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Asia Pacific Journal of Research in Business Management Vol. 7, Issue 9, September 2016 Impact Factor: 4.859, ISSN: (2229-4104)

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An International Double-Blind, Peer Reviewed, Refereed Open Access Journal - Included in the International Indexing Directories

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Does Ethnic Origin Influence the Workers’ Belief about Humaneness and Tolerance at Select Industries In Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu?

*R. Manohar, Research Scholar, Anna University Regional Campus, Coimbatore.

**Dr. M. Sakthivel, Associate Professor, Anna University Regional Campus, Coimbatore.

Abstract This paper addresses the importance of the workers whose ethnic origin/nativity is unique with regard to their geographical area in which they were born. This study also compares and contrasts the state-wise ethnic statuses, and in particular, the ethnic statuses of Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu. The concentrated efforts focus on the city of Coimbatore, where workers from states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Bihar, Assam, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Delhi and from various parts of Tamil Nadu come in search of jobs and join as workers in the industrial sector and service sectors. This situation has helped the researchers to have direct contact with them and analyze the importance of considering different types of migrant workers and their ethnicity. This study used survey data of 838 sample employees, 426 from manufacturing sector and 412 from service sector. This study is both descriptive and explanatory. A simple percentage analysis is used to find out the socio-economic factors and the relation between beliefs about humaneness and tolerance. Key words : Ethnic origin / nativity, States, Industries, Role Model, Tolerance and Humaneness. Introduction The man, right from his childhood, is introduced to the language spoken by the people living around him. It wields immense influence if it is spoken by his own parents. There the seeds of ethnicity are sown. Food plays an important role in a man’s life. For example, a person who is used to live in the coastal areas where fishing is prevalently done may boast of eating freshly caught fish. The life of fishermen may condition his brain and he will never forget his experiences from the situations in which he lived. And wherever that person goes he carries the traces of his past, say his ethnic values, which he refuses to forget. A person brought up in a particular context and situation may imbibe the way in which the people used the style of clothing. This is yet another ethnic factor that adds strength to his ethnicity. He may become reluctant if he is introduced to a different situation where he may be forced to use another style of clothing. The foundation of the society lies in tolerating one another. It is absurd to find one person imposing his beliefs on another and compelling him to follow and practise them. Everyone has his own rights to follow and practise his ethnic beliefs without hurting the feelings of others. One has to respect all the cultures. One cannot put one culture in the high pedestal and disrespect another culture. Every culture has its own value and respect. Needless to mention, it is the belief of the cultured that God is one, though the people follow different religions. At this juncture, respecting other religions brings respect to one’s own religion. Even though beliefs influence an individual strongly, one cannot enforce the same on his family members. One can freely participate on the occasion of the festivals and other rituals of people from other religions. This is one side of the beliefs. One the other side, a person, while working in a firm, has to make some compromises with regard to the authority of his superiors and the rules and regulations of the firm. Even though he has a different opinion about the activities happening around him, he has to consider and compromise with them.




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Man means a good person. There is no good man and bad man. Because our Scriptures say that God has created man with a good purpose. But it is because of his evil doings he travels towards animalism. The foundation of a society lies in the understanding of other persons. Mutual tolerance of religion, region, language etc. is one of the facets of society. The thoughts and actions of men, if they are viewed with a humane touch, are not only diverted towards a good cause, but also encouraged to grow without bounds. Mutual respect, mutual opportunity, mutual freedom, mutual trust, mutual well-being, and mutual responsibility are some of the ingredients of a person being humane. This study makes an attempt to throw light on the above-said qualities of a person being humane, and how far a person with different ethnicity practises them at the work spot.

Demographic and socio-economic variables describe the context in which a person acts. Context or background variables are variables that “certain information necessary to define homogeneous sub groups, to establish casual relation between attitudes and social facts, and to define differences between scores on scales. (Branch & Mohler, 2002:112) In cross-national comparative research, standardised instruments or indices are available for only a small number of variables such as occupation (ILO, 1990) education (UNESCO, 1997/2003; Branus, Scherer Steinmann, (2003) and status (see Treiman, 1997; Goldhorpe, 1980; Ganzeboom & Treiman, 2003) Hoffmeyer – Zlotmik and warner (2006; 2007; 2008) have developed instruments for the measurement of income education and household variables in comparative Europed Survey research and work is in progress and an instrument for measuring ethnicity (Hoffmeyer – Zlotmic, 2003a).

