Assignment 1st_566_Computer Application

7/30/2019 Assignment 1st_566_Computer Application

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Department of Business AdministrationBlock No. 13, Sector H-8,Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.

Computer Application (566)

Assignment No. 01

Submitted to:Mrs. Sana Akbar Khan

Block No. 13, Department of MBAAIOU, ISLAMABAD(051-905 7141)

Submitted by:

Muhammad Hammad ManzoorMBA (HRM) 2nd Semester

Roll No. 508195394

508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC)

Block 08, Clifton, KARACHI

(0321-584 2326, 0322-555 5901)


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Question No: 01

(a) What are the various types of computers? Differentiate each type.

Answer)

ComputerAn electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form,

according to instructions given to it in a variable program.

Classification of Computers

Based on the operational principle of computers, they are categorized as analog,

digital and hybrid computers.

Analog Computers: These are almost extinct

today. These are different from a digital computer because an analog computer can

perform several mathematical operations simultaneously. It uses continuous

variables for mathematical operations and utilizes mechanical or electrical energy.

Digital Computers: They use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two

states, namely bits 0 and 1. They are analogous to states ON and OFF. Data on these

computers is represented as a series of 0s and 1s. Digital computers are suitable for

complex computation and have higher processing speeds.

Hybrid Computers: These computers are a combination of both digital and analog

computers. In this type of computers, the digital segments perform process control

by conversion of analog signals to digital ones.

This was the classification of computers based on their style of functioning.Following is a classification of the different types of computers based on their sizes

and processing powers.

2By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08,

Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)

Operational Principle1. Analog

2. Digital

3. Hybrid

Processing Power1. Mainframe

2. Microcomputers


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Mainframe Computers: Large organizations use mainframes for highly critical

applications such as bulk data processing and ERP. Most of the mainframe computers

have capacities to host multiple operating systems and operate as a number of

virtual machines. They can substitute for several small servers.

Microcomputers: A computer with a microprocessor and its central processing unit is

known as a microcomputer. They do not occupy space as much as mainframes do.

When supplemented with a keyboard and a mouse, microcomputers can be called

personal computers.

Personal computers come in different forms such as desktops, laptops and personal

digital assistants. Let us look at each of these

types of computers.

Desktops: A desktop is intended to be used on a single location. The spare parts of a

desktop computer are readily available at relatively lower costs. Power consumption

is not as critical as that in laptops. Desktops are widely popular for daily use in the

workplace and households.

Laptops: Similar in operation to desktops, laptop computers are miniaturized and

optimized for mobile use. Laptops run on a single battery or an external adapter

that charges the computer batteries. They are enabled with an inbuilt keyboard,

touch pad acting as a mouse and a liquid crystal display.

Notebooks: They fall in the category of laptops, but are inexpensive and relatively

smaller in size. They had a smaller feature set and lesser capacities in comparison to

regular laptops, at the time they came into the market. But with passing time,

notebooks too began featuring almost everything that notebooks had. By the end of2008, notebooks had begun to overtake notebooks in terms of market share and

sales.

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): It is a handheld computer and popularly known

as a palmtop. It has a touch screen and a memory card for storage of data. PDAs can

also be used as portable audio players, web browsers and smart phones. Most of

them can access the Internet by means of Bluetooth or Wi-Fi communication.



Personal Computers1. Desktop

2. Laptop

3. Notebook4. PDA

5. Minicomputer

6. Server

7. Supercomputer

8. Wearable Computer

9. Tablet


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Minicomputers: In terms of size and processing capacity, minicomputers lie in

between mainframes and microcomputers. Minicomputers are also called mid-range

systems or workstations. The term began to be popularly used in the 1960s to refer

to relatively smaller third generation computers.

Servers: They are computers designed to provide services to client machines in a

computer network. They have larger storage capacities and powerful processors.

Running on them are programs that serve client requests and allocate resources like

memory and time to client machines. Usually they are very large in size, as they

have large processors and many hard drives. They are designed to be fail-safe and

resistant to crash.

Supercomputers: The highly calculation-intensive tasks can be effectively performed

by means of supercomputers. Quantum physics, mechanics, weather forecasting,

molecular theory are best studied by means of supercomputers. Their ability of

parallel processing and their well-designed memory hierarchy give the

supercomputers, large transaction processing powers.Wearable Computers: A record-setting step in the evolution of computers was the

creation of wearable computers. These computers can be worn on the body and are

often used in the study of behavior modeling and human health. Military and health

professionals have incorporated wearable computers into their daily routine, as a

part of such studies. When the users' hands and sensory organs are engaged in other

activities, wearable computers are of great help in tracking human actions.

Wearable computers do not have to be turned on and off and remain in operation

without user intervention.

Tablet Computers: Tablets are mobile computers that are very handy to use. They

use the touch screen technology. Tablets come with an onscreen keyboard or use a

stylus or a digital pen. Apple's iPad redefined the class of tablet computers.




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Question No: 01

(b) How Windows Vista is different from previous versions of Windows?

Explain in detail.

