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5/19/2017 1 Grace B. Athas, Ph.D. LSUHSC CLPC talks New Orleans LA, May 20, 2017 Recognize premature aging syndromes and genetic/molecular findings Recognize genes/syndromes with increased healthspan Identify biological processes associated with aging including: Mitochondria and metabolic factors Epigenetics Telomeres Recognize “treatments” for aging Aging –time dependent physiological decline affecting almost all organisms Senescence –when normal cells cease to divide Life expectancy statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live Life span –maximum life observed in a group Health span length of time you are truly healthy and thriving during your life span Centenarians –live to or beyond 100 Oxidative stress – free radicals damage cells Genetic Mutation – accumulation of mutations cause aging Inaccurate repair of DNA damage Mitochondrial Dysfunction Metabolic dysfunction Crosslinking of proteins Telomere length Neuroendocrine –changes in hormone regulation Decreased immune function Slowing metabolism Increased risk of Chronic disease –hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, kidney disease, cancer Eye trouble Hearing loss Decrease in muscle strength and stamina Sarcopenia Memory loss Skin and hair changes Bone loss – Height, weight bearing Sleep changes

Athas Revised Biology of Aging5.20.17 › ClinicalLaboratory...Circular genome –13 coding genes Each time the mtDNAreplicates, there is a mutational risk In the aged human, virtually

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Page 1: Athas Revised Biology of Aging5.20.17 › ClinicalLaboratory...Circular genome –13 coding genes Each time the mtDNAreplicates, there is a mutational risk In the aged human, virtually

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Grace B. Athas, Ph.D.LSUHSC CLPC talksNew Orleans LA, May 20, 2017

Recognize premature aging syndromes and genetic/molecular findings 

Recognize genes/syndromes with increased healthspan

Identify biological processes associated with aging including:

Mitochondria and metabolic factors 

Epigenetics

Telomeres

Recognize “treatments” for aging

Aging –time dependent physiological decline affecting almost all organisms

Senescence –when normal cells cease to divide

Life expectancy ‐ statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live

Life span –maximum life observed in a group

Health span  ‐length of time you are truly healthy and thriving during your life span

Centenarians –live to or beyond 100 

Oxidative stress – free radicals damage cells

Genetic Mutation – accumulation of mutations cause aging

Inaccurate repair of DNA damage

Mitochondrial Dysfunction 

Metabolic dysfunction  

Cross‐linking of proteins

Telomere length 

Neuroendocrine –changes in hormone regulation

Decreased immune function

Slowing metabolism 

Increased risk of Chronic disease –hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, kidney disease, cancer  

Eye trouble 

Hearing loss

Decrease in muscle strength and stamina Sarcopenia

Memory loss

Skin and hair changes  

Bone loss – Height, weight bearing

Sleep changes

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Hundreds of rare syndromes

Most autosomal recessive

Premature aging and death 

Genes implicated – interruptions in DNA repair (most) 

Progeria: Hutchinson ‐ Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS)

Called “Benjamin Button Disease” by lay public and news agencies  (2008) 

Spontaneous mutation – 1824C > T, in LMNA gene ‐generally NOT inherited but would be Autosomal Dominant

Children develop symptoms in first few months – first year of life

Failure to thrive

Thin beaked nose, small chin

Skin hardening condition

Worsens ~ age 12

Accelerated atherosclerosis

Mid teens life span

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No cancer or diabetes

Accelerated Atherosclerosis

Die early 

DNA Repair problems 

“Adult Progeria”

Autosomal Recessive

WRN gene on Chromosome 8 – DNA helicase

Symptoms appear after puberty – 20’s  Short stature

Teenagers do not have growth spurt 

Six Cardinal signs:

Premature greying of hair or hair loss

Bilateral cataracts

Atrophied or tight skin

Soft tissue calcification 

Sharp facial features 

Abnormal high pitched voice 

Live to 50 –die of heart disease or cancer 

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Age 36

Rare, Autosomal recessive

Growth failure, photosensitivity, progressive pigmentary retinopathy, birdlike facies

Calcifications in the brain, demyelination of nerves & premature aging

Two main typesType I –features appear in first decade of life –death by 2nd decade of life

Type II –presents at birth –live 6 or 7 years

Cellular sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation

Mutations of genes critical for nucleotide‐excision repair and RNA transcription

NOT associated with skin cancer

CSA/ERCC8 and CSB/ERCC6

Chromosome 5 and 10 

Rare, autosomal recessive

~ 8 chromosomes 

Unable to repair UV light induced DNA damage

Multiple basal carcinomas

Cause of death ‐Malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma 

Neurological abnormalities – poorly understood but NOT due to exposure to UV light 

Live to 20‐40 

Nucleotide excision repair defect (NER)Global Genome NER (GG‐NER)

Transcription Coupled (TC‐NER)

