaces with receding views.

3. Dimetric projections haveone vertical scale with twoequal (but not 30°)horizontal axis scales.

4. Trimetric projectionshave all three axis atdifferent angles withdifferent scales foreach.

34

ISOMETRIC

produces these bosic cubes

OBLIQUEproduces these bosic cubes:

DIMETRIC

produces these bosic cubesObJeCT DRAWN WRIGHT

011PCT ROTATED PO'

TRIMETRIC

produces these bosic cubesMEV DRAWN UPRIGHT

OITICI ROTATED IPOP

5-10. Oblique and Isometric.Projections

Tasks seen from frontal positionscan be drawn obliquely. The faceis drawn parallel to the horizontaland top and side views are projected.

Isometrics are classified as follows:

1. Cavalier projections use thesame scales on all threeaxis.

2. Cabinet projections havereceding lines foreshortenedto their face, scale byhalf or greater.

3. General projections do notforeshorten receding linesby more than half and areusually full scaled.

NOTE

There is a difference betweendrawing and projected scales.Drawings use ordinaryengineering or architecturalscales. Prolsetions useaxonometric projected scales.

Isometric projections should berestricted to workbench tasks.This is because of the illusionto high viewing positions; Theisometric projection scale ismade as follows:

1. From a horizontal linelay two angled lines.One at 45° and theother at 30°.

2; Place an architecturalor mechanical engineeringdrawing scale on the 45°line.

3. Transfer the scale tothe 45° line.

4. Draw 90° vertical lines 0o rdown from the markedstale to the 30° line.

5. Transfer the scaleproduced on the 30°line to a convenientstrip.

6. Use the strip as a scale.

NOTE

Standard 35° ellipse templatesare used for circles on allfaces. Mathematically 35° 15!is the actual projected ellipse.

5-11. Dimetric Projections

Dimetric drawings use two scales.One is for the vertical lines. Theother two axis use a differentscale.

There are two popular projections.One has the front and side planesusing 40° and top using 20° ellipses.The other uses two 45° and one 15°ellipses. Scale projections andother construction information aregiven in the illustrations.

5-12. Trimetric Projections

Trimetric projections give realisticappearance. The variety can onlybe matched by perspectives. Eachof the three axis has its own scale.

Their angle of views require thedevelopment of their own specializedscales.

t 1. Measure off in convenientsegments ah orthographiccube.

2. Turn the cube on a verticalaxis.

3. Isolate the top view.

-6

.94

.707

J

36STEP 1-3

STEPS 4-6

STEP 7

4. Draw a vertical centerline.

5. Draw vertical lines fromthe nearest leading edge.

6. Inscribe a circle from thecenter line to the leadingedge line.

7. Draw lines from the centerpoint parallel to thehorizontal .angles of the

leading edges.

8. Vertically project a linefrom the outside edge.

9. Inscribe a second diameterthat touches the secondvertically projected edge.Then dray third line to center.

NOTE

The diameter will always betwice the size as the incrementof measurement. A one inchcube will have a two inchoutside diameter.

10. Draw three short horizontallines (two from the pointscreated on the smallerdiameter in steps 7 thru 9 -one from where the projectedobject line in step fiveis tangent to the smallerdiameter and dissects thelarger diameter).

11. Draw a line tangent to thesmaller diameter crossingthe center line (which isalways between the twodiameters) to cross thelarger diameter.

574

STEPS 8-9

STEP 10

38 STEP 11

STEPS 12-14

STEPS 15-16

39

12. From the point on the largerdiameter (created by step 11)project a line to cross the

center points of diameters,

13. Inscribe the full scales onthe lines created by steps7 and 12.

14. Draw two lines from the

center of the diameterto cross the points

created in steps 5, 8, 9,and 10.

15. Project vertical linesfrom the scales insteps 7 and 13.

16. Draw horizontally fromthe scales created instep 13 onto the line

of step 12.

17. Transfer the scalescreated on the linesof step 14 and thecenter line.

The transferred scales on strips

are then used to make trimetriclyprojected drawings. This methodgives en endless number of viewingpositions.

NOTE

Either bird's -eye or worm's-eyeviews are developed with thesame set of scales. Forworm's-eye view step 3isolates the bottom insteadof the top.

The scale lines of 17 become thethree axes of diagonal planes.Rocking or angle edges should b:produced to maintain constantdegrees. These edges are inturn placed against horizontalstraight edges.

5-13. Axonometric Ellipses

True lengths on the major ellipsesaxis are not reduced by the projectedscale. The minor axis is alwaysreduced in direct proportion tothe perpendicular scale of the

...plane axes. The perpendicularaxis also becomes the minor axisof the ellipse.

NOTE

Trigonometric functioncharts are found in mostdrafting and engineeringtext books. Manycalculators have built-intrigonometric functions.

The mathematic formula ip:T - Pt = C

T = True length

Pt = Projected difference'agcompared to true length

C = Cosine of the projectedplane and its ellipse.

The projectea length is measuredwith a true length scale. Thetrue length scale must be onethat is divided into decimalincrements.

NOTE

Projected scales dividedinto 16th or 12th mustbe converted into hundredths.The scale that is easiestto use is the 50th scale.Each mark then representsincrements of two tenths.

5-14. Perspective Drawings toScale

Projection from engineering drawings(blueprint) is the only way to be

'sure of correct perspectives.hardware should be done in this"7.%::ner. -.J.rect projection of the

trh cnn to used or just aprcjec-_,ti scale used.

5-10

40

Ellipses using formula in 5-13.

I.

Projected scales can be purchasedas guides. There are alsoperspective drawing boards and

special drafting machines withbuilt-in scales. These all usethe geometric principle ofmeasuring on X, Y, and Z datums,

There are one, two, three, andmulti point perspectives. Thesewould take more space to discussthan what can be devoted to thesubject here. Text books onperspective projection should,therefore, be sought.

5-15. Flow Diagrams

Flow charts are often hard to read.The flow diagram should be sub-stituted whenever possible.Pictures of hardware or pictorialsymbols are used instead ofblock diagrams.

41

5-J.1

5-16. Typography Requirements

The following is a list ofrequirements:

1. Security Classification -14 pt Extra Bold - Capsonly

2. Figure Title (if any) -

12 pt Extra Bold SansSerif - Caps only

3. Illustration Orientation -12 pt Extra Bold SansSerif - Caps only

4. Call Out Numbers - 18 ptExtra Bold Sans Serif -Caps only

5. Schematics and Diagrams -18 pt Extra Bold SansSerif - Caps only

6. Paragraph Readings &Numbers - 18 pt ExtraBold Sans Serif - Captonly

7. Keyed Text - .8 pt r.:xtra

Bold Sans Serif - Capsonly

8. Section Titles - 10 ptFutura Light - Caps only

9. ,rotes, Caution, and

Warning Titles - 10 ptFuture Light - Caps only

10. Text of Notes, Cautions,and Warning - 10 ptFutura Light - Upper andLower Cases

11. Text Body - 10 pt FuturaLight - Upper and LoWerCases

12. All other written matter -10 pt Future Light -

Upper and Lower Cases

Special care is used when copyreproduction appears in both

5-12

42

small and large formats. Cameraready copy need only be preparedonce. The large format is usedand the typography increased bytwo points.

NOTE

Arrangements for such dualreproduction should beworked out with Oklahoma CityALC/MMS.

Printing cost savings should besought in all reporduction.

Typography requirements shouldbe adjusted when required. Thesecan only be approved throughAFLC DCS/Materiel Management'sDirectorate of Service Engineering.

5-17. Page Sizes

13

Large formatted pages are 8 1/4x 10 3/4 inches. Text withillustration areas starts oneinch from center of a two pagespread. Area is 7 x 9 1/2inches.

Small formatted pages are 5 x 7 3/4inches. Text with illustrationarea starts 3/4 inch from centerof a two page spread. Area is4 x 6 1/4 inches.

Classifications, publicationnumbers, and page numbers areoutside text and illustrationareas. These are 5/8 on thelarge and 3/8 in the smallformats. Both are three ringor spiral bound.

NOTE

Examples of individualpage formats are foundin AIM-TR-73-43(1)Report. Furtherguidance is given in

MIL-M-38800 and 38730.T.O. 00-5-1 givesinformation oh theAir Force's technicalorder system.

44

AD HOC OF THE JOB PERFORMANCE AID

SECTION 6

6T.. Insularity.

Personnel and technology,,combinedhave rapid turnovers. Subtractions,additions, throw aways, newerdevelopments are maintained ordropped by transient activities.Trained today, retrained tomorrow- station here, moved to there -dropped functions, changedrequirements call for ad hocresolvements.

Technical manuals and trainingare reduced to insularity.

Information used by personnelwho have never done "thatgiven task" must be easilyfollowed. The JPA becomes aninformative island.

Tasks that are repeatedoccasionally should requirerefreshment only by experiencedperformers. The same tasks maybe repeated but not always doneby the same individuals. .Thesetwo facts are incorporated inthe JPA and becomes a hallmark.

6-2. Task Forces and'Project Teams

The permanent divisions of tasksassigned personnel have been lost.The skilled supervisor and the newlyassigned personnel often do the sametasks.

6-1

Task forces are organized around asystem or subsystem. These areactual hardware or organizationalfunctions. Task forces may be longor short termed, stationary or

mobile.

Task forces are usually marked bytheir life span or their rapidturnover of personnel. The giventask may be the changing factor.Ad hoc activity is the inherentfactor in preparing JPAs.

6-3. Ad Hoc in Manuals, Training andProducts

1. Manuals must be written sothat a task may bedone by performers.

2. Training must consist ofpsychological orientation andconfidence.

3. JPA task forces are organizedtransients (as well as their productsfor sole purposes).

Job Performance Aids are prepared forongoing transitory needs. They areprepared ny task forces that changestaff, locations, and subjects. Theimparted knowledge may be used oncebefore the task is changed, deleted,or personnel replaced.

The JPA efforts will fail its fullpotential unless ad hoc requirementsare met. Adaptability in taskperformance is sought. Singlenessof purpose is directed at soledemands.

6-2

1

45

o-4. Knowledge Gathering andDistribution

Information about a given task shouldbe sought from the originators andperformers. It means going to thepoint of manufacturing. Continuousfeedback and updating by and forthe performers should be maintained.

The Job Performance Aid is a totalconcept of training, guiding; andupdating. It means preparing audiovisual aids, programmed learningcourses, and job guide manuals.Production must be constantlyupdated and improved.

Distribution of the JPA can be doneby having them accompany products theysupport. A record of productlocations can aid in delivery ofupdated data. Electronic communicationscan, furnish means for constantfeedbacks and updates.

6-5. JPA Feedback Systems

Feedback to the preparing activitycan be maintained through trainingmethods.. The JPA lends itself wellto programmed learning techniques.Tests and/or work sheets can beretrieved from students and used asfeedback.

Product experts using Wide AreaTelecommunication Services (WATS)can dispense answers to taskperformers. These inquiries showweaknesses in or need formodifications of the JPA. Updatescan then be made and deliveredto all users.

Videotape and closed circuitcommunications can be used in thefuture as JPA flow systems.Performers follow the steps onTV monitors, stopping therecorder between steps. Questionsthat become feedbacks are askedof experts by using phones,radios, or combinations with

ii (3 video cameras,

6-3

6-6. Formal Training

The JPA spells out task steps.Following these steps shouldbe easy. Formal training mustthen be confined to psychologicalpreparedness.

The student performer is taughtthe use and feel of tools,equipment, and supplies. TheJPA would be bulky if thesekinds of descriptions had tobe fully given.

The ad hoc JPA becomes the extensionof collective thought. The performermust be willing to mentally join thelink. Emotions are a part of jobperformance.

6-7. Orientation Training

Environmental orientation is thepackaged experience that allowsperformance. Training JPAs shouldbe used to bridge the gap betweenthe familiar and the unfamiliar.

These bridges can be films. Sometimesfield trips or classes in environmentshelp. Simulators, models, anddiagrams are used to transportenvironments.

Artificial surroundings can usesound, touch, smell, as well assight to environmentally orientate.Realism by electronic communicationsand computer programming also canaid. These then become "psych -corp"JPAs.

NOTE

More information about psych-corp art in Section 2, Item 3.

6 -1

"*"...-

iNa:/;,

DATA RESEARCH I

ANALYSIS ADMINISTRATION

48

6-9. JPAs Prepared by SingleStaff Members

One person can prepare Job PerformanceAids. The individual should haveexperience in one or more disciplines.These would be as a communication

artist, psychologist, educator,statistician, scientist, engineer,and writer.

The individual would have to call uponothers in different disciplines forcontributions. The approach would beto staff ad hoc committees. Theauthority for quickly formulatingcommittees would be the individual'sprivilege.

The assignment lasting only until theJPA is completed. 'Preparing a JPAmay be dual with other ongoingresponsibilities.

NOTE

The nature of the JPA calls forundivided attention. Othertasks should'ideally be heldin abeyance.

6-10. Skill Areas Used in PreparingJPAs

Skills called upon fall into two majorareas. These are data research andproduction. These are further reducedto:

1. Data research

a. analysis

b. administration

2. Production

a. editorial

b. visual communication

These in turn can be further specifiedin terms of skills:

6-5

1. Analysis

a. systems engineering

b. specialized engineering

c. scientific

d. technical

e. analytical

f. statistical

g. psycological

h. task execution

2. Administration

a. personnel management

b. accounting

c. supply

d. computerization

e. office function

3. Editorial

a. technical writing

b. speech writing

c. copy research

d. speaking

e. educational

f. printing

4. Visual communication

a. illustrative

b. drafting

c. artistic (sculpturing,

modeling, music, acting, etc.)

d. paste-up

e. video

f. photographic

6-6

PRODUCTION 1

EDITORIAL

3

VISUAL COMMUNICATION

vi .

55 0

g. typography

h. fabrication

1.1.13X of. the skills cannot be--

Ad hoeing the required skills forshort time spands will work. Requiredpreparing skills will change with JPA

formats like:

1. programmed learning aids

2. environmental orientation aids

3. audio visual aids

4. troubleshooting aids

5. job guide aids

6. on-line communication aids

6-11. Diversified Ad Hocary

It is because of the many diversifiedskills needed that ad hoc is advocated.The usually short time frames forcompletion dictates ad hoc. The shifts

of JPA subjects and formats Makes ad hoc

a reality.

Ad hoc has become a life style, atechnological fact. It has developedinto special kind of art medias.

Here it is advocated as a communicationtool.

Ad hoc will allow development of taskpictured communications. It can be

used to keep that communicationupdated. The JPA follows the samepatterns of their subjects (fromnew, replacement, to throw aways).

6-7 (6-8 blank)

11

VERB LIST

rtJ

.t

A-1

VERBS FOR USE IN JOB PERFORMANCE AIDSFOR AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE & PACKAGE ENGINEERING

The following verbs are defined in terms associated withaircraft maintenance and package engineering. An example sentenceis provided for each verb. It is not intended that verbs uted inthe preparation of JPAs be limited to those listed in this guide. Theverb list is neither complete nor are all possible meanings of theverbs given. Only the most basic meanings are given to aidunderstanding by field personnel with set reading skills. It willaid readers of JPAs to scan read--a very important element inperforming tasks described in those publications.