Answer)

A HISTORY OF WINDOWS

19751981: Microsoftboots up

Getting started: Microsoft co-founders Paul Allen (left) and Bill Gates

Its the 1970s. At work, we rely on typewriters. If we need to copy a document, we

likely use a mimeograph or carbon paper. Few have heard of microcomputers, buttwo young computer enthusiasts, Bill Gates and Paul Allen, see that personal

computing is a path to the future.

In 1975, Gates and Allen form a partnership called Microsoft. Like most start-

ups, Microsoft begins small, but has a huge visiona computer on every desktop and

in every home. During the next years, Microsoft begins to change the ways we work.

Microsoft focused on a new operating systemthe software that manages, or runs,

the computer hardware and also serves to bridge the gap between the computer

hardware and programs, such as a word processor. Its the foundation on which

computer programs can run. They name their new operating system "MS-DOS."




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1 9 8 2 1 9 8 5 : I n t r od u c i n g Wi nd ows 1 .0On November 20, 1985, two years after the initial announcement, Microsoft ships

Windows 1.0. Now, rather than typing MS-DOS commands, you just move a mouse to

point and click your way through screens, or windows.

1 98 7 19 92 : W in do ws 2 .0 2 .1 1 Mo re w in do ws ,m or e s p eed

On December 9, 1987 Microsoft releases Windows 2.0 with desktop icons and

expanded memory. Windows 2.0 is designed for the Intel 286 processor. When the

Intel 386 processor is released, Windows/386 soon follows to take advantage of its

extended memory capabilities. Subsequent Windows releases continue to improve

the speed, reliability, and usability of the PC.

1 9 9 0 1 9 9 4 : Wi nd ows 3 .0 Wi nd ows N T Get t i n g

t h e g r a p h i c sThe popularity ofWindows 3.0grows with the release of a newWindows software

development kit (SDK), which helps software developers focus more on writingprograms and less on writing device drivers.

Windows NT

When Windows NT releases on July 27, 1993, Microsoft meets an important

milestone: the completion of a project begun in the late 1980s to build an advanced

new operating system from scratch. "Windows NT represents nothing less than a

fundamental change in the way that companies can address their business computing

requirements," Bill Gates says at its release.




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1 9 9 5 2 0 0 1 : Wi nd ows 95 the P C com es o f a g e

( a n d d on ' t f o r g e t t h e I n t e r n e t )

This is the era of fax/modems, e-mail, the new online world, and dazzling

multimedia games and educational software. Windows 95 has built-in Internet

support, dial-up networking, and new Plug and Play capabilities that make it easy to

install hardware and software. The 32-bit operating system also offers enhanced

multimedia capabilities, more powerful features for mobile computing, and

integrated networking.

Catching the Internet wave

In the early 1990s, tech insiders are talking about the Interneta network of

networks that has the power to connect computers all over the world. In 1995, Bill

Gates delivers a memo titled The Internet Tidal Wave, and declares the Internet as

the most important development since the advent of the PC.

1 9 9 8 2 0 0 0 : Wi nd ows 98 , Wi nd ows 2000 , W i nd ows M e

Released on June 25, 1998, Windows 98 is the first version ofWindows designed

specifically for consumers. PCs are common at work and home, and Internet cafes

where you can get online are popping up.

Windows Me




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Designed for home computer use, Windows Me offers numerous music, video, and

home networking enhancements and reliability improvements compared to previous

versions.

Windows 2000 Professional

Among other improvements, Windows 2000 Professional simplifies hardware

installation by adding support for a wide variety of new Plug and Play hardware,

including advanced networking and wireless products, USB devices, IEEE 1394

devices, and infrared devices.2 0 0 1 2 0 0 5 : W i n d o w s X P S t a b l e , u s a b l e , a n d f a s tWindows XP Professional brings the solid foundation ofWindows 2000

to the PC desktop, enhancing reliability, security, and performance.

With a fresh visual design, Windows XP Professional includes features

for business and advanced home computing, including remote

desktop support, an encrypting file system, and system restore and

advanced networking features

2 0 0 6 2 0 0 8: W i n d o w s V i s t a S m a r t o n s e c u r i t y

Windows Vista is released in 2006 with the strongest security system yet.

User Account Control helps prevent potentially harmful software from making changes to your

computer. In Windows Vista Ultimate, BitLocker Drive Encryption provides better data protection for

your computer, as laptop sales and security needs increase. Windows Vista also features

enhancements to Windows Media Player as more and more people come to see their PCs as central

locations for digital media. Here you can watch television, view and send photographs, and editvideos.

N e w o r c h a n g e d f e a t u r e s

Instant Search (also known as search as you type) : Windows Vista features a

new way of searching called Instant Search, which is significantly faster and more

in-depth (content-based) than the search features found in any of the previous

versions of Windows.


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Windows Sidebar: A transparent panel anchored to the side of the screen

where a user can place Desktop Gadgets, which are small applets designed for a

specialized purpose (such as displaying the weather or sports scores). Gadgets can

also be placed on other parts of the desktop.