Importance of the study During the British rule in India and even now, the army has Gorkha regiment, and Punjab regiment has largely been recruiting its candidates from Nepal and Punjab. They are esteemed for their valour, discipline and military mien. Within any armed forces, it is quite easy for them to compare men from different geographical location, community and race. It is a commonplace knowledge that people from certain regions, like Sivakasi, Coimbatore, Erode, etc. excel in business and in specific enterprises. Though all men and women are equal in terms of their potentials from the company’s point of view, some people are more than their equals. The demographic variables such as age, gender, marital status, family type, size, status of employment, monthly income, religion, beliefs about humaneness and tolerance. Hence it is necessary to understand the influence of employees’ demographic variables on being humaneness and tolerance. This paper has made an attempt to analyze the influence of ethnic origin / nativity and demographic variables on employees’ being humane and tolerance at their work spot in manufacturing sector and service sector in Coimbatore district. Review of Literature

David, W.Pitts (2003) examined the relationship between diversity, ethnicity and performance using the heterogeneous mix of races among the administrators, teachers, and students in public schools, Texas in America. This study used the data from schools in the districts of Texas between 1995 and 1999. The research model explained that extensive control for student and community characteristics tend to correlate with lower achievement of students. He concluded that the teacher’s diversity had significant relationship with the student’s performance and the manager, diversity was unrelated to the performance of the students in public schools in the study area.




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Susan Keefe (1992), “Ethnic Identity: The Domain of Perceptions of and Attachment to Ethnic Groups and Cultures”. This article integrates empirical findings from research in two cultural groups in the United States: Chicanos and Appalachians. Factor analysis of survey data concerning ethnicity gathered in the two groups produced similar factor patterns indicating three general dimensions of ethnicity: ethnic culture, ethnic group membership, and ethnic identity. Ethnic culture is the component of ethnicity that refers to the pattern of behaviours and beliefs that set a group apart from others. Ethnic group membership refers to the network of people with whom an individual is in contact, and the ethnic affiliation of those people and the groups they form. Ethnic identity encompasses the perceptions of and personal affiliation with ethnic groups and cultures. Specifically, ethnic identity consists of: the perception of differences among ethnic groups; the feelings of attachment to and pride in one ethnic group and cultural heritage as opposed to others; and, at least where there are perceived physical differences between groups, the perception of prejudice and discrimination against one's own ethnic group. The dimension of ethnic identity is illustrated in depth with case study data collected during the Chicanos research. David and Elizabeth (2005) examined the relationship between ethnic diversity and organization performance of the U.S.A work force. This research made an attempt to fill the research gap by analyzing the effect of ethnic diversity of managers and street level bureaucrats in a set of public organization in the U.S.A. This research was based on information and decision-making theory. The research results showed that the ethnic diversity had an opposite relationship of performance of street level bureaucrats. The overall research results suggested that increased levels of ethnic diversity can lead to process-oriented difficulties in workplace and it negatively affects the work-related outworks.

Objectives This study aims to better understand the demographic variables such as gender, age, marital status, family type, size, status of employment, monthly income, religion and influence of ethnic origin on beliefs about being humane and tolerance of the sample employees. The following are the objectives of the study :

1. To present the socio-economic factors of the sample respondents sector-wise. It will be easy to compare the manufacturing sector and service sector.

2. To check the relationship between the socio-economic factors with beliefs about tolerance and the quality of humaneness in the respondents from both manufacturing sector and service sector.

Percentage analysis Eight hundred and thirty-eight employees were selected for this study.

The respondents are classified Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise-wise and the same time sector-wise. Among the respondents working in manufacturing sector, one hundred and sixty-five respondents are from other states and the remaining two hundred and sixty-one respondents are from various Tamil Nadu - Zone-wises i.e. i. Chennai, ii. Trichy, ii. Coimbatore and iv. Madurai, from the State of Tamil Nadu. Twenty- two (5.16%) respondents are from Chennai Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise, five (1.18%) respondents are from Trichy Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise, one hundred and sixty-three (38.26%) respondents are from Coimbatore Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise and the remaining seventy-one (16.67%) respondents are from Madurai Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise. Majority (38.26%) of the respondents are from Coimbatore Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise.

Among the respondents working in service sector, one hundred and twenty (29.13%) respondents are from other states. Forty-five (10.92%) respondents are from Chennai Tamil Nadu -




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Zone-wise, twenty-three (5.58%) respondents are from Trichy, ninety-two (22.33%) respondents are from Coimbatore Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise and the remaining one hundred and thirty-two (32.04% respondents are from Madurai Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise. Majority (32.04%) of the respondents are from Madurai Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise.

Four hundred and twenty-six respondents are working in manufacturing sector and the remaining four hundred and twelve respondents are working in service sector. Two hundred and six (48.36%) respondents come under the age group of 21 years to 34 years. One hundred and one (23.71%) respondents come under the age group of 35 years to 44 years. Eighty-seven (20.42%) respondents come under the age group of 45 years to 54 years and the remaining thirty- two (7.51%) respondents come under the age group of 55 years to 64 years. Majority (48.36%) of the respondents come under the age group of 21 years to 34 years.

