Arne Naess - The Primacy of the Whole

8/14/2019 Arne Naess - The Primacy of the Whole

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@ TheUnitedNations niversity,981Printedn JapantstsN92-808-0326-3tssN 0379-57il

HOLISM ND ECOLOGY

HSDRGPID-61/UNUP-326

Arne NaessndDaniloDolciArne NaessProfessor,nstitute f PhilosophyUniversity f OsloOslo3, NorwayDaniloDolciCentroStudi niziatvePartinicoPalermo,taly ."'ApuM"


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Thesewo papers y Arne Naess ndDaniloDolciwereoriginally resentedo the EDA (Environment,Debate,Action) Conference n the Environment,Beatenberg, witzerland, 8 Septembero I October1978. GPIDcontr ibuted o the conferencee.9.,hrough he participation ndcooperation f GeorgeAseniero,MichelChevalier, ohanGaltung,and MonicaWemegahl hich, unfortunately,did not resultin a publication. Deepgratitude sexpressedo the EDA Foundation'sGeneralSecretary,Kaj Dessau,and o the two authors or givingpermissiono reproduceheir papersn this fsrm asa contribution othe GPID hinking on ecology,whereholismwould be he key concept.Geneva,anuary1981 JohanGaltung

This paper sbeingcirculated n a pre-publicationorm to elicit comments rom readers ndgeneratedialogue n the subjectat this stage f the research.


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CONTENTS

The Pr imacy of the i ,Jhole - Arne NaessI . From the Whole Towards Five Points

I I . The F ive P o in t s Taken S eoa ra te l yI I I . Conc lus ion

Ttre Wor ld as a Creature of Creatures - Dani lo Dolc i

It2

1CI J


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THE PRIMACYOF TTIEVIIIOIE

Naessrn'e


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FROI{ T'llE r,',HOLE Oi,/ARDS IVE POINTS

In the ind.ustlia"l states envlronnental concerns are increasingl.ybeing felt as threat,s to enployment and economic g.'owth. Rsen someenvilonmentalists have annor-rnced.hat 'rthe ecological- waver? s spent.I would rather say that such waves are growing, but that the ccntj-nu-ed- pclicy of econom:-cgrowth generates irrcreasing toughness ofresistance against thcse waves. r, , Ihenighting this resistance cne ofthe many assets woul-d. e a cl-ear grasp of the phi loscphical issuesinvolved. Cira; l{e of economic pol icy requires change of vafuepriorities. \,Ihat foll"ows are some conclusions I have reached andtried to substantjate ther-,ret ical ly in various pubicat ions and ex-pressec. practically in various environrqentaf actions. The conclusionsare shared by a smail but active minority.In what fol-lcws I try to outline a fundamental- r+ay of thinking whichis implicit in some of the contemporarlr approaches to environmentalproblems. First, a tendency to think in terrns of forms or field-srather than things and. atoms. Second, an effort to rrnderstand. theparticuiars in the light of more comprehensive particulars or -rrholes(not the sane as generalit ies). Third., there is arr tranjmal l ibera-ti-onrr movement, orrmore generally, an increase of solid,arity nithcther species and l-ife as a r+hol-e, ultimately with cur planet as awhole. Fourth, an increased respect and love of Nature resulting inreinvestment of s,rme of the religious feel-ings which characterLzemarr1r on-industria l societies. Spinozar s thinking in terus of "Goc[or faturef is here relevant. Fifth, the tend.ency to act throughchange of life style and. through participaticn in social and.political nork in favour of basic environment val-ues.

1 .


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I T . THE FIVE PO]NTS TAKn{ SEPARATELY

GestaJ-t-thinking. no*t atomisni The most elenentary ilfustration oflife'as gestalts rather than as things among things is that of thethree points on the bl-ackboard- or in the land-scape: we see the threetogether as a form, a structure, a tr iangle, with propert ies thatcarnot be reconstructed, i f ve try to I 'eddrrthe propert ies of eachpoint abstracted from the inrned.iately-given wholeness of the J-point-gestalt. A human being is not an organisrn with an environment, or aspirit imprisoned in a material worl-d., but an everchangin g whole fromwhich we abstract such concents.The gestalt is not a thing, and. the rel_ation between higher-ord.er,more complex gestalts and. the lsss sonplex is not that of a biggercontainer or heap to the smal-lerA melod-y which, atomically consid.ered., consists of 6 tones insuccession changes signif icantly i f the order of succession is altered-.Of the l1 possible alterat ions, nearly al l d-estroy the melody, thatis the whole, or more exactl-y the gestaJt, constituting the melod-yitself . On the other hand, the melody can be piayed by huad.red_sofinstruments and. orchestrations. The pitch can be a1tered., and. agreat variety of other variables, without altering the id.entity ofthe nelod.y. But as a piece of music, that is, as a l-or*er ord-ergestalt contained- in definite higher ord.er gestalts, _t changes.The rrparts'r of the richer or more semplex gestalt are determined. bythe vhole - to a r.rcrtcr or smrl er extent (Wertheiner). I f the

rfgestalttt is not any longer written with capital G: athat gestalt thinking geb to be faniliar.1. The te::ngood, signc