Windows Internet Explorer 7: New user interface, tabbed browsing, RSS, a

search box, improved printing, Page Zoom, Quick Tabs (thumbnails of all open

tabs), Anti-Phishing filter, a number of new security protection features,

Internationalized Domain Name support (IDN), and improved web standards

support. IE7 in Windows Vista runs in isolation from other applications in the

operating system (protected mode); exploits and malicious software are

restricted from writing to any location beyond Temporary Internet Files without

explicit user consent.

Windows Media Player 11

Windows Media Player 11, a major revamp of Microsoft's program for playing

and organizing music and video. New features in this version include word

wheeling (incremental search or "search as you type"), a newGUI for the media

library, photo display and organization, the ability to share music libraries over anetwork with other Windows Vista machines,Xbox 360integration, and support

for otherMedia Center Extenders.

Backup and Restore Center: Includes a backup and restore application that

gives users the ability to schedule periodic backups of files on their computer, as

well as recovery from previous backups. Backups are incremental, storing only

the changes each time, minimizing disk usage. It also features Complete PC

Backup (available only in the Ultimate, Business, and Enterprise versions), which

backs up an entire computer as an image onto a hard disk or DVD. Complete PC

Backup can automatically recreate a machine setup onto new hardware or hard

disk in case of any hardware failures. Complete PC Restore can be initiated fromwithin Windows Vista or from the Windows Vista installation CD in the event the

PC is so corrupt that it cannot start up normally from the hard disk.

Windows Mail: A replacement for Outlook Express that includes a new mail

store that improves stability, and features integrated Instant Search. It has the

Phishing Filter like IE7 andJunk mail filtering that is enhanced through regular

updates via Windows Update.


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Windows Calendaris a new calendar and task application.

Windows Photo Gallery, a photo and movie library management application.

It can import from digital cameras, tag and rate individual items, adjust colors

and exposure, create and display slideshows (with pan and fade effects) and burn

slideshows to DVD.

Windows DVD Maker, a companion program to Windows Movie Makerthat

provides the ability to create video DVDs based on a user's content. Users can

design a DVD with title, menu, video, soundtrack, pan and zoom motion effects

on pictures or slides.

Windows Media Center, which was previously exclusively bundled in a

separate version of Windows XP, known as Windows XP Media Center Edition, has

been incorporated into the Home Premium and Ultimate editions of Windows

Vista.

Games andGames Explorer: Games included with Windows have been

modified to showcase Vista's graphics capabilities. New games are ChessTitans (3D Chess game), Mahjong Titans (3D Mahjong game) andPurble Place (A

small collection of games, oriented towards younger children. Including: A

matching game, a cake-creator game, and a dress-up puzzle game). A new Games

Explorer special folder contains shortcuts and information to all games on the

user's computer.

Windows Mobility Center.

Windows Mobility Centeris a control panel that centralizes the most

relevant information related to mobile computing (brightness, sound, battery

level / power scheme selection, wireless network, screen orientation,

presentation settings, etc.).

Windows Meeting Space replaces NetMeeting. Users can share applications

(or their entire desktop) with other users on the local network, or over the

Internet using peer-to-peer technology (higher versions than Starter and HomeBasic can take advantage of hosting capabilities, Starter and Home Basic editions

are limited to "join" mode only)

Shadow Copyautomatically creates daily backup copies of files and folders.

Users can also create "shadow copies" by setting a System Protection Point using

the System Protection tab in the System control panel. The user can be presented

multiple versions of a file throughout a limited history and be allowed to restore,


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delete, or copy those versions. This feature is available only in the Business,

Enterprise, and Ultimate editions of Windows Vista and is inherited

from Windows Server 2003.

Windows Update with Windows Ultimate Extras

Windows Update: Software and security updates have been simplified, now

operating solely via a control panel instead of as a web application. WindowsMail's spam filter and Windows Defender's definitions are updated automatically

via Windows Update. Users who choose the recommended setting for Automatic

Updates will have the latest drivers installed and available when they add a new

device.

Parental controls: Allows administrators to control which websites, programs

and games each Limited user can use and install. This feature is not included in

the Business or Enterprise editions of Vista.

Windows SideShow: Enables the auxiliary displays on newer laptops or on

supported Windows Mobile devices. It is meant to be used to display device

gadgets while the computer is on or off.

Speech recognition is integrated into Vista. It features a redesigned user

interface and configurable command-and-control commands. Unlike the Office

2003 version, which works only in Office and WordPad, Speech Recognition in

Windows Vista works for any accessible application. In addition, it currently

supports several languages: British and American English, Spanish, French,

German, Chinese (Traditional and Simplified) and Japanese.

Newfonts, including several designed forscreen reading, and improved

Chinese (Yahei, JhengHei), Japanese (Meiryo) and Korean (Malgun) fonts. Clear

Type has also been enhanced and enabled by default. Improved audio controls allow the system-wide volume or volume of individual

audio devices and even individual applications to be controlled separately. New

audio functionalities such as Room Correction, Bass Management, Speaker Fill and

Headphone virtualization have also been incorporated.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Updatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Ultimate_Extrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Updatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Parental_Controlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_SideShowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Speech_Recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClearTypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClearTypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows_Update_Vista.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows_Update_Vista.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Updatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Ultimate_Extrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Updatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Parental_Controlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_SideShowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Speech_Recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClearTypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClearType


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Problem Reports and Solutions, a control panel that allows users to view

previously sent problems and any solutions or additional information that is

available.

