ATOMIC ATOMIC STRUCTURESTRUCTUREA guide for GCSE studentsA guide for GCSE students

2010 2010 SPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONSKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHINGKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

INTRODUCTION

This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.

Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board.

Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at...

www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm

All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.

All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.

CONTENTSCONTENTS

• Rutherford’s experiment

• Structure of atoms

• Mass number and atomic number

• Atoms and ions

• Isotopes

• Electronic structures of the first 20 elements

ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMSTHE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

Atoms have a small central nucleus, which is made up of protons and neutrons.

Around the nucleus are the electrons.

Because electrons weigh very much less than protons and neutrons, most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus.

RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENTATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENTATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

Many scientists thought atoms were solid like a ‘plum pudding’.

Ernest Rutherford wanted to find out what atoms were like.

RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT

ALPHA ()

PARTICLES

GOLD ATOMS

ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

Many scientists thought atoms were solid like a ‘plum pudding’.

Ernest Rutherford wanted to find out what atoms were like.

He fired positively charged ALPHA PARTICLES (helium nuclei) at a very thin sheet of gold and detected what happened to their path.

ALPHA ()

PARTICLES

MOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH

MOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH MOST OF AN ATOM IS SPACE

RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENTATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

ALPHA ()

PARTICLES

SOME WERE DEFLECTED

SOME WERE DEFLECTED NUCLEUS IS POSITIVELY CHARGED

RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENTATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

ALPHA ()

PARTICLES VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT

BACK

VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK NUCLEUS IS RELATIVELY SMALL

RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENTATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

ALPHA ()

PARTICLES

MOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH

SOME WERE DEFLECTED

VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT

BACK

MOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH

SOME WERE DEFLECTED

MOST OF AN ATOM IS SPACE

NUCLEUS IS POSITIVELY CHARGED

VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK NUCLEUS IS RELATIVELY SMALL

RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENTATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

SUMMARY

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMSTHE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

The three important particles found in atoms are…

Particle Where it is foundRelative

massRelative charge

PROTON

NEUTRON

ELECTRON

Atoms have a small central nucleus, which is made up of protons and neutrons and around which there are electrons.

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMSTHE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

The three important particles found in atoms are…

Particle Where it is foundRelative

massRelative charge

PROTON

NEUTRON

ELECTRON

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMSTHE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

The three important particles found in atoms are…

Particle Where it is foundRelative

massRelative charge

PROTON +11NUCLEUS

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMSTHE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

The three important particles found in atoms are…

Particle Where it is foundRelative

massRelative charge

PROTON

NEUTRON 0

+1

1

1

NUCLEUS

NUCLEUS

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMSTHE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

The three important particles found in atoms are…

Particle Where it is foundRelative

massRelative charge

PROTON

NEUTRON

ELECTRON

0

-1

+1

1

Negligble‘Very small’

1

NUCLEUS

NUCLEUS

IN SHELLS AROUND THE

NUCLEUS

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS - SummaryTHE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS - Summary

The three important particles found in atoms are…

Particle Where it is foundRelative

massRelative charge

PROTON

NEUTRON

ELECTRON

0

-1

+1

1

Negligble‘Very small’

1

NUCLEUS

NUCLEUS

IN SHELLS AROUND THE

NUCLEUS

MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBERMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBERMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Symbol Atoms of an element are given a symbol

Some have one capital letter H, N, O, P, K

Some have two letters, the first He, Na, Mg Cuone being a capital

Recently discovered high atomic Unhnumber elements have been givensymbols with three letters

MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBERMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Symbol Atoms of an element are given a symbol

Some have one capital letter H, N, O, P, K

Some have two letters, the first He, Na, Mg Cuone being a capital

Recently discovered high atomic Unhnumber elements have been givensymbols with three letters

When necessary, the atomic number and themass number can be written alongside the symbol

MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBERMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Na23

11

When necessary, the atomic number and themass number can be written alongside the symbol

MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBERMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Na23

11

Mass Number (A)PROTONS + NEUTRONS

Atomic Number (Z)PROTONS

MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBERMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Na23

11

Mass Number (A)PROTONS + NEUTRONS

Atomic Number (Z)PROTONS

THESE ALWAYS GO TOGETHER – ANYTHING WITH 11 PROTONS MUST

BE SODIUM

MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBERMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Na23

11

Mass Number (A)PROTONS + NEUTRONS

Atomic Number (Z)PROTONS

MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBERMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Na23

11

Mass Number (A)PROTONS + NEUTRONS

Atomic Number (Z)PROTONS

THERE WILL BE 12 NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS

23 – 11 = 12

MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBERMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Na23

11

Mass Number (A)PROTONS + NEUTRONS

Atomic Number (Z)PROTONS

ATOMS AND IONSATOMS AND IONS

ATOMS AND IONSATOMS AND IONS

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

ATOMS AND IONSATOMS AND IONS

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

PROTONS 6 11 16 17 20ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18ATOM or ION?

