ASK Biology Review

1. What are the five characteristics of life?1. All living things are made of cells or are

organized2. All living things respond to stimuli3. All living things take in and use energy4. All living things grow and develop5. All living things reproduce

2. What are the first 5 Levels of Organization

1- cells2- tissues3- organs4- organ systems5- organism

3. How do the circulatory and respiratory system work together?

• The heart pumps the blood to the lungs, where the blood cell picks up oxygen.

• Then the heart pumps the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

• The blood cell drops off the oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide.

• The carbon dioxide is dropped off in the lungs, and it is exhaled out of the body.

4. What are the jobs of these organelles?• Nucleus- controls the actions of the cell• Cell membrane- outer covering of cells, controls

what moves into and out of cells• Mitochondria- breaks down sugar and oxygen to

form energy• Chloroplasts- only in plants, converts sun energy

into chemical energy (sugar) during photosynthesis.

5. What is mitosis and why does it happen?

• Mitosis is cell division in any of our body’s cells (except sex cells-egg and sperm). • It produces two cells that are diploid

(have a full set of identical DNA as the parent cell)• It allows our body to

• Grow bigger• Replace damaged cells (like a skinned

knee)• Reproduction (for asexual reproduction)

GRR!

6. What is meiosis and why does it happen?

• Meiosis is cell division in our sex cells (egg and sperm)• It produces four cells with

HALF (haploid) the DNA of the parent cell• It happens so sex cells

(egg and sperm) can be made for sexual reproduction.

7. What is a prokaryotic cell?• Prokaryotic-cells that have no membrane (“skin”)

bound nucleus• DNA floats freely inside the cell• Seen in the Monera Kingdom (bacteria)

8. What is a eukaryotic cell?• Eukaryotic-cells with membrane (“skin”) bound

nucleus • These are more complex cells than prokaryotic• Seen in the protist, fungi, plant, and animal

kingdoms

9. Compare and contrast unicellular and multicellular organisms

Both• Do all five characteristics of life (grow, respond to

environment, reproduce, use energy, made of cells)

Unicellular• One cell big• Asexual reproduction only• Monera and Protista Kingdom

Multicellular• Multiple cells• Cells are specialized (have specific assignments- bone, skin,

nerve cells, etc.) and work together• Asexual or sexual reproduction

10. What is a producer?• Any organism that can make (produce) its own

food- usually through photosynthesis.• For example: Plants, algae, cyanobacteria

11. Explain what is happening in this picture.

• The Sun’s light energy is reaching the plant’s chloroplasts. The plant uses carbon dioxide, water, and sun energy to produce oxygen and food (sugar)• This process is called

photosynthesis

12. What is a consumer?• An organism that must consume (eat) another

organism because it is incapable of making food by itself.

13. Explain how energy is flowing through this ecosystem.

• Energy starts from the sun.• This energy flows to the

producer (plant) which converts it to chemical energy (food) and uses energy to grow.• The consumers eat the

plant and use the chemical energy to grow and store some of it as chemical energy as well.

14. What happens to a sandwich when you eat it? How do the nutrients get delivered to and used by our cells? • Being consumers (not producers) humans must eat

food to get the energy we need to survive. • Our mouth, stomach, and small intestines all

chemically and physically break down the food into smaller particles.• Our blood stream picks up the food molecules from

the small intestines and delivers it to cells around the body. • The mitochondria in the cells breaks down the

chemicals in the food to provide our body with energy.

15. What is the main source of energy for all life on Earth? • The sun- all of our food energy can be traced back

to the sun.

16. What are the non living parts of an ecosystem called? • Abiotic- all the non-living

parts of an ecosystem. It includes temperature, sunlight, air, water, soil, climate.

17. How would the ecosystem be affected if you changed these abiotic factors?

• Sunlight can change by seasons or latitude making it cooler or warmer• Air can be windy or calm- this

can affect how seeds blow, how dry/humid the area is• Water can be plentiful

(flooding) or absent (drought)• Soil can be fertile (lots of

growing) or poor (few plants can grow)

18. Describe the following interactions

• Producer/consumer- producers makes food (plant) Consumers eats food (Animal) ex- grass is a producer, cow is a consumer

• Predator/prey- predator is one who hunts/eats another organism, prey is the one who gets eaten. Ex- Shark is a predator, seal is the prey

• Parasite/host- parasite is one that lives or feeds on another organism causing it harm, Host is who the parasite lives on and is hurt. Ex- A flea is a parasite on a dog host.

• Scavenger/prey- Scavenger is one who eats dead organisms, prey is what gets eaten. Ex- vultures are scavengers eating the dead zebra.

• Decomposer/prey- Decomposers break down dead or dying organisms and help recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Ex- Mushrooms are decomposing the dead tree branch.

• Mutualism- a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit. Ex- a bee in a flower. The flower gets pollinated, the bee gets pollen.

• Commensalism- a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is not harmed or helped. Ex- Birds cleaning off non-parasitic bugs on large herbivores

19. Sexual vs. Asexual reproduction• Sexually produced organisms are genetically

different from their two parents. • This produces unique organisms who may be more (or

less) resistant to disease, more (or less) intelligent, more (or less) physical abilities, adaptable to environment, etc. • There is variety among the offspring.

• Asexually produced organisms are genetically identical to their parent.• Only one parent is required, does not promote evolution

of the species (unless due to a mutation)

20. How does sexual reproduction help an organism evolve?• Because the offspring a unique genetic blend of

both parents, they are going to have variations. Some of those variations will be helpful to the organism (opposable thumbs, better camouflage, faster run). Over time, these helpful traits will help the organism survive better and they will pass on the helpful variations to their offspring.

21. What is extinction? How could it occur?• Extinction is when a species no longer exists on

earth.• It can occur due to disease, a change in their

habitat or environment, over hunting, inability to reproduce quickly, etc.

22. A bird is more closely related to a crocodile than to a frog due to evolution.

The bird, crocodile, and frog all have vertebrae, a bony skeleton, and four limbs in common. However, a bird and a crocodile ALSO have amniotic eggs and eggs with shells in common. A frog does not have these traits. This chart helps illustrate how species are related.

23.Green (G) is dominant. Yellow (g) is recessive.•Cross a heterozygous female with a yellow male. •Female genotype__________•Male genotype___________

Offspring

_____% homozygous green

_____ % heterozygous green

_____ % homozygous yellow

Gggg

G

gGg

Gg

gg

gg

50

g

50

0

g

24.Red (R) is dominant. Blue (r) is recessive.•Cross a homozygous red female with a purebred blue male. •Female genotype__________•Male genotype___________

Offspring

_____% homozygous green

_____ % heterozygous green

_____ % homozygous yellow

RR

rr

R

rRr

Rr

Rr

Rr

0

R

100

0

r

25. Are these punnett squares asexual or sexual reproduction?• It shows us sexual reproduction because it involved

two parents contributing genetic information to a single offspring. That offspring is genetically different from the parents. • Punnett squares represent all the possible

combination of genes for a train for offspring produced through sexual reproduction.