Zaitsev et al. “WHY ARE FOREST FIRES GENERALLY NEGLECTED IN SOIL FAUNA RESEARCH? A MINI-REVIEW”

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material 1.Papers found in ISI Web of Knowledge database published in 2004-2013 in the journals Nature and Science, dealing with forest fires (query: forest and fire*).

1. Andreae, M.O., Rosenfeld, D., et al., 2004. Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon. Science 303, 1337-1342.

2. Aragao, L.E.O.C., Shimabukuro, Y.E., 2010. The incidence of fire in Amazonian forests with implications for REDD. Science 328, 1275-1278.

3. Aragao, L.E.O.C. Shimabukuro, Y.E., 2010. Response to comment on the incidence of fire in Amazonian forests with implications for REDD. Science 330, 1627.

4. Balch, J. K., Nepstad, D. C., et al., 2010. Comment on the incidence of fire in Amazonian forests with implications for REDD. Science 330, 1627.

5. Bond-Lamberty, B., Peckham, S.D., et al., 2007. Fire as the dominant driver of central Canadian boreal forest carbon balance. Nature 450, 89-90.

6. Bowman, D.M.J.S., Balch J.K., et al., 2009. Fire in the Earth System. Science 324, 481-484.

7. Cardenas, M.L., Gosling, W.D., et al., 2011. The Response of Vegetation on the Andean Flank in Western Amazonia to Pleistocene Climate Change. Science 331, 1055-1058.

8. Charles, D., 2010. ENVIRONMENT Russia's Forest Fires Ignite Concerns About Chornobyl's Legacy. Science 329, 738-739.

9. Chen, Y., Randerson, J. T., et al., 2011. Forecasting Fire Season Severity in South America Using Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies. Science 334, 787-791.

10. Curran, L.M., Trigg, S. N., et al., 2004. Lowland forest loss in protected areas of Indonesian Borneo. Science 303, 1000-1003.

11. Davidson, E. A., de Araujo, A. C., et al., 2012. The Amazon basin in transition. Nature 481, 321-328.

12. Dellasala, D.A., Karr, J. R., et al., 2006. Post-fire logging debate ignores many issues. Science 314, 51-52.

13. Donato, D. C., Fontaine, J.B., et al., 2006. Post-wildfire logging hinders regeneration and increases fire risk. Science 311, 352-352.

14. Donato, D.C., Fontaine, J.B., et al., 2006. Response to comments on Post-wildfire logging hinders regeneration and increases fire risk. Science 313, 615.

15. Gibson, L., Lee, T.M., et al., 2011. Primary forests are irreplaceable for sustaining tropical biodiversity. Nature 478, 378-381.

16. Gullison, R.E., Frumhoff, P.C., et al., 2007. Tropical forests and climate policy. Science 316, 985-986.

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17. Hansen, M.C., Potapov, P. V., et al., 2013. High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change. Science 342, 850-853.

18. Higgins, S. I., Scheiter, S., 2012. Atmospheric CO2 forces abrupt vegetation shifts locally, but not globally. Nature 488, 209-212.

19. Hirota, M., Holmgren, M., et al., 2011. Global Resilience of Tropical Forest and Savanna to Critical Transitions. Science 334, 232-235.

20. Kurz, W.A., Dymond, C.C., et al., 2008. Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change. Nature 452, 987-990.

21. Laurance, W.F., Useche D.C., et al., 2012. Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature 489,: 290-294.

22. Law, K.S., Stohl, A., 2007. Arctic air pollution: Origins and impacts. Science 315, 1537-1540.

23. Lehmann, J., Sohi, S. 2008. Comment on fire-derived charcoal causes loss of forest humus. Science 321, 1295.

24. Lehmann, J., Sohi, S. 2008. Comment on fire-derived charcoal causes loss of forest humus: Author reply. Science 321, 1295.

25. Lindenmayer, D.B., Laurance, W.F., et al., 2012. Global Decline in Large Old Trees. Science 338, 1305-1306.

26. Mack, M.C., Bret-Harte, M.S., et al. 2011. Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire. Nature 475, 489-492.

27. Magnani, F., Mencuccini, M., et al., 2007. The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests. Nature 447, 848-850.

28. Malhi, Y., Roberts, J.T., et al., 2008. Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon. Science 319, 169-172.

29. McConnell, J.R., Edwards, R., et al., 2007. 20th-century industrial black carbon emissions altered arctic climate forcing. Science 317, 1381-1384.

30. Mollicone, D., Eva, H.D., et al., 2006. Ecology - Human role in Russian wild fires. Nature 440, 436-437.

31. Moore, S., Evans, C.D., et al., 2013. Deep instability of deforested tropical peatlands revealed by fluvial organic carbon fluxes. Nature 493, 660-663.

32. Newton, M., Fitzgerald, S., et al., 2006. Comment on: Post-wildfire logging hinders regeneration and increases fire risk. Science 313, 615a.

