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Assessment of Manual Flying Skills in
Full Flight Simulators
Björn Appel, Ekkehart Schubert, Gerhard Hüttig
Technische Universität Berlin (TUB) Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Chair of Flight Guidance and Air Transportation
Who we are?
Simulator Studies:
since year 2000 ~20 studies
ESSAI
Frankfurt HALS DTOP, New Runway
GBAS, RNP-AR Approaches
Positive Pressure Breathing (WATS 2011)
with ca. ~300 Pilots
Aircraft Types
Airbus: A320, A330/A340, A380
Boeing: 737NG, 777
during normal und abnormal operation
Competences:
scenario development which meets LOFT and scientific research requirements
integrating of complex system failures
data recording with high sample rate
scientific data analyzing
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Motivation
Incidents Abnormal Runway
Contact (ARC)
Incidents Runway Excursion
Accidents Loss of Control
Inflight (LOC-I)
Evidence Based Training
KSA – Criteria's
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Source: EASA Safety Report 2011
3
Training Today
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Assessment Pilot Flying Skills
Scenario:
ILS Approach in Munich
Gust Wind
Various Airbus Aircraft
Full Flight Simulators
Record Rate: 15 Hz
Most Simulator Instructor
Station offers Flight Path
Deviation Plots for actual
Flight Path Errors
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Pilot Comparison
Instructor Rating vs.
RMSE of Altitude Error
Instructor Rating vs.
RMSE of Track Error
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Training in the Loop
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Definitions of Steering Inputs
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Steering Measurements
Peaks of Steering Inputs
Numbers
Positive Negative Ratio
Amplitude of Steering Inputs
Max. Amplitudes
Mean Amplitude
Variance Amplitude
Frequency of Steering Input
Max. Frequency
Mean Frequency
Variance Frequency
Number of Steering Correction
Valley-Peak-Ratio
Single-Dual-Ratio
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Parameter Domain Roll Pitch
Number Inputs Inputs
Input Area Inputs
PosNeg Ratio Inputs
Mean Amplitude Time
Variance Amplitude Time
Mean Frequency Frequency
Variance Frequency Frequency
Max Frequency Frequency
SingleDual Input Ratio Ratio
ValleyPeak Input Ratio Ratio
TODA Y
IN WORK
9
Steering – Amplitudes (Pilot A)
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Steering Inputs - Roll
Steering Inputs - Pitch
1000 ft Marker
Steering – Frequency (Pilot A) Steering Inputs - Roll
Steering Inputs - Pitch
1000 ft Marker
Steering – Frequency (Pilot A)
Frequency Spectrum – Roll
Frequency Spectrum – Pitch
Dual Inputs
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Steering – Amplitudes (Pilot B) Steering Inputs - Roll
Steering Inputs - Pitch
1000 ft Marker
Steering – Frequency (Pilot B) Steering Inputs - Roll
Steering Inputs - Pitch
1000 ft Marker
Steering – Frequency (Pilot B)
Frequency Spectrum – Roll
Frequency Spectrum – Pitch
Dual Inputs
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Steering – Amplitudes (Pilot C) Steering Inputs - Roll
Steering Inputs - Pitch
1000 ft Marker
Steering – Frequency (Pilot C) Steering Inputs - Roll
Steering Inputs - Pitch
1000 ft Marker
Steering – Frequency (Pilot C)
Frequency Spectrum – Roll
Frequency Spectrum – Pitch
Dual Inputs
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Instructor Rating vs. No Steering Inputs
Number of Roll Steering Inputs
No significant differences in
Instructor Groups
Number of Roll Steering
vs. Track Error (RMSE)
Number of Steering Inputs
correlates with Track Error
(RMSE)
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Instructor Rating vs. Amplitude Variance
Roll Amplitude Variance
Mean and Variance is different in
Instructor Rating Groups
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Roll Amplitude Variance vs.
vs. Track Error (RMSE)
Roll Amplitudes Variance
correlates with Track Error (RMSE)
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Instructor Rating vs. Measurements
Roll Frequency Variance vs.
vs. Track Error (RMSE)
Roll Frequency Variance light
correlates with Track Error
(RMSE)
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Roll Frequency Variance
Variance is different in Instructor
Rating Groups
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Instructor Rating vs. Cluster
Frequency Variance vs.
Amplitude Variance
with Instructor Ratings
Frequency Variance
vs. Amplitude Variance
with Cluster
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Instructor Rating vs. Steering Ratios
Roll Valley-Peak-Ratio
Valley Peak Ratio Mean and
Variance is different in Instructor
Groups
Roll Dual-Single-Input-Ratio
Dual Single Input Ratio Variance is
different in Instructor Groups
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Roll Valley-Peak-Ratio vs. Track Error
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Summary
Manual Flying Skills can be
assess by Analyzing all
Steering Inputs
Steering Analysis Diagram can
help Pilots to evaluate their
Performance
Comparison of Pilot
Performance by Steering
Measurements
Steering Amplitude Variance,
Frequency Variance and
Valley-Peak-Ratio are good
Indicators
Parameter Domain Roll Pitch
Number Inputs Inputs (++)
Input Area Inputs ??
PosNeg Ratio Inputs (--)
Mean Amplitude Time (+)
Variance Amplitude Time (++)
Mean Frequency Frequency (+)
Variance Frequency Frequency (++)
Max Frequency Frequency (-)
SingleDual Input Ratio Ratios (+)
ValleyPeak Input Ratio Ratios (++)
IN WORK
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Thank you very much for your attention
financed by:
supported by:
Dipl.-Ing. Björn Appel E-Mail: [email protected]
Dipl.-Ing. Ekkehart Schubert E-Mail: [email protected]
Technische Universität Berlin (TUB)
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics - Chair of Flight Guidance and Air Transportation
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Hüttig / Sekr. F3 / Marchstr. 12-14 / D-10587 Berlin / GERMANY
Internet: http://www.ff.tu-berlin.de