Table 1 : Age Group Of The Respondents - Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

Age Group Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

Other States Total Chennai Trichy Coimbatore Madurai

Man

ufa

ctur

ing

Sect

or

21 to 34 years

5 (2.43%)

2 (0.97%) 70

(33.98%) 35

(16.99%) 94

(45.63%) 206

(48.36%)

35 to 44 years

6 (5.94%)

1 (0.99%)

44 (43.56%)

18 (17.82%)

32 (31.69%)

101 (23.71%)

45 to 54 years

9 (10.34%)

1 (1.15%)

39 (44.83%)

15 (17.24%)

23 (26.44%)

87 (20.42%)

55 to 64 years

2 (6.25%)

1 (3.13%)

10 (31.25%)

3 (9.37%)

16 (50.00%)

32 (7.51%)

Total 22

(5.16%) 5

(1.18%) 163

(38.26%) 71

(16.67%) 165

(38.73%) 426

Serv

ice

Sect

or

21 to 34 years

34 (13.82%)

11 (4.47%)

55 (22.36%)

75 (30.49%)

71 (28.86%)

246 (59.71%)

35 to 44 years

10 (11.90%)

4 (4.67%)

21 (25.00%)

27 (32.14%)

22 (26.19%)

84 (20.39%)

45 to 54 years

1 (1.69%)

4 (6.78%)

11 (18.64%)

24 (40.68%)

19 (32.30%)

59 (14.32%)

55 to 64 years

0 4

(17.39%) 5

(21.74%) 6

(26.09%) 8

(34.78%) 23

(5.58%)

Total 45

(10.92%) 23

(5.58%) 92

(22.33%) 132

(32.04%) 120

(29.13%) 412

Grand Total 67 28 255 203 285 838

Two hundred and forty-six (59.71%) respondents come under the age group of 21 years to 34 years, eighty-four (20.39%) respondents come under the age group of 35 years to 44 years. Fifty-nine (14.32%) respondents come under the age group of 45 years to 54 years and the remaining twenty-three (5.58%) respondents come under the age group of 55 years to 64 years. Majority (59.71%) of the respondents come under the age group of 21 years to 34 years. Gender of the Respondents - Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise Among the respondents who work in manufacturing sector, two hundred and seventy-four (66.50%) respondents are male and the remaining one hundred and thirty-eight (33.50%) respondents are female. Majority (66.50%) of the respondents are male.




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Table 2 : Gender of the Respondents – Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

Gender Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise


Man

ufa

ctur

ing

Sect

or Male

41 (14.96%)

7 (2.55%)

65 (23.72%)

71 (25.91%)

90 (32.86%)

274 (66.50%)

Female 4

(2.90%) 16

(11.59%) 27

(19.57%) 61

(44.20%) 30

(21.74%) 138

(33.50%)

Total 22 5 163 71 165 426

Serv

ice

Sect

or

Male 13

(4.44%) 5

(1.71%) 123

(41.98%) 56

(19.11%) 96

(32.76%) 293

(68.78%)

Female 9

(6.76%) 0

40 (30.08%)

15 (11.28%)

69 (51.88%)

133 (31.22%)

Total 45 23 92 132 120 412

Grand Total 67 28 255 203 285 838

Among the respondents who work in service sector, two hundred and ninety-three (68.78%) of the respondents are male and the remaining one hundred and thirty-three (31.22%) of the respondents are female. Majority (68.78%) of the respondents are male.

Marital Status of the Respondents

Among the respondents who work in manufacturing sector, two hundred and ninety-three (68.78%) respondents are married and the remaining one hundred and thirty-three (31.22%) respondents are single. Majority (68.78%) of the respondents are married.

Table 3: Marital Status of the Respondents

Marital Status Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise


Man

ufa

ctur

ing

Sect

or

Married 17

(5.80%) 5

(1.71%) 114

(38.91%) 52

(17.75%) 105

(35.84%) 293

(68.78%)

Divorced 0 0 0 0 0 0

Separated 0 0 0 0 0 0

Single 5

(3.76%) 0

49 (36.84%)

19 (14.29%)

60 (45.11%)

133 (31.22%)

Total 22 5 163 71 165 426

Serv

ice

Sect

or

Married 18

(7.32%) 16

(6.50%) 53

(21.54%) 74

(30.08%) 85

(34.55%) 246

(59.71%)

Divorced 1

(25.00%) 0

1 (25.00%)

1 (25.00%)

1 (25.00%)

4 (0.97%)

Separated 0 0 1

(100%) 0 0

1 (0.24%)

Single 26

(16.15%) 7

(4.35%) 37

(22.98%) 57

(35.40%) 34

(21.12%) 161

(39.08%)

Total 45 23 92 132 120 412

Among the respondents who work in service sector, two hundred and forty-six (59.71%) respondents are married, four (0.97%) respondents are divorced. Only one (0.24%) respondent is separated and the remaining one hundred and sixty-one (39.08%) respondents are single Majority (59.71%) of the respondents are married.