Windows System Assessment Tool is a tool used to benchmark system

performance. Software such as games can retrieve this rating and modify its own

behavior at runtime to improve performance. The benchmark tests CPU, RAM, 2-

D and 3-D graphics acceleration, graphics memory and hard disk space.

Windows Ultimate Extras: The Ultimate edition of Windows Vista provides,

via Windows Update, access to some additional features. These are a collection

of additional MUI language packs, Texas Hold 'Em (a Poker game) and Microsoft

Tinker (a strategy game where the character is a

robot), BitLockerandEFS enhancements that allow users to back up their

encryption keyonline in a Digital Locker, andWindows Dreamscene, which

enables the use of videos in MPEG andWMVformats as the desktop background.

On April 21, 2008, Microsoft launched two more Ultimate Extras; three newWindows sound schemes, and a content pack forDreamscene. Various DreamScene

Content Packs have been released since the final version of DreamScene was

released.

Reliability and Performance Monitorincludes various tools for tuning and

monitoring system performance and resources activities of CPU, disks, network,

memory and other resources. It shows the operations on files, the opened

connections, etc.

Disk Management: The Logical Disk Managerin Windows Vista supports

shrinking and expanding volumes on-the-fly.

Windows Anytime Upgrade: is a program that allows a user to upgrade their

computer running Vista to a higher edition. For example, a computer running

Windows Vista Home Basic can be upgraded to Home Premium or better. The

advantages of using Anytime Upgrade are that your programs and data aren't

erased, it just installs the extra features of the edition you're upgrading to, and

the price is less to upgrade than to replace your installation of windows with the

edition you wish to upgrade to. Anytime Upgrade is no longer available for Vista.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_Reports_and_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_System_Assessment_Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Ultimate_Extrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingual_User_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitLocker_Drive_Encryptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encrypting_File_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(cryptography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Dreamscenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamscenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Disk_Managerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_Reports_and_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_System_Assessment_Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Ultimate_Extrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingual_User_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitLocker_Drive_Encryptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encrypting_File_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(cryptography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Dreamscenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamscenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Disk_Manager


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Question No: 2

(a) Explain the following elements of Microsoft Word screen.

i. Office buttonii. Ribboniii. Ruler iv. Status barv. Title barvi. View Options

Answer)

Microsoft Office Button

The Office Button replaces the File menu. The Office Button is locatedin the upper-left corner of the following 2007 Microsoft Office system programs:

Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, and Outlook

After you click the Office Button , you can also see the new location where you

can set your preferences. The Options command that was on the Tools menu has

been moved to be under the Office Button . The new location for the Options

command is in the lower-right corner underWord Options, Excel Options, Power

Point Options, orAccess Options. The following shows the location in Microsoft

Office Excel 2007.




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RibbonThe Ribbon is designed to help you quickly find the commands that you need to

complete a task. Commands are organized in logical groups, which are collected

together under tabs. Each tab relates to a type of activity, such as writing or laying

out a page. To reduce clutter, some tabs are shown only when needed. For example,

the Picture Tools tab is shown only when a picture is selected.

RulerThe horizontal and vertical rulers in Word are often used to align text, graphics,

tables, and other elements in a document.

To view the horizontal ruler across the top of your Word document and the vertical

ruler along the left edge of your document, you must be in Print Layout view.


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The Status Bar

The Status bar appears at the very bottom of your window and provides suchinformation as the current page and the number of words in your document. You can

change what displays on the Status bar by right-clicking on the Status bar and

selecting the options you want from the Customize Status Bar menu. You click a

menu item to select it. You click it again to deselect it. A check mark next to an

item means it is selected.

The Title Bar

Next to the Quick Access toolbar is the Title bar. The Title bar displays the title of

the document on which you are currently working. Word names the first new

document you open Document1. As you open additional new documents, Word names




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them sequentially. When you save your document, you assign the document a new

name.

View Options

The Word 2007 View tab consists of five groups: Document Views

Show/Hide

Zoom

Window

Macros




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Question No: 2

(b) Describe the function of the following spelling and grammar dialog box

buttons:

i. Autocorrectii. Change Alliii. Ignore Ruleiv. Add to Dictionary

Answer)

CHECK SPELLING AND GRAMMAR

Autocorrect in Microsoft Word

Turn on the autocorrect feature in Microsoft Word. From the "Tools" menu, choose "Options." Then, select the "Spelling and Grammar" tab.

Select "Check spelling as you type" in the spelling section of the tab. With this

option checked, Microsoft Word now underlines any words that might be misspelled

with a wavy red line.

Right-click on words Microsoft Word points out as potentially misspelled. A menu drops down presenting you with several options of how to deal with the potentialmisspelling.

