Atmospheric Storage Tanks_Nov 2011

7/29/2019 Atmospheric Storage Tanks_Nov 2011

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Energy Practice

RISK EngInEERIng PoSItIon PaPER

atmoSPhERIcStoRagE tanKS

FEbRuaRy 2011


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2 Atmosphric Stora Tas

contEntS

Section Title.............................................................................................................................Page

1. Bacrod ..................................................................................................................................... 3

2. Objective ......................................................................................................................................... 3

3. Scop............................................................................................................................................... 3

4. Slctio of Atmosphric Stora Tas ........................................................................................... 4

5. Laot ad Spaci.......................................................................................................................... 5

5.1 Bds (Ds).................................................................................................................................. 6

6. Primar Cotaimt....................................................................................................................... 7

6.1 Ta Dsi & Opratio.................................................................................................................. 7

7. Scodar Cotaimt ................................................................................................................ 10

7.1 Bd Itrit (la tihtss) ....................................................................................................... 10

7.2 Trtiar Cotaimt ..................................................................................................................... 11

8. Orfill Protctio .......................................................................................................................... 12

9. Maitac ad Ispctio .......................................................................................................... 13

10. Laa ad Fir Dtctio ............................................................................................................ 14

10.1 La Dtctio ............................................................................................................................... 14

10.2 Fir Prtio ad Protctio ....................................................................................................... 14

11. Fir Fihti Sstms ..................................................................................................................... 16

11.1 Watr Sstms ............................................................................................................................... 16

11.2 Foam Fir Fihti Sstms ........................................................................................................... 16

11.3 Applicatio Rats ........................................................................................................................... 18

12. Rfrcs to Idstr Losss ........................................................................................................ 19

13. Rfrcs to Idstr Stadards................................................................................................... 19

14. Appdics.................................................................................................................................... 20

Appdix A - Assssmt Chclist ................................................................................................ 20

Appdix B - Mchaical Compot Chclist for Floati Roof Ta Ispctios ........................ 21

Appdix C - Loss Icidts............................................................................................................ 22


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Marsh 3

1. BACkgROunDThr ha b mros icidts i th oil, as ad ptrochmical idstr ioli atmosphric

stora tas. Data has b compild b a rptabl oprator i th uSA that idicat that

orfilli of atmosphric stora tas occrs oc i r 3300 filli opratios. I 2009 thr

wr two sparat icidts jst das apart, o i Jaipr, Idia (Octobr 29) ad o i Sa Ja,

Prto Rico (Octobr 23) that dmostratd th dstrcti capabilitis of icidts at trmials ad

ta farms.

Th Bcfild icidt i th uk i Dcmbr 2005 rsltd i a idpdt istiatio

commissiod b th Halth ad Saft Commissio i th uk. As a rslt of this, mor idac has

b proidd to dsirs ad oprators of facilitis. Sch idac has b icldd withi this

positio papr.

2. OBJeCTIveTh objcti of this positio papr is to dfi th stadards that wold b xpctd of a r ood

atmosphric stora facilit i th oil, as ad ptrochmical idstr. Ths stadards ar also

rflctd i th Marsh er Ris Rai critria. Th ca b sd to dtrmi ris impromt

opportitis ad also to proid dtaild adic to clits si to impro thir atmosphric

stora facilitis.

3. SCOPeTh scop of this positio papr iclds:

gidac o th appropriat slctio of atmosphric ta dsi for class of prodct to b stord

gidac o laot ad spaci

gidac o appropriat mas of sri primar cotaimt

Sitabl dsi of scodar cotaimt

Dtctio arramts for loss of primar cotaimt ad firs

Fir protctio arramts

exampls of loss icidts ioli atmosphric stora tas


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4. SeLeCTIOn OF ATMOSPHeRICSTORAge TAnkSTh laot ad ral dsi of a stora facilit shold b basd po

cosidratios of saft, opratioal fficic ad iromtal protctio. A

primar cosidratio is sri that th dsi of th stora tas thmsls is

sitabl for th classificatio of th hdrocarbo bi stord.

Th tabl blow smmariss th dsi of ta sitabl for ach class of

hdrocarbo:

CRuDe OIL

DeRIvATIve

CLASS

DeFInITIOn ReCOMMenDeD

STORAge TAnk DeSIgn

Floati

Roof

Fixd Roof

Class 0 Lifid ptrolm ass (LPg)

Class I Liids which ha flash poits blow

21C

Class II (1) Liids which ha flash poits from 21C

p to ad icldi 55C, hadld blowflash poit

Class II (2) Liids which ha flash poits from 21C

p to ad icldi 55C, hadld at or

abo flash poit

Class III (1) Liids which ha flash poits abo

55C p to ad icldi 100C, hadld

blow flash poit

Class III (2) Liid which ha flash poits abo 55C

p to ad icldi 100C, hadld at or

abo flash poit

uclassifid Liids which ha flash poits abo

100C


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Marsh 5

5. LAyOuT AnD SPACIngIdall, ta laot shold b optimisd to sr that thr is sfficit accss to tas for

fir fihti ad to miimis th ris of scalatio i th t of a ta fir.

Miimm spaci for tas is spcifid i th tabl orlaf, althoh Marsh wold

adocat a miimm sparatio distac of 1x th diamtr of th larst ta with a

absolt miimm of 15 mtrs, as sch a distac proids sfficit accss for fir

fihtrs.

FACTOR MInIMuM SePeRATIOn FROM Any PART OFTHe TAnk

Btw adjact fixd-roof tas eal to th smallr of th followi:

(a) th diamtr of th smallr ta;

(b) half th diamtr of th larr ta;

(c) ot lss tha 10m (Marsh adocat 15m).

Btw adjact floati-roof tas 10m for tas p to ad icldi 45m

diamtr.

15m for tas or 45m diamtr.

(Th spaci is dtrmid b th siz of th

larr ta).

Btw a floati-roof ta ad a fixd-

roof ta

eal to th smallr of th followi:

(a) th diamtr of th smallr ta;

(b) half th diamtr of th larr ta;

(c) ot lss tha 10m (Marsh adocat 15m).

Btw a rop of small tas ad a

ta otsid th rop

15m

Btw a ta ad th sit bodar,

a dsiatd o-hazardos ara,

procss ara or a fixd sorc of

iitio

15m

Sorc: HSg 176. Th stora of flammabl liids i tas.

O otabl xcptio is th sparatio btw crd tas, whr th dstrcti ffcts

of a boil or ca xtd from 5 to 10 diamtrs. Thrfor cosidratio shold b i to

locati crd tas at th d of ta farm istallatios ad with th larst practical

sparatio from adjact tas.

Ths distacs shold ol b sd i cojctio with appropriat lls of fir

protctio (s blow). I th t that tas ar xisti ad do ot coform to th abo

spaci, th additioal fir protctio shold b cosidrd.

Floati roof tas, with xtral mtal domd roofs xtdi or th tir roof ara (i..

itral floati roof tas or tas fittd with odsic doms), ma b cosidrd as fixd

roof tas for th prpos of ta locatio ad spaci.


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5.1 BunDS DykeS

Abo-rod tas shold b

compltl srrodd b bd walls

(s also Scodar Cotaimt).

