Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
100:00:11
2
Introduction
1. About the author
2. Jatropha curcas in a global perspective
1. What caused the Jatropha hype
2. Now that the hype is over (?), what is left?
3. What will (could) be the Jatropha future world wide
4. What will (could) be the Jatropha future in East Africa
5. Conclusions and recommendations
00:00:12
3
Oldest horticultural college in NL. 1885
00:00:13
4
First married couple contracted by the Dutch Government for foreign aid (SNV)
Ivory Coast 1969-1971
00:00:14
5
Tanzanian experienceHorti Tengeru 1982-1985
First Lada Niva imported in Tanzania
Pepper trees planted in 1982, audited in 2009
00:00:15
6
First Jatropha experienceornamental Jatropha podagrica
00:00:15
7
First Jatropha curcas experienceD1 Agronomy director in Asia 2005-2008
00:00:16
8
1. About the author
1. Jatropha curcas in a global perspective
1. What caused the Jatropha hype
2. Now that the hype is over (?), what is left?
2. What will (could) be the Jatropha future world wide
3. What will (could) be the Jatropha future in East Africa
4. Conclusions and recommendations
00:00:17
9
International Jatropha experience 2005-2008
00:00:18
10
Potential Jatropha growing area
00:00:19
11
Criteria of potential Jatropha growing area
00:00:20
0-34-56-78-12Dry months
600-1500600-2000<300>2000<200Rain mm
<600600-900900-1200>1200Altitude (mtr. above sl)
Well drainedMedium drainedClaySoil
15S/N15-30 S/N30-45 S/N<45 SLatitude
>9<4>9>2<4<2Minimum temperature °C
>25>20<25>10<20<10Average temperature °C
OptimalSub-optimalMarginalUnsuitable
12
Potential Jatropha growing area
00:00:21
13
Potential Jatropha growing area
00:00:22
14
Minimal conditions for a Jatropha growing area
The bad news with Jatropha is that no one has ever domesticated it.
The good news with Jatropha is that no one has ever domesticated it
00:00:25
15
Basic information about Jatropha
Jatropha is a wild tropical plant, originatingfrom Central America
-requires minimum temperatures above 9 °C-survives maximum temperatures above 40 °C
-prefers temp. conditions above 25 °C like most tropical plants
-is sensitive for altitude related low temperatures and cannot stand frost
-needs water and nutrients to grow like most plants
-will be attacked by all kind of diseases-Needs a minimum of 600-1500 mm to grow
- survives high rainfall (> 3500)- accepts any type of soil
-but does not like wet feet-has a highly variable yield!!
00:00:36
16
What caused the Jatropha hype?
Jatropha is a wild tropical plant, originatingfrom Central America
•Jatropha curcas is a drought resistant shrub (bush, tree),grows on marginal soils and has
seeds with an oil content of 20-40 %.
•Oil!•The yield varies between 0.250 and 2.500 tonnes of oil per ha
•2.500 tonnes of oil per ha!
00:00:50
17
What pushed the Jatropha hype?
Rising fossil fuel prices, concerns over the increased CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, and concerns over the depletion of global oil reserves have all contributed to interest in bio-energy developments. (The BEFS analyses for Tanzania, FAO 2010)
00:00:52
18
What caused the Jatropha hype?
00:00:53
19
Food follows Fuel
00:00:58
There is not a food shortage, there is an income distribution problem.
20
Speculation!
00:01:03
21
What helped the Jatropha hype?
00:01:06
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
Oil palm
Coconut
Jatropha
Babbasu palm
Rapeseed
Sunflower
Soya
ltr/oil/ha
22
What more caused the Jatropha hype?
00:01:07
23
Actual? info from www.jatrophabook.com
? Where is :
BrazilIndia
ZambiaMozambique
KenyaNamibiaMalaysia
ChinaThailand
CambodiaLaos
Vietnam
What caused the Jatropha hype?
00:01:11
24
Verification of existing Jatropha area
• Visits to• China, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand,
Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, South Africa, Mali, Senegal, Tanzania, Brazil.
