Assignment 1 BDCT

7/31/2019 Assignment 1 BDCT

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CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION

1.) Background of study

Buildings are intrinsic parts of our lives. The shelter they provide is

enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and those of us

who used them know that buildings are in the form of a well-designed

working environment have a significant influence on productivity, health

and contentment. However, buildings are also responsible for more than

one third of global energy use and are in most countries the largest

source of greenhouse gas emissions.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that emissions from buildings will rise to 11.1

billion tonnes by 2020. The manufacture of building materials contributes a further 4 billion tonnes of CO2

emissions annually, a figure that is increasing with the continuing rise in construction globally, most of it in

developing countries. The ambitious goal was to dtermine the new building energy efficient, where theelectricity requirements of the building and its occupants are met over the year by the power generated from

electricity and solar energy. In this the project team were helped by the location of the three buildings ( Blocks

13, 14 & 15 ).

Lighting is a crucial element of workspace design. These buildings were planned to make maximum use of

natural light, simultaneously reducing costs and energy consumption, while creating an attractive working

environment. Offices occupy third floor on both sides of the blocks that are some distance apart and connected

together with canopy. Glazed roof lights are set into the roof above in each office area, and ceramic with a

diffusing inter-layer is set at floor level beneath them on each floor, enabling natural light to penetrate right

through to the floor. Most of the external wall space is given over to glass windows that are designed to allow

natural light in while protecting occupants from the heat of the tropical equatorial sun. But even in area as

blessed with such high natural light intensity as Universiti Teknologi Petronas, there are overcast days of cloud

and rain, so it is not possible to rely on natural light alone. Lighting is a major consumer of energy in offices.

The designers, however ensure that everyone working in these blocks had adequate light to work by but also to

make dramatic reductions in energy use, for both cost and sustainability reasons. The project team did some

comprehensive study that combined the buildings location, orientation, maintenance data and approximate


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climate data for Universiti Teknologi Petronas light availability in the buildings year round. Results showed

that, on average, natural light is around two thirds of energy consumption during the day.

In energy-efficient and sustainable buildings such as these three blocks especially, an integrated process is

necessary because of their scale and the fact that green design affects so many different elements of a building,

such as daylighting, which in turn concerns siting, orientation, building form, facade design, floor to- floor

heights, interior finishes and electric lighting controls among other things. Green surrounding environment

with their impact on storm water runoff, building structure, building form, thermal insulation, and plantings,

are another example where efficiency must be considered

Integration and sustainability

Efficiency of a building is very essential and this can only be acheived

through integration of building components. Bachman lists three types of

integration: physical integration, visual integration, and performance integration.

1.) Physical integration is fundamentally about how components and systems share space, that is, how

they fit together. The floor-ceiling section of many buildings, for example, is subdivided into separate

zones for lighting, ducts, and structure to support the floor above. These segregated volumes prevent

interference between systems by providing adequate space for each system. Sometimes these

systems are meshed together or unified, which requires careful physical integration. Connections

between components and among systems in general constitute another aspect of physical integration.

2.) Visual integration involves development of visual harmony among the many parts of a building and

their agreement with the intended visual effects of design. This may include exposed and formallyexpressive components of a building that combine to create its image.

3.) Performance integration has to do with shared functions in which a load-bearing wall, for instance, is

both envelope and structure, so it unifies two functions into one element. It also involves shared

mandates meshing or overlapping functions of two components without actually combining the pieces.

In a direct-gain passive solar heating system, for example, the floor of the sunlit space can share the

thermal work of the envelope and the mechanical heating systems by providing thermal mass and

storage. Teresa Coady, of Bunting Coady Architects in Vancouver, helped create the Canadian

Governments Commercial Buildings Incentive Program, set up specifically to promote integrated

design. Some factors include (Malin, 2006):


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Energy-efficient lamps and lighting control systems are integrated with daylight to provide reductions in

overall consumption. The best advantage is seen from automatic control of electric lighting (automatic

shutting of lightings) as a function of ambient daylight levels. These three blocks 13, 14 & 15 respectively

are stretegically oriented and built with materials that allow responding to pre-programmed stimuli to

optimize its mechanical, electrical, making them energy-efficient.

3) OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the project are to:

i. Identify the energy efficiency for academic block 13, 14 and 15.

ii. Discuss the importance of energy efficiency and how it relates to affordability.

iii. Propose methods to reduce electricity consumption

4) HYPOTHESES

The energy use in block 13, 14 and 15 higher than design consumption because of the building design,

commissioning, verification and maintenance which are attributed to the life cycle of the structure and

management system devised in the operation process.


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CHAPTER 2:

METHODOLOGY

Methodology

The designed methodology was used to achieve the objectives of the project; the brief description of the parts

are elaborated and detailed in the discussion part.


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Data collection

The energy efficiency data collection is aimed at improving for the development and evaluation of

energy efficiency. The data will help achieve this by developing and implementing a plan for

improving energy efficiency data. This is needed to understand the current situation of energy

efficiency data collection and analysis, where necessary, develop and implement a plan for its

improvement. The key elements of this data collection are:

i. Undertake a data gap analysis of energy efficiency at maintenance unit.

ii. Develop a strategy for the collection and analysis of data.

iii. Collection and analysis of data in accordance with the developed design.

Performance and usage factors need to be known to determine energy consumption and

savings, as shown in Figure 1. Lighting provides a simple example: performance (power demand)

would be the watts required to provide a specific amount of light; usage would be the operating hours

per year. Lighting energy used is equal to watts (power) times operating hours.

Figure 1: Energy saving depends on performance and usage


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CHAPTER 3:

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The approach used is in carrying out the project, is the analytical integrated with the theory. The results

obtained are compared with the design consumption of individual building with its normal

consumption energy which is taken for the three months of January, February, and March 2012.

Results

Quarterly Energy Consumption for the Year 2012 in

KWH ( Reading from the site)2012

Block KWH JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH Avg

B13 SSB CB01 604 8567 8889 6020

SSB CB02 19047 18649 192641898

7

B14 SSB CB01 31965 29622 291303023

9

B15 SSB CB01 31789 27434 312673016

3

DesignConsumption

Block 13Block14

Block15

Ac. BlockSSBCB01

SSB2CB02

SSBCB01

SSBCB01

Max. demand(kW/hr) 6480 6960 7296

11824.8

Tabulated Results

Usage (Reading From Site) Design Consumption

6020 6480

18986.66667 6960

30239 7296

30163.33333 11824.8


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DISCUSSIONS OF RESULTS

From the results tabulated above, it can be clearly seen that building 13 average energy consumption for the

respective months of January, February and March for the two levels SSB CB01 and SSB CB02 are (Actual

consumption is 6020 kWhr and max design consumption is 6480 kWhr) and (Actual consumption is 18986.67

kWhr and max design consumption is 6960 kWhr) respectively. However from the observation, B13 SSB

CB01 has efficient energy consumption compared to B13 SSB CB02 which has exceed its maximum energy

design consumption value as shown in figure (1) and figure (2).

For the case of building 14(SSB CB01), the average value of the energy consumed within the 3 months is

30239 kWhr. B14 maximum energy design consumption is 7296 kWhr. Analytically, it can be clearly seen

that there is inefficient energy consumption in building 14 since the value of the energy used recorded is much

higher than the maximum design consumption value as shown in fig(3).

Besides, building 15 (SSB CB01), the average energy consumption value recorded for the 3 months is

30163.33 kWhr with maximum design value of 11824.8 kWhr. Similarly, there is inefficient energy

consumption in building 15 as shown in figure (4).

Therefore, comparison between the three buildings (B13, B14 & B15) indicates that building 13 (CB01) is an

energy efficiency consumption block compared to the other buildings. However, the variation in the results

from the three buildings is attributed to some factors that needed to be examined.

FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS

The factors affecting the energy use in buildings can be categorised into two groupings i.e. End-use and other

factors.