Note the suggested replacements at the top of the drop down menu. These are

the words in Microsoft Word's dictionary closely related to the underlined word. To

replace the underlined word with one of the suggestions, left-click the correctly

spelled word.

Choose "Ignore All" if you want Microsoft Word to stop underlining a particular

word. Microsoft Word won't underline this word in the rest of the document, but

does underline it in future documents.

Add the word to the dictionary if it is correctly spelled and you intend to use it

again. Click "Add to Dictionary" and Microsoft Word recognizes it as a correctly

spelled word in the future.Click "Autocorrect" and then the correctly spelled word from the menu to have

word automatically correct the word in the future. In all future documents, if you

make the same spelling mistake, Microsoft Word automatically changes the spelling

instead of underlining the word. See and edit a list of your autocorrect words and

other autocorrect options by choosing "Autocorrect Options" from the "Tools" menu.

Change All




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Use the suggested word to change all instances of this word.

Add to Dictionary

Include words in the program's dictionary.

Ignore rule

This rule consists of two sub types.

Ignore once

Ignore the word once, but check it again.

Ignore All

Ignore word throughout the sheet.




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Question No: 3

(a) Using an example, explain how to create and format a table, convert

text to a table, and then AutoFormat the table.

Answer)

Create a table

Microsoft Word offers a number of ways to make a table. The best way depends on

how you like to work, and on how simple or complex the table needs to be.

1. Click where you want to create a table.

2. Click Insert Table on the Standardtoolbar.

3. Drag to select the number of rows and columns you want.

The Insert Table button on the standard toolbar gives you a quick way to add a table.

You can also do any of the following:Use the Insert Table command

Use this procedure to make choices about the table dimensions and format before

the table is inserted into a document.

1. Click where you want to create a table.

2. On the Table menu, point to Insert, and then click Table.

3. UnderTable size, select the number of columns and rows.


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The dialog box method gives you a few extra options. We'll look at some of these later.

There is a third way that you can create a table in Word as well: Draw it. Using the

draw method. To use the drawing method, you need to enable the Tables And

Borders toolbar by going to View | Toolbars | Tables and Borders.

F o r m a t t i n g y o u r t a b l e

Just like everything else in Word, your table can be formatted with different fonts,

colors, line styles, and more.

Changing the line weight, color, and style

Most tables have some kind of grid. But in Word, you can keep the table and remove

the grid, change the grid line style to some other type, and change the color of the

lines altogether.

On the toolbar, the four options to the right of the Eraser button handle the line

styles in your table.




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In order, these four buttons control the line style, line weight/thickness, color, and

borders. To make a change to borders, change these options using the down arrow

next to each selection. For example, if you click the down arrow next to the Borders

button, you get options shown in

After you decide on a line style, weight, and color, you can choose which borders you

want to apply the new style to.below shows you an example of what different borders might look like in your table.

Change your line style, weight, and color to match your needs.

Changing the alignment in each cell

You can also change the position of the text in each individual cell in your table. Insome cells, you might want the text centered both horizontally and vertically, while

in another cell, you might want the text aligned at the bottom-right corner. This is

where the cell alignment options come in




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The alignment options let you position text in your cell anywhere you like.

Using this drop-down list, you can quickly change the position of text in your table. Take a look

Figure to see an example of what you can do. Figure M shows you all of the available alignment option

This shows you each alignment option in action... along with a couple of unique border styles.

Distribute rows and columns

Are you a neat freak? Or do you just want to make sure that your table looksprofessional? One way you can do that is to make sure your rows and columns are

sized appropriately. For example, if you're showing monthly budget information,

your column widths for each month should look the same rather than being all

different sizes. Take a look at Figure to see what I mean.

It's actually easy to make your table look neat: Use the Distribute Rows evenly and

Distribute Columns Evenly buttons on the toolbar

These buttons make it easy for you to make your rows and columns equal in width.




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Let's suppose you want to make your month columns equal in width. Select the

columns with month headings and then click the Distribute Columns Evenly button

(the second button). You can do the same thing for the rows using the Distribute

Rows Evenly button.

You can also manually change the width of a column or the height of a row . When you're in

your table, take a look at both your horizontal and your vertical ruler bars. Each one is broken up

with a control that just happens to be at the break point for each row and column.

The width and height controls provide you with a place to change how tall your rows are and

how wide your columns appear.

When you move your mouse over one of these controls, it changes into a line with

two arrows signifying that if you click and drag the control, you can change the

width of a column or height of a row.

C o n v e r t t e x t t o a t a b l e

1. Insert separator characters such as commas or tabs to indicate where you

want to divide the text into columns. Use paragraph marks to indicate where

you want to begin a new row.

For example, in a list with two words on a line, insert a comma or a tab after the

first word to create a two-column table.

2. Select the text that you want to convert.

3. On the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click Table, and then click Convert

Text to Table.


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4. In the Convert Text to Table dialog box, underSeparate text at, click the

option for the separator character that is in your text.

5. In the Number of columns box, check the number of columns.

If you don't see the number of columns that you expect, you may be missing a

separator character in one or more lines of text.