• Contacts with• Mike Lu, president of the Brazilian
association of Jatropha producers.• Virgilio Vilancio, program leader of
the Jatropha program at the University of Los Baños in the Philippines.
• Vincent Volkaert, Business director of Quinvita (formerly D1plantscience)
• Dr. Siva, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI)
• Dr. Penjit Srinophakun of the Katesart University in Bangkok, Thailand.
00:01:18
25
1924.0900.01024.0Honduras
2050.01550.0500.0Guatemala
2200.01700.0500.0Laos
2500.01250.01250.0Ghana
3300.03000.0300.0Malawi
3500.03000.0500.0Ethiopia
3870.03870.0Mozambique
3954.02350.01604.0Philippines ??
4500.04500.0Mali
5000.05000.0Mexico
5980.04380.01600.0Zambia
5500.0500.05000.0Thailand
5976.02610.03366.0Tanzania
6000.01000.05000.0Argentina
10000.02000.08000.0China ??
9800.09150.0650.0Uganda
15000.010000.05000.0Myanmar
20040.87233.312807.Indonesia
50080.026000.024080.Brazil
60202.01550.058652.Madagascar ??
106350.101000.5350.0India
TotalOutfarmPlantCountry 1420.0900.0520.0Malaysia
1010.01000.010.0Egypt
1000.01000.0Bourkina Faso
1000.0500.0500.0Peru
333848.187073.146775.Total
0.0Namibia ??
0.00.00.0Haiti ??
2.02.0Niger
5.05.0Congo DR
10.010.0Ivory coast
15.015.0Morocco
20.020.0Cameroon
40.040.0Sri Lanka
75.075.0Senegal
100.0100.0El Salvador
200.0200.0Vietnam
200.0200.0Nicaragua
200.0200.0Belize
210.0210.0Kenya
215.0215.0Pakistan ??
400.0400.0Burundi
Actual worldwide Jatropha plantings January 2011- 350K ha
00:01:21
26
Actual worldwide Jatropha plantings January 2011- 350K ha
00:01:43
27
Actual worldwide Jatropha plantings January 2011- 350K ha
0.0
10000.0
20000.0
30000.0
40000.0
50000.0
60000.0
70000.0
80000.0
90000.0
100000.0
IndiaM
adagascar
BrazilIndones iaM
yamar
UgandaChinaArgentinaTanzaniaThailandZam
biaM
exicoM
al iPhilippin
es
Mozambique
EthiopiaM
alawiGhanaLaosGuat emala
Hondura sM
alaysiaEgyptBourkina ...
Peru
Plantation Outfarming
00:01:46
28
Worldwide % plantation versus outfarming 350K ha
Plantation44% Outfarming
56%
00:00:07
29
Available potential of rain-fed arable land in Africa
00:00:09
30
% land allocated to investors (FAO)
00:00:16
31
Potential of rain-fed arable land in Tanzania
(The BEFS analyses for Tanzania, FAO 2010)00:00:20
32
1. About the author
1. Jatropha curcas in a global perspective
1. What caused the Jatropha hype
2. Now that the hype is over (?), what is left?
2. What will (could) be the Jatropha future world wide
3. What will (could) be the Jatropha future in East Africa
1. Conclusions and recommendations
00:00:37
33
Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products
Jatropha products
• PPO
• Seedcake
• CO2
Jatropha markets
Export
X
X*
X
*detoxified
Local
X
X
00:00:41
34
Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products
Jatropha products
• PPOAdapted diesel engines
Energy production (heat andelectricity)
Biodiesel
Soap
Jatropha markets
Export
X
-
X
Local
X
X
X
X
00:00:43
35
Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products
Jatropha products
• SeedcakeFertilizer
Bio Gaz-fertilizer
Briquettes
Jatropha markets
ExportLocal
X
X
X
00:00:45
36
Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products
Jatropha products
CO2
1 carbon credit =
1 MT CO2= €5
(Actually between 0.5 and 10)
1 ha Jatropha (1600,
2x2) absorbs about 10 MT Carbon
= 10 x 5 =
€ 50 per ha/year
• http://www.jatropha.pro/PDF%20bestanden/southpole.pdf
Jatropha markets
Export
XLocal
00:00:48
Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products
Actual worldwide jatropha oil production on 350.000 ha x 3 mt seed per ha =
1.050.000 mt seed.With 28% oil extraction there will be roughly
300.000 mt of Jatropha oil3 tankers of 100.000 mt/year!