Ths shold b dsid to offr

protctio to fir fihtrs. Thrfor

th bd wall shold b locatd so

that a rasoabl clos approach ca

b mad to a ta fir.

Fir fihti scrs ad stps shold

b locatd at arios poits arod

th bd wall to assist th positioi

ad protctio of fir fihti

prsol ad ipmt.

Bds wold ormall b costrctd

from arth or prfrabl cocrt ad

shold b larl imprios to liid

ad capabl of withstadi

hdrostatic ad hdrodamic

prssrs to which th cold b

sbjctd. earth bds shold b

fittd with a watr rsistat lir ad

whilst rass rowth is accptabl, it

shold b rlarl maitaid ad

pt short.

Tas shold idall b locatd alo

withi thir ow bds, althoh

whr tas shar a commo

bd, itrmdiat walls p to half

th hiht of th mai bd walls ado mor tha 0.5 mtrs hih shold

b proidd to cotrol small spillas

from o ta affcti aothr.

Bd floors shold drai to a sil

locatio complt with smp for th

rlar rmoal of watr from raifall

or firwatr tsti. Drais shold

ormall b pt closd, with th

drai isolatio al sitatd otsid

th bd.


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Marsh 7

6. PRIMARy COnTAInMenT

6.1 TAnk DeSIgn AnDOPeRATIOn

Tas shold b dsid to a

rlat stadard, sch as API 650 or

BS en 14015.

I som istacs sil si bottomtas ar a bttr optio tha dobl-

bottomd tas as ths proid th

optimm coditios for sri

itrit of th ta floor b th

ispctio of ta floor plats.

Disadatas of dobl-bottom

dsis icld sttlmt, prodct

trapmt ad modificatio to

ozzl compsati plats.

Whr dobl-bottomd tas ar

proidd, additioal ispctio

masrs shold b proidd i

accordac with a rlat stadard

sch as eeMuA 183 or BS en 14015.

La dtctio shold also b

proidd o dobl-bottomd tas.

TAnk ROOFS

Dobl dc roofs o floati rooftas ar prfrrd to sil dc

roofs with xtral potoos as th

ar mor stabl ad lss lil to los

boac.

For floati roof tas, th watr

drais to rmo raiwatr from th

roof shold b ormall closd. To

sr roofs ar mptid of raiwatr,

procdrs shold b i plac ad

followd for th opi ad

r-closr of als.

Whr als ar lft ormall

op, th th followi masrs

shold b pt i plac:

Hdrocarbo dtctio i draid

watr with atomatic isolatio

Tsti of oprabilit of isolatio

als ad dtctio sstms (sorlaf)

venTS

Tas shold b proidd with a wa

sam/fraibl roof costrctio, or

with a mrc t sitabl sizd

for th worst cas rlii scario,

to prt orprssr dr all

rlif coditios. emrc ts

shold compl with rlatstadards, sch as API 2000.

It is sstial that th ris of loss of

cotaimt is proprl maad.

This ca b achid b th propr

dsi, opratio, maitac ad

ispctio of tas. Idal practic is

otlid blow.

Th most ffcti wa to prt a

major accidt at a sit is th

cotid proisio of sitablprimar cotaimt of th

flammabl matrials. This is achid

throh th sitabl dsi,

costrctio ad maitac of th

stora sstms i accordac with

stadards.

For idac o th most appropriat

stadards to s for th dsi ad

costrctio of atmosphric stora

tas, rfr to th uk HSes riw of

stadards, Mchaical itrit

maamt of bl stora tas

which ca b fod at th followi

wbsit addrss:

http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/

rr760.pdf

Otlid blow is a smmar of thfatrs cosidrd to b th most

appropriat for a modr facilit:

Dobl sals o floati roof tas

(nB foam dam hihts shold b

abo th hiht of th ppr rim

sal to proid sitabl protctio

aaist a rim sal fir)

Hih ll alarm ad idpdt

bac-p hih ll istrmt (with

xcti actio ol if

appropriat)

Cotios atomatic moitori

of ta cotts, icldi rat of

cha dri filli/mpti

Ati-rotatio dics o floati

roof tas

Closd watr drais

Sil si floors

Ta floor la dtctio o dobl-

floor tas. This is ormall

comprisd of a istrmt to

dtct loss of acm i th itr-

floor spac


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Whrr a fixd roof ta is sd forth stora of matrials with a flash

poit blow 21C (rall o da

tas, ot rcommdd for lar

bl stora tas), th flam

arrstrs shold b proidd o th

ts to prt iitio of th

flammabl apors bri bac ito

th ta. I warmr climats, whr

prodct srfac tmpratrs cold

xcd 21C, flam arrstrs shold

b sd whrr maximm srfac

tmpratrs cold b withi 10C of

th flash poit.

Flam arrstrs shold b icldd i

prtati maitac rotis to

sr th do ot bcom blocd

b scal, pait, ic or othr matrials.

Flam arrstrs ar ot

rcommdd for s wh th

matrial bi stord is liabl to

polmris or fol th arrstr. D to

th pottial for bloca,cosratio ts (acm ad

prssr rlif) shold ot b fittd

with flam arrstrs.

Fixd roof tas ca b fittd with a

as blat (ormall itro) to

maitai a irt atmosphr i th

apor spac. nitro sppl

prssr shold b jst abo

atmosphric, bt sfficit to

displac a liid pmpd ot. As abac p, a acm brar shold b

proidd i th t that itro

sppl is lost.

vts or apor rcor sstms

(oft ti bac to th sorc

ssl) ar rird. Ths shold b

dsid to rli prssr slihtl

abo that of th itro ad at a

sitabl mari blow th dsi

prssr of th stora ta.

RIM SeALS & FOAM DAMSDobl rim sals (of fir-rsistat

costrctio) ar prfrabl to sil

sals. D to irrlaritis dri th

costrctio phas of lar floati

roof tas, it is lil that a sil sal

will ot maitai a 100% sal

btw th ta roof ad ta wall

alo th tir hiht of th ta

wall. Thrfor, a scod sal will

impro th lilihood of achii a

tiht sal, will rdc missios admiimis th ris of rim sal fir.

Wh istalli dobl rim sals, th

hiht of th scod, ppr rim sal

shold b blow th hiht of th

foam dam to sr cora

whr rim sal porrs ar

actiatd.

Foam dams shold b proidd with

itrmitttl-spacd aps to allowth draia of raiwatr. Howr, if

th aps ar too lar or too

mros, th ma affct th abilit

to form a sil cotios foam

barrir i th t of a fir.

OveRFLOW

Cosidratio shold b i to

proidi sitabl orflow sstms

to sr that i th t of a taorfilli, th ta cotts ar

safl rotd ito sitabl scodar

cotaimt. Additioall, th

orflow rot shold b dsid to

miimis trblt flow, rdc th

srfac ara of flammabl

hdrocarbo ad rdc th

ratio of flammabl apors,

sch as throh splashi. Particlar

car ds to b ta with

strthi ris ad firwatr

disprsio rails arod tas which

ar spcificall dsid to maximis

sprad of flids or a tas srfac.