Seven repair genes  ‐ XPA through XPG

XPA and XPC sense DNA damage

XPD and XPB gene products are part of a 9‐subunit protein complex (TFIIH) ‐needed for the open complex formation

XPF and XPG –endonucleases 

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Autosomal recessive

Mutations in Growth Hormone Receptor

Short stature; prominent forehead, depressed nasal bridge, underdeveloped mandible

Increased sensitivity to insulin 

No cancer or diabetes

Discovered in Israel in the 1950’s; found around Mediterranean

Found in Ecuador in the 1980’s 

“Conversos” 

or NOGrowthhormone

Pituitary

Increased HEALTHSPAN 

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About 300 causes 

Achondroplasia – 70%Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3

FGFR3 constitutively active, inhibiting bone growth

Pituitary dwarfism ‐ growth hormone deficiency

All have normal life span

“It's paradoxical that the idea of living a long life appeals to everyone, but the idea of getting old doesn't appeal to anyone.”

Genetics

Epigenetics

MetabolicMitochondria

Reactive oxidative species (ROS)

Other inflammation/protein changes

Telomeres 

>1800 genes identified

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>1800 genes

Four Genome‐Wide Association Studies Identify New Extreme Longevity Variants.The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 2017; DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx027

Heritable changes that do NOT involve change to the DNA sequence

A change in Phenotype without a change in Genotype

Post transcriptional modifications to the DNA nucleotides or post translational modifications to histone proteins

Addition of methyl group at cytosine residue at CpGdinucleotides

These methyl groups project into the major groove of DNAand inhibit transcription

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The set of nucleic acid methylation modifications in an organism’s genome or in a particular cell type

Normally,Global hypomethylation of repetitive regions 

Site specific hypermethylation at certain promoters –turn on gene expression 

In Aging,Repetitive regions become methylated –leads to genomic instability

Certain promoters now lose methylation –turn off

Profound change in chromosomal architecture, genomic integrity, and gene expression patterns

Reduction in histone proteins; changes in histone proteins

Changes in methylation patterns

Latest epigenetic discoveries

Small RNA molecules ‐ inhibit gene expression & translation by binding to mRNA molecules through base pair complementarity  

MicroRNAs and their roles in agingThalyana Smith‐Vikos, Frank J. SlackJ Cell Sci 2012 125: 7‐17; doi: 10.1242/jcs.099200

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Circular genome – 13 coding genes

Each time the mtDNA replicates, there is amutational riskIn the aged human, virtually every mitochondrial

genome has a mutation

Cells can tolerate a high proportion of mutantmitochondrial genomes, but once a threshold is passed energy production falls dramatically

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2015 Nat Med 21: 1416‐14232015 Nat Med 21: 1416‐1423

Macrolide antibiotic from Streptomyces hygroscopicus

Immunosuppressive and antiproliferativeproperties

Inhibits mTOR

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Silent information regulator genes

Adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)

Physiological Effects of AMPKSchematic of selected physiological effects on AMPK  and the intermediate mediators. Arrows signify activation, T bars signify suppression.  Green signifies prolongevity, red signifies antilongevity.

AutophagyThe natural, regulated, destructive mechanism of the cell that disassembles unnecessary or dysfunctional components and recycles them

Inhibition of autophagy –aging

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Lipofuscin –wear and tear or aging pigment, yellow –brown, seen in aging persons

Lipid peroxidation of membranes and covalent protein modification by ROS

Accumulates in dying cells and cells undergoing authophagy

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Dyskeratosis Congenita

Nature 464 2010; doi:10.1038/nature08982

DyskeratosisCongenita

Cancer 

Fasting and Calorie Restriction 

Calorie restriction mimetics

Other Medications

Exercise 

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Abstinence from food

Physiologic response to fasting:Post absorptive phase –glycogen used as main energy source 

When glycogen depleted, amino acids serve as source for gluconeogenesis

Glycerol and fatty acids released from adipose become major source of energy.  Fat derived ketone bodies become the major energy source 

Fat reserves become exhausted, muscle degradation occurs to fuel gluoconeogeneis

70 kg person (154 lbs)‐ 2‐3 months of caloric requirements from fat reserves

5 days a month fast; rest of the time ad libitum

Weekly 2 day fast, 5 day NL

Reduces mTOR, IGF‐1, & PKA pathways

Reduction in calories without malnutrition

30% reduction in calories/day

Prolongs life span in in dogs, rodents, worms, flies, yeasts, & prokaryotes

In eukaryotes –conserved nutrient pathways involved 

Induces stress related transcription factors

2015 Nat Med 21: 1416‐1423

National Geographic Magazine

Identified 5 regions in the world where people lived longest:

Okinawa, Japan

Sardinia, Italy

Nicoya, Costa Rica

Icaria, Greece

Loma Linda, CA (7th Day Adventists) 

Previous demographic work counting centenarians (circled areas of the map with blue pen) –the blue zone

Longest life expectancy in the worldLongest health expectancy, healthy youthful looking, energetic Low rate of heart disease, stroke, cancer even stomach cancer, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s“Okinawa inhabitants reach ages similar to the Japanese average of 86 for women and 78 for men. However, the real encouraging factor is not that people reach these ages, but they grow old in a much better state. Some in their 90's can honestly vouch that they still have an active sex life.”