(a) End use:

1. Air conditioning and space heating

2. Lighting

3. Power and process

(b) Other factors

1. Management

2. Indoor Environmental Quality

3. Climate

4. Building design and Construction


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5. Building shape orientation

6. Mechanical and Electrical equipment

Before explaining the factors affecting energy use into details, to compare energy use in buildings it is

important to apply the building energy use indices. The index selected would simply depend on the intended

application of the index and the normalizing factor. Architect use gross floor area as the normalizing factor for

comparing energy use. However, the Building Energy Index (BEI) is the mostly use index for comparing

energy use in buildings. BEI is expressed as kWh/m2/year which measure the total energy used in a building

for one year in kilowatts hour divided by the gross floor area of the building in square meter. However in our

project, we will not go into detail about the BEI methods since our data is inadequate.

End use & Actual Energy Consumption

The amount of energy used in building depends on what it is used for. The initial and most important step in

isolating the factors affecting use is to determine its end-use. To architects, the category of use or building

type will be first factor to consider. Therefore to compare the energy index of say an office building which

operates from 8 am-5 pm with a laboratory or a data processing centre which operates around the clock would

not give a reasonable comparison simply because the operating hours are different and the computers in data

processing centre or laboratory would consume more electricity and may require a higher environmental

standard.

Non Design Factors Affecting Energy Use in Building

(a) Occupancy and Management

It is clearly known that people use energy for quite a lot of activities. The building itself does not use much

energy. Especially, the cooling and heating conditions use by the people, not the building. In this case, there

are four major aspects to consider.

1. Intensity of building occupancy

2. Activities type

3. User attitude and behaviour

4. Management and organisation

The above mention factors greatly influence the energy consumption of a building. First, the amount of the

energy used will generally be directly proportionate to the intensity of building occupancy. An office building

use for only one staff a year will obviously use half the energy of an equivalent building occupied throughout

the year. Operating hours will be another normalizing factor energy auditors must keep track of.


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The second aspect is the level of physical activity, the duration of the occupancy, age, size and background of

the occupant will also affect the cooling/heating requirements. These factors will affect cooling requirements

by influencing the preferred air temperature.

Thirdly, the attitude of the occupants towards energy has significant consequences. They are influenced by the

aims and goals of the uses but sometimes not aware of the relationship of their actions to the amount of air

conditioning of heating energy used and finally, the organisation and management of the building and its air

conditioning equipment in terms of operation and maintenance will reflect on its efficiency and thus the

energy used.

Indoor Environmental Quality

The amount of air conditioning load required and thus air conditioning energy used depends very much on the

air temperature maintained in the building. Some office buildings maintain indoor temperatures as low as 18

to 20 degrees centigrade when the comfortable temperature is about 24 degrees centigrade. There are many

office buildings in Malaysia where the indoor temperature is so low that the occupants wear sweaters at the

work desk. It is obvious the owners are no aware of the cost implications of their actions. It should also be

noted that the average outdoor air temperature in Malaysia is only about 4 degrees above the comfort range.

Climate

The relationship of climate to architecture, people and energy use is very extensive. The aim is to examine

some of the variable of concern. Climate affects the energy consumption in a building primarily byinfluencing the space cooling and heating requirements. The main climate variables influencing the amount of

energy needed for air conditioning are: solar radiation, outside temperature, wind and rain etc. An extensive

study made by Geiger indicates some physical variables influencing microclimate. Given below are some of

the physical factors influencing the climate, some of which may be within the Designers control.

Microclimate Solar gain Temperature Wind

Latitude Major Major

Altitude Major Major Minor

Terrain-slope Minor Minor Major

Ground cover-vegetation Minor Major

City/Country-shading/Shelter Minor Minor Minor

Water Body- inland/seaside Minor Minor

Site Planning and Microclimate:


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Geiger, in his study had found that topographic factors such as altitude, terrain, water body, cities and natural

cover influences microclimate around a building, and ultimately its cooling energy requirement.

Altitude

Temperature in the atmosphere decreases with increasing altitude by approximately 1 degree centigrade per

180 m in the tropics and summer temperate regions and 1 degree centigrade per 220 m in winter conditions.