For xisti tas, cosidratio

shold b i to modificatios of

ta top dsi ad to th saf-r-

roti of orflowi liids.

vALveS

All importat als o atmosphric

tas shold b lablld ad thir

fctio idicatd.

Fir-saf sht off als shold b

proidd, prfrabl atomatic ad

rmotl opratd sht off/isolatio

als (ROSOv/ROIv). Th mst b

fittd clos to th ta o both th

ilt ad otlt coctios. vals

mst ithr coform to a

appropriat stadard, sch as BS en

ISO 10497 or ialt itratioal

dsi, or shold b of itrisicall


9/24

Marsh 9

fir-saf dsi. Sch fatrsicld:

Mtal-to-mtal sats (scodar

mtal sats o soft-satd als

ar accptabl)

Mst ot b of cast-iro

costrctio

Shold ot b wafr-boltd

(somtims rfrrd to as lo bolt

flas)

I rios sbjct to a hih ris of

artha ad/or rapid rod-

acclratio, th isolatio als ad

actators shold also b scrd

dirctl to th ta wall ad ot to th

rod. Achori th al to

srrodi strctrs or th rod

cold rslt i th al sparati

from th ta dri xcssi

ibratios.

Fatrs of th ROIv shold b:

Fail saf (or if ot fail saf ha a

bac-p powr sppl, spciall if

th mrc pla rirs th

ta to b draw dow i a

mrc)

It shold ot b possibl to ato-

rst th ROIv

Adat mari of saft forshtti off th al, with at last

150% tor aailabl from fll

op to fll closd

no maal opratio or orrid

(.. had whls) which ma

ihibit th opratio of th ROIv

Sitabl itrit ad prformac

to satisf th SIL (Saft Itrit

Ll) rirmts

Dsid to miimis prssrsrs o sstm pipwor ad

coplis, particlarl ship to shor

flxibl pips

Ta draia als shold b

blad off wh ot i s.

Whr opratios to rmo

accmlatios of watr from

drath th prodct ar to b

codctd, isolatio of th drai

shold b achid b th s of two

als i sris. Th scod al ca

b a tmporar istallatio.

PIPIng

I aras whr artha is a

siificat xposr, all associatd

pipi o stora tas shold ha

stp omtr to allow flxi i th

pipi ad prt pctri of th

ta dri a artha.

Sitabl dsid sismic hars

shold b proidd i artha

zos, ad pip spports shold ha

fir protctio withi fir hazard

zos, .. withi th bdd ara.

TeSTIng

Bfor filli tas with flammabl

liids, la tsti of th istalld

ta ad associatd pipwor isrird. Hdralic tsti shold

ol b sd (i.. ot pmatic) as

stord r i hdrotsti is

sbstatiall lowr, ad ihrtl

safr. Howr, air ma b sd as a

mas of appli prssr to watr-

filld tas ad pipi.

Salt watr shold ot b sd to

hdralicall tst sstms cotaii

stailss stl.

HOuSekeePIngDbris withi bds shold b pt at

a absolt miimm. I additio to

th chcs withi formalisd

ispctio ad maitac rotis,

oprators shold also codct

frt chcs of tas ad thir

compots as part of thir rotis

to sr that th tas ar pt i a

rasoabl coditio. A sampl of

itms to chc is icldd i

Appdix B.


10/24


7.1 BunD InTegRITyLeAk TIgHTneSS

Bd wall ad floor costrctio

shold b la tiht. This iclds th

proisio of la tiht xpasio

joits btw diffrt casts of

cocrt i bd walls ad whrr

thr ar ptratios i th wall for

pips. Srfacs shold b maitaid

crac fr, ad withot a

discotiitis, ad withot a faild

joits that ma allow liid miratio.

As obsrd i major icidts, sch

as th Bcfild fir of 2005, th

joits i cocrt bd walls ar

particlarl sscptibl to th ffcts

of fir ad/or sbst cooli.

Thrfor, to maitai itrit, joits

shold b capabl of rsisti fir.

Idall, stl plats (watrstops)

shold b fittd across th ir

srfac of bd joits ad fir

salats shold b sd to rplac or

amt o-fir rsistat matrials.

Similarl, joits to wall ad floor

ptratios d to b protctd

aaist th ffcts of fir.

Whr dsii protctio plat,

cosidratio shold b i to

aoidi wai th wall strctr

i rlatio to rsistac to fir,

hdrostatic ad hdrodamic forcs.

Bd ptratios shold b aoidd

lss altrati or-wall rotis

ar ot practical. O xisti bds,

fitti stl collars or bllows to

impro fir rsistac at pipwor

ptratios ma itrodc local

corrosio iitiatio sits i th

pipwor ad is ot rcommdd

lss corrosio prtio ca b

assrd. Whr corrosio ca ot b

prtd, joits shold b improd

b rplaci xisti salats with

fir-rsistat salats.

Bd floor ptratio joits ar

ihrtl wa as failr of th

itrit is difficlt to prdict ad

dtct ad ma coti for som

tim oticd. Costl, floor

ptratios shold ot b

icorporatd ito w bd dsis.

existi bd floor ptratios

shold b limiatd whrr

practicabl. Whr flxibl salats

ar sd i floor ptratio joits,

ths shold b rplacd with fir-

rsistat salats.

Thr ha also b a mbr of

siificat accidts rslti from

las of hdrocarbos from tas

throh th bas of stora tas.

Thrfor th proisio of a sitabl

imprios bas (idall cocrt

with a mmbra lir) or floor la

dtctio o dobl floor

cofiratios shold b proidd.

7. SeCOnDARy COnTAInMenTWhilst priorit shold b i to prti loss of primar cotaimt, adat scodar (ad somtims trtiar)

cotaimt is cssar for th protctio of th iromt ad to cotai a spillas. I atmosphric ta

applicatios, scodar cotaimt will b proidd b bd walls.

Bd capacit shold b sfficit to cotai th larst prdictabl spilla. A bd capacit of 110% of th capacit of

th larst stora ssl withi th bd will ormall b sfficit. Wh stimati bd capacit, th spac occpid

b othr tas shold b ta ito accot.


11/24

Marsh 11

7.2 TeRTIARyCOnTAInMenT

Trtiar cotaimt d ol b

cocrd if thr is a siificat ris

of scodar cotaimt bi

isfficit to prt a scalatio

to a major accidt affcti

prsol, assts or th iromt.

Firwatr cotaimt is o sch

xampl. Implmtatio of trtiar

cotaimt shold thrfor b a

ris-basd dcisio. Howr, trtiar

cotaimt shold b:

Idpdt of scodar

cotaimt

Capabl of fll cotaii

forsabl firwatr ad liid

polltat olms o th failr of

scodar cotaimt

Imprmabl to watr ad

forsabl traid polltats/

hdrocarbos

Of clllar cofiratio to allowsratio ad limit th xtt of

sprad of polltats ad/or fir

Robst dr mrc

coditios, .. loss of lctrical

sppl

Capabl of allowi th cotrolld

momt of cotaid liids

dr ormal ad mrc

coditios

Capabl of aidi th sparatio of

watr from polltats (.. oil/

watr sparator)

Abl to maa raiwatr ad

srfac watrs

Mor idac o trtiar

cotaimt ca b fod i

docmtatio icldi CIRIA 164

ad PPg18.


