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1.0 INTRODUCTION
It is generally accepted that English is important in life now. It does not matter in
any field such as business, education, politics and more, the need to use this language
could not be overstated. Even in matters of employment, most places use this
language as the medium.
When we talk about communication, it necessarily involves two or more persons
(individually or collectively). Communication will involve speakers and listeners.
Without one of these communications will not occur. We communicate with anyone
regardless of age, young children, possibly with other nations in their own country or
from abroad. We also may need or have talked with many listeners, whether in closed
or open space.
Picture 1.1Communication Process
There are many definitions of communication:-
1) James A.F. Stoner and Charles Wankel (1989) said that communication is a
way of involving people in relation to the shared meaning or purpose,
provided that they have to agree with the definitions of terms used on a
symbolic as alerts, letters, numbers, and words that symbolize or similar ideas
that can serve the purpose.
Communication Process
Sender Receiver
Medium
Message
2) Emery, Ault and Agee (dlm. Sulaiman Masri, 1997) Communication is the art
of transferring information, ideas, and attitudes from person to person.
3) Sulaiman Masri (l997) concluded that communication begins when a message
(information) from the sender (speaker, author) is transferred through the
device or a specific channel to the receiver (reader, listener) who then provide
feedback (encode and interpret) the message .
2.0 HOW TO COMMUNICATE
In general, how to communicate is 3, namely: -
i) Oral communication
ii) a written communication
iii) visual communication.
2.1 Oral Communication
The main tool for oral communication is the use of language.
According to studies, oral communications made by almost 80% every day
and it shows the importance of good communication in this type of work or
daily interactions.
Works to preserve good relations with others.
2.2 Communication in Writing
Communication of this type in the former paper but significant
changes can be seen as technological developments such as using
SMS, MMS, e- mail and chatting.
Picture 2.1 Communication In Writing
2.3 Visual Communication
In addition to the use of two types of communication on the use of
visuals is done close to 100% by humans every day. Sometimes
people do not realize they are doing because it happened
spontaneously, perhaps intentionally. For example, raised his
eyebrows, shoulders and so on.
Picture 2.2 Visual Communication
3.0 MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
For the model - a model of communication, many referring to the four general
types of models introduced by the four figures, namely: -
3.1 Lasswell (1948)
Lasswell emphasizes a direction only when
communicating, such as: -
Who
Said What
Through What Channels
To Who
With What Effect on Receiver
According to Lasswell, the forms of instruction, which is
more suitable because of course the data or information
received is in line with what you want.
Picture 3.1 Lasswell Communication Model
3.2 Osgood (1954)
Modified from Shahnon & Weaver model, modeling can be
applied in communication engineering.
Placing the role of receiving and channel information and
taking into account the purpose of a symbol.
Each individual has a 'speech community' (the complete
communication process), emphasizing the natural social
communication and defines the message as a whole unit of
output for the input source for the destination.
3.3 Schramm (1954)
There is not much difference with the Osgood.
The first model: considers communication as the interaction
between two people.
The second model: introducing that effective communication
occurs only when a shared.
A third model: the interaction between both parties in enkod,
interpret, dekod, transporting and receiving signals.
Picture 3.2 Osgood & Schramm Communication Model
3.4 Newcomd Symmentry (1953)
Theodare Newcomb stated that communication as a relevant
social psychological suspect the interaction between man and
man.
The simple model assumes that individuals A channel
information to individuals on a, X.
Assumed orientation of A (attitude - of B and of X is contained
four coordination.
Orientation A to X inclusive attitude towards X as an object to
be approached @ put (disable by signs and intensive) and
cognitive attributions (beliefs and cognitive structure).
Orientation A to B in the same taste.
Orientation B on X.
Orientation B of A.
4.0 Interpersonal Communication
4.1 Definition
Interpersonal Communication is communication between
individuals with other individuals or group of individuals who
communicate with others.
Interpersonal communication is dynamic because the always
moving and always influence each other.