6. Select any other options that you want.

AutoFormat

One of Word's most useful table formatting features is AutoFormat, which lets you

quickly apply a completely new look and feel to your table with just a couple of

clicks. We'll use AutoFormat on the mini-budget table you saw earlier.

To get to AutoFormat, either click the AutoFormat button on the Tables And Borders

toolbar or choose Table | Table AutoFormat. Either way, you'll see the window

shown in .




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From this window, you can peruse the multitude of styles provided by Word, make a

modification to one of the templates, or even create your own style. The

AutoFormat option allows you to specify which areas you will apply to your table.

For example, if you don't have a header row on your table, you might now want to

have the special boldfaced heading text, so you can deselect the Heading Rows

option. Figure shows you the results of using AutoFormat on the mini-budget table.

AutoFormat applied a number of different styles to this table very quickly.




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Question No. 3

b) How to change one column of text to two columns, format both

columns, and insert a column break? Explain.

Answer)

Use Columns in Microsoft Word

Give your business newsletters, manuals and brochures a designer look by arranging

the text in them in a columnar layout. The shorter lines and punchierlook of a two-

column layout maximizes the use of space on the page and aidsreadability.

Benefits of Using Columns

When you lay out page text in columns you will generally fit a little more text on the

page than if you laid it out so the lines stretch full width of the page. The shorter

lines of text are also easier to read, as the reader's eye doesn't need to travel so far

across the page before returning to read the next line of text. A document laid out

in columns can look more approachable too, as there is white space within the page,

which offers readers a place to rest their eyes.

Format Text in Columns



.


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To format an entire document in columns, choose Format >Columns and select the

number of columns to create. If you choose Two, the document will be laid out in

two equal size columns arranged between the current page margins.

In most cases, you wont format the entire document in columns, just part of it, suchas everything below the heading and introductory paragraph. To do this select only

the text you want to place in columns and choose Format > Columns. Select the

number of columns two is a good choice for a standard letter size page.

TheApply To dropdown list will show Selected Text indicating that only the text you

have selected will convert to columns. To add a line between the columns check

the Line Between checkbox and click OK.

The text in the columns will snake around the page similar to print in a newspaper.

It will fill the first column on the page and then the second column. If you have moretext than can fit on a single page it will scroll over to the first column on the next

page and so on.

Managing the Last Page

If you have a long document formatted into columns, you may find that the last page

is unbalanced, and that the text fills only part of one column. If you prefer the

columns to be even, click after the last piece of text on the page and

choose Insert > Break, and from the Section Break options choose Continuous and

click OK. This evens out the text dividing it evenly to fill the two columns on thepage.

Converting Columns to Text




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If you have some text in your document thats laid out in columns but you want it to

stretch across the full page, you can undo the columns. To do this, select the text

and choose Format > Columns, select One column and click OK. This returns the

selected text to a single page-wide column.

When you convert text to columns or back to regular page-wide text, Word inserts

continuous-section breaks into the document each time the column formatting

changes. You can see these section breaks by clicking the Show/Hide button on the

toolbar.

Starting a New Column

If you are typing text in a column and if you want to start a new one before you have

completely filled the first, you can insert a column break. To do this, click after the

last piece of text that you want to appear in the current column and

choose Insert > Break > Column Break and click OK. This moves the following text to

the top of the next column even though you havent yet filled the previous column.

Adding Images and Objects

When you add an image or textbox to a document, you can choose to place it in a

column so that it moves with the text in the column or keep it independent of the

text so that it remains in place as the rest of the text moves around it. Heres

how: click the image or text box and choose Format > Picture or Format >TextBox.

From the Layout tab select In line with text to place the image inside the flow of




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text, or chooseSquare to move it out of the flow of text so that you can place it

anywhere on the page.

Text Formatting Options

When you are working with columns of text, you will find that left-justified text andheadings generally looks neater than fully justified text and centered headings. If

you format text as fully justified, you will often see unsightly rivers of white space

because the text will be stretched to fill the space between the column margins. You

can reduce this effect if you hyphenate the text to do this,

choose Tools > Language >Hyphenation and select theAutomatically Hyphenate

document checkbox.

You will also find that bullet points and numbering look best left aligned in columns

of text so the bullets or numbers are flush with the left margin of the column

instead of inset in from the margin.




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Question No. 4) Explain the terms used in MS Excel: absolute cell

reference, relative cell reference, arithmetic operator, pie chart,

data series, constant value, rounding, worksheet grid, sheet tabs,

and vertical window split box.

Answer)

Absolute Cell Reference

In Excel and other spreadsheets, an absolute cell reference identifies the location

a cell or group of cells.

Cell references are used informulas, functions, charts , and other Excel commands.

An absolute cell reference consists of the column letter andrownumber surrounded

by dollar signs ($).

Relative Cell Reference

In Excel and other spreadsheets, a relative cell reference identifies the location of

a cell or group of cells.

Cell references are used informulas, functions, charts , and other Excel commands.

By default, a spreadsheet cell reference is relative. What this means is that as a

formula orfunction is copied and pasted to other cells, the cell references in the

formula or function change to reflect the function's new location.