12/24


All tas shold b fittd with a sitabl hih itrit

orfill protctio sstm, which shold b dsid to SIL

1 as a miimm, dpdi po th riss associatd with

failr.

Orfill protctio sstms shold b atomatic ad

phsicall ad lctroicall sparat from th ta

ai sstm, i.. ha a idpdt ll ai

sstm ad bac-p ll switch or dplicatd ll

ai sstm.

Howr, jstificatio for a sil combid ai ad

orfill protctio dic cold b mad if th itrit of

th istrmt is sfficit for th ris of failr.

Ta ai sstms shold ha a LAH (Hih Ll

Alarm) to alrt oprators to th stats of th ta which

is sfficit tim to itrrpt th filli opratio ad

th sbst actiatio of th bac-p orfill protctio

dic LAHH (Hih-Hih Ll Alarm). This shold also

ta ito accot a thrmal xpasio of th flid withi

th ta. It is importat that LAH shold ot b sd to

cotrol roti filli.

Aalo ssors ar prfrrd to diital (switchd)

ssors (i.. thr ar two aalo ssi lmts o

th ta), as ths ar abl to alrt whr thr is a falt

i th primar ll ssor bfor rachi hih ll.

elctro-mchaical sro as shold b aoidd for

s with flammabl matrials as ths ar itricat dics

cosidrd to b lrabl to a mbr of pottial failr

mods. Modr lctroic a ssors, sch as radar

as, shold b sd istad.

Whr practical th LAHH shold ha a xcti actio

to itrrpt th filli opratio b closi th isolatio

al ad/or stoppi th pmp. Fatrs of a LAHH ar:

It shold b st at or blow th tas ratd capacit

Actiatio of th LAHH is to iitiat a shtdow

LAHH ma b limitd to a adibl/isal alarm to alrt

a hma oprator to ra th rird actio. Actiosrird mst b spcifid ad wll docmtd. nB

sch optios ar ot sitabl for SIL 1 sstms

Th trip fctio shold icld a adibl/isal alarm

to prompt a chc that th trip fctio has b

sccssfl

I som cass it ma b cssar to trmiat th trasfr

i a mor radal fashio, sch as b limiti th closr

rat of th isolatio al to aoid damai orprssrs

i pstram pipwor. D allowac mst b i to th

maximm filli rat btw LAHH bi actiatd ad

th isolatio al fiall closi.

Th sit rcii a batch or dlir mst ha ltimat

cotrol ad rsposibilit for stoppi th trasfr ad

shold ha local sstms ad als to stop th opratio.

This shold ot thrfor b dr th sol cotrol of a

atomatic sstm or oprators at a rmot locatio.

Ta ll istrmtatio ad iformatio displa

sstms shold b of sfficit accrac ad clarit to

sr saf plai ad cotrol of prodct trasfr ito

tas.

It is prfrabl for tas to b cotiosl ad

atomaticall moitord for rat of ll cha dri

trasfr opratios to match th actal rat of trasfr with

xpctd rats. This wold i a arl idicatio that th

mai ll ai sstm was ot fctioi corrctl or

that th icorrct ta was bi filld. Dri ormal

stora opratios, sch a tool cold also otif oprators

of a siificat loss of cotaimt.

It is ot withi th scop of this docmt to dtail th SIL

dtrmiatio or its implicatios. Howr th followipoits shold b otd:

It is th Dtholdrs rsposibilit to mt latst

itratioal stadards, IeC 61511 is a crrt ood

stadard

Th appropriat SIL rird shold b spcifid bfor

dsii ad istalli orfill protctio sstms

LOPA (Lar of Protctio Aalsis) is a sitabl

mthodolo to dtrmi SIL

As orfill protctio sstms ormall fctio

ifrtl, th shold b priodicall tstd i thir

tirt to sr th will oprat wh rird

8. OveRFILL PROTeCTIOn


13/24

Marsh 13

All tas mst dro rlar

xtral ad itral (ot-of-sric)

ispctios to sr thir itrit

ad as sch, a writt schm of

xamiatio shold b proidd.

Orall idac o th sitabl

mthods ad frc of sch

ispctios ar dtaild i eeMuA

159 ad API 653.

Idiidals rsposibl for th

formlatio of schms of ispctio

ad for th ispctio of tas shold

b comptt ad ha th

appropriat alificatio for ta

ispctio ad for th rad of

matrials sd i costrctio. As a

miimm, prsol shold b

comptt to TWIs (Th Wldi

Istitts) Crtificatio Schm forWldi ad Ispctio, or

ialt.

extral ispctios shold b

codctd o a hihr frc

tha itral ispctios basd po

RBI (Ris Basd Ispctio)

rirmts, or as statd i th

rlat cods. If acti dradatio

mchaisms ar fod, th mor

frt ispctios shold b

codctd.

Particlar atttio shold b i

to islatd stora tas, as

corrosio dr islatio, ad th

alit of xtral coatis applid

prior to islatio, ca ha a

siificat ffct po ta itrit.

Thoroh itral ispctio ca ol

b achid b rmoi a ta from

sric, clai it ad thcodcti, as a miimm:

Fll floor sca

Itral xamiatio of shll to

alar floor wld

nDe (no Dstrcti

examiatio) of alar plat ad

shll ozzls

visal ispctio

Dfrral of itral ispctios shold

b ris assssd ad approd b a

sitabl comptt prso. Particlar

atttio shold b i to tas

that ha had o prios itral

ispctio, as th probabilit of floor

failr will icras with r ar

that th rcommdd itral is

xcdd. I sch cass, it is lil

that a dfrral cold b jstifid.

Failr of ithr a top or bottom floor

i dobl-bottomd tas (as

dtctd throh th failr of

acm btw plats) shold b

rctifid withi o ar. Cotid

opratio i th itrim priod

pdi rpair shold b spportd

b a tchical jstificatio spporti

its fitss for prpos.

Ta rpairs ad modificatios ar

spcialist actiitis ad shold ol

b codctd b sitabl alifid

prsol with appropriat

alificatio (as spcifid abo).

Watr drais o floati roof tas

shold also b formall icldd i

roti maitac if ormall lft

op, icldi a chc that isolatio

als ca b closd. Th dtctio

sstms for hdrocarbos shold also

b tstd o a rlar basis. All tsts

shold b formall docmtd.

Potoos shold b icldd i

formal maitac ad ispctio

rims as loss of potoos (as a

rslt of corrosio or lo-trm

rmoal of potoo cap) will affct

th stabilit ad boac of th

dc. Th prsc of flammabl

apors withi a potoo also

icrass th ris of apor clod

xplosio (vCe) withi a potoo.

Th fctioal itrit of orfill

protctio sstms is critical to

sri primar cotaimt.

Orfill protctio sstms ma b i

a ormall dormat stat withot

bi rird to oprat for ma

ars. For this raso, priodic tsti

is a sstial lmt i assri

thir cotii itrit.