The number listed in the preference rank column is the standingin a comprehensibility range of the verb as compared to other of it3synonyms. In addition, the synonyms, where possible, are listed byreading ability. An adult with a fiftt grade reading ability willnot have trouble with verbs ranked as one (1). Higher numberedsynonyms should be used wheawkward or misleading. Inbe 1, 2, 3 and so on until thbe noted that departures from t

first ranked verb is particularlyner , the order of preference will

synonyms are exhausted. It shou)4e list may cause problems with

continuity and reading skills. The intended purpose of JPA writingcan be accomplished if the Writer uses simple verbs.

The auxiliary verbs are not listed.

At the time of publication this list was being revised. Itwas felt that the value in having the information contained in thetotal report was such that the project of revision should be aseparate effort.

A-2

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

VERBS FOR USE IN JOB PERFORMANCE AIDS FOR

AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE & ENGINEERING PACKAGING

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Accomplish

Actuate

Adapt

Add

Adhere

Adjust

To do, carry out or bring

about; to reach an

objective.

To put into mechanical

motion or action; to move

to action.

To make fit a new situation

or use, often by modifying.

To put more in.

To stick together; to

cause two surfaces to

be held together by

adhesion.

Accomplish an.inspection

of all humidity indicators

Actuate the hand pump until

the pressure gauge indicates

3000 psi.

Adapt the container to a

3/4 inch opening.

Add water to the battery.

Adhere the tape to the

corrugated board.

1.

To bring to a specified

1.

position or state.

2.

To bring to a more

satisfactory state;

to manipulate controls,

levers, linkages, etc.,

to return equipment from

an out-of-tolerance

condition to an

in-tolerance condition.

Adjust the micrometer

to the given

measurements.

2.

Adjust cable tension

using the turnbuckles.

21.

Perform

3.

Effect

1.

Trim

2.

Increase

41.

Stick

2.

Glue

3.

Attach

5.

Bond

23.

improve

3.

Zer,o

12.

Trim

3.

Change

VERBS.

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Advance

Advise

Agitate

Aid

Alert

C:'

Align

Allocate

Allow

To move forward; to move

ahead.

To give information or

notice to.

To move with a jerky,

quick, or violent

action.

To give help or suppbit

to; to assist.

To warn; to call to a state

of readiness or

watchfulness; to notify

(a person) of an

Impending action.

To bring into line, to

line up; to bring into

precise adjustment,

correct relative position

or coincidence.

To apportion for a

specific purpose or to

particular persons or

things.

1.

To permit, to give

opportunity to.

Advance the throttle.

Advise man B that the brakes

have been set.

Agitate the container so

that the paint will be

well mixed.

Aid man B to lift the load.

Alert personnel that area will

be cleared.

Align slot in turnbuckle

barrel with slop in cable

terminal.

Allocate the various

maintenance tasks to

technicians.

1.

Allow the sediment to

settle out.

2.

To allot or provide

2.

Allow a 2 inch slack

for.

in the rope.

41.

Report to

2.

Inform

3.

Notify

5.

Communicate to

21.

Shake

31.

Assist

2.

Help

31.

Assign

2.

Distribute

12.

Let

12.

Leave

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Alternate

Analyze

Angle

Apply

C-rt

C./

Arrange

Ascertain

Assemble

To perform or cause to occur Alternate between pilot's

by turns or in succession.

and copilot's instrument

test.

To examine and interpret

test or inspection results

to determine system or

equipment condition or

capabilities.

To turn, bend, move, or

cut at an angle or in

angles.

1.

To lay or spread on.

2.

To energize.

To group according to

quality, value or other

characteristics, to put

in proper order.

To find out with certainty

that a proper condition

exists.

To fit and secure

together the several

parts of; to make or

form by combining

parts.

Analyze engine inspection

findings to determine need

for repairs.

Angle the box so it will

drop on its side.

1.

Apply sealant to gap.

2.

Apply power or load.

Arrange components by size

from smallest to largest.

Ascertain that the light

is off.

Assemble a jet engine in

accordance with specified

procedures.

12.

3.

Bevel

Chamfer

12.

Put

Use "lubricate"

3.

Lubricate

rather than

"apply

lubricant."

12.

Order

51.

Be sure

2.

Verify

3.

Check

4.

Determine

12.

Construct

VERBS

c.

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

RANK

Assess

Assign

Assist

Assure

CD

Attach

To determine the importance,

Assess the success of the

size or value of; to

maintenance action.

evaluate.

To apportion to for a

specific purpose or to

particular persons or

things; to appoint to

a duty.

To give support or help;

to aid.

To make someone sure or

certain, to inform

positively.

Assign the various


technicians.

Assist man B to lift the

antenna.

Assure other technicians

that all warning lights

are off.

To fasten by sticking, tying, Attach eletrical leads to

etc.

the multimeter.

Back off

To cause to go in reverse

or backward.

2 1 1 3

Back off nut to the nearest

-

41)

castellation.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

1.

2. 3.

Evaluate

Distribute

Allocate

/ov

2.

Help

3.

Aid

1.

Stick

Use "tag" in

2.

Glue

preference to

IL.

Adhere

"attach" a

tag.

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Bake

Balance

Be careful

Be sure

Cfl

Bend

Bevel

Bleed

To dry out by heating the

solvent in a coating

applied to a sheet or

container.

To resolvent

and cure by heating an

enamel or lacquer applied

to a sheet or container.

To equalize in weight,

height, number or

proportion.

To exercise caution, to

take care.

To confirm that a proper

condition exists,.to

find out with certainty.

To turn or force from

straight or even to

curved or angular, or

to force, back to an

original straight or

even position.

To form a sloping or

slanting edge on a

container or part.

To extract or let out

some or all of a

contained substance

from.

Bake the enamel to the

surface of the board.

Balance aircraft so that

it is stable.

Be careful not to inhale

the fumes of the solvent.

Be sure that the light is

off.

Bend wire until it lies flat

against the turnbuckle.wall.

Bevel the edge of the box

so it will be easier to

pour from.

Bleed off tank air pressure.

21.

Dry out

3.

Scorch

4.

Parch

1

Equalize

Avoid inhalation of

2.

Check

3.

Determine

4.

Verify

5.

Ascertain

Fold

21.

Angle

3.

Chamfer

tVERBS

co

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Blow

To send forth air,

Check for obstructions by

particularly from the lungs

disconnecting the hose at

through the mouth.

the air inlet and blowing

through it.

Bond

Brace

Braid

00

Break

Buck

Bump

To attach materials

together by adhesives.

To support, to make firm

or rigid, to prop, or

to strengthen.

To mix, weave, or entwine

together.

1.

To separate into parts

with suddenness or

violence.

2.

To pull away.

To reseat or tighten

rivets from the shank

side.

To assemble two or more

parts of a container

between dies by means of

the stroke of a press.

To lock together the

edges forming the side

seam of the can.

Bond the paperboard box

together with the gummed

adhesive.

Brace the box tightly, so

it doesn't fall apart.

Braid the wire to the

inside of the electrical

system.

1.

Never break safety

wire to release air

pressure.

2.

Break the bead of the

tire.

Buck rivets to stop the

leak.

Bump the edges together, so

the seal is tight.

41.

Join

2.

Connect

3.

Attach

5.

Adhere

21.

Support

3. 'Strengthen

4.

Fortify

21.

Lace"

3.

Weave

12.

Knock

3.

Strike

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Caldulate

Calibrate

Cap

Care for

Cast CI

Catch

Categorize

To determine by arithmetic

processes.

To determine accuracy,

deviation or variation

by special measurement

or by comparison with

a standard:.

To provide with a covering;

to install or provide with

a device for closing off

the end of a tube which has

a male fitting.

To take responsibility for

the proper handling and

upkeep of.

To form a shaped object

by pouring a material

into a mold and letting

it harden without the

application of external

pressure.

To prevent from falling

to the ground, to capture.

To put into categories

or general classes.

Calculate the voltage in a

circuit with 10 amps of

current and 5 ohms of

resistance.

Calibrate torque handles at

least once each month so

that the accuracy can be

depended upon.

Cap all lines which have

exposed male fittings.

A mechanic cares for his

tools.

Cast a mold to fit the shape

of the tray.

Catch any fluid drippings

in a drip pan.

Categorize components by

their function.

12.

Figure

3.

Compute

12.

Tip

3.

Install caps

4.

Close off

5.

Plug

31.

Form

2.

Mold

4.

Preform

5.

Die-cut

21.

Classify

For determining

the classifica-

tion of a

supply item, use

"identify."

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

To fall, in or down, as

a result of undermining

or of pressure from above;

to collapse or submit.

1.

To adjust so that axes

coincide.

2.

To place in the middle

of.

To bevel; to form an

angle.

To replace with another

comparable item; to

substitute serviceable

equipment for

malfunctioning, worn-out

or damaged equipment.

To form, cut, or wear a

groove in.

To restore the active

materials in a storage

battery by the passage

of a direct current.

through in the opposite

direction to that of the

discharge.

Cave in the sides of the

box to show its fragility.

1.

Center the nose wheel

of the aircraft.

2.

Center the pointer on

the dial.

12.

Collapse

Chamfer all of the edges of

31.

Angle

the container so as to make

them easier to stack.

2.

Bevel

Change the switch contact

points.

21.

Replace

Channel the rods so that they

can be inserted easily.

Charge the battery for a

short time before making

a specific gravity check.

12.

Cycle

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

"'EXAMPLES

RANK

OF PREFERENCE.

NOTES

Check

1.

To confirm or establish


exists; to ascertain

that a given operation

produces a specified

result; to examine

for satisfactory

accuracy, safety or

performance; to confirm

or determine measure-

ments by use of visual

C)

or mechanical means.

}--k

Checkout

Chock

1.

Check that the light

is off.

31.

2. 4.

5.

Be sure

Verify

Determine

Ascertain

2.

To perform a critical

2.

Check the components

31.

Inspect

visual observation or

for wear, deterioration

2.

Examine

check for specific

or defects.

4.

Zero

conditions; to test

the condition of.

To perform specified

operations to verify

operational readiness

of a subcomponent,

component, subsystem,

or system.

To place a blocking

device, designated, by

the Air Force as a

chock, adjacent to,

in front of, and

behind to keep from

moving.

Checkout the landing gear.

Chock main and nose, landing

gear wheels.

12.

Test

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Choke

Choose

Clamp

Clasp

Classify

CD

Clean

Clear

To enrich the fuel mixture

of a motor by partially

shutting off the air

intake of the carburetor.

To make choice of; to

select, decide.

To fasten or press two

or more parts together

so as to hold them

firmly.

To surround and cling

to, grasp by

encircling.

To put into categories

or general classes.

To wash, scrub or

apply solvents to;

remove dirt, corrosion

or grease.

1.

To move people and/or

objects away from.

2.

To open the throttle

of an idling engine

to free it from

carbon.

Choke engine as required

to start.

Choose the best corrugated

board for the use of

stacking.

Clamp the tensiometer to

the cable by releasing

the handle slowly.

Clasp the board in the vice

to test its durability.

Classify components by

their function.

Clean petroleum products

from oxygen equipment.

1.

Clear the area.

2.

Clear the engine.

12.

Select

3.

Cull

12.

Duck-in

12.

Categorize

For determining

the classifica-

tion of a supply

item, use

"identify."

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Clinch

To bend or crimp an edge

Clinch the corner of the

21.

Clamp

of plate about another

box.

3.

Secure

part and press it down

14.

Crimp

firmly so as to fasten

the two together; to

bend the protruding

points of nails.

Clip

To fasten together with

Clip the flaps together to

31.

Cut

a clip, to cut corner

form the bottom of the box.

2.

Trim

folds with scissors

4.

Shear

in making set up paper

boxes.

Close

1.

To block against

entry or passage;

to turn, push or

pull in the

direction in which

flow is impeded.

Coat

Code

2.

To set a circuit

breaker into the

position allowing

current to flow

through.

To cover or spread with

a finishing, protecting

layer.

To put into the form or

symbols of a system

used to represent

words; to mark.with

identifying symbols.

1.

Close the valve.

2.

Close the circuit

breaker.

Coat battery cables with

grease.

Color code equipment

parts.

IVERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Collapse

Collect

Communicate

C')

Compare

Compile

Comply

Compress

To suffer collapse; to

cave-in.

To bring together into

one body or place; to

accumulate.

Collapse of the package

was due to extreme water

pressure.

Collect the required hand

tools.

1.

To exchange information.

1.

Communicate with man B

during the entire

procedure.

2.

To make known.

To examine the character

or qualities of two or

more items to discover

resemblances or

differences.

To compose or put

together out of

materials from several

sources.

To conform with directions

or rules; to accept as

authority, to obey.

To squeeze together, to

condense.

21.

Cave-in

2.

Yield

2.

Communicate to man B that

51.

Report to

the brakes have been set.

2.

Inform

3.

Notify

4.

Advise

Compare the readings from

protractor and template.

Compile the records of all

maintenance on the specified

aircraft.

Comply with directions.

Compress the forward and

aft sections of the hydraulic

pitch lever.

21.

Follow

VERBS

Compute

Condition

Conduct

Confer

Connect CD

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

To determine by arithmetic

processes.

To put into a proper

state for work or use.

To lead, manage or direct.

.To consult; to exchange

views.

1.

To bring or fit

together so as to

form a unit, to

couple keyed or

matched equipment

items.

2.

To attach or mate

(an electrical

device) to a

service outlet.

Consolidate

To join together into

one whole; to form

into a compact mass.

Construct

To make or form by

combining parts; to

fit and secure together

the several parts of.

Compute the voltage in a



resistance.

Condition components before

installing them.

Conduct the class in proper

servicing procedures.

Confer with maintenance

supervisor if necessary.

31.

Calculate

2.

Figure

1.

Connect the antenna

31.

Tag

cable to the radio

2.

Bond

transmitter.

4.

Attach

5.

Mate

6.

Join

7.

Unite

8.

Splice

9.

Stitch

10.

Hinge

2.

Connect the soldering

iron to the service

21.

Plug in

power outlet.

Consolidate contents of both

containers.

Construct a jet engine in

accordance with specified

procedures.

21.

Assemble

VIIIBS

rn

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Control

Coordinate

Copy

Correct

C:

CD

Cover

Crack

Crease

To exercise restraining or

directing influence over,

to fix or adjust the time,

amount or rate of.

To bring into a common

action, movement or

condition.

To make an imitation,

transcript or

reproduction of.

To make or set right, to

alter or adjust so as to

bring to some standard

or required condition.

To protect or shelter by

placing something over

or around.

To open slightly (the

throttle) of an aircraft

engine preparatory to

starting the engine.

To form a crease in a

sheet of any material

usually for the purpose

of providing a bending

line.

Control electrical current

generation and distribution.

Coordinate the activities of

man B and man C.

Copy the tail number on the

record form.