33. Nijhuis, M. 2012. BURN OUT. Nature 489, 352-354.34. Oliveira, P.J.C., Asner G.P., et al., 2007. Land-use allocation protects the Peruvian

Amazon. Science 317, 1233-1236.35. Pierce, J. L., Meyer G.A., et al., 2004. Fire-induced erosion and millennialscale

climate change in northern ponderosa pine forests. Nature 432, 87-90.36. Randerson, J.T., Liu, H., et al., 2006. The impact of boreal forest fire on climate

warming. Science 314, 1130-1132.37. Ratajczak, Z., Nippert, J.B., 2012. Comment on Global Resilience of Tropical Forest

and Savanna to Critical Transitions. Science 336, 541.38. Saleska, S.R., Didan, K., et al., 2007. Amazon forests green-up during 2005 drought.

Science 318, 612.2

39. Schröter, D., Cramer, W., et al., 2005. Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change in Europe. Science 310, 1333-1337.

40. Staver, A.C., Archibald, S., et al., 2011. The Global Extent and Determinants of Savanna and Forest as Alternative Biome States. Science 334, 230-232.

41. Stephens, S.L., Agee ,J.K., et al. (2013). Managing Forests and Fire in Changing Climates. Science 342, 41-42.

42. Stokstad, E., 2005. Ecology - Experimental drought predicts grim future for rainforest. Science 308, 346-347.

43. Stokstad, E., 2006. Ecology - Salvage logging research continues to generate sparks. Science 311, 761.

44. Stokstad, E., 2008. Ecology - Senate bill would scale up forest restoration. Science 319, 887.

45. van der Werf, G.R., Randerson J.T., et al., 2004. Continental-scale partitioning of fire emissions during the 1997 to 2001 El Nino/La Nina period. Science 303, 73-76.

46. van Mantgem, P.J., Stephenson N.L., et al., 2009. Widespread Increase of Tree Mortality Rates in the Western United States. Science 323, 521-524.

47. Wardle, D.A., Nilsson, M.-C., et al., 2008. Fire-derived charcoal causes loss of forest humus. Science 320, 629-629.

48. Wardle, D.A., Nilsson, M.-C., et al., 2008. Response to comment on fire-derived charcoal causes loss of forest humus. Science 321, 1295.

49. Webster, P., 2007. Ecology - Setting the forest alight. Science 317, 1854-1855.50. Westerling, A.L., Hidalgo, H.G., et al., 2006. Warming and earlier spring increase

western US forest wildfire activity. Science 313, 940-943.51. Whitlock, C., 2004. Land management - Forests, fires and climate. Nature 432, 28-29.52. Willis, K.J., Birks, H.J.B., 2006. What is natural? The need for a long-term

perspective in biodiversity conservation. Science 314, 1261-1265.

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Supplementary material 2.Papers found in ISI Web of Knowledge database published in 1979-2013 in the peer-review journals which directly concerned soil fauna response to burning in forests (query: (forest and fire*) and soil and (animal* or fauna or biota)).

1. Abbott, I., 1984. Changes In The Abundance And Activity Of Certain Soil And Litter Fauna In The Jarrah Forest Of Western-Australia After A Moderate Intensity Fire. Australian Journal of Soil Research 22, 463-469.

2. Antunes, S. C., Curado, N., et al., 2009. Short-term recovery of soil functional parameters and edaphic macro-arthropod community after a forest fire. Journal of Soils and Sediments 9, 267-278.

3. Baretta, D., Ferreira, C. S., et al., 2008. Springtails (Hexapoda, Collembola) As Soil Quality Bioindicators In Areas With Araucaria Angustifolia. Revista Brasileira De Ciencia Do Solo 32, 2693-2699.

4. Bezkorovainaya, I. N., Krasnoshchekova, E. N., et al., 2007. Transformation of soil invertebrate complex after surface fires of different intensity. Izvestiia Akademii nauk. Seriia biologicheskaia 5, 619-625.

5. Bogorodskaya, A. V., Krasnoshchekova, E. N., et al., 2010. Post-Fire Transformation of Microbial Communities and Invertebrate Complexes in the Pine Forest Soils, Central Siberia. Contemporary Problems of Ecology 3, 653-659.

6. Boulanger, Y., Sirois, L., 2007. Postfire succession of saproxylic arthropods, with emphasis on coleoptera, in the north boreal forest of Quebec. Environmental Entomology 36, 128-141.

7. Bradstock, R.A., 2008. Effects of large fires on biodiversity in south-eastern Australia, disaster or template for diversity? International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, 809-822.

8. Brennan, K.E.C., Christie, F.J., et al., 2009. Global climate change and litter decomposition, more frequent fire slows decomposition and increases the functional importance of invertebrates. Global Change Biology 15, 2958-2971.

9. Broza, M., Poliakov, D., et al., 1993. Soil Microarthropods On Postfire Pine Forest On Mount Carmel, Israel. Water Science and Technology 27, 533-538.

10. Camann, M. A., Gillette, N. E., et al., 2008. Response of forest soil Acari to prescribed fire following stand structure manipulation in the southern Cascade Range. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 38, 956-968.

11. Caruso, T., Migliorini, M., 2006. Micro-arthropod communities under human disturbance, is taxonomic aggregation a valuable tool for detecting multivariate change? Evidence from Mediterranean soil oribatid coenoses. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology 30, 46-53.