9. MAInTenAnCe AnDInSPeCTIOn


14/24


10. LeAkAge AnD FIRe DeTeCTIOnIt shold b otd that laa, orflow ad

fir dtctio ar mitiatio lars ad ot

prtati lars, ad ar thrfor of

scodar priorit to orflow ad la

protctio.

10.1 LeAk DeTeCTIOn

Whilst flammabl as dtctio i stora arasis cosidrd to b a ood masr (for hihl

flammabl matrials), th disprsio of

flammabl apors is complicatd to prdict, so

ffcti as dtctio ma ot alwas b

practical.

Mor ffcti dtctio of las is lil to b

proidd b liid hdrocarbo dtctors.

Tpical locatios wold b i th bd drai,

ttr or smp, whr hdrocarbos wold

accmlat. Sch sstms ma b sbjct to

failrs or sprios alarms (.. d to watr

collcti i th bd), thrfor cosidratio

shold b i to si mltipl dtctors at

mor tha o locatio. Iitiatio of sch alarms

shold also iitiat a itrrptio of a

trasfr opratio. This is of particlar

importac at trmials that ar ormall

mad.

Idall CCTv (Closd Circit Tlisio) shold

b proidd, with sitabl rsoltio ad

lihti i ta ad bd aras to i opratorsassistac i dtcti ta orflows.

Oprators shold ot b xpctd to moitor

ths costatl, thrfor CCTv shold b

proidd with sstms that dtct ad rspod

to chas i coditios ad th alrt

oprators to thos chas.

FIRe DeTeCTIOn

For floati roof tas, rim sals shold b

costatl moitord b th s of liar hatdtctio. Ths shold b locatd clos to th

top of th sal, ad ot o th foam dam, whr

th ar lss ffcti i dtcti firs.

Poit hat dtctors ar rall of lss s for

lar stora tas, othr tha i th iciit of

ts, i th lar aras that d to b

cord. Thrfor, optical flam dtctors,

proidi a lar zo of dtctio, shold b

sd for bdd aras.

10.2 FIRe PRevenTIOn AnDPROTeCTIOn

BOnDIng & eARTHIng

B atr of th stora of flammabl liids,

flammabl atmosphrs ar to b xpctd i

th iciit of ts, rim sals ad withi th

tas thmsls. To miimis th ris of

iitio th ta ad acillar ipmt sholdb fll bodd ad arthd (rodd). A

maximm rsistac of 10 ohms to arth is

rcommdd.

Spcial atttio shold b mad to th

arthi coctio btw th ta wall ad

th roof of a floati roof ta. Slidi shts

(cotactors) btw th wall ad roof oft do

ot maitai a ood cotact, ths orloadi

thos shts which ar maitaii a

coctio. Thrfor, a adat mbr of

shts shold b proidd ad chcd to

sr that cotacts ar maitaid.

D to th risi ad falli of th floati roof,

xcss lths of arthi cabl ar rird i

th iciit of th walwa proidi accss to

th floati roof. Th arthi cabl ca oft b

srd wh it is trappd btw th whls

of th accss walwa ad th rails po which

it rolls, as i xampl show orlaf.

Rtractabl rodi sstms o modr

tas wold addrss this.


15/24

Marsh 15

O of th most commo sorcs of iitio for

lar tas is lihti. Thrfor, th proisioof sitabl lihti protctio with bodi

ad arthi wold hlp to miimis this. nFPA

780 Stadard for th Istallatio of Lihti

Protctio Sstms proids mor dtails o th

spcificatio of lihti protctio sstms.

Som istallatios ar proidd with lihti

masts itdd to act as prfrtial rots for

lihti to dischar itslf, as opposd to ia

th stora ta. This cocpt is ot pro ad

som partis sst that sch masts act to

attract lihti to th iciit of th stora

tas. Thrfor, ths ar ot crrtl

cosidrd to b a robst mitiatio aaist th

ffcts of lihti.

Som matrials ar sscptibl to th ffcts of

static dri splash-filli. Thrfor, masrs

shold b ta i sch istacs to prt th

ratio of lctrostatic chars.

It is possibl that floati roofs ca bcom

stabl ad si, mab as a rslt of raiwatraccmlatio, or failr of flotatio dics.

Oft, foam is applid to proid a blat to

spprss apor missios ad prt iitio.Howr, if this occrs o tas stori

matrials, sch as aphtha, that ar sscptibl

to iitio from splash-filli, carfl

cosidratio shold b i prior to th

applicatio of foam. If foam is to b applid, for

xampl i th t that lctrical storms ar

xpctd, th this shold b tl applid

alo th shll wall ad ot b splash-filli to

th srfac of th matrial.

ZOnIng

A dtaild assssmt of th hazardos ara

classificatio (HAC) of th stora ta, acillar

ipmt ad bdd ara mst b

codctd. This shold ta ito accot th

class of matrial bi stord.

Th spcificatio of spar-idci ipmt

shold b sitabl for th HAC zos locatio

ad shold b mad i accordac with rlat

lctrical stadards, sch as IP (Istitt of

Ptrolm) Modl Cod of Saf Practic Part 15,

ATeX 95, ATeX 137 or BS 5345.

Damad earthi Cabl


16/24


Protctio sstms ad fixd fir

fihti istallatios shold b

proidd ad compris fixd/smi-

fixd foam sstms ad cooli watr

spras. Additioall, accss to th

tas for mobil fir fihti

appliacs, ipmt ad matrials

shold b proidd ii mltipl

poits of attac with o dad-ds.

I ma cass it is safr ad mor

practical to allow a ta fir to br

itslf ot; for istac, wh thr is

o chac of scalatio to othr

tas, littl iromtal xposr

or whr th riss of fihti th ta

fir ar ratr tha ot fihti it.

Two otabl xcptios ar:

Rim sal firs ths will ta a

lo tim to br ot

Crd ta firs ths ar

sscptibl to boilors d to th

prsc of watr

Broad pricipls of watr ad foam

applicatio ar i blow. Mor

dtails ar i i th er

Istitts Modl Cod of Saf

Practic Part 19: Fir prcatios at

ptrolm rfiris ad bl stora

istallatios. Altratil, nFPA 11

Stadard for Low-, Mdim-, ad

Hih-expasio Foam ca b sd as

a rfrc.

As for procss plat, ddicatd fir-

prplas shold also b compild for

stora istallatios. Ths shold

spcif tp of attac, firwatr ad

foam applicatio rats, locatio of

hdrats, smi-fixd istallatios ad

mobil apparats, firwatr

cotaimt ad worst casscarios. It is ot withi th rmit of

this positio papr to dtail

mrc plas, bt API 2021,

Maamt of Atmosphric Stora

Ta Firs, proids som idac i

this mattr.

emrc rspos prsol

shold rci traii o th fir

prplas, ad rlar xrciss

shold b codctd to assss thsitabilit of th prpla.

11.1 WATeR SySTeMS

Proisio shold b mad for th

applicatio of cooli watr to fixd

roof tas cotaii prodcts

adjact to thos cotaii Class I or

II (ptrolm) or whrr thr is

lss tha 1 x diamtr of th larst

ta btw adjact tas. Iparticlar, thr shold b cooli

whrr thr is lss tha 15 mtrs

accss btw tas.