00:00:52
38
Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products
X 10
Actual? info from www.jatrophabook.com
≈1.000.000 mt
2015??
00:00:59
39
Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products
X 10
Jatropha oil1.000.000
mt/year
Shipped crude oil2.000.000.000
mt/year
X 20.000
Seawise Giant500.000 + mt
2015??
0.05 %
00:01:10
40
Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products
Aviation consumes 2% of all fossil fuels burnt. In 2005 this wasabout 200.000.000 Mt
00:01:13
41
Global perspective for Jatropha curcas products
Aviation only consumes 2% of all fossil fuels burnt. In 2005 this was about 200.000.000 Mt
•Since air transport is a relatively "compact" indus try, it would be
logical for the air transport industry to be one of the first sectors within
the transport industry to take the lead by using al ternative fuels.
•However, the challenge is that aviation's demand may not be
•sufficient to justify the important investments requ ired. ATAG report 2006
In April 2011, Lufthansa is to begin a six-month tr ial with an Airbus A321 on scheduled commercial flights on the Hamburg-Frankfu rt-Hamburg route.
Lufthansa is currently making intensive preparation s for the practical tests. Aside from the actual research project, the acquisi tion of biofuel in sufficient volume and the complex logistics it involves is pro ving a challenge in the run-up to the trial
00:01:45
42
1. About the author
1. Jatropha curcas in a global perspective
1. What caused the Jatropha hype
2. Now that the hype is over (?), what is left?
2. What will (could) be the Jatropha future world wide
3. What will (could) be the Jatropha future in Tanzania?
1. Conclusions and recommendations
00:01:47
43
Feasibility study fair trade Jatropha
• Max Havelaar fair trade
• Eneco Energy
• ICCO
• Kagera Co-operative UnionKCU
00:01:51
44
Max Havelaar Foundation Feasibility study on 3 locations
Bukoba
(Ruhanga)
Kilimanjaro
(Mbosho)
Mbinga
(Muhekela)
00:01:52
4500:01:53
46
Introduction of Jatropha in a mixed farming system in Tanzania
40% Jatropha curcas and 60% food crop
maizesweet potatoground nutbeanssesame seedwheatpigeon peassunflower
00:01:56
47
Area and number of farmers.Number of farmers Total area (ha)
(potential is 25% of total number of co-operative m embers)
Bukoba 15000 5500
Kilimanjaro 17000 6000
Mbinga 2000 800
34000 12300
00:01:59
48
Tanzania perspective for Jatropha curcas products
climate moshi
0
50
100
150
200
250
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
20
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
total mm
average temp.
Maximum yield prodictions based on climate (kg seed/Ha)
Moshi-2500 kg/ha (2.5mt)
Bukoba 4000 kg/ha (4.0mt)
Mbinga 3500 kg/ha (3.5 mt)
Average`3333 kg/ha
Bukoba Climate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
mm rain
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
23.5
centigrades
total mm
av temp
Mbinga climate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
total mm
av.temp
Estimated area in 2015 50.000 ha? = 165.000 mt seed =46.200 mt oil
00:02:12
49
Expected Jatropha yield in Tanzania based on Jatrophabook scenario in 2015 (50.000 ha)
≈50.000 Mt of oil
X 2500 X 0.5
20 mt/truck
00:02:13
50
How to increase Jatropha oil production
• Select better area,s
• Increase area
• Select better plants
• Improve agricultural practices
• Improve seed collection system
• Improve oil expelling.
00:02:16
51
How to increase Jatropha oil productionIncrease area!!
• Select better area,s
• Increase area
• Select better plants
• Improve agricultural practices
• Improve seed collection system
• Improve oil expelling.