12. Cerevkova, A., Renco M., et al., 2013. Short-term effects of forest disturbances on soil nematode communities in European mountain spruce forests. Journal of Helminthology 87, 376-385.

13. Certini, G., 2005. Effects of fire on properties of forest soils, a review. Oecologia 143, 1-10.

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14. Collett, N., 2003. Short and long-term effects of prescribed fires in autumn and spring on surface-active arthropods in dry sclerophyll eucalypt forests of Victoria. Forest Ecology and Management 182, 117-138.

15. Deoliveira, E.P., Franklin, E., 1993. The effect of fire on soil mesofauna - recolonization of burnt areas. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 28, 357-369.

16. Dosso, K., Konate, S., et al., 2010. Termite diversity and abundance across fire-induced habitat variability in a tropical moist savanna (Lamto, Central Cote d'Ivoire). Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, 323-334.

17. Dragovich, D., Morris, R., 2002. Fire intensity, slopewash and bio-transfer of sediment in eucalypt forest, Australia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 1309-1319.

18. Gongalsky, K.B., 2006. Forest fires as a factor of formation of soil animal communities. Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii 67, 127-138.

19. Gongalsky, K.B., Malmstrom, A., et al., 2012. Do burned areas recover from inside? An experiment with soil fauna in a heterogeneous landscape. Applied Soil Ecology 59, 73-86.

20. Gongalsky, K.B. Persson, T., 2013. Recovery of soil macrofauna after wildfires in boreal forests. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 57, 182-191.

21. Haimi, J., Fritze, H., et al., 2000. Responses of soil decomposer animals to wood-ash fertilisation and burning in a coniferous forest stand. Forest Ecology and Management 129, 53-61.

22. Hossack, B.R., Lowe, W.H., et al., 2013. Interactive effects of wildfire, forest management, and isolation on amphibian and parasite abundance. Ecological Applications 23, 479-492.

23. Huebner, K., Lindo, Z., et al., 2012. Post-fire succession of collembolan communities in a northern hardwood forest. European Journal of Soil Biology 48, 59-65.

24. Hylander, K., 2011. The response of land snail assemblages below aspens to forest fire and clear-cutting in Fennoscandian boreal forests. Forest Ecology and Management 261, 1811-1819.

25. Hyvarinen, E., Kouki, J., et al., 2005. Short-term effects of controlled burning and green-tree retention on beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages in managed boreal forests. Forest Ecology and Management 212, 315-332.

26. Jung, C., Kim, J.W., 2013. Ecological resilience of soil oribatid mite communities after the fire disturbance. Journal of Ecology and Environment 36, 117-123.

27. Kudriasheva, I.V., Laskova, L.M., 2002. Oribatid mites (Acariformes, Oribatei) as an index of postpyrogenous changes in podzol and peat soils of boreal forests. Izvestiia Akademii nauk. Seriia biologicheskaia 1, 106-113.

28. Lafleur, B., Bradley, R.L., et al., 2002. Soil modifications created by ants along a post-fire chronosequence in lichen-spruce woodland. Ecoscience 9, 63-73.

29. Lee, C.M., 2013. Short-term Changes in Ant Communities after Forest Fire. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology 52, 205-213 (in Korean).

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30. Loskova, J., Luptacik, P., et al., 2013. The effect of clear-cutting and wildfire on soil Oribatida (Acari) in windthrown stands of the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia). European Journal of Soil Biology 55, 131-138.

31. Malmstrom, A., 2008. Temperature tolerance in soil microarthropods, Simulation of forest-fire heating in the laboratory. Pedobiologia 51, 419-426.

32. Malmstrom, A., 2010). The importance of measuring fire severity-Evidence from microarthropod studies. Forest Ecology and Management 260, 62-70.

33. Malmstrom, A., 2012. Life-history traits predict recovery patterns in Collembola species after fire, A 10 year study. Applied Soil Ecology 56, 35-42.

34. Malmstrom, A., Persson, T., et al., 2008. Effects of fire intensity on survival and recovery of soil microarthropods after a clearcut burning. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 38, 2465-2475.

35. Malmstrom, A., Persson T., et al., 2009. Dynamics of soil meso- and macrofauna during a 5-year period after clear-cut burning in a boreal forest. Applied Soil Ecology 43, 61-74.

36. Martinez, J.J.I., 2008. Firebreaks in planted pine forests in Israel, patches for mediterranean bata ants. Vie Et Milieu-Life and Environment 58, 233-236.

37. Matlack, G.R., 2001. Factors determining the distribution of soil nematodes in a commercial forest landscape. Forest Ecology and Management 146, 129-143.

38. Michaels, K.F., McQuillan, P.B., 1995. Impact of commercial forest management on geophilous carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in tall, wet Eucalyptus-Obliqua forest in Southern Tasmania. Australian Journal of Ecology 20, 316-323.

39. Mitchell, C.P.J., Kolka, R.K., et al., 2012. Singular and Combined Effects of Blowdown, Salvage Logging, and Wildfire on Forest Floor and Soil Mercury Pools. Environmental Science & Technology 46, 7963-7970.