Whr watr is to b applid to tas,

watr applicatio rats shold b:

2 lpm/m for xposd tas

10 lpm/m for lfd tas (to

rtical ad iclid srfacs)

Source: IP 19. Model Code of Safe Practice

Part 19

Watr applicatio shold b proidd

b ithr fixd or smi-fixd sstms.

It is lil that mobil tdrs

wold ha sfficit capacit for

watr stora to mot a prolod

cooli watr attac o a stora

ta.

Watr shold ot b applid to th

roof ara of floati roof tas as this

ma rslt i th dstabilisatio ad

sii of th roof.

11.2 FOAM FIReFIgHTIng SySTeMS

Whilst bi a ood cooli mdim

for tas, watr is ot a sitabl fir

xtiishi mdim for

hdrocarbo firs. Thrfor, foam is

sd for sch applicatios. Th

dsi of foam fir-fihti sstms,

b th fixd or mobil, shold b

sitabl for th tps of firs th

wold b rird to xtiish (or

sitabl for th cooli of adjact

ipmt/tas). Thrfor ach

facilit ds to ha its ow tailord

fir fihti sstm. Importat isss

to cosidr wh dsii ad

istalli a fir fihti sstmicld:

Foam ad th foam ijctio/

proportioi sstms mst b

compatibl (also importat if th

spplir of foam is chad)

Hdralic dsi of foam sstms

mst b spcifid

Foam slctio mst b

appropriat for th tp of fir lil.. AFFF, (Aos Film Formi

Foam), shold ot b slctd for

polar solts

Corrct proportioi of foam that

ma othrwis rslt i foam that

dos ot flow (too littl watr) or

that icl os bac to soltio

(too mch watr)

Proisio of facilitis to aid th

maitac or tsti of

firfihti sstms

11. FIRe FIgHTIng SySTeMS


17/24

Marsh 17

Locatio of ipmt, ..moitors ot too far from tas for

foam applicatio to ta srfac

Atttio to a falts i th

fabricatio ad istallatio of

hardwar, .. chc als

istalld th wro wa rod,

trasport paci still prst

arod air idctors

Oc a sstm has b dsid

ad istalld, it is critical that it iststd. Whilst this ma b xpsi,

it is critical to sr that th sstm

actall complts th job it is

itdd to do. Idall, sstms

shold b tstd at th mafactrrs

as it is th chapr, icr ad

asir to rctif a mistas.

FLOATIng ROOF TAnk FIReS

Rim sal firs ar th most commotp of fir o floati roof tas.

Thr is littl chac of ths

scalati to othr tas or tri to

fll srfac ta firs if th dsi,

maitac ad laot of th tas

is sitabl. This shold ot b

cosidrd a rl, howr, as a

poorl maitaid ta cold los its

itrit or b lrabl to

sbst xplosios, prhaps as a

rslt of apor irss ito o of

th potoos.

Rim sal protctio shold ol b

sd o crtai tps of roofs (i..

dobl dc, stl potoo, tc). Pa

roofs for xampl, shold ha fll

srfac protctio.

Th applicatio of foam from a rmot

moitor (i.. o otsid th bd)

wold ot rprst bst practic as

it ca crat roof istabilit adpottiall scalat th icidt.

Additioall, rmot moitors arwastfl of foam ad caot dirct

th jt so accratl as th objcti

is to appl foam to th rim sal as

icl ad tl as possibl

(irrspcti of th roof ll) ad to

rtai a complt foam sal for as

lo as possibl.

Th most commo ad (arabl)

most ffcti mthod to cotrol a

rim sal fir is th applicatio of foam

ia fixd rim sal porrs o th top of

th shll wall. e with simpl, fixd

prpos-bilt sstms, sch as rim

sal porrs, thr is th dar that

basic rrors ca b mad so that th

sstm dos ot oprat as itdd.

Sch xampls that shold b

aoidd ar:

Top of foam dam blow th top of

th rim sal this is spciall a

iss whr scodar rim salsha b addd to th ta to

rdc ta missios. Th top of

th foam dam shold b at last 50

mm abo th top of th rim sal,

bt idall abot 150 mm.

Too ma or too lar aps at th

bottom of th foam dam. Th

prpos of th dam is to hold th

foam i positio arod th

circmfrc of th ta to rdc

th amot of foam dd. This

srs fficit applicatio to th

rim sal ad prts cssar

loads bi placd o th ta roof.

With lar aps at th bottom of

th dam, a siificat atit of

foam cold la to th roof.

Howr, small, itrmitttl

spacd drais shold b proidd

to allow raiwatr to drai awa.

Icorrct spaci of th foam

porrs. Modr foams ca flow i

xcss of 30 mtrs if proportiod

corrctl, althoh if thr archas to th foam tp, foam

proportio or watr sppl,

th th flow charactristics cold

b affctd so that a foam sal is

ot possibl.

Forcd/irrlar additio of foam.

Th ittio is to appl foam

tl dow th sid of th ta

shll so that it forms a

blat withi th rim sal ara. If

th porr has b icorrctlpositiod it ma ot appl th

foam i sch a wa, .. catchi

o th top d of th sal,

rslti i splashi ad loss of

foam to th roof.

Foam porrs locatd too hih o

th ta, xposi thm to wid

ad impairi thir passa to th

rim sal itslf.

To orcom ths isss, tstsshold b codctd o th sstm

to sr it oprats corrctl.

Dpdi po th mbr of tas

bi protctd, aal tsti

frc wold b appropriat.

Ispctios shold b codctd

rlarl to sr air ilts to foam

rators ar clar ad that foam

porrs ar ot blocd b, for

xampl, birds sts. Othr oodfatrs to aid ispctio or fir

fihti i th t of a sstm

failr ar:

Walwa arod th top of th

floati roof ta this ca b th

wid irdr with a hadrail arod

th circmfrc. This allows for

th porrs to b accssd for

maitac or for fir fihtrs to

accss th roof with maal hoss.


18/24


Proid a foam hdrat at th topof th ta (prfrabl at th top of

th stairs) for fir fihtrs i th

t of rim sal porrs bcomi

blocd. This also rirs lss

ipmt to b carrid p th

ta i th t of a rim sal fir.

Carfl cosidratio ds to b

i as to th saft of prsol

wh attmpti sch a tactic.

It is importat that foam ca b

applid all wll wh thfloati roof is at hih ll ad

wh it is at low ll.

Othr foam dlir sstms that ar

mor complx to ari drs ar:

Catar sstms foam applid to

th rim sal b local rators

locatd dirctl withi th foam dam

throh a sppl li attachd to th

roof ia th rolli laddr

Coflxip sstm foam soltio is

applid i th sam wa as a catar,

althoh th sppl pip rs p

from low ll throh th ta itslfia a coflxip flxibl pip.

O shot sstms a xtiishi

at (sch as obsolt Halo) is

applid at th rim sal i a sil

brst xtiishi th flams. Whilst

pottiall ffcti as a iitial

xtiishr, ths do ot prt

r-iitio ad rir all th parts,

icldi clidrs, bi placd o

th roof. For that raso, Marsh dos

ot rcommd sch a approach.