Interpersonal Communication is a learned behavior. It is not
happen by itself but is the result of observation and past
experience. Interpersonal communication often has the explicit
and implicit meanings.
Picture 4.1 Interpersonal Model
4.2 Interpersonal Communication System
According to Drs. Jalaluddin Rahmat, M.Sc. later his book
entitled Psychology of Communication, he describes a system
in interpersonal communication, such as:
1. Interpersonal perception
2. Self concept
3. Internal Relations Interpersonal
4. External Relations Interpersonal.
In this article, the author lists only interpersonalnya relationship
only because thought the discussion about it are complex and
may be misleading.
4.3 Interest to Public
4.3.1 Building social relationships
Understand and respect the socio-cultural elements of
society, including socio-cultural similarities and
differences between.
For example, a multi-racial, and religious beliefs.
4.3.2 Discourse knowledge
Helps to learn various disciplines.
4.3.3 Consultation
Achieving consensus.
4.3.4 Career
Able to explain the efficiency level of expertise and
professionalism.
4.3.5 Community
Understand, respect and create a feeling of acceptance
in the community. The situation became cheerful
4.3.6 Guidance
.Assist in communicating ideas, information, feelings
and expression behavior of each other.
5.0 How to Face Barriers in Interpersonal Communication
5.1 The flow of filtered information
Only the most important information should be
presented. Information that is important to be neglected.
5.2 Encourage feedback
Ensure that all information presented can be understood.
Feedback can be found in the form of verbal or
nonverbal.
5.3 The information is clear and easy
Use simple language and easily understood by listeners.
5.4 Listening actively
Be a good listener to be attentive.
5.5 Avoid too emotional
In the communication process to avoid too sentimental.
More rational. Use body language or gesture.
5.6 To increase self-confidence
Receive recognition of self and community in an honest
and genuine.
5.7 Life becomes more meaningful
Provide response to positive reinforcement. Individuals
become more motivated.
5.8 Expanding the network of communication
Build intimacy between individuals and groups become
friends with vision.
5.9 Clarification
Ability to express feelings or thoughts with their own
language and style and have the spirit. For example
sindirin words, analogy, quotation.
6.0 COMMUNICATION IN SMALL GROUPS
6.1 Small Group Who?
Individuals interact.
to 12 or 15 people (Tim Moorhead, 1999).
People who have the same goals and purposes.
6.2 Types of Small Group
Relationship and Task Group
Primary Group
Secondary Group
6.3 Reference and Membership Group
Reference group
Membership group
6.4 Factors That Affect Communication In Small Groups.
6.4.1 Gender
For example, in Malay society, men are given priority
to be a leader or leaders, especially in the family and in
small groups.
In small groups where men can not play Set as leader,
this will cause problems.
6.4.2 Practice
It refers to the procedure to do something that is followed
by each member of the group concerned and for
generations.
Each human community to impose rules (taboos) to
regulate the conduct of certain members.
6.4.3 Religion & Beliefs
Religion that limit the behavior and social relations between
people.
Belief refers to the social taboos that guide members in
interacting with others.
6.4.3 Language and Communication Polar
In small groups, language often causes the problem because
sometimes the language used by a different member of the
language used by the other member causes the purpose to
be served is difficult to understand.
Language is often a different meaning according to their
cultural understanding.
6.4.4 Value
It is part of our internal components that make up our perceptions and determine the behavior and actions in the past, today and tomorrow.
6.4.5 Age
Member of the age are also more sensitive and feel younger members of each are not eligible to criticize his actions even though his actions were clearly in violation of norms in small groups.
6.4.6 Ethnic
The difference is that sometimes cause problems in this group.
Ethnic difference that causes the various perceptions arise and cause conflicts and lead to a split in small groups.
6.5 Effect of Communication in Small Groups
6.5.1 Positive Impact
Increase Self Motivation
Can Enhance Understanding
Space for self-development
6.5.2 Negative Impact
Like Criticism
Misunderstanding
The break-Team Member
6.6 Step Coping
6.6.1 Open Attitude
It should enhance cooperation with mutual help
and understand each other with openness.