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Family Type of the Respondents – Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

Among the respondents who work in manufacturing sector three hundred and thirty-three (78.17%) respondents are from nuclear family and the remaining ninety-three (21.83%) respondents are from joint family Majority (78.17%)of the respondents are from nuclear family.

Table : Family Type of the Respondents – Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

Family Type Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise


Man

ufa

ctur

ing

Sect

or

Nuclear 14

(4.20%) 4

(1.20%) 125

(37.54%) 55

(16.52%) 135

(40.54%) 333

(78.17%)

Joint 8

(8.60%) 1

(1.08%) 38

(40.86%) 16

(17.20%) 30

(32.26%) 93

(21.83%)

Total 22 5 163 71 165 426

Serv

ice

Sect

or

Nuclear 15

(4.82%) 20

(6.43%) 72

(23.15%) 109

(35.05%) 95

(30.55%) 311

(75.49%)

Joint 30

(29.70%) 3

(2.97%) 20

(19.80%) 23

(22.77%) 25

(24.76%) 101

(24.51%)

Total 45 23 92 132 120 412

Among the respondents who work in service sector, three hundred and eleven (75.49%) respondents are from nuclear family and the remaining one hundred and one (24.51%) respondents are from joint family Majority (75.49%) of the respondents are from nuclear family.

Number of Children of the Respondents – Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

Among the respondents who work in manufacturing sector, one hundred and forty-five (34.04%) respondents have no children, and one hundred and eleven (26.06%) respondents have each one child. One hundred and thirty-six (31.92%) respondents have two children. Twenty-nine (6.81%) respondents have three children and the remaining five (1.17%) respondents have four children. Majority (34.04%) of the respondents do not have any children.




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Table 4: Number of Children of the Respondents – Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

Family CHD Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise Other

State Total

Chennai Trichy Coimbatore Madurai

Man

ufa

ctur

ing

Sect

or

No Children

5 (3.45%)

1 (0.69%)

54 (37.24%)

21 (14.48%)

64 (44.14%)

145 (34.04%)

One child 8

(7.21%) 2

(1.80%) 42

(37.84%) 18

(16.22%) 41

(36.93%) 111

(26.06%)

Two children

8 (5.88%)

2 (1.47%)

51 (37.50%)

25 (18.38%)

50 (36.77%)

136 (31.92%)

Three children

1 (3.45%)

0 14

(48.27%) 6

(20.69%) 8

(27.59%) 29

(6.81%)

Four children

0 0 2

(40.00%) 1

(20.00%) 2

(40.00%) 5

(1.17%)

Total 22 5 163 71 165 426

Serv

ice

Sect

or

No Children

25 (13.16%)

10 (5.26%)

43 (22.63%)

61 (32.11%)

51 (26.84%)

190 (46.12%)

One child 10

(11.76%) 6

(7.06%) 15

(17.65%) 26

(30.59%) 28

(32.94%) 85

(20.63%)

Two children

8 (8.00%)

7 (7.00%)

23 (23.00%)

30 (30.00%)

32 (32.00%)

100 (24.27%)

Three children

2 (5.88%)

0 10

(29.41%) 13

(38.24%) 9

(26.47%) 34

(8.25%)

Four children

0 0 1

(33.33%) 2

(66.67% 0

3 (0.73%)

Total 45 23 92 132 120 412

Among the respondents who work in service sector, one hundred and ninety (46.12%) respondents do not have any children, eighty-five (20.63%) respondents have each one child, and one hundred (24.27%) respondents have two children. Thirty-four (8.25%) respondents have three children and the remaining three (0.73%) respondents have four children. Majority (46.12%) of the respondents do not have any children.

Status of Employment of the Respondents – Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

Among the respondents who work in manufacturing sector, two hundred (46.95%) respondents are permanent employees. Fifty-three (12.44%) respondents are temporary employees and the remaining one hundred and seventy-three (40.61%) employees are working on contract basic. Majority (46.95%) of the respondents are permanent employees.