FIXeD ROOF TAnkS

Similar sstms ca b applid to

fixd roof tas, with foam

applicatio to th srfac of th

prodct throh a fixd or smi-fixd

sstm, or sb-srfac allowi

for th foam to float to th srfac of

th prodct. nFPA 11 Stadard for

Low-, Mdim-, ad Hih-expasio

Foam proids a id as to which

prodcts ad matrials ca b

protctd b sch sstms.

exampl of sb-srfac foam applicatio

apparats

11.3 APPLICATIOnRATeS

A miimm of 40 mits attac

shold b isad i ordr to ha

a rasoabl chac of sccss i

xtiishi a fir, ad foam stocs

shold b sfficit for this dratio;

a dratio of 60 mits is prfrrd

for crd oil ta firs.

Tpical applicatio rats for foam

soltio ar show blow, althoh

foam mafactrrs adic o th

tp of foam ad applicatio shold

alwas b soht:

TyPe RATe

(l/mi/m2)

APPLIeD WITH MOBILe

equIPMenT

Pool firs 5-10*

Fixd roof tas, Class I

prodct

5-10*

Fixd roof tas, Class II/III

prodct

5

APPLIeD WITH FIXeD OR

SeMIFIXeD equIPMenT

Fixd roof ta with porr

otlt

4

Bas ijctio (oils ol) 4

Floati roof rim sal firs 12

Floati roof tas (roof ara),

projctd foam

6.5

Floati roof tas (roof ara),

fixd porrs

4

Source: Energy Institutes Model Code

of Safe Practice Part 19: Fire

precautions at petroleum refineries and

bulk storage installations

*Th hihr rat ma b applid to Class I

prodcts, icldi asoli cotaii p to

10% of oxats.

nFPA 11, Stadard for Low-,

Mdim-, ad Hih-expasio Foam

also proids similar applicatio

rats, althoh thr ar som mior

diffrcs.


19/24

Marsh 19

12. ReFeRenCeS TO InDuSTRy LOSSeSexampls of Idstr losss ha b icldd i Appdix C.

13. ReFeRenCeS TO InDuSTRy STAnDARDSModl Cod of Saf Practic Part 19:

Fir prcatios at ptrolm

rfiris ad bl stora

istallatios. er Istitt,Fbrar 2007. ISBn 978-0-85293-

437-1.

BS en 14015. Spcificatio for th

dsi ad mafactr of sit bilt,

rtical, clidrical, flat-bottomd,

abo rod, wldd, stl tas for

th stora of liids at ambit

tmpratr ad abo. Fbrar

2005.

BS en 61511-1:2004/IeC 61511-

1:2003 Fctioal saft. Saft

istrmtd sstms for th procss

idstr sctor.

BS en ISO 10497:2004. Tsti of

als. Fir tp-tsti

rirmts. British Stadard/

eropa Stadard/Itratioal

Oraisatio for Stadardisatio.

HSg 176. Th stora of flammabl

liids i tas. HSe. ISBn 0 7176

1470 0.

CIRIA Rport 164: Dsi of

Cotaimt Sstms for th

Prtio of Watr Polltio from

Idstrial Accidts. Jaar 1997.

Costrctio Idstr Rsarch ad

Iformatio Associatio. ISBn

086017476X.

PPg 18. Plai Polic gidac 18:

eforci Plai Cotrol.

Dcmbr 1991. ISBn

9780117525542.

HSg 244. Rmotl Opratd Shtoff

vals (ROSOvs) for emrc

Isolatio of Hazardos Sbstacs -

gidac o good Practic. Octobr

2004. ISBn 0717628035.

API 650. Adddm 3 - Wldd Stl

Tas for Oil Stora. Octobr 2003.

Amrica Ptrolm Istitt.

API 653. Ta Ispctio, Rpair,

Altratio, ad Rcostrctio, Third

editio. Dcmbr 2001. Amrica

Ptrolm Istitt.

API 2000. vti Atmosphric ad

Low-prssr Stora Tas, Sixth

editio. nombr 2009. Amrica

Ptrolm Istitt.

API RP 2350. Orfill Protctio forStora Tas i Ptrolm Facilitis,

Third editio. Jaar 2005.

nFPA 11 Stadard for Low-, Mdim-,

ad Hih-expasio Foam, 2010

editio.

Bcfild. Th Fial Rport of th

Fial Istiatio Board. Dcmbr

2008. Bcfild Major Icidt

Istiatio Board. http://www.bcfildistiatio.o./

rports/idx.htm#fial

Saft ad iromtal stadards

for fl stora sits. Dcmbr 2009.

Procss Saft Ladrship grop.

http://www.hs.o./comah/

bcfild/fl-stora-sits.pdf

eeMuA PuB n 159 - usrs id to

th ispctio, maitac ad

rpair of abo rod rtical

clidrical stl stora tas.

Jaar 2003. eiri

eipmt ad Matrials usrs

Associatio.

eeMuA PuB n 183 - gid for th

Prtio of Bottom Laa from

vrtical, Clidrical, Stl Stora

Tas. Jaar 2004. eiri

eipmt ad Matrials usrs

Associatio.

RR760 - Mchaical itrit

maamt of bl stora tas.

HSe.

http://www.hs.o./rsarch/

rrpdf/rr760.pdf

not: RR760 proids a smmar of

rlat cods ad stadards for th

assrac of mchaical itrit i

stora tas. Ths proid a

assssmt of th most appropriat

stadards for diffrt lmts of

maitac ad dsi of facilitis.


20/24


APPenDIX A ASSeSSMenT CHeCkLIST

Th followi chclist is basd o a r ood ratd atmosphric stora ta facilit ad ca b

sd to assss th alit of that facilit ad idtif a aps or aras for impromt.

eLeMenT/FeATuRe CRITeRIA

Cotaimt All tas sparatl bdd ad sizd for 110% of capacit. B d walls sizd ad

dsid to cotai ad prt bd ortoppi (ma icld trtiar cotaimt).

Laot/Spaci Mts ris-basd ta spaci alatio ad r is alatio aailabl.

no-crd itr ta spaci al to or ratr tha o diamtr of larst ta ad at

last 15 mtrs. Crd oil tas sparatd b fi ta diamtrs to prt ris from

boilor.

Is trmtatio HLA, HHLA (totall idpdt iclds tappis , trasmittrs, tc.) lid to atomatic

shtdow of fd. Tmpratr idicator. LLA, LLLA (idpdt) lid to atomatic

shtdow of pmp ot ad complt with o-li diaostic capabilit (i.. ot simpl

switch). Shtdow sstm ad compots SIL ratd i accordac with applicatio ad

locatio. All idicators to cotrol room. Cotios mass balac sstm for ta farm.

Oli bldi.

Costrctio Dobl wldd sals o floati roof. Wathr shild. Cocrt bas with imprios

mmbra ad sids slopd awa from bas wld. Ati rotatio dic o floatrs.

earthi, lihti codctors. good accss to potoos, ad hadrails o accss wal

wa arod priphr. Ato bottom watr drai. Ta floor la dtctio with doblfloor.

Roof draia: raiwatr rcptors ad spill or coctios to prodct (limits watr

ll to 10).

Slctio As appropriat to class of prodct.