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piece of music is a national anthem, i t acquires very d. ist inct newqual i t ies due to being contained in a gestal t of st i l l higher order,those of national synbols and-rites. These again are parts of waysof l i fe and of to tal- cul tures.Applied- to environrnental problems, gestalt thinking inrnediatelyr e c o s i z e s t h e ; - * ^ - + ^ * ^ ^ ^ f l j f e a n d . b e h a V i O U f q n ^ a c i n a n n * r 2 g f ,[ r l / v r u 4 r v E v f r f E 4 r u u c i r o v r v u P d v g f , f I u u I I u Ito physicaf arrd geog:raphical space. Humanbeings carurot be separated.fron gestalts comprising their body and its physical environment.The genesis of selfhood- and self-respect d-ependsupon formation ofgestal ts such as tthomettas contrasted. with mere I 'houset ' , " forestt tand "f iel-d-rras contrasted. with mere mult ipl ic i ty of trees and-grass.The gestalts r?brid-gein landscape" artd 'rland-scape with brid.gerf may beexperienced as beautiful and having other positive qualities whichenvironmentafists gladly acknowled.ge, but the gestalt of the land.-scape without any brid-ge or formid.able technical structure is ex -treme-lw different. One of ou-T concerns is the banal fact that thelatter kind. tend- to be exti-nct in our ind.ustrial cor:ntries.

"To get deep into a wood-'r s a gestalt that vanishes with roads an dmechanical transportation. -A.tonistic reasoning measures d,eepnessin kil-oneters. Conbined with narrovly anthropocentric uti l i tarian-ism rre get the wood- ull of big road-s with all kind,s of "facilities?'and I tserv ices t t .

The ad.vent of agriculture changed landscape gestalts consid.erablyover vast a"Teas of the earth. But people worked- and. lived vith theland. in an intimate way. Gestalts comprised r, 'ork relations.Characteristic of the d.estruction of gestalts d.ue to commercial tour-ism is the d.own-grad,ng of their conplexity arrd ord.er until mereesthetica and, entertainment aspects renain. Life in the mountainsas hr:lters and gatherers degenerated. into anthropocentric t'conquests"of mor:ntaj-ns. Sherpa feasts in honour of mountains cha.nged ntostultifying acclain of their subd.uers.


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one of the great ains of tod-ay is the establishment of ecological-]ysane llays of life in nature, which again implies the reestabishnentof work, not nere recuperat ion or sport, in complex natu-ral sett ings.The wcrd.s for the highest ord-er, most inclusive gestat , i f there ca-nbe said to be somethrng l ike that, are mJry "cosmosrr, "the ult inatewhole" , r tNature?w i th cap i ta l N .

Thinking from the more comprehensive to the less.hrvironrnental action requires real-istic assessment of facts and. forces,bui the more comprehensive fra.rnework of action, the better. Th egestalts huaan being / environment or society / envronment belorig tothe l-crrrorder gestalts i+hich rnay block the way to more comprehensivea.nd" .eep perspectives. 'tHowmuch further d.evelopment can the envron-ment sustain?" exenpl i f ies questions of the narrow ki ird. The properframework, as fal 'as f can uad-erstand, is al-ways the whole, cosmos orItNature vith capital N". As a point of depalture resources are notresou-rces for h-rrman onsurnpiion, but r:esources for l-iving beings ofevery kind-. A pollution s a resource at a lrr.ong place for a farmer,possibl-y at the r:ight place for a rat. - Bit-r-spherical egalitarianismaccepts a general r ight to l ive and blossom. some interests arehuman interests, others are not. Contrad.ictions abound-, some heathy,some morbid-.H'.:man ature is such thatrgiven favourabl-e cond-itions of development,we identify and. feel- solid,arty vith all l-ife forns. 'rherefore r,renot only talk of human natura.l resources but d.istj-nguish betweenresources of each species of aninal-s and. pi-alts. The conflictinginterests are of course legion arrd at feast in the foreseeable fucuremost are irreducible. The basic reso-rces of naarqr ind,s of wad.i_ngbird"s are severely red"uced if the plan to build. a centre for thedisposal of nucl-ear vaste at Gorreben (Gernany) is realized. Thearea is on northern Europers most imporbant wet land.s. consid.er-ing that the consumption of enerry in the overd.eveloped. countries isout of touch with basic need.s, some ecological pol icy impl ies rejec-tion of the plan. rn areas of human fanine arrd.enerry shortage,