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Table 5 : Status of Employment of the Respondents – Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

Status of Employment Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise Other

States Total


Man

ufa

ctur

ing

Sect

or

Permanent 18

(9.00%) 3

(1.50%) 90

(45.00%) 39

(19.50%) 50

(25.00%) 200

(46.95%)

Temporary 1

(1.89%) 2

(3.77%) 22

(41.51%) 13

(24.53%) 15

(28.30%) 53

(12.44%)

Contract basis 3

(1.74%) 0

51 (29.48%)

19 (10.98%)

100 (57.80)

173 (40.61%)

Total 22 5 163 71 165 426

Serv

ice

Sect

or Permanent

8 (6.45%)

8 (6.45%)

29 (23.39%)

50 (40.32%)

29 (23.39%)

124 (30.10%)

Temporary 4

(2.88%) 9

(6.47%) 39

(28.06%) 62

(44.60%) 25

(17.99%) 139

(33.74%)

Contract basis 33

(22.15%) 6

(4.03%) 24

(16.11%) 20

(13.41%) 66

(13.42%) 149

(36.16%)

Total 45 23 92 132 120 412

Among the respondents who work in service sector, one hundred and twenty-four (30.10%) respondents are permanent employees. One hundred and thirty-nine (33.74%) respondents are temporary employees and the remaining one hundred and forty-nine (36.16%) respondents are working on contract. Majority (36.16%) of the respondents are working on contract basic.

Monthly Income of the Respondents – Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

The monthly income of the respondents is classified into four groups. Among the respondents who work in manufacturing sector, three hundred and four (71.35%) respondents have a monthly income of up to Rs. 10,000. One hundred and four (24.41%) respondents have a monthly income between Rs. 10,001 and Rs. 20,000. Twelve (2.83%) respondents have a monthly income between Rs 20,001 and Rs. 30,000. Only three (0.70%) respondents have a monthly income between Rs. 30,001 and Rs 40,000 and monthly income of Rs. 40,001 to Rs. 50,000 respectively. Majority (71.36%) of the respondents have a monthly income up to Rs. 10,000.




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Table 6: Monthly Income of the Respondents - Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

Monthly Income Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise Other

States Total


Man

ufa

ctur

ing

Sect

or

Up to Rs. 10,000

12 (3.95%)

2 (0.66%)

103 (33.88%)

49 (16.12%)

138 (45.39%)

304 (71.36%)

Rs. 10,001 to Rs. 20,000

10 (9.62%)

3 (2.88%)

47 (45.19%)

20 (19.23%)

24 (23.08%)

104 (24.41%)

Rs. 20,001 to Rs. 30,000

0 0 9

(75.00%) 1

(8.33%) 2

(16.67%) 12

(2.83%) Rs. 30,001 to Rs. 40,000

0 0 2

(66.67%) 1

(33.33%) 0

3 (0.70%)

Rs. 40,001 to Rs. 50,000

0 0 2

(66.67%) 0

1 (33.33%)

3 (0.70%)

Total 22 5 163 71 165 426

Serv

ice

Sect

or

Up to Rs. 10,000

44 (12.12%)

18 (4.96%)

84

(23.14%)

118 (32.51%)

99 (27.27%)

363 (88.11%)

Rs. 10,001 to Rs. 20,000

1 (2.33%)

5 (11.63%)

6 (13.95%)

12 (27.91%)

19 (44.18%)

43 (10.43%)

Rs. 20,001 to Rs. 30,000

0 0 2 (33.33%)

2 (33.33%)

2 (33.34%)

6 (1.46%)

Rs. 30,001 to Rs. 40,000

0 0 0 0 0 0

Rs. 40,001 to Rs. 50,000

0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 45 23 92 132 120 412

Among the respondents who work in service sector, three hundred and sixty-three (88.11%) respondents have a monthly income up to Rs. 10,000. Forty-three (10.43%) respondents have a monthly income between Rs.10,001 and Rs. 20,000 and the remaining six (1.46%) respondents have a monthly income between Rs. 20,001 and Rs. 30,000. There are no such respondents who get a monthly salary above Rs. 30,000. Comparing manufacturing sector, service sector employees are getting very less monthly salary. Majority (88.11%) of the respondents have a monthly income up to Rs. 10,000.

Religion of the Respondents – Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

The following table shows the religion of the sample respondents. Among the respondents who work in manufacturing sector, two hundred and seventy-three (64.08%) respondents are Hindus, and thirty-five (8.22%) respondents are Christians and the remaining one hundred and eighteen (27.70%) respondents are Muslims. Majority (64.08%) of the respondents are Hindus.