ATOMS AND IONSATOMS AND IONS

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

PROTONS 6 11 16 17 20ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18ATOM or ION? ATOM ION ATOM ION ION

ATOMS AND IONSATOMS AND IONS

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS

ATOMS AND IONSATOMS AND IONS

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS

MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVEFEWER ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS POSITIVE

ATOMS AND IONSATOMS AND IONS

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS

MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVEFEWER ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS POSITIVE

ATOMS AND IONSATOMS AND IONS

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS

MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVEFEWER ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS POSITIVE

PROTONS 6 11 16 17 20ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18ATOM or ION? ATOM ION ATOM ION ION

CHARGE

ATOMS AND IONSATOMS AND IONS

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS

MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVEFEWER ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS POSITIVE

PROTONS 6 11 16 17 20ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18ATOM or ION? ATOM ION ATOM ION ION

CHARGE Neutral + Neutral - 2+

MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBERMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER

Protons Neutrons Electrons ChargeAtomic Number

Mass Number

Symbol

A 19 21 19

B 20 0 40

C + 11 23

D 6 6 0

E 92 0 235

F 6 13

G 16 2- 16

H 27Al3+

MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBERMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER

Protons Neutrons Electrons ChargeAtomic Number

Mass Number

Symbol

A 19 21 19 0 19 40 40K

B 20 20 20 0 20 40 40Ca

C 11 12 10 + 11 23 23Na+

D 6 6 6 0 6 12 12C

E 92 143 92 0 92 235 235U

F 6 7 6 0 6 13 13C

G 16 16 18 2- 16 32 32S2-

H 13 14 10 3+ 13 27 27Al3+

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons.

These atoms are called ISOTOPES of that element.

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons.

These atoms are called ISOTOPES of that element.

Isotopes of an element have SAME NUMBER OF PROTONSDIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons.

These atoms are called ISOTOPES of that element.

Isotopes of an element have SAME NUMBER OF PROTONSDIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS

or put another way SAME ATOMIC NUMBERDIFFERENT MASS NUMBER

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons.

These atoms are called ISOTOPES of that element.

Isotopes of an element have SAME NUMBER OF PROTONSDIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS

or put another way SAME ATOMIC NUMBERDIFFERENT MASS NUMBER

ISOTOPES HAVE SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN

1 H 1

2 H 1

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

1 H 1

2 H 1

ATOMIC NUMBER

ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

1 H 1

2 H 1

ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1

ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

1 H 1

2 H 1

ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1MASS NUMBER

ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

1 H 1

2 H 1

ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1MASS NUMBER 1 2PROTONS

ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

1 H 1

2 H 1

ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1MASS NUMBER 1 2PROTONS 1 1NEUTRONS

ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

1 H 1

2 H 1

ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1MASS NUMBER 1 2PROTONS 1 1NEUTRONS 0 1

ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

35 Cl17

37 Cl17

ATOMIC NUMBERMASS NUMBERPROTONSNEUTRONS

ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

35 Cl17

37 Cl17

ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17MASS NUMBER 35 37PROTONS 17 17NEUTRONS 18 20

ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

35 Cl17

37 Cl17

ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17MASS NUMBER 35 37PROTONS 17 17NEUTRONS 18 20

ABUNDANCE

ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

35 Cl17

37 Cl17

ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17MASS NUMBER 35 37PROTONS 17 17NEUTRONS 18 20

ABUNDANCE 75% 25%

ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

35 Cl17

37 Cl17

ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17MASS NUMBER 35 37PROTONS 17 17NEUTRONS 18 20

ABUNDANCE 75% 25%RATIO

ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

35 Cl17

37 Cl17

ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17MASS NUMBER 35 37PROTONS 17 17NEUTRONS 18 20

ABUNDANCE 75% 25%RATIO 3 : 1

ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

35 Cl17

37 Cl17

ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17MASS NUMBER 35 37PROTONS 17 17NEUTRONS 18 20

ABUNDANCE 75% 25%RATIO 3 : 1

AVERAGE

ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

35 Cl17

37 Cl17

ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17MASS NUMBER 35 37PROTONS 17 17NEUTRONS 18 20

ABUNDANCE 75% 25%RATIO 3 : 1

AVERAGE MASS 35 + 35 + 35 + 37 = 4

ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

35 Cl17

37 Cl17

ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17MASS NUMBER 35 37PROTONS 17 17NEUTRONS 18 20

ABUNDANCE 75% 25%RATIO 3 : 1

AVERAGE MASS 35 + 35 + 35 + 37 = 35.5 4

ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

12 C 6

ATOMIC NUMBER 6 6 6MASS NUMBER 12 13 14PROTONS 6 6 6NEUTRONS 6 7 8

13 C 6

14 C 6

ISOTOPES OF CARBON

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

12 C 6

ATOMIC NUMBER 6 6 6MASS NUMBER 12 13 14PROTONS 6 6 6NEUTRONS 6 7 8

13 C 6

14 C 6

ISOTOPES OF CARBON

ISOTOPESISOTOPES

THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS IN ATOMS ELECTRONS IN ATOMS OF THE FIRST TWENTY OF THE FIRST TWENTY