Correct any error before

proceeding with activity.

Cover tires whenever

maintenance is done on the

aircraft.

Crack and lock the throttle

to 1/8 open.

Crease the box properly so

that they may be stacked.

21.

Regulate

31.

Fold

2.

Seam

4.

Crimp

DEFINITIONS

To fold in, squeeze or

tighten by a series of

corrugations so as to

hold one part against

another.

To select, sort or pick

out defective parts or

articles not meeting up

to standards.

To treat a material by

some application to

impart desired physical

characteristics for a

specific use.

To divide into parts

using a sharp instrument

such as a scissors or

knife.

To charge (a battery)

for a short time.

To release air or gas

from.

To move aircraft control

surfaces (elevators,

ailerons, etc.) to a

position different from

the major axes of the

aircraft.

EXAMPLES

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

Crimp the papers so they

will roll properly.

Cull all the inefficient

parts from the shelf.

5 4

1.

2. 3.

4.

1.2.

3.

Clamp

Clinch

Secure

Crease

Sort

Choose

Select

Cure the paper properly

so it is not deficient

in any way.

If the prongs of the cotter

pin are too long, they

should be cut to proper

length.

Cycle the battery before

making the specific gravity

check.

.Deflate the shock strut to

check fluid level.

Deflect the surface upward

to the mechanical stops.

21.

Charge for a

short time.

NOTES

VERBS

1-1

Co

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Dehumidify

Dehydrate

Deplete

Depress

Depressurize

Destroy

CD

CO

Detect

Determine

To dry out or absorb

moisture by means of

baking, ventilating,

or by the use of a

dessicant.

To deprive of, or to

lose water; to dry

completely.

To lessen markedly in

quantity, content or

power.

To press or push down.

To release gas or fluid

pressure from.

To ruin, demolish or put

out of existence; to

make unfit for further

use.

To discover or determine

the existence, presence

or fact of.

1.

To obtain definite

and first-hand

knowledge of, to

conform or establish

that a proper

condition exists.

2.

To investiage and

decide to discover

by study or experiment.

Dehumidify the chamber.

21.

Dry

3.

Dehydrate

Dehydrate the chamber before

31.

Dry

putting the specimen inside.

Deplete system pressure.

Depress both brake pedals.

Depressurize the hydraulic

system.

Destroy used hydraulic fluid

containers.

Watch very carefully so as

to detect any needle

movement.

2.

Dehumidify

1.

Determine that the light

14

1.

Be sure

is off.

2.

Verify

3.

Check

5.

Ascertain

2.

Determine the amount of

12.

Find

tension on a cable by

following specified procedures.

VERBS

Develop

Devise

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Diagnose

Die-cut

C)

Dimension

Dip

To set forth or make clear

by degrees or in detail.

To form by new combinations

or applications of ideas

or principles; to invent.

To recognize and identify

the cause or nature of a

condition, situation or

problem by examination

or analysis.

To punch out with a

sharp tool.

To measure, to indicate

with dimensions as a

drawing of architecture.

To immerse for a short

period of time.

Disassemble

To take to pieces; to

take apart to the level

of the next smaller unit

or down to all removable

parts.

Develop procedures fully.

Devise new methods of

troubleshooting the

system.

Diagnose the malfunction.

Die-cut the foam so as

to make a cushion.

Dimension that piece of

equipment so as to properly

acquire all the necessary

parts.

Dip the film into the

acetone to see if it will

become flexible.

Disassemble the No. 1 engine.

51.

Form

2.

Mold

3.

Cast

4.

Preform

31.

Size

2.

Measure

12.

Immerse

3.

Submerge

4.

Douse

12.

Dismantle

(For opposite,

see Assemble)

1VERBS

ODEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Disconnect

Disengage

Dismantle

Dispatch

Display

Dispose of

Distribute

1.

To sever the connection

between; to separate

keyed or matched equip-

ment parts.

2.

To detach or separate,

(an electrical device)

from a service outlet.

To release or detach inter-

locking parts, to unfasten;

to set free from an

inactive or fixed position.

To take to pieces; to take

apart to the level of the

next smaller unit or down

to all removable parts.

To send off or away with

promptness or speed.

To exhibit, show, or

make prominent.

To get rid of.

1.

To apportion for a

specific purpose or

to particular persons

or things.

2.

To divide among

several or many; to

divide or separate,

especially into kinds.

1.

Disconnect the bleed

air hose from the leading

edge anti-icing system.

2.

Disconnect the soldering

iron from the service

power outlet.

21.

Unplug

Disengage the parking brake.

21.

Release

3.

Unlock

Dismantle the No. 1 engine.

Dispatch report to

supervising technician.

Display the barrels to the

staff officials.

Dispose of unused hydraulic

fluid left in the can.

1.

Distribute the various


technicians.

2.

Distribute paint for

various sections of the

aircraft.

21.

Disassemble

21.

Show

3.

Exhibit

21.

Assign

3.

Allocate

For circuit

breaker, use

"open."

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Divide

Douse

Drain

Draw in

Dry

Dry out

Duck-in

Effect

t Eliminate

To cause to be separate,

to sever into two or

more parts or pieces.

To plunge suddenly into

water; to immerse.

To draw off (liquid)

gradually or completely.

To pull (liquid) up into

a container through

suction.

To cause to be free from

water or liquid.

To cause to be entirely

evaporated; to render or

become entirely dry.

To turn in a raw edge of

a metal sheet slightly.

This is done usually to

facilitate assembling

two parts of a container.

To An. carry out or bring

about; to reach an

objective.

To expel; to ignore or

set aside as unimportant.

Divide the work evenly,

between the two engineers.

Douse the film in the acetone

to see if it becomes flexible.

Drain servicing hose after

removing it from the filter

valve.

Fill hydrometer by drawing

in electrolyte.

Dry bearings with low

pressure air.

Dry out the entire chamber

before testing your item.

Duck-in the metal to

prevent injury.

Effect a periodic inspection

on the landing gear.

Eliminate all unnecessary

movement.

21.

Slit

3.

Separate

31.

Dip

2.

Submerge

12.

Bake

3.

Scorch

4.

Parch

21.

Clasp

31.

Perform

2.

Accomplish

(For opposite, see

Fill)

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Emboss

Employ

Enforce

Engage

cJ

Engrave

Enter

Erect

Establish

Estimate

To create a design on a

surface by causing the

letters, figures; patterns,

etc; to be raised, by

pressure, rollers, etc.'

To put into action or

service, to carry out a

purpose or action by

means of; to a -i1

oneself of.

To compel or constrain.

To cause to interlock or

mesh.

To impress cut or etch

a configuration into a

plate.

1.

To go or come in.

2.

To put on record.

To put up by the fitting

together.

To set on a firm basis.

To judge or determine

roughly the size, extent

or nr.ture of.

Emboss the print on the

package to give it a more

realistic image.

Employ .only antimagnetic

fasteners.

Enforce safety regulations.

Engage threads of turnbuckle

with threads of cable terminal.

Engrave his initials on the

roller.

1.

Engrave

2.

Imprint

3.

Etch

31.

Use

2.

Utilize

12.

Imprint

3.

Etch

4.

Emboss

1.

Enter the,

through

-

troop doors.

2.

Enter the data on the form.

Erect a special maintenance

stand.

Establish safety rules.

Estimate amount of cleaning

solvent which will be necessary.

For circuit

breakers, use

"close."

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

Etch

1.

To corrode the

interior of a tin

can sufficiently to

be visible instead

of a polished

surface.

Evaluate

Examine

Exhibit

Expand

Expedite

-xpedite

or progress of.

assigning two men.

2.

To treat a material

with an acid leaving

the parts of material

which remain in

relief to form the

desired design.

To determine the

importance, size or

nature of; to appraise;

to give a value or

appraisal to on the

basis of collected

data.

EXAMPLES

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

1.

Etch the inside of the

container as a pre-

coating process.

21.

Scrape

2.

Etch the outline of the

31.

Engrave

design on the film.

2.

Imprint

4.

Emboss

Evaluate an operating engine.

12.

Assess


Examine the component for

21.

Inspect


wear, deterioration or

3.

Check

check for specific

defects.

conditions; to test

the condition of.

To present to view, to

Exhibit the items to the

31.

Show

show, to display anything

management.

2.

Display

for inspection.

To enlarge, to make

Expand the film by heating

41.

Grow

occupy more space, to

it very slightly.

2.

Swell

spread apart.

3.

Bloom

To accelerate the process

Expedite the activity by

NOTES

>VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BYORDER

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Express

To send goods by express.

Express those four items

and send the others by air.

21.

Ship

Extend

To cause to be drawn out

to fullest length.

Extend the main landing

gear.

Extract

To draw forth; to pull

out forcibly.

Extract the cotter pin. ss

Fabricate

To construct from

Fabricate rig pins from

31.

Make

standardized parts.

0.25 inch rod.

2.

Construct

sF4ten

To make firm, to cause

Fasten the film to the

31.

Seal

to hold together, to

inside of the corrugated

2.

Staple

affix.

' box.

4.

Stationary

5.

Immobilize

Figure

To determine by

Figure the voltage in a

21.

Calculate

arithmetic

processes.



resistance.

3.

Compute

File

To rub smooth or cut

away with a file (i.e.,

a tool with cutting

ridges for forming

or smoothing

surfaces).

Fill

To put into as much

as can be held or

conveniently contained

or to a specified

level.

File one end of the rod

to a point.

Fill oil and deicing tanks.

(For opposite,

see Activate)

VERBS

Find

-a

Flag

Flange

Flush

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

1.

To discover or determine

1.

Find the No. 9 fitting.

by search; to indicate

the place, site or

limits of.

2.

To discover by study or

experiment; to

investigate and decide.

To point out or place a

marker.

To hold in place or give

strength.

To pour liquid over or

through; to wash out

with a rush of liquid.

Fold

To bend, lap, or lay one

fart over another part

or to double upon

itself.

Follow

Form

Form-roll

To accept as authority;

to obey; to conform

with directions or rules.

To give a particular

shape to; to shape or

mold into a certain

state; to make up.

To pass a metal sheet

through steel rooters

to form a body cylinder

of a drum.

2.

Find the amount of

tension on a cable

by following specified

procedures.

Flag the area we are to

work in.

Flange the rim so as not

to fall on the neck.

Drain and flush the'hydraulic

system if it is serviced with

a wrong fluid.

Fold the flaps together

to form the `bottom of the

box.

Follow directions.

Form the compound so that it

will fill the hole completely.

Form-roll the heavy material

so as to obtain sturdier

drums.

21.

Locate

21.

Determine

21.

Point out

3.

Signal

41.

Spread out

2.

Extend

3.

Protrude

12.

Lap

3.

Wrap

4.

Hem

5.

Crease

12.

Coinply with

21.

Press

tVERBS

n.)

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Fortify

Furnish

Fuse

Galvanize

Glass

Glaze

C.r)

Glue

Go to

To become, grow, or make

strong; to strengthen.

To supply what is needed,

to equip.

To join two surfaces by

heating them just beyond

their melting point.

To coat iron and steel

with zinc either by

electroplating or hot

dipping.

To pack or can in glass.

To incrust, cover, or

overlay with a thin

surface consisting of,

or resembling, glass;

to furnish or fit with

glass.

To cause to adhere or to

apply adhesives.

To proceed to; to

transport oneself to a

given destination.

Fortify all the sides of

the container with corrugated

board.

Furnish a flashlight for

man B.

Fuse the sides of the metal

container together.

Galvanize all the steel

for this project.

Glass pack all necessary

items.

Glaze the surface with the

appropriate film.

Glue the flaps down to

the package.

Go to the control

pedestal and position

switches appropriately.

14

1.

Support

2.

Brace

3.

Strengthen

21.

Provide

21.

Join

3.

Unite

4.

Weld

31.

Coat

2.

Plate

12.

Glaze

21.

Glass

3.

Laminate

12.

Attach

3:

Adhere

4.

Stencil

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

To connect a current,

wire or piece of

electrical equipment to

a land or other

specified surface.

To increase in bulk; to

develop, enlarge.

To protect from danger,

to defend.

To manage or direct

the movement of.

To give, pass or transmit

with the hands.

To manipulate (load,

turn, raise, etc.)

objects and equipment

manually or with

specially designated

equipment, such as

hoists.

To fasten to some

elevated point without

support from below,

to suspend.

Ground the servicing cart.

Grow the foam to an ILD of

30 lbs. per 100

square

inches.

Guard the area while

maintenance is taking

place.

Guide the maintenance

stand safely to itsnew

position.

Hand the refueling hose

to the technician

stationed on the wing.

Handle charger cylinders

carefully.

Do not hand tools

on

projecting parts of the

aircraft.

12.

Swell

3.

Expand

VERBS

IN>

co

Help

Hem

Hinge

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

To give support, 'aid or

assistance to.

To turn over and flatten

down an edge of a sheet.

To connect two parts in

such a way that theymove

at angles from each other

Hold

To have or keep in the

grasp.

Humidify

CO

Identify

Idle

To moisten or dampen.

1.

To establish the

identity of.

2..

To determine the

classification of

a supply item.

To run an aircraft

engine under reduced

power without sufficient

power being developed for

movement of the aircraft.

Help man B lift the load.

Hem all the sheets so

there is no bulging.

Hinge the sides of the

top of the crate so it

will be easier to open.

Hold the power switch in

position until the voltmeter

stabilizes.

Humidify the room so we

can run moisture tests.

1.

Identify components by

name and function.

2.

Identify the component

to be ordered from

supply.

Idle the engine for five

minutes at 800 rpm.

21.

Assist

3.

Aid

31.

Fold

2.

Lap

4.

Seam

41.

Join

2.

Connect

3.

Attach

41.

Wet

2.

Dampen

3.

Moisten

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Immerse

To plunge into something

that surrounds or covers,

especially to plunge or

dip into a fluid.

Immobilize

To secure a package or

items within a container

or transport unit.

Imprint

ImprOie

C.0

Indicate

Inflate

Inform

Initiate

Inject

To impress or mark by

pressure; to stamp or

mark by means of type.

To make greater in

amount or degree; to

make better.

To point out.

To fill with a given

amount of gas or air.

To make known to; to

give notice or report

the occurrence of.

To perform actions

necessary to set into

operation, to set

going, to begin.

To throw, drive or

force in.

Immerse component in

solvent.

Immobilize the products

to insure their safety.

Imprint the design so we

can use it for our insignia.

Improve procedures whenever

feasible.

Indicate which dial should

be monitored.

Inflate tire to desired

pressure.

Inform man B that the

brakes have been set.

Initiate operation of the

powered AGE.

Inject lubricant into

proper joint.

31.

Fasten

2.

Stationary

31.

Print

2.

Engrave

4.

Etch

5.

Emboss

I.

Report to

3.

Notify

4.

Advise

5.

Communicate to

21.

Start

3.

Originate

wo

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Insert

Inspect

Install

To put or thrust in,

into or through.



check for specific

conditions; to test

the condition of.

1.

To perform operations

necessary to properly

fit an equipment unit

into the next larger

assembly or system.