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Table 7: Religion of the Respondents – Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

Religion Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

Other State Total Chennai Trichy Coimbatore Madurai

Man

ufa

ctur

ing

Sect

or

Hindu 14

(5.13%) 4

(1.47%) 99

(36.26%) 39

(14.29%) 117

(42.85%) 273

(64.08%)

Christian 3

(8.57%) 0

16 (45.71%)

7 (20.00%)

9 (25.72%)

35 (8.22%)

Muslim 5

(4.24%) 1

(0.85%) 48

(40.68%) 25

(21.19%) 39

(33.05%) 118

(27.70%) Total 22 5 163 71 165 426

Serv

ice

Sect

or Hindu

34 (12.14%)

18 (6.43%)

76 (27.14%)

111 (39.64%)

41 (14.65%)

280 (67.96%)

Christian 6

(16.22%) 3

(8.11%) 9

(24.32%) 11

(29.73%) 8

(21.62%) 37

(8.98%)

Muslim 5

(5.26%) 2

(2.11%) 7

(7.37%) 10

(10.53%) 71

(74.73%) 95

(23.06%)

Total 45 23 92 132 120 412

Among the respondents who work in service sector, two hundred and eighty (67.96%) respondents are Hindus. Thirty-seven (8.98%) respondents are Christians and the remaining ninety-five (23.06%) respondents are Muslims. Majority (67.96%) of the respondents are Hindus.

Role Model of the Respondents – Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

The following table shows the role model of the sample respondents. Among the respondents who work in manufacturing sector, fifty-seven (13.38%) respondents have said that their role model is their grandfathers. Fifty-five (12.91%) respondents have said that their role model is their grandmothers. Fifty (11.74%) respondents have said their role model is their fathers. Two hundred and nine (49.06%) respondents have said that their role model is their mothers. Twenty (4.69%) respondents have said that their role model is their teachers. Twenty-one (4.93%) respondents have said that their role models are national leaders and the remaining fourteen (3.29%) respondents have said their role models are their employers. Majority (49.06%) of the respondents’ role model is their mothers.




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Table 8 : Role Model of the Respondents – Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise

Role Model Tamil Nadu - Zone-wise Other

States Total


Man

ufa

ctur

ing

Sect

or

Grandfather 0 1

(0.94%) 25

(23.58%) 9

(8.49%) 22

(66.99%) 57

(13.38%)

Grandmother 4

(7.27%) 1

(1.82%) 19

(34.55%) 11

(20.00%) 20

(36.36%) 55

(12.91%)

Father 2

(4.00%) 0

20 (40.00%)

6 (12.00%)

22 (44.00%)

50 (11.74%)

Mother 14

(6.70%) 3

(1.44%) 83

(39.71) 31

(14.83%) 78

(37.32%) 209

(49.06%)

Teacher 2

(10.00%) 0

3 (15.00%)

4 (20.00%)

11 (55.00%)

20 (4.69%)

National Leader 0 0 7

(33.33%) 6

(28.57%) 8

(38.10%) 21

(4.93%)

Employer 0 0 6

(42.86%) 4

(28.57%) 4

(28.57%) 14

(3.29%)

Total 22 5 163 71 165 426

Serv

ice

Sect

or

Grandfather 2

(9.52%) 2

(9.52%) 2

(9.52%) 3

(14.29%) 12

(57.15%) 21

(5.10%)

Grandmother 25

(9.58%) 17

(6.51%) 67

(25.67%) 103

(39.46%) 49

(18.78%) 261

(63.35%)

Father 3

(11.11%) 2

(7.41%) 6

(22.22%) 4

(14.82%) 12

(44.44%) 27

(6.55%)

Mother 3

(25.00%) 0

5 (41.67%)

4 (33.33%)

0 12

(2.91%)

Teacher 4

(5.07%) 2

(2.53%) 11

(13.92%) 16

(20.25%) 46

(58.23%) 79

(19.17%)

National Leader 6

(75.00%) 0 0

1 (12.50%)

1 (12.50%)

8 (1.94%)

Employer 2

(50.00%) 0

1 (25.00%)

1 (25.00%)

0 4

(0.98%)

Total 45 23 92 132 120 412

Among the respondents who work in service sector, twenty-one (5.10%) respondents have said that their role model is their grandfathers. Two hundred and sixty-one (63.35%) respondents have said that their role model is their grandmothers. Twenty-seven (6.55%) respondents have said that their role model is their fathers. Twelve (2.91%) respondents have said that their role model is their mothers. Seventy-nine (19.17%) respondents have said that their role model is their teachers. Eight (1.94%) respondents have said that their role model is their national leaders and the remaining four (0.98%) respondents have said that their role model is their employers. Majority (63.35%) of the respondents’ role model is their grandmothers.