Draia of Bds gradi to pmp pit smp. Imprmabl bd matrial.

eipmt ad Pipwor Brid commo ilt/otlt pipwor ad o ipmt withi bd ara.

Bd Costrctio ad Coditio no ptratios or aps i th walls. A aps i bd walls shold b sald

appropriatl with a firproof matrial. Cocrt facd arth wall. Cosidratio i to

prti bd ortoppi.

gas Dtctio Bds fittd with flammabl as dtctors for low flash poit matrials capabl of

sstaii a vCe. Dtctors itrlocd with ta filli sstm to itrrpt trasfr.

Fir Dtctio Liar Hat Dtctio or fsibl-li/ tb (for r im sals ol). Sstms ar slf

moitori with stats idicatio to HMI (Hma/Machi Itrfac).

Fixd Fir Protctio

- Floati Roof

Mlti-had foam porrs with foam dam for all tas. Shll cooli watr spra, or s of

mltipl moitors with proof of rspos capabilit. Sppl from two sparat locatios.

Foam for bdd ara. Fixd sstm spplis foam.

Fixd radiat protctio o xposd walls.

Fixd Fir Protctio

- Co Roof

Sbsrfac foam ijctio (for o-polar compods, othrwis foam chambrs). Roof

ad shll cooli. Foam for bdd ara - dal sppl. Fixd sstms.

Fixd Fir Protctio

- Co roof with itral floatr

Foam porrs. Roof ad shll cooli; bd protctio with foam - dal sppl. Fixd

sstm.

14. APPenDICeS


21/24

Marsh 21

APPenDIX B MeCHAnICALCOMPOnenT CHeCkLIST FORFLOATIng ROOF TAnkInSPeCTIOnS

Claliss

Dbris o roof?

Podi or raiwatr o roof?

Laa

Sis of oil or hols o roof?

Roof Drais

Cloi of roof drai scr msh?

Pv vt Msh

Cloi of Pv t msh?

emrc Roof Drai

Cloi of mrc drai msh?

Wathr Shilds/Sals

Dama or corrosio? excssi aps btw sal ad shll?

Potoo Compartmts

Prsc of watr or oil?

Cors tiht?

earthi Cabl

Dama o cabl or coctios?

gid Pols

Dama o id pol rollrs?

Rolli Laddr

Dama o whl?

Roof Drai vals

eas of momt?

Bottom of Shll

Watr pooli?

Corrosio?

vtatio?


22/24


23/24

Marsh 23

Icidts with similaritis with th Bcfild icidt of 2005 ar smmarisd blow.

LOCATIOn DATe AnD TIMe COMMenTS BACkgROunD COMMenTS eXPLOSIOn

Hosto, Txas,

uSA

April 1962 Sr la from asoli ta. Almost widlss

coditios. Iitio ar adjact hihwa.

Dscribd as a blast, bt o dtails ar aailabl.

Batow, Txas,

uSA

27 Jaar 1977 Orfilli of a ship with asoli. Fw dtails ar aailabl, bt it is lil that thr

wold ha b costio.

Txaco, nwar,nw Jrs, uSA

7 Jaar 1983Aftr 00.00 hrs

Orfilli of a ta cotaii ladd asoli.114-379 m3 (80-265 tos) of asoli rlasd.

Sliht wid, iitio sorc 300m awa.

Rlatil costd ara. Hih orprssrrportd bt ot atifid. Thr mior xplosios

prcdd th mai blast.

napls Harbor,

Ital

21 Dcmbr

1985

Orfilli of a ta cotaii ladd asoli.

700 tos scapd. Low wid spd (2 m/s).

Rlatil costd ara. Th ta ortoppd 1.5

hors bfor iitio. varios orprssrs

stimatd from dama aalsis bt th ar

miimm als (.. 48 Pa).

St Hrblai,

Frac

7 Octobr 1991

04:00 hors

La of asoli from a trasfr li ito a bd.

Wid


24/24

Marsh is o of th Marsh & McLa Compais, tothr with g Carptr, Mrcr, ad

Olir Wma.

Th iformatio cotaid hri is basd o sorcs w bli rliabl ad shold b

drstood to b ral ris maamt ad israc iformatio ol. Th iformatio isot itdd to b ta as adic with rspct to a idiidal sitatio ad caot b rlid

po as sch.

I th uitd kidom, Marsh Ltd. is athorisd ad rlatd b th Fiacial Srics Athorit

Marshs Ris eiri Srics

tam has b stablishd for or

25 ars ad is il alifid

to proid ris maars ad

drwritrs with th sstial

iformatio th d to

dtrmi th riht limit ad

scop of cor ad th riht pric.

each mmbr of th tam is a

alifid ir, with practical

xpric i dsi,

costrctio, opratio ad

maitac across a broad ra

of oil, as ad ptrochmical riss.

Th ha all b traid i

adacd israc sills, i th

abilit to assss ad aals risad to commicat ffctil

ad frtl i mor tha o

laa.

Th oal is to bild brids

btw ris iri,

israc ad ris maamt

ad btw th clit ad th

drwritr. At th sam tim, th

comparati sills of th tam

prmit a bchmari sstm

which is a lobal opiio of th

ris, assssd aaist pr plats

world-wid.

From th arlist plai sta to

th last opratioal phas, th

iri srics tam is abl

to cotribt practical ad

cost-ffcti adic adassistac.

I additio to tailord

proramms, th tam has a sris

of cor pacas, cori

rthi from maai a major

mrc to ris rdctio

dsi fatrs ad saf wori

practics.

Th eiri Srics tam ismatchd amo israc

brors ad ris adisrs bcas

of th scal of istmt, th

bradth of xprtis ad th

xpric it icorporats.

Mor importatl, th tam ss

its practical owld ad

practical sills to commicat a

ral drstadi of phsical

riss, thir israc implicatiosad th commrcial oprati

iromt.

THe engIneeRIng SeRvICeS TeAM For frthr iformatio, plascotact or local Marsh offic

or isit or wb sit at: marsh.com

BeIJIngTl: +86 10 6533 4070Fax: +86 10 8529 8761

CALgARyTl: +1 403 290 7900

Fax: +1 403 261 9882

CAPe TOWnTl: +27 21 403 1940Fax: +27 21 419 3867

DuBAITl: +971 4 223 7700Fax: +971 4 227 2020

HOuSTOnTl: +1 713 276 8000Fax: +1 713 276 8888

LOnDOnTl: +44 (0)20 7357 1000Fax: +44 (0)20 7929 2705

MADRIDTl: +34 914 569 400Fax: +34 913 025 500

MOSCOWTl: +7 495 787 7070Fax: +7 495 787 7071

MuMBAITl: +91 226 651 2900Fax: +91 225 651 2901

neW yORk

Tl: +1 212 345 6000Fax: +1 212 345 4853

OSLOTl: +47 22 01 10 00 Fax: +47 22 01 10 90

PeRTHTl: +61 8 9289 3888Fax: +61 8 9289 3880

SAn FRAnCISCOTl: +1 415 743 8000Fax: +1 415 743 8080

SIngAPOReTl: +65 6327 3150Fax: +65 6327 8845

Documents

Atmospheric Storage Tanks_Nov 2011