40. Moretti, M., Conedera, M., et al., 2002. The effects of wildfire on ground-active spiders in deciduous forests on the Swiss southern slope of the Alps. Journal of Applied Ecology 39, 321-336.

41. Muona, J., Rutanen, I., 1994. The short-term impact of fire on the beetle fauna in boreal coniferous forest. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31, 109-121.

42. Neumann, F.G., 1991. Responses of litter arthropods to major natural or artificial ecological disturbances in mountain ash forest. Australian Journal of Ecology 16, 19-32.

43. Neumann, F.G., Tolhurst, K., 1991. Effects of fuel reduction burning on epigeal arthropods and earthworms in dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest of west-central victoria. Australian Journal of Ecology 16, 315-330.

44. Niwa, C.G., Peck, R.W., 2002. Influence of prescribed fire on carabid beetle (Carabidae) and spider (Araneae) assemblages in forest litter in southwestern Oregon. Environmental Entomology 31, 785-796.

45. Ober, H.K., DeGroote, L.W., 2011. Effects of litter removal on arthropod communities in pine plantations. Biodiversity and Conservation 20, 1273-1286.

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46. Paquin, P., Coderre, D., 1997. Changes in soil macroarthropod communities in relation to forest maturation through three successional stages in the Canadian boreal forest. Oecologia 112, 104-111.

47. Paquin, P., Coderre, D., 1997. Deforestation and fire impact on edaphic insect larvae and other macroarthropods. Environmental Entomology 26, 21-30.

48. Pasqualin, L.A., Dionisio, J.A., et al., 2012. Edaphic macrofauna in sugar cane crops and forest in northwestern Parana-Brazil. Semina-Ciencias Agrarias 33, 7-17.

49. Pinheiro Leal Nunes, L.A., Barbosa da Silva, D. I., et al., 2012. Characterization of edaphic fauna in management systems for forage production in the State of Piaui. Revista Ciencia Agronomica 43, 30-37.

50. Poilecot, P., Loua, N.-S., 2009. Bush Fires In The Savanna Lands Of Mount Nimba, Guinea. Bois Et Forets Des Tropiques 301, 51-66.

51. Querner, P., Bruckner, A., et al., 2010. Short- and long-term effects of fire on the Collembola communities of a sub-alpine dwarf pine ecosystem in the Austrian Alps. Eco Mont-Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research 2, 29-36.

52. Radea, C., Arianoutsou, M., 2000. Cellulose decomposition rates and soil arthropod community in a Pinus halepensis Mill. forest of Greece after a wildfire. European Journal of Soil Biology 36, 57-64.

53. Radea, C., Arianoutsou, M., 2012. Soil arthropod communities and population dynamics following wildfires in pine forests of the Mediterranean basin, a review. Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution 58, 137-149.

54. Radho-Toly, S., Majer, J. D., et al., 2001. Impact of fire on leaf nutrients, arthropod fauna and herbivory of native and exotic eucalypts in Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia. Austral Ecology 26, 500-506.

55. Saint-Germain, M., Larrivee, M., et al., 2005. Short-term response of ground beetles (Coleoptera , Caradibae) to fire and logging in a spruce-dominated boreal landscape. Forest Ecology and Management 212, 118-126.

56. Sawamoto, T., Hatano, R., et al., 2000. Soil respiration in Siberian Taiga ecosystems with different histories of forest fire. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 46, 31-42.

57. Sgardelis, S.P., Margaris, N.S., 1993. Effects of fire on soil microarthropods of a phryganic ecosystem. Pedobiologia 37, 83-94.

58. Springett, J.A., 1979. Effects of a single hot summer fire on soil fauna and on litter decomposition in jarrah (Eucalyptus-Marginata) forest in Western-Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 4, 279-291.

59. Ulyshen, M.D., Horn, S., et al., 2010. Impacts of prescribed fire on saproxylic beetles in loblolly pine logs. Insect Conservation and Diversity 3, 247-251.

60. Vasconcelos, H.L., Pacheco, R., et al., 2009. Dynamics of the Leaf-Litter Arthropod Fauna Following Fire in a Neotropical Woodland Savanna. Plos One 4, 11.

61. Vicente, F., Cesari, M., et al., 2013. The impact of fire on terrestrial tardigrade biodiversity, a first case-study from Portugal. Journal of Limnology 72, 152-159.

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Supplementary material 3.Template of the questionnaire used by the authors to discover the reasons why studies of the fire impacts on soil animals are so seldomly published

Dear Colleague!

Our joint research team consisting of soil ecologists from Sweden and Russia is conducting a survey on the amount of scientific data available on the impact of fire, especially wildfire, on soil ecosystems in the world. Your answers will help us to assess the needs and state of the art of the knowledge on this important problem.

In addition to Your response, we also want to encourage you to distribute this questionnaire to other scientists who you think are dealing with this scientific area. Thanks a lot for your help!We would be extremely grateful if you could fill in the questionnaire save it as an MSWord file, or as a scanned pdf-file, and send it back Dr. Andrey Zaytsev to the following e-mail address: ________________.

Providing your contact details is voluntary. However, we will be happy to acknowledge your help in the potential publication resulting from this survey. Individual answers will not be possible to identify by name in the potential publication based on the results of this survey.