Arithmetic Operators

An arithmetic operator is the symbol or sign that represents a mathematicaloperation in an Excel spreadsheet formula.

The arithmetic operators used in Excelformulas are similar to the ones we use in

math class.

Subtraction - minus sign (- )

Addition - plus sign (+ )

Division - forward slash (/ )

Multiplication - asterisk (*)

Exponentiation - caret ( )

If more than one operator is used in a formula, there is a specific order of

operations that Excel follows in deciding which mathematical operation occurs first.

Excel Pie Chart

Pie charts, or circle graphs as they are sometimes known, are used to show

percentages.


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The circle of pie charts represents 100%. The circle is subdivided into slices

representing data values. The size of each slice shows what part of the 100% it

represents.

Data SeriesA data series is a group of relateddata entries. In a worksheet an individual data

series is located in a column orrowunder a common heading such

as Month or Average Temperature.

Individual data series are often plotted in charts andgraphs. In charts or graphs

where multiple data series are plotted each data series is identified by a unique

color or pattern.

Constant Values

Using the Name tool, you can define a constant, such as a tax rate, that you

frequently use in Excel formulas. Go to Insert | Name | Define and type a name

TaxRate, for example. In the Refers to area, type the constant value and click on OK.

For a 7 percent tax rate, you would enter 0.07. Now you can write a formula like=SalePrice*TaxRate and Excel will use the constant value you defined for TaxRate.

ROUND Function

The ROUNDfunctionis used to reduce a given value to a specific number of decimal

places. The syntaxfor the ROUND function is:


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= ROUND (Number, Num_digits )

Number - the value to be rounded.

Num_digits - the number of decimal places to reduce the above number to.

G r i d l i n e s o n a w o r k s h e e t

1. Open a worksheet that contains data or quickly add data to the first

four or five columns and rows of a blank worksheet.

2. Click on the Page Layout tab.

3. Check the Print box under Gridlines on the ribbon in order to activate

the feature.

4. Check the Print box under Headings in order to activate this feature as

well.

Click on the print preview button on the Quick Access Toolbarin order to previewyour worksheet before printing it.

5. The gridlines appear as dotted lines outlining the cells containing data

in print preview.

6. The row numbers and column letters for those cells containing data will

also be present along the top and left side of the worksheet in print preview.

Excel sheet tab

A sheet tab appears at the bottom of your worksheet. It has the name of the

worksheet on it, which can be changed and you can also change its colour. This can

be done by right clicking on it and picking the option from the shortcut menu that

appears. By clicking a sheet tab, you can make that sheet the active sheet so that

you can work on it. You can click on the sheet tab to move its position by dragging on

it, or also from the shortcut menu.


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Split Box

Splitting the screen is an alternative tofreeze panesto keep worksheet titles or

headings on screen as you scroll.

Excel Split Screen Options

There are two ways to use split screens in Excel:

Use the split box located at the top of the vertical scroll bar (horizontal split)

or the far right end of the horizontal scroll bar (vertical split) to divide the

screen into two parts

Use the split option located on the View tab of the ribbon to divide the

screen into four parts


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Question No. 5) Using the data of a public or private organization in

Pakistan, list the steps to design a worksheet for what-if analysis;

perform what-if analysis; and then compare that data with a line

chart

Answer)

WHAT IF ANALYSIS

By using what-if analysis tools in Microsoft Office Excel, you can use several

different sets of values in one or more formulas to explore all the various results.

What if Analysis with data tables

Question: I'm thinking of starting a store in the local mall to sell gourmet lemonade.Before opening the store, Im curious about how my profit, revenue, and variable

costs will depend on the price I charge and the unit cost.

Most worksheet models contain assumptions about certain parameters or inputs to

the model. In our lemonade example, the inputs would include:

The price for which a glass of lemonade is sold.

The variable cost of producing a glass of lemonade.

The sensitivity of demand for lemonade to price charged.

The annual fixed cost of running a lemonade stand.

Based on input assumptions, we can compute outputs of interest. For the lemonade

example, the outputs of interest might include:

Annual profit

Annual revenue

Annual variable cost

Despite best intentions, assumptions about input values can be in error. For

example, our best guess about the variable cost of producing a glass of lemonademight be $0.45, but it's possible that our assumption will be in error. Sensitivity

analysis determines how a spreadsheet's outputs vary in response to changes to its

inputs. For example, we might want to see how a change in product price affects

yearly profit, revenue, and variable cost. A data table in Office Excel 2007 makes it

easy to vary one or two inputs and perform a sensitivity analysis. With a one-way

data table, you can determine how changing one input will change any number of




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outputs. With a two-way data table, you can determine how changing two inputs will

change a single output. Our three examples will show how easy it is to use a data

table and obtain meaningful sensitivity results.

The work required for this analysis is in the file shown in Figures 1, 2, and 4. Our

input assumptions are given in the range D1:D4. We're assuming that annual demand

for lemonade (see the formula in cell D2) equals 650009000*price. I've created the

names in C1:C7 to correspond to cells D1:D7.