6.6.2 To issue comments / constructive criticism
Is not a negative comment or dissatisfaction
Individuals need to exchange comments or
criticism into a positive question or statement
that was issued when he realized the less polite
criticism.
6.6.3 The language understood
There is a different style of conversation,
body language or translation of symbols.
Failure to give other purposes
6.6.4 Role of the Chief
Head-sensitive and skilled observe and
understand the causes of conflict.
The need to know how to use strategies to
resolve such disputes.
6.0 PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
When asked to speak in front of the public, the various reactions will be given
by each person. What about us? Perhaps we will feel palpitations, nervous and afraid?
In fact, every speaker, whether new, old or what has become known around the world
have all experienced the same events, especially feeling pretty nervous to speak in
public, especially in the first and second.
By learning the proper techniques, then gradually feeling pretty nervous,
nervous, and not completed will be able to overcome and control the self-confidence
has been built upon repeatedly lectured both in the same or different. Here are the
techniques that have been studied by many experts world's communications.
6.1 It's intentions and determination to speak before the public.
The intention and determination to create the spirit
which gives a vibration energy to face any obstacles
when we speak and through the maturation process. If
we are to avoid it until we will feel fear.
6.3 Make observations
Start making observations on speaker for us to make a
guidelines.
Listen to the tone of speech and speech in terms of high
and low tones.
See the body and mimic the movements of their faces.
6.3 Preparation
Need to make preparations before the speech.
Provide the framework and content we want to convey.
Identify the target audience we are and what they hear
the needed of content of our speech.
Create a reference to.
6.4 Continuous training
Create a training using the framework of the content and try
to practice in front of the mirror. Good Perucap will not see
and read passages of text.
If you lack confidence or are new, make sure we provide a
small card in order to fill posts to speak.
6.5 Mental Preparation
Is the mental preparation before we spoke for
mental rehearsal.
Speaking earlier in the stage of our minds. "See,
hear and feel the power of our speech and our
audience was dazzled audiences with a welcome
and applause we are so great.
Playback what they see, hear and feel the emotions
even before we speak.
6.6 Acceptance of Self-AS
The focus in our speech and not on the weakness.
Say: "Whatever happens I accept with open hearts
and I will improve over time. I enjoyed the new
experience."
6.7 Positive
Speak with positive thoughts and emotions.
Make sure we are in a positive mood before the
speech.
6.8 First Impression
Important aspects of appropriate dress and make
sure that start with a smile.
We need to love the audience.
State the words that show or give a sign that we are
very pleased with the audience should be given
priority.
Start with the ice breaking and build relationships
with our audiences so that dapt created
compatibility
6.9 State the objective
Specify clear objectives and then develop the
content and the cover.
Preamble 15% content of 70% and 15% cover
6.10 Ignore Errors
If there are any mistakes such as not only remember the
speeches go on and do not apologize because it will
make errors when speaking.
6.11 Comic
Speak with a joke.
6.12 Carity conversation
Make sure do not speak like scatter bullets.
Speaking clearly and loudly, do not be too quick and
make sure all the words in line with our minds.
This will ensure us a dramatic speech by a variety of
tones that make us live speech.
Use the movement of the hand, foot and mimic the
appropriate interface to portray the emotions and
explain the purpose of our speech.
6.13 Eye Contact
In a large gathering of public relations point of view of
our eyes start to focus on the eye in front of audiences at
the center and the audience at the right corner of the
audience followed the right corner at the back left
corner behind the audience, the front left corner of the
audience and the audience in the middle space.
This method allows the 'power of our eyes will' bind
'your audience to hear and see us with interest.
6.14 Come early
Come 15 minutes early for good preparation so you do
not look messy.
6.15 Tools
Aid can also be used as a charm and explain the purpose
of speech in order to achieve its objectives.
These tools are mahjung board and paper, pens,
markers, audio systems, laptops and LCD using power
point or so.
7.0 CONCLUSION
Communications in everyday life people to communicate and execute. Effective communication can maintain a good friendship and relationship.