Name_______________________________Position_____________________________Institution____________________________e-mail_______________________________Tel._________________________________Fax_________________________________Years of professional career _____________

Can we contact you back in case we have additional questions?Yes No

Questionnaire

1. Have you ever conducted research on soil fauna affected by fire or wild fires?

Yes No

2. If yes, how many separate studies? (no matter whether they resulted in publications or not) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 more

Note: We would very much appreciate if you also provided the list of publications as the separate file or in the end of the questionnaire.

3. If yes, in which region of the world?

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EuropeAsiaAfricaNorth AmericaSouth AmericaAustralia

3b. Optional: In which geographical areas?__________________________

4. If yes, in which biotopes?

Boreal forestsDeciduous forestsMediterranean scrublands, etc.Temperate grasslandsTropical savannas and grasslandsTropical forestsOther, please specify_________________________

5. If yes, which taxonomic groups of soil living organisms have you studied?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Have you ever published results from your studies?

Yes No

7. How would you characterize your publications? – tick the appropriate cells (please provide for each publication separately)

Abstract in a conference abstract book

Project report

Original research paper in a peer review journal

A review A textbook or a chapter in the thematic book

Other, please specify

Publication 1Publication 2Publication 3Publication 4Publication 5Publication 6Publication 7Publication 8Publication 9

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Publication 10If more, please add lines

8. Have you published all your initial primary material?

Yes No

9. If No, what percentage of primary scientific data have not been published?

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% None

10. What is(are) the reason(s) for not publishing your not yet unpublished data (you may choose more than one)?

- No time to process data- The findings were not very encouraging and not statistically significant- Not enough data- There was a flaw in the design of the study- We ran out of resources/the funding from the project was over- This is a low priority scientific area for me- My co-authors are slow in writing- All or part of data were lost/damaged- Other (please specify)__________________________________- Other 2 (please specify)__________________________________

11. Are you still planning to publish the not yet unpublished data? (choose one)- Definitely Yes, under all circumstances- Yes, but I will need to get more data first- Yes, if I get additional time and resources.- Probably not- Definitely not

12. Are you planning to perform similar studies on fire in the future? (choose one)- Definitely yes- Probably yes, if I get resources (funding and manpower)- Probably not, I have scientific topics of higher priority.- Definitely not

13. Would you be interested to share your unpublished data into a database?

Yes No

14. Other comments if any:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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15. If you like, please provide here the list of your publications related to the impact of wildfires on soil fauna.

Thank you very much for your time and cooperation!

We would appreciate to receive your answers BEFORE ________________

Please send the questionnaire back, preferably in the electronic form (scan or just filled-in Word file) to the e-mail address: _________________

Sincerely yours,

Prof. Janne Bengtsson, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, Uppsala, SwedenDr. Andrey Zaytsev, A.N.Severtsov Institute for Ecology and Evolution, Moscow, Russia.

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Supplementary material 4.List of papers found in the web of Knowledge Database published between 1979 and 2013 (query: forest* and ((“prescribed burn*)” or (“controlled burn*”)) in the title with further selection of papers made by AZ and KG).

1. Abrams, M.D., Johnson, S.E., 2013. The Impacts of Mast Year and Prescribed Fires on Tree Regeneration in Oak Forests at the Mohonk Preserve, Southeastern New York, USA. Natural Areas Journal 33, 427-434.

2. Albrecht, M.A., McCarthy, B.C., 2006. Effects of prescribed fire and thinning on tree recruitment patterns in central hardwood forests. Forest Ecology and Management 226, 88-103.

3. Amacher, A.J., Barrett, R.H., Stephens, S.L., 2011. Observations of Black-Tailed Jackrabbits (Lepus Californicus) Increase within Forests Treated with Prescribed Fire. Southwestern Naturalist 56, 115-118.

4. Anderson, I.C., Bastias, B.A., Genney, D.R., Parkin, P.I., Cairney, J.W.G., 2007. Basidiomycete fungal communities in Australian sclerophyll forest soil are altered by repeated prescribed burning. Mycological Research 111, 482-486.

5. Anning, A.K., McCarthy, B.C., 2013. Long-Term Effects of Prescribed Fire and Thinning on Residual Tree Growth in Mixed-Oak Forests of Southern Ohio. Ecosystems 16, 1473-1486.

6. Aquilani, S.M., LeBlanc, D.C., Morrell, T.E., 2000. Effects of prescribed surface fires on ground- and shrub-nesting neotropical migratory birds in a mature Indiana Oak Forest, USA. Natural Areas Journal 20, 317-324.

7. Artman, V.L., Downhower, J.F., 2003. Wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) nesting ecology in relation to prescribed burning of mixed-oak forest in Ohio. Auk 120, 874-882.

8. Artz, R.R.E., Reid, E., Anderson, I.C., Campbell, C.D., Cairney, J.W.G., 2009. Long term repeated prescribed burning increases evenness in the basidiomycete laccase gene pool in forest soils. Fems Microbiology Ecology 67, 397-410.

9. Bagne, K.E., Purcell, K.L., 2011. Short-Term Responses of Birds to Prescribed Fire in Fire-Suppressed Forests of California. Journal of Wildlife Management 75, 1051-1060.

