In the 1560s, the Spanish took control of many small independent communities in the Philippines, which had no central rule. By 1571, the Spanish foothold in the Philippines was secure.

For centuries, the Chinese had traded with the Filipinos, but evidently none had settled permanently in the islands until after the conquest. Now, Chinese trade and labor became important in the colony.

There were frequent uprisings by the Filipinos, who resented the encomienda system. By the end of the 1500s, Manila was a leading commercial center in East Asia, trading with China, India, and the East Indies.

The Spanish also faced opposition from other Europeans. In the 16th century, it was from the Portuguese, who wanted to maintain their monopoly on trade in East Asia. In the 17th century, it was from the Dutch, who were building their own empire.

ASIA IN 1808

http://batavia.rug.ac.be/B@taviaE.htm

Nagasaki Bay and the Dutch factory in Deshima, circa 1750 http://batavia.rug.ac.be/B@taviaE.htm

http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Styx/6497/vocmap.jpg

THE DUTCH IN EASTERN ASIA

MING CHINA (1368-1644)

Rise of the scholar-gentry

Concern for the Peasantry

Confucian values

Jesuit influences

Internal rebellion

Rise of Manchu power

QING CHINA (1644-1911)

Minority rule

Confucian values

Attempts to improve rural conditions

Long-term impact of Columbian Exchange (silver, corn, potatoes), and population increase)

Rise of merchant “compradors”

Corruption in the bureaucracy

BRITISH RULE IN INDIA

In 1773, the British East India Company assumed the monopoly of Indian opium (Britain had conquered India in 1757).

The opium was auctioned in Calcutta and smuggled into China.

Company ships did not carry it because the Chinese emperor banned its sale. Private traders took the opium to China.

Raw opium was shipped in chests containing about 40 large balls each. In 1828-29, 12,665 chests reached China.

Britain laundered cash from the auctions through London or Calcutta. With this, they got the silver they needed for legitimate trade.

Opium factory in Patna, India. Image from the London weekly magazine, The Graphic, 24 June 1882.

http://www.bl.uk/whatson/exhibitions/trading/tpimages/bigversions/chinabig5.jpg

After the Company's monopoly was abolished in 1834, opium traffic to China by European private traders intensified.

China tried repeatedly to stop the trade. In 1837, over 1,000 tons, worth £2 million, were burnt on the banks of the Pearl River.

Widespread addiction seriously hurt the Chinese economy and fabric of society.

Deeply disturbed, China threatened force. Britain defended 'free trade' and, in 1840, went to war.

These 'Opium wars' led to a humiliating defeat of the Chinese and a trade treaty which ceded Hong Kong to the British.

Nineteenth-century Chinese album illustrating the evils of opium.

http://www.bl.uk/whatson/exhibitions/trading/china6.html#

The scene at the entrance of the Taku Forts on the Peiho

River just after they were stormed. The treaties signed 

in 1860 after the campaign opened up the Chinese

interior to western trade and missionaries.

http://www.informationwar.org/wars%20gallery/#China

The first Opium War (1840-42) ended with the treaty of Nanking, which ceded the port of Hong Kong to Britain.The second war (1856-1860) gave Britain perpetual control of the Kowloon peninsula, on the Chinese mainland across from Hong Kong.

By the century's end, other European countries and Japan had demanded and received concessions from China. The British also made new demands, including a 99-year lease on what is now called the New Territories—land farther into China, beyond the Kowloon Peninsula. That lease began in 1898, and expired on July 1, 1997.

http://www2.cnn.com/WORLD/9706/hk97/past/opium.wars/