Fries JF. New England Journal of Medicine 1980;303:131‐5)

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Low‐calorie, low glycemic diet. Consume only 25% the amount of sugar and 75% the amount of fat than what the Japanese eat.  Diet consists of vegetarian, seafood and soy.  No meat, eggs or dairy products

Anti‐oxidant rich foods: they consume about 300 g of green, yellow, orange vegetables, fruits, tubers a day.  These vegetables are rich in vitamin C, A and flavonoids 

Calorie control: hara hachi bu, a cultural habit consisting of only eating until they are 80% full and staying physically active the natural way. Average body mass index (BMI) of 18 to 22”.

Okinawa centenarian study. Fries JF. New England Journal of Medicine 1980;303:131‐5.

Geographic and Ideological Isolation: Centenarians live in isolated areas, on an island, peninsula or in religious isolation such as the 7th

Adventists with little contact with the modern world. They operate as a community and take care of each others needsThey live outdoors a good part of the time and get plenty of sun exposure They get plenty of physical activity: working in the fields, walking or bicycling to neighbor locationsThey have a strong sense of belonging, perpetrate tradition, family celebrationsHappy and sense of purpose 

Calorie Restriction mimetics

Influence metabolic functions 

Very popular

Studies disappointing  

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Upregulates AMPK

DOI 10.1002/emmm.201000080| Published online 01.07.2010EMBO Molecular Medicine (2010) 2, 247‐257

Telomerase activator

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Loss of muscle mass, quality and strength that occurs with aging

Rate of 1% loss per year after the age of 50

Resistance Weight trainingAdequate NutritionSupplements

Larry A. Tucker. Physical activity and telomere length in U.S. men and women: An NHANES investigation. Preventive Medicine, 2017; 100: 145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.027

High levels of exercise linked to nine years of less aging at the cellular level

•Intrinsic (chronologic) aging occurs throughout the skin and causes primarily functional losses.•Caused by oxidative damage, cell senescence, amino acid racemization, nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins.•Displays flattening of the dermal–epidermal junction, decreased cellularity, decreased dermal thickness, loss of vascular and lymphatic beds.•Photoaging is the superposition of chronic ultraviolet-induced damage on intrinsic aging and accounts for most age-associated changes in skin appearance.•Triggered by receptor signaling, mitochondrial damage, and protein oxidation.•Displays variable epidermal thickness, dermal elastosis, decreased/fragmented collagen, increased matrix degrading metalloproteinases, inflammatory infiltrate, and vessel ectasia.•Dermatologic problems with increased incidence in the elderly include skin cancer, xerosis, pruritus, varicella-zoster infection, ulcers, bullous pemphigoid, and drug eruptions.

Smoking

Degree of natural skin pigmentation (less pigmentation, more wrinkles)

Sun and ultraviolet exposure

Heredity (some families wrinkle more)

The loss of subcutaneous fat on a person's body (people with more subcutaneous fat have fewer wrinkles)

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https://www.slideshare.net/drnateghi/skin‐aging‐28801041

Vitamin A acid ‐tretinoin [Retin A, Renova]

Alpha‐hydroxy acids

Antioxidants

Ordinary moisturizers

Glycolic acid peels

Deeper peels

Micordermabrasion and Dermabrasion

Laser resurfacing

Non ablative laser resurfacing

Plastic surgical procedures

Botox

Fillers

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Front. Microbiol., 19 August 2016 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01204

www.bluezones.com

progeriafamilycircle.blogspot.com

Progeria Research Foundation

Fries JF. 1980 Aging, natural death, and the compression of morbidity. NEJM 303:131‐5Hands, SL. Et al.  2009  mTOR’s role in ageing: protein synthesis or autophagy? Aging Vol 1 No. 7: 586‐577

Lopez‐Otin, C.  et al. 2013. The Hallmarks of Aging. Cell 153:1194‐1217

Johnson, SE. et al. 2013 mTOR is a key modulator of ageing and age‐related disease. Nature 493:338‐345

Giblen, W. et al. 2014 Sirtuins: guardians of mammalian healthspan. Trends Gen 30, No 7: 271‐285

deCabo, R. et al. 2014. The search for anti‐aging interventions: from elixersto fasting regimens. Cell 157: 1515‐1526

deCavanaugh EMV. et al.  Angiotensin II blockade: how its molecular targets may signal mitochondria and slow aging. Coincidences with calorie restriction and mTOR inhibition. 2015. Am J Physiol. 309: H15‐H44

Finkel T. The metabolic regulation of aging. 2015 Nat Med 21: 1416‐1423