10. Bai, S.H., Sun, F., Xu, Z., Blumfield, T.J., 2013. Ecophysiological status of different growth stage of understorey Acacia leiocalyx and Acacia disparrima in an Australian dry sclerophyll forest subjected to prescribed burning. Journal of Soils and Sediments 13, 1378-1385.

11. Barden, L.S., Matthews, J.F., 1980. Change in Abundance of Honeysuckle (Lonicera-Japonica) and Other Ground Flora after Prescribed Burning of a Piedmont-Pine-Forest. Castanea 45, 257-260.

12. Bastias, B.A., Anderson, I.C., Rangel-Castro, J.I., Parkin, P.I., Prosser, J.I., Cairney, J.W.G., 2009. Influence of repeated prescribed burning on incorporation of C-13 from cellulose by forest soil fungi as determined by RNA stable isotope probing. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 41, 467-472.

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13. Bastias, B.A., Huang, Z.Q., Blumfield, T., Xu, Z., Cairney, J.W.G., 2006. Influence of repeated prescribed burning on the soil fungal community in an eastern Australian wet sclerophyll forest. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 38, 3492-3501.

14. Beaumont, K.P., Mackay, D.A., Whalen, M.A., 2012. The effects of prescribed burning on epigaeic ant communities in eucalypt forest of South Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 271, 147-157.

15. Bell, T., Oliveras, I., 2006. Perceptions of prescribed burning in a local forest community in Victoria, Australia. Environmental Management 38, 867-878.

16. Bennett, L.T., Aponte, C., Tolhurst, K.G., Loew, M., Baker, T.G., 2013. Decreases in standing tree-based carbon stocks associated with repeated prescribed fires in a temperate mixed-species eucalypt forest. Forest Ecology and Management 306, 243-255.

17. Blake, J.G., 2005. Effects of prescribed burning on distribution and abundance of birds in a closed-canopy oak-dominated forest, Missouri, USA. Biological Conservation 121, 519-531.

18. Blake, J.G., Schuette, B., 2000. Restoration of an oak forest in east-central Missouri - Early effects of prescribed burning on woody vegetation. Forest Ecology and Management 139, 109-126.

19. Boer, M.M., Sadler, R.J., Wittkuhn, R.S., McCaw, L., Grierson, P.F., 2009. Long-term impacts of prescribed burning on regional extent and incidence of wildfires-Evidence from 50 years of active fire management in SW Australian forests. Forest Ecology and Management 259, 132-142.

20. Boerner, R.E.J., 1981. Forest Structure Dynamics Following Wildfire and Prescribed Burning in the New-Jersey Pine Barrens. American Midland Naturalist 105, 320-333.

21. Boerner, R.E.J., Decker, K.L.M., Sutherland, E.K., 2000. Prescribed burning effects on soil enzyme activity in a southern Ohio hardwood forest: a landscape-scale analysis. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 899-908.

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145.Rego, F.C., Bunting, S.C., Barreira, M.G., 1988. Effects of Prescribed Fire on Chamaespartium-Tridentatum ((L)P Gibbs) in Pinus-Pinaster (Aiton) Forests. Journal of Range Management 41, 410-412.

146.Rego, F.C., Bunting, S.C., Dasilva, J.M., 1991. Changes in Understory Vegetation Following Prescribed Fire in Maritime Pine Forests. Forest Ecology and Management 41, 21-31.

147.Ritchie, M.W., Skinner, C.N., Hamilton, T.A., 2007. Probability of tree survival after wildfire in an interior pine forest of northern California: Effects of thinning and prescribed fire. Forest Ecology and Management 247, 200-208.

148.Ryan, K.C., Knapp, E.E., Varner, J.M., 2013. Prescribed fire in North American forests and woodlands: history, current practice, and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11, E15-E24.

149.Ryu, S.-R., Concilio, A., Chen, J., North, M., Ma, S., 2009. Prescribed burning and mechanical thinning effects on belowground conditions and soil respiration in a mixed-conifer forest, California. Forest Ecology and Management 257, 1324-1332.

150.Schelling, L.R., McCarthy, B.C., 2007. Effects of prescribed fire and thinning on the spatial heterogeneity of the seed bank in a mixed oak forest. Natural Areas Journal 27, 320-331.

151.Schurbon, J.M., Fauth, J.E., 2003. Effects of prescribed burning on amphibian diversity in a southeastern U.S. national forest. Conservation Biology 17, 1338-1349.

152.Schwartz, M.W., Heim, J.R., 1996. Effects of a prescribed fire on degraded forest vegetation. Natural Areas Journal 16, 184-191.

153.Schwilk, D.W., Knapp, E.E., Ferrenberg, S.M., Keeley, J.E., Caprio, A.C., 2006. Tree mortality from fire and bark beetles following early and late season prescribed fires in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management 232, 36-45.

154.Shorohova, E., Ignatyeva, O., Kapitsa, E., Kauhanen, H., Kuznetsov, A., Vanha-Majamaa, I., 2012. Stump decomposition rates after clear-felling with and without prescribed burning in southern and northern boreal forests in Finland. Forest Ecology and Management 263, 74-84.