2.

To place and attach.

Insert a wire through the

hole in the turnbuckle.

Inspect the components for

wear, deterioration or

defects.

1.

Install fuel manifold.

2.

Install nuts or bolts.

12.

Put

3.

Plug

4.

Interleave

12.

Examine

3.

Check

a.

For wiring

a circuit,

use either

"install

wiring" or

"wire."

b.

For safety

wiring use

either

"safety

wire" or

"install

safety wire."

c.

For screws,

use "install

screws"

rather than

"screw."

d.

Use "cap"

"plug"

rather than

install

caps (plugs).

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Insure

Intercept

Interleave

CO

Interpret

Investigate

Isolate

Jack

To make certain, to ensure.

Insure that the area is

clear of unnecessary

personnel and equipment.

To stop or interrupt the

progress or course of.

To insert separating

sheets of paper etc

between foil or other

stacked sheet material

to facilitate handling

or to prevent blocking

or smudging.

To explain the meaning of.

To observe or study by

close examination and

systematic inquiry.

To use test equipment to

identify or select a

source of trouble.

Intercept messages

between flight station

and tail section technicians.

Interleave gaps between the

papers so that handling

will be easier.

Interpret instructions for

inexperienced technicians.

Investigate the cause of the

breakdown.

Isolate the source of the

malfunction using pressure

gages.

To use one or more jacks

Jack and level the aircraft

(i.e., mechanisms for

in accordance with specified

exerting pressure to lift

procedures.

all or part of an aircraft).

21.

Insert

Ng*

r)

YERBS

DFIFITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Join

To bring or fit together so

Join the transmitter to

as to form a unit; to couple the receiver with the

keyed or matched equipment

power cable.

items.

to

Keep

Kick

Knock

Knurl

Label

Lace

Laminate

To remain, to continue in

a place.

To strike against with a

foot.

To drive or be driven

against something; to

collide or clash.

To serrate a surface.

To attach a label either

manually or by a labeling

machine.

To attach laces to inside

edges of a base or to

fray of a set up paper

box manually operated or

by a lacing machine.

To unite layers of

materials by extrusion

or with adhesives.

Keep away from the danger

area.

Kick the wheel lightly if

the strut binds.

81.

Bond

2.

Fuse

3.

Unite

I.

Weld

5.

Connect

6.

Attach

,I

7.

Mate

9.

Splice

10.

Hinge

11.

Sweat

Knock the pins from the

testing equipment so the

film may be inserted.

Knurl the edge of the foam

to give more protection to

the product.

Label all testing equipment

to their capacity load.

Lace the edges of the

fiberboard together.

Laminate the films with

glue so they;will hold

together.

2:

1.

Stay

21.

Bump_

3.

Strike

41.

cut

2.

Notch

3.

Serrate

31.

Mark

2.

Tag

12.

Braid

3.

Weave

31.

Coat

2.

Glaze

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Lap

Latch

Layer

Leave

CAD

\Let

Level

Lift

To extend beyond; to form

a lap.

To catch with a device

which holds a door when

closed, even if not

bolted.

To stack commodities in

layer or single thickness

folds.

1.

To go away from,

depart.

2.

To allot or provide

for.

To permit; to give

opportunity to.

To cause an aircraft to

become even or parallel

with the plane of the

horizon.

To move or cause to be

moved from a lower to

a higher position; to

elevate.

Lap the sheet metal

together to form a

secured joint.

Close and latch the aft

petal doors.

Layer the foam lengthwise

against the wall.

1.

Do not leave the area

until this activity is

complete.

2.

Leave a two-inch slack

in the rope.

Let the engine stabilize.

Jack and level the aircraft

in accordance with specified

procedure.

21.

Fold

3.

Wrap

4.

Hem

5.

Seam

31.

Stack

2.

Pile

21.

Allow

21.

Allow

Lift the spoiler control

21.

Raise

lever to the ARMED position.

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

To cause to illUminate.

To apply a lining or

coating to a material

or container by painting,

pasting, spraying, etc.

To pay attention to

sound.

To place in or on a

means of conveyance;

to place cargo or

aircraft components

on an airplane or

other vehicle.

Light the field indicator

light.

Line the barrel with moisture

resistant solvent.

Listen to the engine while

it is operating.

Load and secure aircraft

components on specified

truck.

1.

Coat

2.

Cover,

1.

To find, determine

1.

Locate the No. 9

41.

Position

or indicate the

fitting.

2.

Place

place, site or

3.

Set

limits of.

5.

Put

6.

Register

2.

To set or establish

2.

Locate the test

3-4

1.

Position

in a particular spot;

equipment so that

2.

Place

to station.

it can be seen by

3-4.

Set

both technicians.

5.

Put

To hold fast or inactive;

to fix.

To visually search for.

Lock the throttle after it

has been properly set.

Look for cracks, corrosion

and damage during inspection

of wheels and tires.

VERBS

Loop

CO

Cal

Loosen

Lower

Lubricate

Maintain

Make

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

To make into the form or

shape of,a loop (i.e.,

a fold or doubling of

line leaving an aperture

between the parts through

which another line can

be passed).

To release from restraint;

to cause to become less

tight fitting.

To cause to move down; to

depress as to direction.

To put lubricant on

specified locations.

1.

To hold or keep in any

particular state or

condition, especially

in a state of efficiency

4/1

or validity.

2.

To sustain or keep up.

To carry out or cause to

occur.

Make ready

To be prepared to act or

be used immediately.

Loop the wire.

Loosen the lock nut on the

relief valve.

Lower the exhaust stack into

the stowed position.

Lubricate the wheel bearings.

12.

Apply lubricant

1.

An aircraft mechanic

maintains aircraft.

2.

Maintain standard forms

on power plant operations.

Make corrections where

necessary.

Make ready the specimen for

testing.

41.

Prepare

2.

Alert

3.Ready

5.

Preset

(For opposite,

see Secure)

IVERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Mark

Mate

Measure

CO

CD

Mix

Modify

To label; to provide with

an identifying or

indicating symbol.

To join or fit together;

to couple.

To determine the dimensions,

capacity or amount by use

of standard instruments or

utensils.

To combine or blene, into

one mass.

To alter or change

somewhat the form or

qualities of.

Mold

To shape in, or as in, a

mold; or by folding,

kneading, etc.

Moisten

Monitor

To wet slightly; to make

moist or wet.

l. To visually take note

of; to pay attention

to in order to check

on action Dr change.

Mark each component before

removing it.

Mate the proper transmitter

and receiver.

Measure voltage drop across

each unit of resistance.

Never mix oxygen with other

gases.

A jet engine mechanic

modifies turbofan engines.

Mold the film to conform

to the dimensions of the

box.

31.

Connect

2.

Attach

I.

Join

21.

Form

3.

Cast

4.

Prefoim

5.

Die-cUt

Moisten the outside of the

31.

Wet

container to prevent

2.

Dampen

scorching.

4.

Humidity

1.

Monitor the indicator for

31.

Observe

changes in air speed.

2.

Watch

If marking is

to be done on

a tag, use

"tag."

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Monitor

(Cont'd)

2.

To continually or

periodically attend

to displays to

determine equipment

condition or operating

status.

Moor

To secure an aircraft to

the ground by tying it

down by ropes or cables.

Mount

Move

Co

Neck-in

Neglect

Neutralize

Notch

To, attach to a support.

To change the location

or position of.

To form a portion of a

container to a smaller

size than the main part.

To treat with little or

no attention; to pass

unheeded.

2.

Monitor all engine

instruments while

starting the engines.

Moor the aircraft when it

is to be parked for an

extended period of time.

Mount the split-type wheel.

Move and position a B-4

maintenance stand.

Neck-in the can so the

foam will fit in properly.

21.

Ship

.3.

Transport

IV:

Express

31.

Reduce

2.

Modify

Neglect the value determined

41.

Skip

from the faulty chamber.

2.

Pass over

3.

Omit

To destroy the effectiveness

Neutralize the solution

of; to nullify; to make

before applying it to

chemically neutral or

aircraft surface.

electrically inert.

To cut away small

portions of an area

of packaging material,

usually at the corners

to provide for lock

seaming.

Notch the foam so it

will fit tightly into

the container.

21.

Cut

1

3.

Score

4.

Serrate,

5.

Knurl

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Notify

To make known to; to give

notice or report the

occurrence of.

Observe

1.

2.

Obtain

1.

co2.

Omit

Open

To conform one's

actions or practice to.

To visually take note

of; to pay attention to.

To get or find out by

observation or special

procedures.

To gain or attain.

To leave out, exclude.

1.

To move from closed

position; to make

available for passage

by turning in an

appropriate direction.

2.

To make available for

entry or passage by

turning back, removing

or clearing away.

3.

To disengage or pull.

Notify man B that the


1.

Observe precautions.

2.

Observe the indicator

for changes in airspeed.

1.

Obtain a reading on the

outside circle of the

tensiometer.

2.

Obtain the necessary

supplies before starting

on maintenance.

Omit all of the tests on the

wooden pallets.

1.

Open the valve.

2.

Open the troop door:

3.

Open the appropriate

circuit breakers.

31.

Report to

2.

Informs

4.

Advise

5.

Communicate to

12.

Watch!

3.

Monitor

21.

Take

1

31.

Skip

2.

Pass over

4.

Negledt

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Operate

Order

Organize

Orient

t!,} Originate

To control equipment in

order to,accomplish a

specific purpose.

1.

To requisition or

request from supply.

2.

To group according

to quality, value, or

other characteristics.

To arrange elements into a

whole of interdependent

parts; to form into a

coherent unity; to

integrate.

1.

To acquaint with the

existing situation or

environment.

2.

To set or arrange in

any determinate

position.

Operate crew stands and

auxiliary power equipment.

1.

Order three cans of

appropriate solvent.

2.

Order components by

size from smallest

to largest.

Organize the activities

of the assisting

technicians.

1.

Orient new technicians

to location of shops

and supplies.

2.

Orient the aircraft

away from wind direction.

21.

Arrange

To give rise to; to set

Originate a new procedure.

31.

Start

going; to begin.

2.

Initiat0' 1

PREP.

SYNONYMS MI ORDER

0 VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Overhaul

Overwrap

The act of disassembling

equipment units down to

all removable parts;

cleaning; critically

inspecting, repairing,

restoring and replacing

where necessary;

assembling, adjusting,

aligning, recalibrating

and verifying operational

readiness by test or

checkol4; and packaging

for transportation storage.

-dverhaul the No. 2 engine.

To apply an'overwrap.

Overwrap all, necessary

21.

Wrap

items.

Pack

To fill completely with

Pack the bearings.

grease.

Paint

To apply color or pigment

Paint all exposed surfaces.

(suspended in suitable

liquid) to the surface of.

Panel

1.

To distort a round

1.

Panel the circular

31.

Change

package by forcing

package so it will

2.

Adjust

in the sides to

fit tighter into position.

produce one or more

flat surfaces.

2.

To raise or depress part

of a flat surface to

improve the appearance,

stiffen the surface or

alter the capacity.

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

To burn the surface of;

to dry to extremity;

to shrivel with heat.

To bring (an aircraft) to

a stop and leave it

standing for a time,

usually without pilot,

in a specified area.

To pass without stopping

touching, or noticing;

to overlook.

To mend, cover, or fill

up a hole or weak spot.

To do, carry out or

bring about; to reach

an objective.

To lay or put in a

pile; to stack, to

accumulate.

To put or set in a desired

location or position.

To devise or project the

achievement of.

Parch the surface of the

corrugated board so the

final test can be run.

Part the aircraft between

the yellow lines.

41.

Dry out

2.

Bake

Pass over the drop test, it

21.

Skip

is not necessary to proceed.

3.

Omit

4.

Neglect

Patch the tubes where

necessary.

Perform a -variodic

inspectioh on the landing

gear.

Pile all the foam to be

tested in the corner.

Place the test equipment

so that it can be seen

by both technicians.

Plan the day's schedule

for the technicians.

12.

Accomplish

3.

Effect

21.

Stack

3.

Collect

4.

Layer

21.

Position

,

3.

Set

4.

Locate

5.

Put

6.

Register

N VERBS

n.)

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Plate

Plug

Plug in

Point out

Position

C.0

Post

Preform

To cover or coat with

metal, as to plate

steel sheet with zinc,

tin, etc.

To provide with a device

for closing off the end

of a tube which has a

female fitting.

To attach or mate (an

electrical device) to

a service outlet.

To indicate the position

direction of.

To put or set in

place, to locate.

To station at a given

place.

To make plastic molding

powder into pellets or

tablets.

Plate the metal so it can

be used as a conductor of

electricity.

Plug all lines which

have exposed female

fittings.-

Plug in the soldering

iron at the service

power outlet.

Point out all of the vital

points of the drop test.

Position the test equipment

so that it can be seen by

both technicians.

Post one man in front of

the aircraft.

Preform all of the powder

so the pellets will be

ready when we need them.

31.

Cover

2.

Coat

4.

Galvanize

12.

Insert plugs

3.

Install plugs

12.

Connect;

12.

Flag

12.

Place

3.

Set

4.

Locate

5.

Put

6.

Register

41.

Form,

2.

Mold

3.

Cast

5.

Die-cuti

VERBS

Prepare

DEFINITIONS

Prescribe

CC)

CAD

Preset

Press

Pressurize

Prevent

Print

To make ready; to arrange

things in readiness.

To prepare or make ready

for a maintenance activity.

To lay down as a guide,

direction or rule of

action; to specify with

authority.

To put in a desired

position, adjustment

or condition

beforehand.

To act upon through

thrusting force exerted

in contact.

To apply pressure within

by filling with gas or

liquid.

0

To keep from happening or

existing.

To transfer written

matter or design to an

object, usually by

means of a stamp, die,

pr printing press, with

ink as the medium.

EXAMPLES

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Prepare the surface for

paint

Prepare the Trunion Shaft

12.

Set up

Kit for removal of the

3.

Ready

MLG shock strut.

Prescribe repair activities

to correct the malfunctions.

Preset tension indicator

dial to size of cable

being checked.

Press the blower start

12.

Push

For circuit

button.

3.

Form-Roll

breakers, use

"close."

Pressurize the booster

hydraulic system.

Prevent oil from spilling

over on components.

Print the information

accurately and precisely.

21.

Copy

3.

Imprint

4.

Transfer

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

To investigate thoroughly

with a long, pointed

device or by direct

feeling.

To submit to a series of

actions or operations

leading to a particular

end.

To work out a plan or

procedure or a sequence

of operations to be

performed.

To apply special

protective qualities.

To extend beyond; to

project or stick out.

To supply what is needed,

to equip.

To exert force upon an

object so as to cause

motion toward the force.

Probe the tube with

fingers.

Process the forms so

they will be compatible

with new recording methods.

Program the maintenance

activity in logical

sequence.

Proof the material with

a laminating substance.

Protrude all of the

corners so the board will

be more stable.

Provide a flashlight for

man B.

Pull out knob No. 6 on

the oxygen servicing

cart.

31.