Terrain

Cool air is heavier than warm air, and at night the outgoing radiation causes a cool air layer to form near the

ground surface. The cool air behaves somewhat like water, flowing towards the lowest point. This flow of

cool air causes Cool Island or cool airpuddles to form in valleys.Accordingly, elevations that impede theflow of air effect the distribution of nocturnaltemperatures by dam action and concave terrain formations

become cool-air lakes at night.The same phenomenon is enlarged when a large volume of cool air flow is

involved, as invalleys. The plateaus, valley walls and bottom surfaces cool off at night. Air flow

occurstowards the valley floor. On the valley slopes, a series of small circulations mix with the neighbouring

warm air, causing intermediate temperature conditions. Accordingly, thetemperature at the plateaus will be

cool, at the valley floors very cool, but the high sides ofthe slopes will remain warm. This area often indicated

by the difference in vegetation, isreferred to as the warm air slope (thermal belt).

Water Body

Water having a higher specific heat than land, is normally warmer in winter and cooler in summer and usually

cooler in during the day and warmer at night, than land. Accordingly, the proximity of bodies of water

moderates extreme temperature variations and lowers the peak temperatures in our tropical climate. In the

diurnal temperature variations, when the land is warmer than the water, low cool air moves over the land to

replace the updraft. During the day, such offshore breeze may have a cooling effect of about 5 degree

centigrade. At night the direction is reversed. The effects depend on the size of the water body and are more

effective along the lee side.

Natural Cover

The natural cover of the terrain tends to moderate temperatures andStabilize conditions through the reflective

qualities of various surfaces. Plan and grassy cover reduce temperatures by absorption of insulation, and cool

by evaporation. It is generally found that temperatures over grassy surfaces are 5 to 7 centigrade degrees

cooler than those of exposed soil. Other vegetation may further reduce high temperatures; temperatures under

a tree at midday can be 3 degrees centigrade lower than in the unshaded environment. Conversely, man-made

surfaces tend to elevate temperatures, as the materials used are usually absorptive in character. Asphalt

surfaces can reach 51 deg.C in 37 deg.C air temperatures. The measurements taken by Professor WongNyukHien of the National University of Singapore shows the extent of the effect plantings have on the urban

surface temperatures in the given results below.


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This results shows that plants play an important role in reducing thermal heat gain due to their sun shading

effects during the daytime. For most plants, negative heat flux was found not only atnight but also during the

period when the solar radiation were not very strong during daytime.That is, the shading effects of plants is so

good that they dont just reduce heat from enteringbuildings but actually resulting in heat loss from the

building.Plants contribute to creating a better outdoor thermal environment and mitigating the UrbanHeatIsland effect.

Passive Design Factors Affecting Energy Use in Buildings

The building layout, planning, design, shape, fabric and construction cover a wide number of variables that

affect building energy requirements. This is the area where the basic decisions ofthe architect will have the

most influence on the buildings energy use. How much then does the designer have? The following sets of

estimates by Givoni should serve to illustrate a buildings influence on its indoor environment and thus air

conditioning or heating requirement. Depending on the design

1. The indoor air temperature amplitude swing from lowest to highest- can vary from10% to

150% of outdoor amplitude

2. The indoor maximum air temperature can vary by -10 to +10 deg.C from outdoormaximum

3. Indoor minimum air temperature can vary by 0 to +7 deg.C from outdoor minimum

4. Indoor surface temperature can vary by +8 to +30 deg.C from outdoor maximum

andminimum.

However, the building related factors influencing energy requirements are numerous and complex. The factors

can be classified under the following points. Size and shape, orientation, roof system, planning and

organization, thermo physical properties-thermal resistance & thermal capacity, window systems, and

construction detailing.