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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND THE BELIEF ABOUT TOLERANCE AND BEING HUMANE OF BELIEF CLUSTER OF THE RESPONDENTS – CORRELATION

Correlation is a technique for investigating the relationship between two variables. The main

result of a correlation is called the correlation coefficient (or “r”). It ranges from -1.0 to +1.0. A correlation of “0” means that there is no linear statistical association between two variables. A correlation of “1” means that there is a perfect positive correlation (or linear association) between two variables. A correlation of “-1” means that there is a perfect negative correlation between two variables. A correlation of “.50” means that there is a moderately strong positive correlation between two variables.

Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation is calculated to find out the relationship between

demographic variables and the belief about tolerance and humaneness of belief cluster of the respondents. The variables are Age group (X1), Gender (X2), Marital Status (X3), Family Type (X4), Number of Children (X5), Employment Status (X6), Monthly Income (X7), Religion (X8), Role Model (X9), Belief about Tolerance (X10) and Being humane (X11). The calculated coefficients are tabulated below.

The above table -- shows the result of Correlation of demographic variables and The Belief

about Tolerance and Being humane of Belief Cluster of manufacturing sector. The variables ‘number of children’ (at 1% level) and ‘monthly income’ (at 1% level) have a positive and significant correlation with Age Group of the respondents. The variables ‘marital status’ (at 1% level), ‘employment status’ (at 5% level) and being humane have a negative and significant correlation with Age Group of the respondents.

The variables ‘family type’ and ‘monthly income’ have a negative and significant correlation (at 1% level) with Gender of the respondents. The variables ‘employment status’ (at 1% level) ‘belief about tolerance’ (at 5% level) and ‘being humane’ (at 5% level) have a positive and significant correlation with Marital Status of the respondents. The variables ‘number of children’ (at 1% level) and ‘monthly income’ (at 5% level) have a negative and significant correlation with Marital Status of the respondents.

The variable ‘monthly income’ (at 1% level) has a positive and significant correlation with Family Type of the respondents. The variable ‘number of children’ (at 5% level) has a negative and significant correlation with Family Type of the respondents. The variable ‘religion’ (at 1% level) has a positive and significant correlation with Number of Children of the respondents. The variables ‘employment status’ (at 1% level), ‘belief about tolerance’ (at 5% level) and ‘being humane’ (at 5% level) have a negative and significant correlation with Number of Children of the respondents. The variables ‘role model’, belief about tolerance’ and ‘being humane’ (at 1% level) have a positive and significant correlation with Employment Status of the respondents. The variable ‘monthly income’ (at 1% level) has a negative and significant correlation with Number of Children of the respondents.

The variable ‘being humane’ has a negative and significant correlation (at 5% level) with Monthly Income of the respondents. The variable ‘belief about tolerance’ has a negative and significant correlation (at 1% level) with being humane of the respondents.




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Table -- : Independent Variables and The Belief about Tolerance and Being humane of Belief Cluster of the Respondents of Manufacturing Sector – Correlation

Correlations

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11

X1 PC 1

X2 PC .083 1

X3 PC -.477** -.017 1

X4 PC .000 -.172** .061 1

X5 PC .402** .000 -.729** -.113* 1

X6 PC -.313** .080 .406** -.084 -.274** 1

X7` PC .220** -.218** -.115* .244** .017 -.411** 1

X8 PC .043 -.026 -.021 -.084 .153** -.047 .022 1

X9 PC -.040 -.003 .049 .034 -.037 .162** -.066 -.082 1

X10 PC -.087 -.037 .100* -.024 -.119* .159** -.082 -.007 .058 1

X11 PC -.096* -.028 .108* -.004 -.105* .202** -.096* -.023 .026 .731** 1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

The variable ‘belief about tolerance’ and ‘being humane’ has a positive and significant

correlation (at 1% level) with Employment Status of the respondents and the variable ‘being humane’ has a positive and significant correlation with Belief about Tolerance of the respondents.

Independent Variables and The Belief about Tolerance and Being humane of Belief Cluster of the Respondents of Service Sector – Correlation

The variables are Age group (X1), Gender (X2), Marital Status (X3), Family Type (X4), Number of Children (X5), Employment Status (X6), Monthly Income (X7), Religion (X8), Role Model (X9), Belief about Tolerance (X10) and Being humane (X11). The calculated coefficients are tabulated below.

The above table -- shows the result of Correlation of demographic variables and The Belief about Tolerance and Being humane of Belief Cluster of Service Sector. The variables ‘number of children’ and ‘monthly income’ have a positive and significant correlation (at 1% level) with Age Group of the respondents. The variables ‘marital status’ (at 1% level), ‘employment status’ (at 5% level) and being humane have a negative and significant correlation with Age Group of the respondents.