Coat

2.

Cover

4.

Underprint

31.

Spread out

2.

Extend

4.

Flange

12.

Furnish,

For circuit

breakers, use

'open."

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Pum

p

Puncture

Purge

Push

1.

Raise or lower by

operating a device

which raises, transfers

or compresses fluids

by suction, pressure

or both.

1.

Pump up the ramp

several inches.

2.

To move up and down or

2.

Pump engine primer knob.

in and out as if with

a pump handle.

To pierce with pointed

instrument or object.

1.

To free of sediment

or trapped air by

flushing or bleeding.

2.

To remove fuel or

fuel vapors from engine

by motoring engine with

fuel switch off.

1.

To press against with

force so as to cause

motion away from the

force.

2.

To move away or ahead

by steady pressure.

Be careful not to puncture

tube while probing the

inside of it.

1.

Purge fuel tanks.

2.

Purge engines.

1.

Push the blower

start button.

2.

Push the servicing

cart toward the aircraft.

21.

Press

For circuit

breakers, use

Hclose. n

Q VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Put

Qua

lify

Raise

Read

Readjust

1.

To place in or through.

2.

To -place or set in a

desired position or

location

3.

To deposit or leave.

4.

To lay or spread on

or in.

To declare competent or

adequate.

To move or cause to be

moved from a lower to a

higher position, to

elevate.

To interpret the meaning

of by visual observation.

To adjust again, to

move back to a specified

condition; to bring

back to an in-tolerance

condition.

1.

Put a wire through the

21.

Insert

hole in the turnbuckle.

Put the test equipment

51.

Position

where it can be seen by

2.

Place

both technicians.

3.

Set

h.

Locate

6.

Put away

7.

Store

3.

Put tools out on the bench.

-

4.

Put sealant in the gap

21.

Apply

f

between the windshield

and the aircraft

structure.

Qualify components whiths,

check out successfully...,

Raise the spoiler control

12.

Lift

lever to the ARMED position.

Read the ammeter.

Readjust the voltage after

performing an operational

check of the system.

Use "store"

instead of "put

away" for

depositing or

leaving in a

specified

place for

future use.

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Ready

Reassemble

C

Recall

Recap

To prepare for a

maintenance activity.

To refit and secure

together the parts of

after they have been

taken apart.

To call back.

To cap again; to

replace a covering;

to reinstall a

fitting for closing

the end of a tube.

Recapitulate

To repeat briefly.

Receive

Recognize

To come into

possession of; to

get.

To perceive to be

something previously

known or designated.

Ready the Trunion Shaft


MLG shock strut.

Reassemble component before

installation on aircraft.

Recall parts which have

not been modified.

Recap the filler valve.

Recapitulate the task

sequence.

Receive supplies as they

arrive.

A jet engine mechanic

recognizes troubles through

evaluation of engine

operational checks.

31.

Set up

2.

Prepare

4.

Make-ready

5.

Alert

6.

Preset

Use "repeat

briefly."

co

VERBS

,DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFEIENCE

NOTES

Recommend

Recondition

Reconnect

Record

Reduce

Refuel

CO

Register

Regulate

Reinflate

To urge the acceptance or

use of.

To renew; to bring or put

back into good condition.

To rejoin or refasten that

which has been separated.

To set down in writing.

To cause to be diminished

in-strength, density or

value.

To put fuel into the tanks

of (an aircraft) again.

To have one part

positioned accurately

with respect to

another.

To fix or adjust the time,

amount or rate of; to

exercise restraining or

directing influence over.

Recommend procedure changes

where appropriate.

Recondition the pilot's and

copilot's seats.

Reconnect aft pistons to

forward pistons.

Record maintenance time

on appropriate form.

Reduce pump flow.

Refuel the system as outlined

from applicable technical

manuals.

12.

Renovate

Register all the impressions

31.

Place

accurately.

2.. Position

4.

Locate

Regulate electrical current

12.

Control

generation and distribution.

To refill with a given

Reinflate tires to specified

amount of gas or air

psi value.

after deflation has occurred.

VERBS

Reject

Relay

Release

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Relieve

Remove

To refuse to have, use or

take for some purpose.

To pass along by stages.

1.

To set free from an

inactive or fixed

position; to unfasten

or detach interlocking

parts.

2.

To let go of.

3.

To set free from

restraint or

confinement.

To ease or set free of a

burden, to partially

release.

1.


necessary to take an

equipment unit out of

the next larger assembly

or system.

Reject components which

show excessive wear.

Relay the message to man D.

1.

2.

3.

Release the parking

brake.

Release tensiometer

handle.

Release pressure.

12.

3.

Disengage

Unlock

Relieve hydraulic pressure

before working on a system.

1.

a.

Remove bleed air

shutoff valves.

b.

Remove bolts from

nuts.

2.

To take off or eliminate.'2.

Remove paint.

3.

To take or move away.

3.

Remove jacks.

Scrape

4.

To take off devices for

4.

Remove caps (plugs) from

12.

Uncap

closing off the end of

all hydraulic lines.

3.

Unplug

a tube.

4.

Unscrew

For screws, use

"remove" rather

than "unscrew."

(For opposite,

see Apply)

VERBS

0DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Renovate

Repair

Repeat

Replace

CD

C.D

Replenish'

Report

To renew; to bring or put

back into good condition.

To restore damaged, wornout

or malfunctioning equipment

to a serviceable, usable

or operable condition.

To make, do or perform

again.

1.

To restore to a former

place or position.

2.

To substitute

serviceable equipment

for malfunctioning,

wornout or damaged

equipment.

To fill or build up again.

To describe as being in a

specified state.

To make known to; to give

notice or report the

.

occurrence of.

Renovate the pilot's and

copilot's seats.

Repair engine by replacing

parts and removing defects.

If keys do not engage lugs,

remove wheel assembly and

.

repeat procedure.

1.

Replace covers on jacks.

2.

Replace the switch

contact points.

Replenish drinking water

when supply runs low.

Report when read.

Report to man B that the


21.

Recondition

12.

Change

12.

Inform

3.

Notify

4.

Advise

5.

Communicate to

Repair includes

replacement,

overhaurand

reworking of

constituent

parts or

materials.

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

EXAMPLES

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Repressurize

To reapply pressure within

by filling with gas or

liquid after pressure

has been released.

Request

Reset

Resolve

Restore

Retard

Retract

Return

n

To ask for.

To put back into a desired

position, adjustment or

condition.

To clear up or find an

answer to; to reach a

decision about.

To bring back or put

back into a former

or original state.

To manipulate so as to

hold back or slow down,

to hold back or slow

down.

To draw up against or

into the aircraft.

To bring, send or put

back to a former or

proper place.

Repressurize the utility

hydraulic system.

Request further information

if necessary.

Reset the field after performing -

an operational check of the

generator.

Resolve the inconsistency

before proceeding with

maintenance activity....

Restore hydraulic pressure.

Retard the throttle.

Retract the landing gear.

Return the horizontal

stabilizer to the neutral

position.

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK,

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Review

Rewind

Rework

Rig

Rinse

Rope off

To examine again; to go

over or examine critically

or deliberately.

To wind again; especially

the winding of a roll of

paper, film or other

flexible packaging

material after printing,

slitting, etc; to transfer

to other rolls, usually

smaller, after slitting,

etc.

To reprocess for further

use; to revise.

To assemble, adjust and

align the major components

of an aircraft (i.e.,

airfoils or other surfaces);

to fit out (an aircraft)

with control cables, bracing

cables, pulleys, turnbuckles,

etc.

To cleanse (as from soap

used in washing) by clear

water.

To partition, separate or

divide by a rope (i.e., a

large stout cord of

strands of fibers or

wire twisted or braided

together).

Review procedures which

have not been performed

for more than two months.

Rewind the paper to the

beginning of the roll.

Rework the report forms.

Rig and adjust the mechanical

linkage in the flight control

system.

Rinse the battery after

cleaning it with soda

water solution.

Clear and rope off an

area around the aircraft

and post warning signs.

31.

Repeat

2.

Reset

4.

Restore

VERBS

Rotate

Route

Rub

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

To cause to revolve about

an axis or center.

To send by a selected course

of travel; to divert in a

specified direction.

To move along the surface

of a body with pressure.

Safeguard

To provide a technical

contrivance to prevent

accident; to comply with

precautionary

measures or stipulation.

Safety

1.

To secure an aircraft

part against loosening

from vibration.

}-

2.

To use safety wire to

CZ)

make an aircraft

component fast or safe

or secure against

loosening froaivibration.

Rotate the door handle

counter clockwise until

catches retract.

Route the memo to all

affected personnel.

Rub hands around connections.

Safeguard technical manuals.

1.

Safety the lock nut on

the relief valve.

2.

Safety the bolts with

wire.

3.

To use a cotter pin to

3.

Safety the bolt with a

make an aircraft

cotter pin.

component fast or safe

or secure against

loosening from vibration.

21.

Bend

3.

Turn

31.

Safety wire

2.

Secure (with wire)

4.

Install (with wire)

31.

Secure

2.

Install

vI i

VERBS

4r

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Safety wire

Salvage

Scan

Schedule

Scorch

Score

Scrap

Scrape

To use safety wire to make

aircraft component fast

or safe or secure against

loosening from vibration.

To rescue or save (as from

discard, wreckage or ruin).

To make a wide, sweeping

search of; to look through

or over hastily.

To appoint, assign or

designate for a fixed

future time; to make

a timetable of.

To burn superficially;

to shrivel with heat.

To make an impression

or partial cut in a

flat material for the

purpose of facilitating

bonding, creasing,

folding; or tearing.

To retire from use.

To scratch; to draw

harshly or roughly

over.

Safety wire the bolts.

Salvage fuel which is

drained fromtanks.

Scan the flight engineer's

panels before beginning

maintenance activity.

ScheAule maintenance

actikrities for the day.

Scorch the surface of the

corrugated board so the

final test can be run.

Score the corrugated board

so it will fit in the carton.

Scrap the excess material.

Scrape the outside of the

barrel so it is free of rust.

12.

Secure (with wire)

3.

Safety

4.

Install (with wire)

31.

Dry out

2.

Bake

4.

Parch

31.

Cut

2.

Notdh,

4.

Serrate

12.

Dispose of

3.

Eliminate

21.

Rub

3.

Scuff

4.

Etch

VERBS

Screw

Scrub

Scuff

Seal

Seam

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

1.

To attach, fasten or

close by means of a

screw.

2.

To attach by means of

a twisting motion in

the proper direction.

3.

To attach screws by means

of a twisting motion in

the proper direction.

To clean with hard rubbing.

To rub or abrade.

To secure or fasten,

To form a seam by butting,

overlapping, sewing, or

otherwise fastening

together two edges of

any material.

1.

Screw the ram safety lock

to the ram.

2.

Screw in jack pad.

3.

Screw in twelve screws

around cover.

Scrub all metal parts with

a white powder deposit on

them. a

Scuff the surface lightly

with a piece of sandpaper.

Seal the lid tightly to the

top of the box.

Seam seal the bag closed

with intense heat and

adhesives.

21.

Install

31.

Rub

2.

Scrape

21.

Close

3.

Fasten

4.

Secure

31.

Lap_

2.

Hem

4.

Crease

4=-VERBS

rn

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PRErEHENCE

NOTES

Secure

Select

Separate

Serrate

Sex-rice

1.

To make fastt'or safe.

2.

To safety (with safety

wire or cotter pin) to

make aircraft Component

fast or safe or to keep

it from loosening during

vibration.

To take by preference or

fitness from a number or

group, to pick out, to

choose.

To set apart from others;

to sever.

To notch or make

serrations.

1.

Load and secure components

on trucks.

2.

a.

Secure bolts with

safety wire.

Immobilize

21.

Safety wire

3.

Safety

4.

Install (with wire)

b.

Secure the bolt with

12.

Install

a cotter pin.

3.

Safety

Select a battery cell and

insert hydrometer nozzle

in the cell.

Separate the various types of

31.

Slit

film according to speed.

2.

Divide

Serrate the edges of the foam

41.

Cut

so it is uniform with the other

2.

Notch

side.

3.

Score

5.

Knurl

To perform such operations

Service each battery cell

as cleanup, lubrication and

to only 3/8 inch above the

replenishment to prepare

plates.

for use.

(For oppost

see Loosen)

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

Set

I O

Set up

Shake

Shear

Ship

Show

1.

To put a switch,

pointer or knob into

a given position; to

put equipment into

a given adjustment,

condition a mode.

2.

To put or place in a

desired orientation

or location.

To prepare or make ready

for a maintenance activity.

To move or cause to move

to and fro in a quick,

jerky manner.

To cut, clip, or

sever something.

To send, to move from

one place or position

to another.

To present or place in

sight; -to permit to be

seen.

EXAMPLES

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

1.

Set PSBR switch to ON.

2.

Set the test equipment

31.

Position

so that it can be/seen

2.

Place

by both technici4ns.

4.

Locate

5.

Put

Set up the Trunion Shaft

21.

Prepare


3.

Ready

MLG shock strut.

Shake the container so that

the paint will be well mixed.

Shear the corners of the foam

31.

Cut

so it will fit properly into

the box.

2.

Clip

Ship the cushioned cartons to

12.

Move

the proper address.

3.

Transport

4.

Express

Show the results of the test

12.

Display

on a flip chart.

3.

Exhibit

NOTES

s.

iVERBS

VIco

Shut down

Signal

CD

CO

Simulate

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Single seam

Size

Skip

Slide


necessary to cause an

equipment to cease or

suspend operation.

To notify or communicate

by signals (i.e., a

prearranged sign,

notice or symbol

conveyinga-command,

warning, direction

or other message).

To give the appearance or

effect of.

To attach an end to an

unflanged can body by a

method which four

thicknesses of plate

are interlocked or folded

and pressed firmly

together, the hook on

the body being eliminated.

To bring apart to the

dimensions required.

To miss or jump over a

spot.

To cause to move in a

smooth manner over a

surface.

Shut down the air

conditioning.

Signal the pilot to move the

aircraft to the left.

Simulate doppler radar

signals.

Single seam the end flap

to the carton.

Size the film to the

appropriate dimensions.

Skip the tensile strength

test.

Slide the stand in close

enough to do the work.

12.

Stop

2.

Measure

3.

Dimension

2.

Pass over

3.

Omit

4.

Neglect

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

To cut roll stock to

specified widths; either

rotary or stationary

knives or blades are used

with mechanical unwinding

and rewinding devices.

To wash or coat the

interior surfaces of a

container by partially

filling with a liquid,

followed by agitating

the contents.

To put in a certain

place or rank according

to kind, class, etc; to

select or separate.

To name or state

explicitly or in detail.

To cause or allow to

fall, flow or run out.

Slit the foam perpendicular

21.

Cut

to the edge of the box.

3.

Divide

4.

Separate

Slush the barrel with the

solvent.

31.

Wash

2.

Coat

Sort the rubber goods according

1

to their cure date.

Specify the manufacturer's

number of the multimeter.

Be careful not to spill

battery acid on clothing,

hands.