Size and Shape

Generally, a larger building will require more energy to cool than a smallerbuilding because of the larger of

space to be cooled. This is widely accepted. The question ofwhether a building needs less energy per unit

volume or floor area is however a morecomplex one and still not completely resolved. Many theoretical

researchers take the viewthat larger buildings need less energy per unit size because of their smaller surfacearea perunit size and thus lower heat gain per unit size. Based on this theory they say The larger abuilding,

and the nearer to spherical in shape, the less are its energy needs because of thesimple reduction in the ration

of surface area to volume. They conclude that Thearchitectural fad for angular protrusions of buildings is an


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energy wasting form.The Building Research Unit however found from field data that compact buildings cost

moreto erect and had higher energy running costs than sprawling ones. These empirical findingswere contrary

to the Units theoretical predictions. They concluded that the quality ofcompactness in layout is one which

cannot, on present evidence, be shown to be ofparamount importance. Stein reach conclusions similar to the

BPRU the maximumvolume, minimum perimeter building will not be the most energy conservative and

becauseof the mechanical systems required to provide interior comfort conditions at all times, maynot even be

the least expensive.

Building Orientation

Building orientation affects the air conditioning / heating energy requirements in two respects by its regulation

of then influence of two distinct climatic factors.

1. Solar radiation and its heating effects on walls and rooms facing different directions

2. Ventilation effects associated with the relation between the direction of the prevailingwinds

and the orientation of the building.

Of the two, solar influence on energy is the most significant in the tropics and is extensively covered by many

others. However, these are the few things an Architect can do to reduce solar heat. The suggested ideas

include

1. Orientate the largest wall areas in the north-south direction

2. Locate service areas such as staircases, store rooms and service ducts in the east-westexternal

walls.

3. Place as many service rooms on the roof top of flats as possible to reduce the solargain

through the roof.

4. Sky lights should not be used. If roof ventilation is required, use a jack up roof facingthe

north.Shade east-west facing walls with large roof overhangs or plant shading trees in frontof them.

Planning and Layout

It is not possible to generalize or quantify the complex implications that planning and layout of spaces will

have on air conditioning and lighting requirements. Some areas where the layout will influence are listed

below. Grouping of spaces, Interaction of spaces, Ceiling height and space volume and Buffer zones

Thermo Physical Properties


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The properties of materials which affect the rate of heat transfer in and out of a building, and consequently the

air conditioning or heating energy requirements are. Thermal Resistance; Surface Convective coefficient;

Absorptivity, Reflectivity and Emissivity; and Heat Capacity

Construction Detailing

This will influence air conditioning loads in the following areas. First, Infiltration cold air losses at junctions

of different materials especially between roofjoist and exterior walls, similar to the effect of leaving the door

open in an airconditioned room. Secondly, Conduction bridges: These are paths through which heat gain will

be greatest, forexample through a metal deck roof on a steel roof truss directly into the top floor ofair

conditioned spaces.

CHAPTER 4:

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, buildings 13, 14 and 15 for Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS are energy inefficient due

to various factors which are detailed in the discusions such as the design aspect, orientation and the

management of the buildings. These factors contribute more to the inefficiency of the system, though at

a wider view thye structural appearance have sound energy saving. The higher consumption

comparative to the design consumption is due to low level of awareness of the users on energy saving

practices and less interdeparmental cordination of the systems managing the electricity consumption

and lack of enforcement on energy saving practices. The factors mentioned shows non compliance with

the green building index, and this can cause inconsistencies of the results monthly and annualy due to

changes adopted by the management.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The energy efficient building in compliance with the Green Building Index can be improved and

achieved not only on the engineering practices but at users interaction with the structure constructed.

The following practices are recommended to achieve energy efficiency.

- Energy Masters should be designated at all blocks to recheck and regulate the usage of the

electricity all all the blocks in the university.


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- Energy Conservation rules and regulations should be enacted in case of any violation there should

be a comparative fine to what is violated.

- The occupants and the users should be equiped with energy management system courses such that

they can work hand in hand with the energy masters.

- Abolish or remove unnecessary electrical appliances.

The recommended practices to be integrated in the system would contribute to the efficiency and their

effectiveness is dependent on the full cooperation from both management and the occupants and users, and

also having well trained and skilled system operators in the designated blocks.

REFERENCES

Documents

Assignment 1 BDCT