155.Shorohova, E., Kapitsa, E., Vanha-Majamaa, I., 2008. Decomposition of stumps in a chronosequence after clear-felling vs. clear-felling with prescribed burning in a southern boreal forest in Finland. Forest Ecology and Management 255, 3606-3612.

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156.Smith, H.G., Sheridan, G.J., Lane, P.N.J., Sherwin, C.B., 2010. Paired Eucalyptus forest catchment study of prescribed fire effects on suspended sediment and nutrient exports in south-eastern Australia. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, 624-636.

157.Stark, D.T., Wood, D.L., Storer, A.J., Stephens, S.L., 2013. Prescribed fire and mechanical thinning effects on bark beetle caused tree mortality in a mid-elevation Sierran mixed-conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management 306, 61-67.

158.Stendell, E.R., Horton, T.R., Bruns, T.D., 1999. Early effects of prescribed fire on the structure of the ectomycorrhizal fungus community in a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine forest. Mycological Research 103, 1353-1359.

159.Stephens, S.L., Finney, M.A., 2002. Prescribed fire mortality of Sierra Nevada mixed conifer tree species: effects of crown damage and forest floor combustion. Forest Ecology and Management 162, 261-271.

160.Sutton, W.B., Wang, Y., Schweitzer, C.J., 2013. Amphibian and reptile responses to thinning and prescribed burning in mixed pine-hardwood forests of northwestern Alabama, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 295, 213-227.

161.Switzer, J.M., Hope, G.D., Grayston, S.J., Prescott, C.E., 2012. Changes in soil chemical and biological properties after thinning and prescribed fire for ecosystem restoration in a Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir forest. Forest Ecology and Management 275, 1-13.

162.Taber, S.W., Fleenor, S.B., Privette, J.L., 2008. Arthropod abundance following a prescribed burn in the Lost Pines forest of central Texas. Southwestern Entomologist 33, 65-77.

163.Templeton, A.R., Neuwald, J.L., Brazeal, H., Robertson, R.J., 2007. Restoring demographic processes in translocated populations: The case of collared lizards in the Missouri Ozarks using prescribed forest fires. Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution 53, 179-196.

164.Thies, W.G., Westlind, D.J., Loewen, M., 2005. Season of prescribed burn in ponderosa pine forests in eastern Oregon: impact on pine mortality. International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, 223-231.

165.Thomas, T.L., Agee, J.K., 1986. Prescribed Fire Effects on Mixed Conifer Forest Structure at Crater Lake, Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 16, 1082-1087.

166.Tiedemann, A.R., Klemmedson, J.O., Bull, E.L., 2000. Solution of forest health problems with prescribed fire: are forest productivity and wildlife at risk? Forest Ecology and Management 127, 1-18.

167.Trammell, T.L.E., Rhoades, C.C., Bukaveckas, P.A., 2004. Effects of prescribed fire on nutrient pools and losses from glades occurring within oak-hickory forests of central Kentucky. Restoration Ecology 12, 597-604.

168.Tuininga, A.R., Dighton, J., 2004. Changes in ectomycorrhizal communities and nutrient availability following prescribed burns in two upland pine-oak forests in the New Jersey pine barrens. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 34, 1755-1765.

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169.Valliant, N.M., Reiner, A.L., Noonan-Wright, E.K., 2013. Prescribed fire effects on field-derived and simulated forest carbon stocks over time. Forest Ecology and Management 310, 711-719.

170.van der Hoek, Y., Lustenhouwer, I., Jeffery, K.J., van Hooft, P., 2013. Potential effects of prescribed savannah burning on the diet selection of forest buffalo (Syncerus caffer nanus) in Lope National Park, Gabon. African Journal of Ecology 51, 94-101.

171.van Mantgem, P.J., Stephenson, N.L., Knapp, E., Battles, J., Keeley, J.E., 2011. Long-term effects of prescribed fire on mixed conifer forest structure in the Sierra Nevada, California. Forest Ecology and Management 261, 989-994.

172.Vance, E.D., Henderson, G.S., Blevins, D.G., 1983. Non-Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixation in an Oak Hickory Forest Following Long-Term Prescribed Burning. Soil Science Society of America Journal 47, 134-137.

173.Vandermast, D.B., Moorman, C.E., Russell, K.R., Van Lear, D.H., 2004. Initial vegetation response to prescribed fire in some oak-hickory forests of the South Carolina piedmont. Natural Areas Journal 24, 216-222.

174.Vera-Vilchis, V., Rodriguez-Trejo, D.A., 2007. Survival and height increment of Pinus hartwegii two years after prescribed burns and experimental forest fires. Agrociencia 41, 219-230.

175.Verble, R.M., Stephen, F.M., 2009. Occurrence of Carpenter Ants in Ozark Forests in Relation to Prescribed Fire and Stand Variables. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 33, 42-45.

176.Verble, R.M., Yanoviak, S.P., 2013. Short-Term Effects of Prescribed Burning on Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Assemblages in Ozark Forests. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 106, 198-203.

177.Vilen, T., Fernandes, P.M., 2011. Forest Fires in Mediterranean Countries: CO2 Emissions and Mitigation Possibilities Through Prescribed Burning. Environmental Management 48, 558-567.