To cause to revolve rapidly.

Spin wheel by hand until a

bearing drag is noticed.

To unite or join the ends

of ropes or wire cables.

2.

Select

3.

Cull

Splice the two, wires together.

31.

Join

2.

Connect

(7

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Spray

Spread out

Stack

Staple

Start

To apply with a device which

disperses a jet of finely

divided liquid.

To extend in length

or breadth.

To pile articles in

vertical rows.

To apply a staple or

to fasten by means of

staples.

To perform actions

necessary to set into

operation, to set going,

tq begin.

Stationary

One who or that which

is stationary or tends

to remain in one place,

condition, etc.

Stay

Stencil

Stick

To remain, to continue

in a place.

To letter or mark a

design by means of ink

or paint applied through

a cutout stencil board.

To attach by or as if by

causing to adhere to a

surface.

Spray the fuselage and

tail sections moving

from center to ends.

Spread out the center of the

12.. Extend

pipe with a center punch.

3.

Protrude

4.

Flange

Stack the styrofoam in

the corner.

Staple the corrugated box

together.

Start the powered AGE.

Stationary the wall with a

brace.

Stay away from the danger

area.

Stencil the design to the

canvas.

12.

Pile

3.

Collect

4.

Layer

12.

Fasten

3.

Hold

4.

Stitch

2.

Initiate

3.

Originate

31.

Staple

2.

Fasten

4.

Immobilize

12.

Keep

21.

Mark

3.

Paint

12.

Glue

3.

Attach

4.

Adhere

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

To excite to activity

or greater activity.

To sew together; to

unite by means of

thread or staples.

To perform actions

necessary to cause an

equipment to cease or

suspend operation.

To deposit or leave in a

specified place for

future use.

To deposit or leave in

a specified place for

future use.

To make stronger, add

intensity to.

To deliver or aim a blow

or thrust; to hit.

To put under water; to

plunge.

To make available; to

offer.

Stimulate flow by warming

the lines.

Stitch the flaps to the

side of. the corrugated

board.

Stop the air conditioning.

Store the wheel covers

after maintenance activity

is completed.

Stow the wheel covers

after maintenance activity

is completed.

Strengthen the bonds by

applying adhesives.

Strike the designated spot

with a hammer.

Submerge the barrel under

water fot the final test.

21.

Staple

3.

Connect

4.

Sew

21.

Shut down

12.

Stow

3.

Put away

21.

Store

3.

Put away

31.

Staple

2.

Brace

4.

Fortify

31.

Dip

2.

Immerse

4.

Douse

Submit request for modification

-of procedures.

1VERBS

ON

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Suggest

Superintend

Supervise

Support

Survey

Sweat

i\D

Swell

Synchronize

Tabulate

To propose as desirable

or fitting; to offer for

To oversee; to have or

exercise the charge of.

To oversee; to have or

exercise the charge of.

To hold up or provide

a foundation or props

for.

To examine comprehensively

as to condition, situation

or value.

To bond together by the

application of heat

surfaces to which solder

has already been applied.

To bulge out by internal

pressure.

To cause to happen at

the same time.

To set up in the form

of a table (with rows

and columns); to compute

by means of a table.

Suggest any changes which

might be helpful.

Superintend the repair of

the engines.

Supervise the repair of

the engines.

Support the elevator at

both ends.

Survey entire aircraft

surface.

Sweat the two units together

to make a good connection.

The water pressure caused

excess swelling of the film.

Synchronize the activities

of man A and man B.

Tabulate maintenance times

for each occurrence of the

various maintenance activities

21.

Supervise

12.

Superintend

21.

Join

21.

Grow

3.

Bloom

4.

Expand

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Tag

Take

Tap

Temper

Test

Throw

rn

To provide with an

identifying or indicating

symbol with or as if with

a tag (i.e., a cardboard,

plastic or metal marker

used for identification

or classification); to label.

Tag each hydraulic line

before removing it.

1.

To get into or carry in

1.

Take supplies out to

one's hands or one's

the aircraft.

possession.

2.

To get or find out by

observation or

special procedures.

To strike lightly.

To bring to a proper

degree of toughness or

hardness.

To perform specified

_operations to verify

operational readiness

of a component, sub

component, system or

subsystem.

To move (a switch) so

as to make or break

a connection.

2.

Take a reading on the

outside circle of the

tensiometer.

Tap the eye of the cotter

pin to seat it.

Temper the metal until

it reaches 360 degrees.

Test the true airspeed

indicator.

Throw switch to ON

position.

12.

Attach a tag

3.

Mark

4.

Connect a tag to

5.

Label

12.

Obtain

31.

Improve

2.

Adjust

1.

Checkout

Use "set" for

all switches.

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Tie

Tighten

Tilt

p

Torque

Tow

To fasten, attach or close

Tie mooring ropes to tie

by means of a line or cord.

points under wing and on

nose.

1.

To perform necessary

operations to fix

more firmly in place.

2.

To apply a specified

amount of force to

produce a rotation or

twisting motion to fix

more firmly in place.

To cause to slope, lean

or incline.

To seal a small opening

in a can with a drop of

molten solder.

To apply a specified

amount of force to

produce a rotation

or twisting motion

to fix more firmly

in place.

To pull along (an

aircraft) by means of

a towing vehicle and

tow bar.

1.

Tighten all

screws.

2.

Tighten the nut to a

torque value of 1000

inch-pounds.

Tilt maintenance stand

backwards until wheels

contact the ground.

Tip the. hole to prevent

any moisture from

entering.

Torque the nut to 1000

inch-pounds.

Tow aircraft to the

washrack.

21.

Torque

21.

Cap

3.

Cover

12.

Tighten

Toque

length

handle

(noun)

of wren

times

applied force.

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

To follow or study out

in detail or step by

step.

To convey or cause to

pass from one place

to another.

1.

To convey or cause

to pass from one

place to another.

2.

To send out a signal

by radio waves or

wire.

1.

To convey or cause to

pass from one place

to another.

2.

To carry by hand or

in a vehicle or hoist,

or in a container, etc.

To subject to some action,

as of a chemical reagent;

to bring a thing into a

specified or implied

condition.

1.

To free of excess or

extraneous matter by

or as if by cutting.

Visually trace the

wiring diagram.

Transfer fuel and oil

from one place to

another.

1.

Transmit fuel and oil

from one place to

another.

2.

Transmit message to

control tower.

1.

Transport fuel and oil

from one tank to

another.

2.

Transport landing gear

to shop on dolly.

Treat the barrels with a

nonrustic water sealer.

1.

Trim patch to fit.

2.

To adjust (a jet engine)

2.

Trim the No. 1 engine.

to compensate for wear.

12.

Transport

3.

Transmit

31.

Transfer

2.

Transport

21.

Transfer

3.

Transmit

31.

Move

2.

Ship

4,

Express

12.

Cure

crf

VERBS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Troubleshoot

To localize and isolate

the source of a

malfunction or break

down.

Tune

Turn

Turn off

1.4

Cr)

Turn on

Uncap

Underprint

Unite

To adjust for precise

functioning.

To cause to revolve about

an axis or center.

To shut off or stop the

flow of by or as if by

moving a control to its

OFF position.

To cause to flow or

operate by or as if by

moving a control to its

ON position.

To remove a device for

closing off the end of a

tube with a male fitting.

To print in register

before the final design

is press run.

To put together so as

to make one; to join.

Troubleshoot the landing

gear control circuit.

Tune the transmitter for

maximum output.

Turn the door handle

counter clockwise until

latches retract.

Turn off power to the

signal generator.

Turn on power to the signal

generator.

Uncap and unplug all

hydraulic lines.

31.

Bend

2.

Rotate

4.

Warp

21.

Remove

Underprint all graphs before

21.

Proof

taking them to processing.

Unite the data into one

graph.

31.

Join

2.

Fuse

4.

Weld

5.

Connect

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

To set free from an inactive

Unlock the parking brake.

or fixed position, to

unfasten, to detach

interlocking parts.

1.

To detach or separate

(an electrical device)

from a service outlet_

2.

To remote a device for

closing off the end of

a tube with female

fittings.

I.

To loosen or withdraw

by turning in the

proper direction.

1.

Unplug' the soldering

iron.

2.

Unplug and uncap all

hydraulic lines.

1.

Unscrew the jack pad.

2.

To draw the screws

2.

Unscrew twelve screws

from.

around cover.

To cause to uncoil or

Unwind hoses from hose

unroll.

rack.


service; to avail oneself

fasteners.

of; to carry out a purpose

or action by means of.

Use only antimagnetic


service; to avail oneself

fasteners.

of; to carry out a purpose

or action by means of.

Utilize only antimagnetic

31.

Release

2.

Disengage

21.

Remove

3.

Disconnect

21.

Remove plugs

21.

Remove

12.

Utilize

3.

Employ

21.

Use

3.

Employ

4!N

VERBS

cx)

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

JUOIC

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Vacuumize

Varnish

Verify

CO

Wait

Wash

Watch

Warp

To remove air from a filled

container prior to closing.

To coat with varnish.

Vacuumize the test container

before running the specimen.

Varnish the surface before

displaying.

1.

To confirm or establish

1.

Verify that the


light is off.

exists.

2.

To establish the truth

or accuracy of.

To suspend activity in a

sequence of activities

until a given condition

occurs or a given time

has elapsed.

To cleanse by or as if by

the action of liquid; to

remove (dirt) by rubbing

or drenching with liquid.

To visually take note of,

to pay attention to in

order to check on action

or change.

To turn or twist out

of shape.

2.

Verify the readings

before recording them.

Wait five minutes before

performing the next task.

Wash the battery with a

cleaning solution and a

stiff brush.

Watch the indicator for

changes in airspeed.

The test resulted in a

warped specimen.

31.

Deflate

2.

Depressurize

41.

Coat

2.

Cover

3.

Paint

21.

Be sure

3.

Check

4.

Determine

5.

Ascertain

21.

Observe

3.

Monitor

31.

Bend

2.

Turn

VERBS

Weave

Weld

C.0

Wet

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

NOTES

Wire

Withdraw

Wrap

Yield

crs

s 0 0'

pv

Zero

To interlace or entwine;

to knit.

To incorporate or join

together two pieces of

material when they are

in plastic or semifused

condition without the

use of solder, adhesives

or other bonding materials.

To increase the water

content; saturate with

fluids.

To provide with wire;

to use wire on.

To take back, away, or

out.

To wind, coil or twine

as to encircle or cover

something.

To undergo permanent

deformation under

conditions of stress

such as sheer, compression,

or tension.

weave the twine to secure the

21.

Braid

top of the box.

3.

Lace

Weld the two metal joints

21.

Join

together.

3.

Unite

4.

Fuse

Wet the substance down.

Wire the circuit.

Withdraw the bar magnet

from the center of the

coil.

Wrap the wire around the

terminal.

Yield the specimen to

severe conditions.

To bring to a desired level

Zero the protractor to

or null position.

the surface.

12.

Dampen

3.

Moisten

4.

Humidify

12.

Install

21.

Collapse

CONJUNCTIONS

120B-1

CONJUNCTION LISTS

A list of conjunctions is given here to help our packagingengineers and technicians to write better Job Performance Aids(JPAs). Conjunctions are often used to make the long pungentstatements needed in engineering. Changing writing styles forJPAs can be simplified by recognizing conjunctions and not usingso many of them. Never tie two simple sentences together with aconjunction. Let them stand alone.

There are some conjunctions that should not be used in JPAs.They are poetic or are used in legal documents. Some of theseare:

Ere Wheresoever WhitherWhence Whereinto WhyWhereat Wherewith

Most of the adverbs used as conjunctions should not be used inJPAs. The two noted exceptions are "when" and "where."

A conjunction should never be the first word of a sentence.This makes for arduous reading of JPAs.

NOTE: The example sentences are not structured for JPAs.Most of them are combining two simple sentences into a compoundeddialog that should be avoided. It was found to be an impossibletask to hold to the 15 word sentence concept of JPAs and usemost of the conjunctions properly.

B-2

121

CONJUNCTIONS

DEFINITIONS

CONJUNCTION LIST

EXAMPLES

Also

Also implies the meaning of

likewise or in addition to;

most often leading to a

complementary statement.

Although

IND

,

And

As

Because

Although is used to imply

a condition to a statement.

And is used to continue

a statement or introduce

an equal statement.

As is used to compare

a statement with another

statement.

Because assigns a cause

or reason to a given

statement.

The humidity in the chamber

should be closely watched,

also the temperature must

be closely watched.

Most adhesive tapes are

capable of withstanding

a tensile load of fifty

to sixty pounds, although

there are some capable of

withstanding three hundred

or more pounds!

Shipping regulations4overn

the constructions ofIcargo

containers and set forth the

procedures for loading the

materials within common carriers.

The dimensions of the container

are very important, as are the

contents of the container.

Humidity is of prime concern

to the packaging engineer

because it possesses great

deterioration effects on metal.

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

21.

And

12.

Though

3.

Provided

4.

Notwithstanding

12.

Also

12.

For

12.

Since

3.

For

bd

r-

CONJUNCTIONS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

Both

But

Either (or)

Except

For

Both is used to present two

items with a likeness or

common cause.

But introduces a

contradictory condition.

Either sometimes used with

or, implies the choice of

two statements.

Or may

be used in the place of

either.

Except clamps a restriction

or limitation onto a

statement.

For relates a cause or

reason to a statement.

Packing a container is one

of the foremost problems to

a packaging engineer, both

size and weight are to be

considered.

The container may be suitable

for tropical climates, but it

may not be suitable for artic

conditions.

The container should be

designed for easy inspection

of humidity, either unpacking

or direct dial readouts are

available to the packaging

engineer.

The boxes are to be

rectangular in shape,

except for two of which

are to be square.

The dimensions of the

container must be accurate

for loading the container

into the cargo compartment.

1 12.

However

3.

Still

4.

Nevertheless

5.

Yet

12.

Or

12.

Unless

3.

Save

4.

Without

31.

As

2.

Because

CONJUNCTIONS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

Forasmuch

However

Lest.

Neither (nor)

Nevertheless

Forasmuch is used as a

specific case of for

especially followed by

as; forasmuch as.

However relates a limitation

to a given statement.

If is used to imply a

direct condition or

provision.

Lest connects a negative

reaction or condition to

a statement.

Neither, sometimes used

with nor, implies two

unacceptable choices or

solution'g.

Nor may be

used in the place of

neither.

Nevertheless is usually

applied when relating

opposition or unlikliness.

See FOR.

The number of items to be

packaged is determined by

the size and shape of the

item; however, other factors

can also be used.

Test results are acceptable,

if the standard procedures are

closely followed.

The test is invalid, lest

the proper requirements

are met.

Humidity has a detrimental

effect on metals, neither

corrosion nor deterioration

can exist without it.

The pallets are similar in

composition, nevertheless

they behave differently under

stress.

21.

For

21.

But

3.

Still

4.

Nevertheless

5.

Yet

6.

Where

7.

Wherever

12.

Provided

21.

Unless

1 41.

But

2.

However

3.