ELEMENTS IN THE ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLEPERIODIC TABLE

ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

+

1

ATOMIC NUMBER 1

GROUP 1

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

HYDROGENATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

• atoms have the same number of electrons as protons

• electrons are found in shells (energy levels) around the nucleus

• electrons are put into the lowest energy level first

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

2+

2

ATOMIC NUMBER 2

GROUP 0

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

HELIUMATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

• the innermost shell can hold up to two electrons

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

3+

2,1

ATOMIC NUMBER 3

GROUP 1

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

LITHIUMATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

• each shell (energy level) can hold a maximum number of electrons• the first one can only hold 2,so the next goes in the second shell

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

4+

2,2

ATOMIC NUMBER 4

GROUP 2

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

BERYLLIUMATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

• the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

5+

2,3

ATOMIC NUMBER 5

GROUP 3

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

BORONATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

• the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

6+

2,4

ATOMIC NUMBER 6

GROUP 4

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

CARBONATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

• the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

7+

2,5

ATOMIC NUMBER 7

GROUP 5

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

NITROGENATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

• the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

8+

2,6

ATOMIC NUMBER 8

GROUP 6

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

OXYGENATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

• the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

9+

2,7

ATOMIC NUMBER 9

GROUP 7

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

FLUORINEATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

• the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

10+

2,8

ATOMIC NUMBER 10

GROUP 0

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

NEONATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

• the second shell is now full• full outer shells are characteristic of the unreactive NOBLE GASES

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

11+

2,8,1

ATOMIC NUMBER 11

GROUP 1

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

SODIUMATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

• as the second shell is full, electrons go into the third shell• the third shell can hold up to a maximum of eight electrons

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

12+

2,8,2

ATOMIC NUMBER 12

GROUP 2

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

MAGNESIUMATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

13+

2,8,3

ATOMIC NUMBER 13

GROUP 3

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

ALUMINIUMATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

14+

2,8,4

ATOMIC NUMBER 14

GROUP 4

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

SILICONATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

15+

2,8,5

ATOMIC NUMBER 15

GROUP 5

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

PHOSPHORUSATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

16+

2,8,6

ATOMIC NUMBER 16

GROUP 6

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

SULPHUR (SULFUR)ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

2,8,7

ATOMIC NUMBER 17

GROUP 7

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

17+

CHLORINEATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

18+

2,8,8

ATOMIC NUMBER 18

GROUP 0

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

ARGONATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

• the third shell is now full• full outer shells are characteristic of the unreactive NOBLE GASES

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

19+

2,8,8,1

ATOMIC NUMBER 19

GROUP 1

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

POTASSIUMATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

• as the third shell is full, electrons go into the fourth shell

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

20+

2,8,8,2

ATOMIC NUMBER 20

GROUP 2

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION

CALCIUMATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?

ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

16+

ELECTRONS ?

PROTONS ?

ATOM / ION ?

ELEMENT ?

ANSWER ?

WHAT IS IT?ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

16+

ELECTRONS 16

PROTONS 16

ATOM / ION ATOM

ELEMENT SULPHUR

ANSWER S

WHAT IS IT?ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

19+

ELECTRONS ?

PROTONS ?

ATOM / ION ?

ELEMENT ?

ANSWER ?

WHAT IS IT?ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

19+

ELECTRONS 18

PROTONS 19

ATOM / ION POSITIVE ION

ELEMENT POTASSIUM

ANSWER K+

WHAT IS IT?ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

17+

ELECTRONS ?

PROTONS ?

ATOM / ION ?

ELEMENT ?

ANSWER ?

WHAT IS IT?ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

17+

ELECTRONS 18

PROTONS 17

ATOM / ION NEGATIVE ION

ELEMENT CHLORINE

ANSWER Cl¯

WHAT IS IT?ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

8+

ELECTRONS ?

PROTONS ?

ATOM / ION ?

ELEMENT ?

ANSWER ?

WHAT IS IT?ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

8+

ELECTRONS 10

PROTONS 8

ATOM / ION NEGATIVE ION

ELEMENT OXYGEN

ANSWER O2-

WHAT IS IT?ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

13+

ELECTRONS ?

PROTONS ?

ATOM / ION ?

ELEMENT ?

ANSWER ?

WHAT IS IT?ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

H

Li

Na

K

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

Ne

Ar

He

Ca

13+

ELECTRONS 10

PROTONS 13

ATOM / ION POSITIVE ION

ELEMENT ALUMINIUM

ANSWER Al3+

WHAT IS IT?ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE

© 2011 © 2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHINGJONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

ATOMIC ATOMIC STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

THE ENDTHE END