Conditions
• Environment
• Society
• Climate
• Realistic
• Economical viable
• Interesting for farmers!
00:02:19
52
How to increase Jatropha oil productionSelection!
• Select better area,s
• Increase area
• Select better plants
• Improve agricultural practices
• Improve seed collection system
• Improve oil expelling.
High yielding and disease resistant
00:02:29
Average yearly yield of 20 individual plants docum ented over 4 years.Source: G. Francis, K. Becker, Jatropha biodiesel f rom eroded land –
potential for multiple benefits in Madagascar, Anta nanarivo, Dec. 2004
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Plant numbers
average/year
53
How to increase Jatropha oil productionSelection!
• Select better area,s
• Increase area
• Select better plants
• Improve agricultural practices
• Improve seed collection system
• Improve oil expelling.
High yielding and disease resistant
00:02:38
Total cumulative oil yield per ha over 5 seasons
3007 3009 3001 05-0011 05-0002 AVER 05-0041 05-0038
Yie
ld (
kg/h
a)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000Total season 1Total season 2Total season 3Total season 4Subtotal season 5
3364
3146
3139
2870
2846
2168
1203
836
54
How to increase Jatropha oil production
• Select better area,s
• Increase area
• Select better plants
• Improve agricultural practices
• Improve seed collection system
• Improve oil expelling.
00:02:41
55
Agricultural production in Tanzania
• is one of the lowest in the world due to:– poor agronomic practices– poor planting material,
– lack of fertilization – exhausted and eroded soils
– irregular rain pattern
00:02:45
56
How to increase Jatropha oil production
• Select better area's
• Increase area
• Select better plants
• Improve agricultural practices
• Improve seed collection system
• Improve oil expelling.
• Local collection area’s
• No middle man?
• Fair price
00:02:49
57
How to increase Jatropha oil production
• Select better area's
• Increase area
• Select better plants
• Improve agricultural practices
• Improve seed collection system
• Improve oil expelling.
Localize expelling. (seedcake back to farmer)
• Improve expellers regarding efficiency
00:02:50
58
Increase the local Jatropha market in order to increase the chance of Jatropha oil export (pulling in stead of pushing)
• Substitute diesel by PPO
• Increase local use of PPO trough electricity production (MFP)
• Increase local soap production
• Improve seedcake fertilizer
• Improve seedcake briquettes
Limitations
• Regulations and technique, workshops
• Logistics
• Research and marketing
• A logistical nightmare, production of fertilizer pellets.
• Money, technology
00:03:10
59
Increase the local Jatropha market in order to increase the chance of Jatropha oil export
• Substitute diesel by PPO
• Increase local use of PPO trough electricity production (MFP)
• Increase local soap production
• It is cheaper to convert a diesel engine to PPO than to use PPO for the production of bio-diesel
• One Multifunctional platform can improve the standard of living of 100+ households
00:03:14
60
Soap, low market value because medical claims not proven.
Soap, low market value because no professional packaging
00:03:23
61
Jatropha Soap
•With proper marketing based on research regarding the pharmaceutical characteristics Jatropha soap production could become an important (local) industry.
00:03:48
62
1. About the author
1. Jatropha curcas in a global perspective
1. What caused the Jatropha hype
2. Now that the hype is over (?), what is left?
2. What will (could) be the Jatropha future world wide
3. What will (could) be the Jatropha future in Tanzania?
4. Conclusions and recommendations
00:03:53
6300:04:26
Wrap up-Conclusions and recommendations
• Regular export of Jatropha oil out of Tanzania is far away.
• All the energy spend on Jatropha should be directed to local projects. Oil production should be based and used locally.
• Planting seed orchards for Jatropha selection should be started yesterday and large scale in climatologically different area’s.
• Planting of Jatropha has to increase drastically in order to create volume.!!!!
• Selling CO2 credits could become an important source of capital to develop larger Jatropha schedules.
• Farmers should be trained to plant both Jatropha and food crops trough the introduction of a mixed farming system.
6400:05:25