Still

5.

Yet

wCONJUNCTIONS

rn

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

Notwithstanding

Notwithstanding implies the

meaning in spite of the

fact that.

Or

Provided

-9 Save

Seeing

Since

Or is a coordinating

particle that marks an

alternative.

Provided is a conditional

particle denoting a

limitation, restriction,

or an exception.

Save implies an exception

to a given statement.

Seeing implies the meaning

of noticing or considering

and is usually followed by

Since introduces an

explanatory statement.

Most packaging engineers

are primarily concerned with

humidity ranges between

30 & 50%, notwithstanding

the electronics aspects which

require humidities below 5%.

See EITHER.

41.

Although

2.

Though

3.

Provided

1.

Either

The minimum number of containers

31.

Although

necessary to house the complete

2.

Though

item should be used, provided

4.

Notwithstanding

it is consistent with logistics

flow and safety regulations.

Five pallets have satisfactorily

3completed testing procedures,

save two to be conditioned.

The forklift was used to lift

1

the heavy containers, seeing

that grooves were prefabricated

in the bottom of the containers.

1.

Except

2.

Unless

Plastic and metal pallets

21.

Because

are becoming more popular

3.

For

since wood is becoming scarce.

CONJUNCTIONS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

So

Still

IV

CD

Than

That

Therefore

Though

to

So is most often used

to indicate a result of

a given statement.

Still is usually associated

with a fixed opinion, choice,

or decision.

Than denotes the inferiority

of that which follows to

that which precedes.

That is used to introduce

a statement of cause, reason,

purpose, consequence, or

result.

Therefore is used to

introduce a conclusion

or consequence.

Though is used in implying

a condition.

Item characteristics are

primarily intended to provide

a means of grouping items,

so a minimal effort may be used.

There are many modes of

transportation available

to the packaging specialist,

still the fastest means

available is by aircraft.

1 31.

But

2.

However

4.

Nevertheless

5.

Yet

A drop test is more applicable

1for determination of the

qualities of heavy containers

than a long term vibration'

test.

The safe transportation of a

container is the most important

aspect that is required by

packaging engineers.

1

The first step of the tape

12.

Wherefore

test was successfUlly

completed; therefore, step

two may now be initiated.

The results of the test are

21.

Although

completely acceptable though

3.

Provided

better results were anticipated.

4.

Notwithstanding

oD

CONJUNCTIONS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

Till

Till is used when a statement

of continuence or expectancy

is used.

Unless

Until

When

Whereas

Whereby

Wherefore

Similar packaging techniques

for like items should not be

used till it is determined that

the item is similar in all

respects.

Unless denotes a contradictory

Packaged items that have been

result of a condition.

tested and failed usually

remain in storage, unless

they are needed for examination.

Until is used primarily

in place of till.

When implies a specific

time.

Whereas denotes an

alternative.

NOT PREFERRED

Wherefore is used to

introduce a conclusion

or consequence.

See TILL.

Items are generally considered

to be highly resistant to shock

and vibration when bracing and

blocking is all that is required

of "the container.

The metal pallets showed little

effects from the heat and

concentrated loads, whereas

the plastic pallets showed

significant effects.

NOT PREFERRED

The tape has successfully

passed the tensile strength

test wherefore the tape

should now be tested for

adhesive qualities.

PREF.

RANK

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

OF PREFERENCE

21.

Until

21.

Except

3.

Lest

4.

Save

5.

Without

12.

Till

12.

Whereas

21.

When

21.

Therefore

CONJUNCTIONS

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

Wherein

Wherein implies the meaning

Vibration is an oscillation

in which.

wherein the quantity is

a parameter that defines

the motion of mechanical

system.

Whereof

NOT PREFERRED.

NOT PREFERRED.

Whereto

NOT PREFERRED.

NOT PREFERRED.

1

Whereupon

NOT PREFERRED.

NOT PREFERRED.

Wherever

Wherever implies the

Cost is an important factor

31.

Where

meaning of a place.

in packaging, wherever the

2.

However

least expensive material may

be used it will be preferred.

Whether

Whether introduces

Equally important to preservation

1

an implied question or

is the requirement for uniform

alternative.

methods and materials, whether

an item is packaged by a

Z\D

manufacturer or an Air Force

CO

depot.

While

While implies the meaning

The military packaging expert

1

of time or contradiction.

must sometimes design an item

without full knowledge of the

conditions it will be exposed

to, while the commercial

packing experts have no doubts

about conditions.

tj

CD1 '

CONJUNCTIONS

Without

Yet

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES

PREF.

SYNONYMS BY ORDER

RANK

OF PREFERENCE

Without implies an

exception.

Yet usually implies some

opposition or unlikeliness.

The packaging engineer should

design the package without

the need for repacking.

The packaged containers are

similar in appearance, yet

are very different in use.

31.

Except

2.

Unless

51.

But

2.

However

3.

Still

4.

Nevertheless

EXAPLES FROMTO 00-85-37FOAM-IN-PLACE PACKAGING

130

C-1 (C-2 blank)

TO 00-85-37

TECHNICAL ORDER

(JOB GUIDE MANUAL]

FOAM-IN-PLACE PACKAGING

F341101.73-1348

PUBLISHED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE

Alr Force OC, 14 Apr 75.100

131

a1 APRIL 1975

C -3

TO 00-85-37

SECTION I

INTRODUCTION

1 -1. PURPOSE.

1-2. This technical order providesinstructions and guidelines for usageof polyurethane foam for cushioning and/or blocking and bracing packing tech-niques. Techniques may be varied atAFLC/ALCs depending on the characteris-tics of the foam used.

1-3. SCOPE.

1-4. Foams referenced within are manu-factured by the packer(s) on site fromcombinations of premixed liquid foamgenerating chemicals.

1.5. EXPLANATIONOF TERMS.

BATCH

BEARINGSTRESS

Expanded or cured foal ro-duced by hand mixing equiredamounts of foam generatingchemicals.

Weight of item on each squareinch of the surface. Deter-mined by dividing the weight(lbs) of the item by the sur-face area (sq. inch) of theitem.

BLOCKING Methods used to prevent move-& BRACING ment of item in its container

or fixture.

BLOWINGAGENT

Component that vaporizesduring mixing of foamingchemicals and causesexpansion of foam mass.

CATALYST Component that accelerateschemical reaction betweencomponents.

C-4

COMPRESS-SIVE

STRENGTH

CONTAINER

COREDENSITY

CREAMTIME

CURINGTIME

DISPENS-ING

EQUIP-MENT

ENCAPSULA-TION

EXOTHER-MIC

FIP

132

Maximum load that a crosssectional area of foam cansupport before compressing.Generally expressed inpounds per square inch.

Fiberboard box unlessotherwise stated.

Density of foam preparedunder laboratory conditionsof controlled temperatureand humidity, allowed tofree rise in a container ofspecified dimensions.

Period between "pour mixing"of foaming chemicals andstart of foaming action.

Period between "pour mixing"of foaming chemicals andfinal solidification orsetup of the foam.

Apparatus used to mixchemicals and automaticallydispense foam.

Completely surrounding itemwith foam.

Referring to heat generatedduring chemical foaming actionand confined within the foam-ing/foamed mass.

Foam-In-Place. A packagingprocess involving dispensingmixed chemicals, which expandand solidify, into an externfor container to providecushioning and/or blockingand bracing for itemprotection.

FLEXIBLEFOAM

FOAMINGBUCK

FOAMED -

IN -BAGS

ITEM

FRAGILITY

FRIA-BILITY

FROTH-ING

Possesses ability to returnto original shape aftercompression. Providescushioning against shockfrom.impact. Cell struct-ure permits free air flowthrough foam.

Frame placed around a con-tainer to prevent containersides from bulging during

'FIP operation.

Foaming components pouredinto ends of polyethylenetubing positioned arounditem in a container.

Resultant cushioning isreusable. Patented process-free governmental use.

Threshold amount of shock aitem can withstand and func-tion properly. Generallyexpressed in forces ofgravity units (Gs).

Degree or amount of surfacedusting (partit.ie separa-tion) from a packagingmaterial.

Three component FIP mixingprocess. Two are mixedand combined with a blowingagent resulting in apartial foam expansionbefore final dispensing.

G A ratio between a given ormeasureable acceleration ofa body and the accelerationdue to gravity.

G

FACTOR,Magnitude of G to which anarticle can be subjectedwithout damage, Used toexpress fragility of theitem.

KFACTOR

MIXINGRATIO

Rate of heat flow through amaterial. Reference unit ofmeasurement expressing heatinsulation value of amaterial.

Amount of individual chemicalcomponents, expressed byweight, volume or part, re-quired to mix desired type,density, etc., of foam.

OSHA . Occupational Safety andHealth Act.

OSHASTAND-ARD

PLASTI-CIZER

Regulations which are com-prised of national consensus

standards and establishedFederal standards and arecontained in OccupationalSafety and Health ActStandards and Interpretations

A material used toprevent hardening ofresidual foam in the plumb-ing of foam machines. Acommon plasticizer isDiallylphthalate.

POLYETHY- Plastic film conformingLENE to Federal Specification

L-P-378, plastic sheet andstrip, thin gauge,polyolefin.

POLYOLBLEND

POUR-

ING)

PRE-

POLYMER

RELEASEAGENTS

133

Component B. Containscatalyst and pcilyhydroxy

compound (see Section II).

Dispensing of mixed foamgenerating chemicals intoa container by automaticdispensing equipment.

Component A. Contains theisocyanate compound (seeSection II).

Polyethylene film, waxes.Substances used to preventfoam from sticking to theitem packaged and/or thecontainer or mold.

C -5

RIGIDFOAM

RISETIME

SKINEFFECT

C-6

Possesses little or noability to return to itsoriginal shape aftercompression.

Elapsed time between foampour and majority (95%) offoam expansion afterpouring.

Higher density cured foamwall thickness caused byfoam expansion restriction(by container walls), pre-mature heat dissipationand/or chemical additives.

134

TACKFREETIME

TOXIC

VIS-COSITY

TO 00 -85

Elapsed time between foampouring and period whensemi-cured foam may betouched lightly withoutstickiness.

Poisonous

Ability of a liquid toresist flowing. Majorfactor in efficient andeffective mixing of chemicalfoam generating components.

SECTIONIII

FOAM GENERATING COMPONENTS, PROCESSING

AND DISPENSING EQUIPMENT

3.1. POLYURETHANE FOAMS (FIP).

3-2. Types, classes, grades and formu-lations of foams are cited in MIL-P-26514, Polyurethane Foam, Rigid orFlexible, For Packaging.

3-3. Flexible foams (Class II) are usedprimarily for cushioning applications inpackaging.

3-4. Rigid foams (Class I) are usedprimarily for blocking and bracingapplications in packaging.

3,5, Foam density is applicable to bothflexible and rigid classes. This term

applies to foam cell structure. Foam

formulations are available for different

density foams.

3-6. Packaging foams are comprised ofComponent A and Component B.

135

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C.7

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3-7. Specific amounts of Component Aand Component B are mixed (1). Thismixture is blended mechanically,pneumatically or manually.

3-8. This mixture is poured or squirtedinto the container space where cushioningor blocking and bracing, material is

desired.

3-9. Foam expands 30 to 100 times itsoriginal volume depending upon thecomponent mixture used.

3-10. Experience is the best teacherof how much foam-mix to use to producethe desired amount for a pack.

C-8

136

3.11. FOAM DISPENSING PROCESS.

3-12. Foams can be dispensed, automat-ically in froths and liquids bymechanical pump type and pneumaticdispensers.

113. AUTOMATIC FOAM DISPENSERS.

3-14. Mechanical dispensers employvariable speed rotary pumps to deliverspecific amounts of foaming componentsfrom their containers, through hoses,into a mixing chamber or head/gun.

3-15. Direct pressure dispensers usepre-pressurized component containers orexternal compressed air/gas sources topropel component from their containers,through hoses, into mixing chamber orhead/gun.

3-16. Pressure, piston type dispensersare similar to direct pressure typesbut have piston pump chambers to meteramounts of components to mixing head/gun more efficiently.

137

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WIA21624CWIrj

C -9

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3-17. Mixing heads/guns are manuallyhand triggered, presetting- automaticpush button operated or combinationsthereof.

NOTE

Follow individual manufacturer'sinstructions when operating anytype of foam dispenser.

3-18. Component carrying hoses, meter-ing and mixing chambers, heads/guns andother dispenser units must be kept cleanby periodic flushing and manualcleaning.

Avoid foam solvent contacts onplastics and rubber.

3-19. Methylene Chloride (Dichloro-Methane) is a common solvent for foamgenerating components.

3-20. Many urethane chemicals roust betemperature conditioned per

manufacturer's instruction...

3-21. Isocyanates are basically waterreactive chemicals and should avoidcontact with high humidity or moisture.A nitrogen blanket can be used toavoid reaction.

3-22. A plasticizer should be used topreserve and protect the working partsof the equipment during prolonged per-iods of inoperation or when transferringfrom one type of foam to another.

3-23. A common cleaning solution forspilled foams which have cured is a so-lution containing Dichloromethane FormicAcid, and Phenol.

3-24. Clean up all foam and/or component 13 8spills immediately.

C-10

SECTION V

FOAM-IN-PLACE PACKAGING/PACKING TECHNIQUES

5-1. ITEM PREPARATION FOR FOAM-IN PLACEPROCESSING.

5-2. Item should be cleaned and pre-served as required. Loose parts must becontained or secured to avoid loss ordamage.

NOTE

Use vapor barrier heat sealed

bag with or without desiccant/VCI to enclose item if required.

5-3. All projections, sharp points ex-tensions and hollows shall be padded/cushioned as required.

Foam adheres to most surfacesand removal process may damage

item.

5-4. Wrap prepared item in polyethylenefilm and tape seal if basic method ofitem preservation does not protect itfrom foam.

189

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C-H

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5-5. SPLIT PACK.

5-6. Select container to hold prepareditem and required thickness of foam.

5-7. Drape sheet polyethylene film

loosely inside container covering bottomand extending to flap. Tape, ifnecessary, to hold temporarily.

5-8. Place foam support block (to sup-port weightof prepared item to requiredheight) in container bottom. Positionit to support item uniformly ifnecessary.

C-12

5-9. Dispense enough foam mix into thecontainer to surround block and rise tothe same height.

5-10. Fold polyethylene film inwardcompletely covering foam after its rise.

NOTE

Omit paragraphs 5-7 and 5-10if container (pack) is to bereusable for shipment/storageof like items. Proceed withparagraph 5-11 after protectingitem from uncured foam.

5-11. Place prepared item, centered, ontop of the block.

.141.

TO 00-85-37

C-13

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5-12. Drape sheet polyethylene filmloosely inside the container coveringprepared item, foam and extending toflap tops. Tape, if necessary, to holdtemporarily.

5-13. Dispense enough foam mix into thecontainer to surround item and fillcontainer slightly above the top.

5-14. Fold the polyethylene film in-ward when certain rising foam will fillthe container. Close flaps, tape. (Ifoverfilled, trim off excessive foambefore taping permanently.)