The variable ‘number of children’ has a positive and significant correlation (at 5% level) with Gender of the respondents. The variables ‘employment status’ and ‘religion’ have a negative and significant correlation (at 5% level) with Gender of the respondents.

The variables ‘number of children’ and ‘religion’ have a negative and significant correlation (at 1% level) with Marital Status of the respondents.

The variable ‘employment status’ has a positive and significant correlation (at 1% level) with Family Type of the respondents.

The variables ‘religion’ (at 1% level), ‘Belief about Tolerance’ (at 5% level) and ‘Being humane’ (at 5% level) have a positive and significant correlation with Employment Status of the respondents. The variables ‘monthly income’ (at 1% level), and ‘role model’ (at 5% level) have a negative and significant correlation with Employment Status of the respondents.




Page 14

Table 9 : Independent Variables and The Belief about Tolerance and Being humane of Belief Cluster of the Respondents of Service Sector – Correlation

Correlations

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11

X1 PC 1

X2 PC .096 1

X3 PC -.410** -.069 1

X4 PC .001 -.087 -.041 1

X5 PC .276** .100* -.540** -.009 1

X6 PC -.115* -.173** .048 .221** -.035 1

X7 PC .193** -.046 -.072 -.039 -.026 -.286** 1

X8 PC .002 -.147** -.145** -.011 -.008 .338** -.017 1

X9 PC .035 -.006 .061 .044 -.018 -.099* .065 -.072 1

X10 PC .028 -.011 .043 .012 .048 .109* -.015 .062 .022 1

X11 PC .023 -.006 .048 .004 .053 .118* -.013 .055 .018 .989** 1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

The variable ‘being human’ has a positive and significant correlation (at 1% level) with Belief about Tolerance of the respondents.

FINDINGS

The following are the findings of this present study :

1. Majority of the respondents come under the age group of 21 years to 34 years in both manufacturing sector (48.36%) and service sector (59.71%). Majority (66.50%) of the respondents are male in both manufacturing sector (66.50%) and service sector (68.78%) . Majority of the respondents are married in both manufacturing sector (68.78%) and service sector (59.71%).

2. Majority of the respondents are from nuclear family in both manufacturing sector (78.17%) and service sector (75.49%). Majority of the respondents do not have any children in both manufacturing sector (34.04%) and service sector (46.12%).

3. Majority (46.95%) of the respondents are permanent employees in manufacturing sector. Majority (36.16%) of the respondents are working on contract basic in service sector. Majority of the respondents’ monthly income is up to Rs. 10,000 in both manufacturing sector (71.36%) and service sector (88.11%).

4. Majority of the respondents are Hindu in both manufacturing sector (64.08%) and service sector (67.96%). Majority (49.06%) of the respondents’ role model is their mothers in manufacturing sector and majority (63.35%) of the respondents’ role model is their grandmothers in service sector.

CORRELATION

1. The variables ‘belief about tolerance’ and ‘being humane’ have a positive and significant correlation (at 1% level) with Employment Status of the respondents and the variable ‘being humane’ has a positive and significant correlation with Belief about Tolerance of the respondents.

2. The variable ‘being human’ has a positive and significant correlation (at 1% level) with Belief about Tolerance of the respondents.




Page 15

SUGGESTIONS

It is clear from the study that there is a relationship between personal profile of the respondents like age, gender, education, marital status, family size and respondents’ opinion on ethnic attachment and preferences. Hence, the human Resource Manager can focuse on creating and maintaining the organizational culture based on ethnic culture.

The employees from various background and culture may possess different utility, knowledge and skills. Hence, the management may introduce reward system for knowledge sharing and knowledge innovation in the organization.

CONCLUSION

Man is a bundle of feelings. The composition of mind and thoughts is naturally influenced by a variety of elements. Life begins from void, and the void travels through the concrete, the concrete comprises a net work of functions that pave the way for individualism or the gregarious nature of man. As one fleets through a number of experiences in his life, it gives them enough space for ruminations of good and bad. It is crystal clear that belief about tolerance and being humane together sow the seeds for creed beliefs.

REFERENCE

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6. Brislin, R. W. (1983). Cross-cultural research in psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 34, 363-400. 7. Brown, D. (1996). The state and ethnic politics in Southeast Asia. London: Routledge. 8. Duckitt, J., Callaghan, J., &Wanger, C. (2005). Group Identification and Out group Attitudes in Four

South African Ethnic Groups : A Multidimensional Approach. Personality and Social Phychology Bulletin, 5, 633 – 646.

9. Herkovits, M. (1948). Man and his works. New York: Knopf. Kluckhohn, F., & Strodtbeck, F. (1961). Variations in value orientations. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.

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