I computed annual revenue in cell D5 with the formula demand*price. In cell D6, I

computed the annual variable cost with the formula unit_cost*demand. Finally, in

cell D7, I computed profit by using the formula revenuefixed_costvariable_cost.

Figure 1 The inputs that change the profitability of a lemonade store

Suppose that I want to know how changes in price (for example, from $1.00 through

$4.00 in $0.25 increments) affect annual profit, revenue, and variable cost. Because

we're changing only one input, a one-way data table will solve our problem. The data

table is shown in Figure 2.

To set up a one-way data table, begin by listing input values in a column. I listed the

prices of interest (ranging from $1.00 through $4.00 in $0.25 increments) in the

range C11:C23. Next, I moved over one column and up one row from the list of input

values, and there I listed the formulas we want a data table to calculate. I entered

the formula for profit in cell D10, the formula for revenue in cell E10, and the

formula for variable cost in cell F10.

Now select the table range (C10:F23). The table range begins one row above the firstinput; its last row is the row containing the last input value. The first column in the

table range is the column containing the inputs; its last column is the last column

containing an output. After selecting the table range, display the Data tab of the

Ribbon. In the Data Tools group, click What-If Analysis, and then click Data Table.

Now fill in the Data Table dialog box as shown in Figure 3.




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Figure 2 One-way data table with varying prices

Figure 3 Creating a data table

As the column input cell, use the cell in which you want the listed inputs that is,

the values listed in the first column of the data table range to be assigned.

Because the listed inputs are prices, I chose D1 as the column input cell. After

clicking OK, Excel creates the one-way data table shown in Figure 4.




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Figure 4 One-way data table with varying prices

In the range D11:F11, profit, revenue, and variable cost are computed for a price of

$1.00. In cells D12:F12, profit, revenue, and variable cost are computed for a price

of $1.25, and on through the range of prices. The profit-maximizing price among alllisted prices is $3.75. A price of $3.75 would produce an annual profit of $58,125.00,

annual revenue of $117,187.50, and an annual variable cost of $14,062.50.

Suppose I want to determine how annual profit varies as price varies from $1.50

through $5.00 (in $0.25 increments) and unit variable cost varies from $0.30 through

$0.60 (in $0.05 increments).

Because we're changing two inputs, we need a two-way data table. (See Figure 5.) I

list the values for one input down the first column of the table range (I'm using the

range H11:H25 for the price values), and the values for the other input in the firstrow of the table range. (In this example, the range I10:O10 holds the list of variable

cost values.) A two-way data table can have only one output cell, and the formula

for the output must be placed in the upper-left corner of the table range.

Therefore, I placed the profit formula in cell H10.

Figure 5 A two-way data table showing profit as a function of price and unit

variable cost

I select the table range (cells H10:O25), and display the Data tab. In the DataToolsgroup, click What-If Analysis, and then click Data Table. Cell D1 (price) is the

column input cell, and cell D3 (unit variable cost) is the row input cell. This ensures

that the values in the first column of the table range are used as prices, and the

values in the first row of the table range are used as unit variable costs. After

clicking OK, we see the two-way data table shown in Figure 5. As an example, in cell

K19, when we charge $3.50 and the unit variable cost is $0.40, our annual profit




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equals $58,850.00. For each unit cost, I've highlighted the profit-maximizing price.

Note that as the unit cost increases, the profit-maximizing price increases as we pass

on some of the cost increase to our customers. Of course, we can only guarantee that

the profit-maximizing price in the data table is within $0.25 of the actual profit-

maximizing price.

Here are some other notes on this problem:

As you change input values in a worksheet, the values calculated by a data

table change, too. For example, if we increased fixed cost by $10,000, all

profit numbers in the data table would be reduced by $10,000.

You can't delete or edit a portion of a data table. If you want to save the

values in a data table, select the table range, copy the values, and then right-

click and select Paste Special. Then choose Values from the Paste

Special menu. If you take this step, however, changes to your worksheet

inputs will no longer cause the data table calculations to update.

When setting up a two-way data table, be careful not to mix up your row and

column input cells. A mix-up will cause nonsensical results.

Most people set their worksheet calculation mode to Automatic. With this

setting, any change in your worksheet will cause all your data tables to be

recalculated. Usually, you want this, but if your data tables are large,

automatic recalculation can be incredibly slow. If the constant recalculation

of data tables is slowing your work down, click theMicrosoft Office Button,

click Excel Options, and then click the Formulas tab. Then select Automatic

Except For Data Tables. WhenAutomatic Except For Data Tables isselected, all your data tables recalculate only when you press the F9

(recalculation) key. Alternatively, you can click the Calculation Options

button (in the Calculation group on the Formulas tab), and then click

Automatic Except For Data Tables.




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M. Hammad Manzoor

508195394

# 508, 5th Floor,

Continental Trade Centre,

Clifton - 08, KARACHI. (0321-

Computer Application

56601

Mrs. SANA AKBAR

Block No. 13, MBA

AIOU, Sector H-8

ISLAMABAD. (051-

Documents

Assignment 1st_566_Computer Application