1412

C-14

5-15. Before moving allow time for foamto set.

5-16. Marking for shipment/storage canbe accomplished if container is not

premarked. (Opening instructions

displayed on container may facilitateeasier item removal.)

5-17. ALTERNATE SPLIT PACK.

5-18. Select container to hold prepareditem and required thickness of foam

(5-6).

5 -19. Drape sheet polyethylehe filmloosely inside the container coveringbottom and extending to flaps. Tape,

if necessary, to hold temporarily

(5-7).

5-20. Dispense enough foam mix intothe container to fill it half full

after foam has risen.

5-21. Place prepared item, wrappedin polyethylene film, on foam surface(centered) after foam has risen andset enough to support the item weight,

5 -22. Follow paragraphs 5-13 through

S-16.

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C -15

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5-23. INVERTED PACK.

5-24. Follow steps included in 5-1Item Preparation for Foam-In-PlaceProcessing.

5-25. Select container to:hold prepareditem and required thickness of foam.

NOTE-

If containers are premarked,tape top shut and turn upsidedown. Open bottom for packingentry.

5-26. Cut block(s) of flexible foamthe same length and width as the con-tainer inside with a depth equal to therequired foam thickness.

5-27. Place foam block(s) into thecontainer. Place prepared item, cen-tered on top of the foam block.(Turn item upside down if item has atop and bottom.)

5-28. Drape sheet polyethylene filmloosely inside the container coveringprepared item, foam. and extending toflap tops. Tape, if necessary, to holdtemporarily.

144

C-16

5-29. Dispense enough foam mix intothe container to surround item andfill container slightly above thesurface level.

5-30. Fold the polyethylene film in-ward when certain rising foam willfill the container. Close flaps, tape.(If overfilled, trim off excessive foambefore taping permanently.)

5-31. Foam must be able to supportitem weight BEFORE container is turnedupright. Allow ample setting time.

5-32. Marking. for shipment/storage canbe accomplished if container is notpremarked (Opening instructionsdisplayed on container may facilitateeasier item removal.)

5-33. TOPLESS PACK.

NOTE

This method is often used toship heavy bulky or bulkyitems intended for immediateuse. Plywood boxes with hand-ling and stacking provisionscan be used.

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0-1.1111©e11111

C -17

TO 00-85-37

5-34. Follow steps included in 5-1Item Preparation for Foam-In-PlaceProcessing.

The foam should extend up tothe prepared item's centerof gravity.

5-35. Foam blocks or foamed bags maybe used in the container to supportthe prepared item if its configurationand weight permits.

NOTE

The prepared item ma Y extend1/2 to 1/4 of its totalheight above the container.

5-36. Required drain holes in containerbottom (including areas sectioned off bysupport blocks) must be provided and notblocked after pack is completed.

5-37. .Use two operations to dispensethe required amount of foam mix intothe container.

5-38. Cover all bottom spaces withenough foam mix to rise half way up thecontainer inside. Allow, mixture to set.

5-39. Add enough foam-mix to completelyfill the container.

Avoid puncturing or damagingitem wrap.

C-18

14C

5-40. Trim off any excess foam abovethe container top level, if necessary,after foam has set sufficiently.

5-41. Marking for shipment can beaccomplished if container is not pre-marked. (Item removal instructionsdisplayed on container may facilitateeasier item removal).

5-42. HANDLING PROVISIONS FOR HEAVYAND/OR BULKY CONTAINERS.

5-43. Rubbing strips can be fabricatedusing 15 inch long blocks of 4 inches

x 4 inches and 3/4 inch plywood anchorstrip 15 inches x 4 inches.

5-44. Cut required number of blocksand anchor strips to support container.

5-45. All 4 inches x 4 inches blocksmust be half beveled at a 45 angle(t 5°) on each end of the intendedbottom side.

5-46. Before filling container positionblock(s), parallel to container width,under each container corner and spaced4 inches inward from each bottom edge.

TO 00-85-37

147

C -19

TO 00-85-37

5-47. Place plywood anchor strips in-side the container over the blocks andnail together.

5-48. Position and affix additionalrubbing strips to the container ifnecessary to support container andfacilitate proper handling.

5-49. Temporary supports (foam pads,blocks, plywood, etc.) may be used toelevate the container during foamingoperations, handling and/or rubbingstrip installation.

5-50. FOAMIN BAGS.

5 -51, Select appropriate container topack prepared item. Proceeding guide-lines may be used in selecting propersized container.

5-52. Measure approximate length,width, and depth of prepared item. Fordimensions to/including 6 inches,, add 3inches for CORRESPONDING Cr.TkINERDIMENSION

5-53. Greater than 6 inches not morethan 12 inches, add 4 inches. Greaterthan 12 inches not more than 18 inchesadd 5 inches. Greater than 18 inches,add 6 inches for CORRESPONDING CONTAINERDIMENSION.

5-54. Polyethylene tubing in 12 inches(8135-782-7461), 15 inches (8135 -782-7463) and 18 inches (8135-782-7464)widths can be ordered from GSA orfabricated as required from polyethylenefilm (L-P-378).

5-55. Rigid Foam,

Length of tube/bag = 2CD+CW+4 inchesWidth of tube/bag = CL+CW+2 inchesWhere: CL = Container LengthCW = Container WidthCD = Container Depth

C-20

148

L:2xCD + CW+ 4"

W:CL +CW+2"

5-56. Use number of tubes/bagsnecessary to immobilize prepareditem in its container.

5-57. Cut adequate number of prefoamedblocks to support prepared item requiredheight above container bottom duringfoaming.

NOTE

Use prefoamed blocks of samedensity as new foam ifpossible.

5-58. Place prefoamed blocks inside thebags/tubes and position both inside thecontainer. (Blocks should be moved asclose to the heat seal as practical.)

NOTE

The prefoamed blocks may bemoved in any manner requiredto uniformly support prepareditem in its container.

5-59. Tubes/bags may be taped, clipped,etc. to container walls to facilitateeasier diSpensing of foam mix into them.

5-60. Position prepared item inposition as required in container.

149

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C-21

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5-61. Dispense equal amounts of foammixture into each set of tubes/bags.When foam reaches 50% of its riseremove any tape, clips, etc. holdingtubes/bags to container.

5-62. Overlap tube/bag ends and closecontainer top. Secure temporarily untilfoam rise has stopped.

5-63. Allow foam to set before commencingextensive handling.

5-64. Tubes/bags may be prefoamed byusing jigs, bucks, molds, etc. withappropriate dummy loads.

545. MULTIPLE TUBES/BAGS

5-66. Multiple tubes/bags may be usedwhere item configuration makes singlebag use impractical.

5-67. The number of tubes/bags used andplacement will depend on their supportrequirements.

5-68. End caps or foam blocks may beused to immobilize the prepared itemin its container if the tubes/bagsfail to do so.

NOTE

Consult appendix and/or Pack-aging Specialist/Engineer forassistance in determiningtubing/bag WIDTH requirementsfor flexible foam use.

5-69, Cut film to desired length andtwice the width allowing 2 inches forheating sealing. Fold lengthwise andheat seal.5-70. Heat seal tube/bag across widthin center forming two equal, end-to-endattached tubes/bags.

5-71. Calculate the length of the tubes/bags required using paragraph 5-55. Thewidth = 12 inches (unless the itemconfiguration requires variance).

NOTE

Consult appendix and/orPackaging Specialist/Engineerfor assistance in.determiningtubing/bag width requirementsfor flexible foam.

5-72. Follow paragraphs 5-56 through

5-64.

151

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C-23 (C-24 blank)

SECTION VI

REUSE OR DISPOSAL OF FORM-IN-PLACE PACKAGING

6.1. GENERAL.

6-2. Maximum effort should be made toeffect reuse of foams,

6-3. Ecological considerations shouldbe of prime concern in the disposal offoam related refuse and residues.

6-4. REUSE.

6-5. Use undamaged foam packs in theiroriginal configurations to pack likeitems for shipment and/or storage.

6-6. Some damaged foam packs may berestored or repaired with new foam.

6-7. Foam blocks/pads cut from used foamcan be used as support blocks/pads.

152

TO 00-85-37

C-25

ay yal wy YI

6-8. Cavities in split pack halves maybe filled with new foam (amountnecessary for rectangular configuration)and cut into blocks/pads after cured.

6-9. Flexible foams can be shredded orcubed, bagged and the bags used asdunnage. Unbagged material can be usedas loose fill.

6-10. Chunks of used foam can be stuff-ed around items in containers in theevent prescribed cushioning or dunnagematerials are unavailable.

6-11. Foams can be integrated with newfoam mix pours surrounding the item inthe container.

6-12. Used foam materials can be soldas salvaged material. Consult yourlocal Defense Property Disposal Officefor inforamation.

6-13. DISPOSAL.

'6-14. Consult Bioenvironmental Engineerfor proper disposal instructions.

6-1S. Consult Pacer Foam monitor at ALCin related geographic area for currentdisposal instructions concerning foammix component containers.

C -26

6-16. Polyurethane foam will decomposewhen subjected to atmospheric,

ultraviolet, infrared and fungus attack.

NOTE

Decomposition time will varydepending on the exactchemical composition of thefoam, size of pieces and thedegree of foam exposure toultra violet radiation.

6-17. The rate of decomposition underland fill disposal conditions can beaccelerated if the waste foam isshredded, granulated or pulverizedbefore disposal.

6-18. Disposal by incineration is theleast desirable method. Contaminantsare released into the atmosphere unlessideal incineration conditions exist.This generally is not prevalent.

NOTE

AFM 91.711, Solid Waste Manage-ment,'states the requirementsfor proper methods of wastedisposal.

APPENDIX A

FOAM -IN -PLACE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR AFLC PACKAGINGSPECIALISTS/ ENGINEERS ONLY.

A-1. GENERAL.

A-2. This section is provided primarilyto assist packaging personnel responsi-ble for design requirements to applyusage of flexible and rigid foams for

packaging.

NOTE

Sections A-3 through A-22 per-tain to flexible foams forcushioning. Sections A-23through A-38 pertain to rigidfoams. Sections A-39 throughA-52 pertain to foam inbag-multiple tube/bagtechnique.

A-3. FLEXIBLE FOAM FOR CUSHIONING.

A-4. Follow steps included in 5-1 Item

Preparation for Foam-In-Place Processing.

A-5. Determine the static bearingstress (psi) for each surface.

A-6. Next, determine the item fragility

measured in g's.

154

TO 00-85-37

C-27

IV UV-'0z---7

A-7. One way to find item fragility isto ask the manufacturer of the item ifhe has that information,

A-8. The Packaging Specialist/Engineermay have to estimate the item fragility,based upon his experience with similaritems, if the item fragility cannot befound.

A-9. The thickness of foam needed maybe found by looking at the cushioncurves. (Attached Curves), All curvesare for 30-inch drop,

A-10. To find foam thickness for eachface of item draw a line upward fromhorizontal axis at point of staticstress for that item face (1),

A-11, Follow a line drawn from the left(2) to h point on the vertical axis equalto the fragility estimated earlier.

1

C-28

("44zsav

1INCHES

uu

..

6.

:,;.-

'IIzniiiimorftimaro

11,,I,,,...i4) L

IN

t.,.......,.,...,

......

111

20

.01 .1 .2 I .3 A .6

STATIC STRESS WIA 1311

A-12. The point (3) when these two linescross will be near one of the cushioncurves on the graph.

A-13. The closest cushion curve belowcrossing point will be the thickness offoam needed to protect face of the itemin a 30-inch drop.

A-14. Repeat process for each of theother faces of the item, Use thesevalues for each face or use the thickestfor all faces for extra protection,.

A-15. Do not package item in flexiblefoam if the point where the two linescross is below the curves.

A-16. Add this thickness to each sideof prepared item to find optimumcontainer size.

NOTEGreater thickness of foam maybe used to allow use ofstandardized containers.

A-17. Do not use less than 2 inches offoam thickness.

TO 00-85-37

INCHES

.05 .1 .2 .3 .4 .6 .

STATIC STRESS W/A (pi)

100

ja SO

M 60

U 40

20

156

0.08 .1 .2 .3 .4 .6

STATIC STRESS W/A 4111

A

INCHES

SJ

C-29

TO 00-85-37

A-18. Refer to Section 5 to find thecorrect foaming technique for your item.

A-19. When your package design isfinished, a sample package should befoamed and drop tested, if a similar'design has not been tested.

A-20. Test in accordance with MIL-P-116 or Federal Test Method Standard 101.

A-21. Repeat test using lower fragilityor different cushioning material, ifitem breaks or any foam pads are broken,badly torn, or crushed.

A-22. When your design is finishedfind the total cost and compare with theold way of packaging the item to findsavings.

A3. DESIGN OF MGR) FIP PACKAGING.

A-24. Use Type II Class I PolyurethaneFoam in accordance with MIL-P-26514 forblocking and bracing for foam-in-placepackaging.

A-4

A-25. Use rigid foam for packagingapplication in conventional fiberboard,wood, metal, or plastic containers.

Rigid foam dissipates internalheat slower than flexible foam.

A-26. Is item sensitive to temperatureup to 180°F?

A-27. Fabricate premolded foam packusing a dummy model, rejected part or amockup to simulate the configuration andweight of the prepared item when indoubt.

A-28. Remove the simulated item fromthe pack after the foam has cured andsubstitute the ACTUAL prepared item inits place.

A-29. Use appropriate FIP packaging/packing technique if item can beprocessed in this manner.

157

A-30. Follow steps included in 5-1Item Preparation for Foam-In-PlaceProcessing.

NOTE

Greater thicknesses of foammay be used to utilizestandardized containers.

TO 00-85-37

A-31. Use minimum of 2 inches of foam-in-place. Greater thickness may berequired from calculations made ofstatic stress.

A-32. Determine static load, poundsper square inch (PSI), for each bearingsurface.

NOTE

Use attached curves to findthickness of foam required fortop and bottom of item.(Unless testing has validatedthe use of a lesser thickness.

I

A-33. Draw a line upward from horizon-al axis at point of static stresscalculated for top and bottom faces ofitem.

11)8

10WEIGHT OF ITEM

20.20.4 0.6 0 6 10 1 2 1.4

STATIC LOADING psi)

C -30

TO 00-85-37

A-34. Follow line to point.of inter-section of the weight of the item. Atthis point draw a line to left ofvertical axis.

NOTE

Intersection at the verticalaxis denotes thickness of foam.

A-35. netermine the thickness of foamrequired on the sides and ends of itemusing figure 5-2 and repeating theprocess of selection as above.

A-36 Determine inside dimension ofshipping/storage container by adding,to the prepared item size, the thicknessof foam required on each face.

NOTE

Greater thicknesses of foammay be used to allow use ofstandardize containers.

A-37. Select proper container to meetthe transportation requirement.

A-38. Refer to Section V to findcorrect foaming technique for item.

tti 9

C-31

A

10WEIGHT or TUN

20.2 0.4 0$ al 1.0 1.2 1.4

STATIC LOADING (psi)