178.White, D.H., Seginak, J.T., 2000. Nest box use and productivity of Great Crested Flycatchers in prescribed-burned longleaf pine forests. Journal of Field Ornithology 71, 147-152.

179.Williams, R.J., Hallgren, S.W., Wilson, G.W.T., 2012. Frequency of prescribed burning in an upland oak forest determines soil and litter properties and alters the soil microbial community. Forest Ecology and Management 265, 241-247.

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Supplementary material 5.List of publications used to reconstruct time needed for soil macrofauna and carabid beetles catchability and species richness to recover after a forest fire.

1. Baker, S.C., Richardson, A.M.M., Seeman, O.D., Barmuta, L.A., 2004. Does clearfell, burn and sow silviculture mimic the effect of wildfire? A field study and review using litter beetles. For. Ecol. Manag., 199, 433-448.

2. Bezkorovainaya, I.N., Krasnoshchekova, E.N., Ivanova, G.A., 2007. Transformation of soil invertebrate complexes under different intensity surface fires. Izvestia RAS. Ser. Biol. 5, 619-625. (in Russian).

3. Buddle, C.M., Langor, D.W., Pohl, G.R., Spence, J.R., 2006. Arthropod responses to harvesting and wildfire. P. Implications for emulation of natural disturbance in forest management. Biol. Conserv. 128, 346-357.

4. Cobb, T.P., Langor, D.W., Spence, J.R., 2007. Biodiversity and multiple disturbances: boreal forest ground beetle (Coleoptera : Carabidae) responses to wildfire, harvesting, and herbicide. Can. J. For. Res. 37, 1310-1323.

5. Fernandez Fernandez, M.M., Salgado Costas, J.M., 2004. Recolonization of a burnt pine forest (Pinus pinaster) by Carabidae (Coleoptera). Eur. J. Soil Biol.40, 47-53.

6. Gandhi, K.J.K., Spence, J.R., Langor, D.W., Morgantini, L.E., 2001. Fire residuals as habitat reserves for epigaeic beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Staphylinidae). Biol. Conserv. 102, 131-141.

7. Gongalsky, K.B., Midtgaard, F., Overgaard, H., 2006. Effects of prescribed forest burning on carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae): a case study in south-eastern Norway. Entomol. Fenn. 17, 325-333.

8. Gongalsky, K.B., Persson, T., 2013. Recovery of soil macrofauna after wildfires in boreal forests. Soil Biol. Biochem. 57, 182-191.

9. Gongalsky, K.B., Wikars, L.-O., Persson, T., 2008. Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) responses to a forest wildfire in northern Europe. Russ. Entomol. J. 17, 273-282.

10. Holliday, N.J., 1991. Species responses of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) during post-fire regeneration on boreal forest. Can. Entomol. 123, 1369-1389.

11. Kolbe, W., Dorn, K., 1982. Die Auswirkungen eines Waldbrandes auf die Arthropoden-Fauna in Kieferforsten im Raum Brüggen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nematocera (Diptera). Jahresberichte des Naturwissenschaftliches Vereins im Wuppertal. 35, 23-31.

12. Mordkovich, V.G., Berezina, O.G., Lyubechanskii, I.I., Andrievskii, V.S., Marchenko, I.I., 2006. Soil arthropods in post-fire successions of northern taiga of Western Siberia // Sib. Ecol. Zh. 4, 429-437. (in Russian).

13. Niwa, C.G., Peck, R.W., 2002. Influence of prescribed fire on carabid beetle (Carabidae) and spider (Araneae) assemblages in forest litter in southwestern Oregon. Env. Entomol. 31, 785-796.

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14. Saint-Germain, M., Larrivée, M., Drapeau, P., Fahrig, L., Buddle, C.M., 2005. Short-term response of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to fire and logging in a spruce-dominated boreal landscape. For. Ecol. Manag. 112, 118-126.

15. Samu, F., Kádár, F., Ónodi, G., Kertész, M., Szirányi, A., Szita, É., Fetykó, K., Neidert, D., Botos, E., Altbäcker, V., 2010. Differential ecological responses of two generalist arthropod groups, spiders and carabid beetles (Araneae, Carabidae), to the effects of wildfire. Community Ecology. 11, 129-139.

16. Spires, S., Bendell, J.F., 1983. Early postfire effects on some invertebrates, small mammals and birds in north-central Ontario, in: Wein R.W., Riewe R.R., Methren I.R. (Eds) Resources and dynamics of the boreal forest. Assoc. Can. Univ. Northern Studies, Ottawa, pp. 308-318.

17. Tuoyama, Y., 1999. Ecological effect of reforestation on the postfire succession of carabid fauna. Edaphologia. 62, 1-9.

18. Villa-Castillo, J., Wagner, M.R., 2002. Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) species assemblage as an indicator of forest condition in northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests Env. Entomol. 31, 242-252.

19. Winter, K., Schauermann, J., Schaeffer, M., 1980. Sukzession von Arthropoden in verbrannten Kieferforsten. I. Methoden und allgemeiner Überblick. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt. 99, 324-340.

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