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confl ict ing rescurce interests necessitaie sol-ut ions - at leasttenporarily - in favour of the hunan species.in the North sea f 'cremation?' of l iv ing bird-s goes on on a vast scal-ebecause of ' the attract ion of the f i re from gas cutlets during nights.Here again sanity implies a change of tectrrology, but the preoccupa-t ion with more "nressing" problems ead.s to inhurnan poi icies toward.fel-low beings. And in the service of an enerry consumption that d.oesnot serve basic human, or other, values.lhe age of ' twa-r ' against certain insects is not over. On thecontra:ar, it might be intensj-fiec1 consid.ering the vast sufferingof mammalso or instance catt l -e, from certain parasites. The near-ness to us antl the sensit iv i ty of the mammals usti f ies ki l l ing ofinsects on a large sca.le tod,ay. rn the distant future such war:s ca nperhaps be avoid.ed, bui the vays humans make use of their intel-lectualresorrrces suggest ihat ecol-ogical pol icies wil l remain cruel, crudeand.wasteful for: a l-onE tirne.Narr:or+jng d.own he perspective we acknowled.ge the special rightsand d.uties of hr:mans: each of us has more d.uties towards ou-r nearesrfanily and friends than toward-s felf ow humans in general , ancl moreduties towards our oldn society than toward.s others. hrtreme suffer-ing or inequal i ty in distr ibut ion of resources may, however, forceus to reach far out , far al/ay geographically or in terms of speci-es.We have a d-uty not io indrrce rats through stupid. allocation of vasteto nult p1y in a way detrimentaf to "us". The principle of bio-spherical egaiitarianis::o has as one of its implications the egali-tariani-sm of cultures an soc-Leties, humans and- non-hunan. Cul_turesaxe nor^/destr:oyed through lack of respect and und.erstanding - and bymeans of what today corresponds to the gtass-pearls at the t . ime ofLivingstone, easy mcney, industr ial izat ion, commercial tourism.Nature with capital N and bio-spherical egalitarianism are tod.ay byimportant sections within the lead.ership of the workersr rrnions con-


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sid-ered- o be romantic moonshine, or rather, beieved to be soconsid-ered"arnong he workers. But this is a fal-se belief . I,r/hatmore conect is to say that workers on the whole try to adapt tolife in an environment of poor quality, and. therefore try to keepsuch thoughts and feelings at safe distance.T m n i n j f - n + h n o l i e i e s o f m o f l e r n w e l f a r e c o m m u n i t i e s \ , f e f i n d t h euti l i tarian principle rr ihe greatest happiness of the greatest m:mberrt.Applied. to all sentient beings a more realistic maxim is "thesmallest suffering to the smallest number'r. The largely uncontrolledexpansion of the hur nan species (nuch to the detriment of itself) nascreated. a movement in favour of minimizing the intense sufferings offel l -ow beings, whatever the species.Agains t the r renera] - i -zed" ut i l i ta r ia .n nr i ne in le an, l tho n lnqo l r r -o la ted-bio-spherical egalitarianism two objections are raised. by those whohave not yet acquainted. themselves with their exact meaning:They lead. to absurd, consequences: for instance,that we should, let every species nultiply whateverthe consequences to humans and to other species.Wild. l i fe rtmanagementttwould- be prohibited.

That only the nost fanatj-ca1 nature r+orshippersr+ould-agree to such principles.Answering the fir:st object ion i t is most convenient to point toutilitarian policies since Bentharn: they have been complex and. fu1lof c onpromises. The sarne s, and vi l l be, in the case of the moregeneral principles. The ofd. ru}es imply dif ferences in priori t ies:the near have priority over the distant. Family over frienils,suffering in own nation over suffering j-n other nations. Sone wil-1ad,d.own race over other races. Ethically most of the priority rulescarr be justified" in terms of power to help: rrreaxe supposed. to havemost potentialities in our intimate life with our nearest. \,Ie lcnovbetter their needs, our duties are clearer and stronger. In short:the general, abstract principles do not wcrk in a vacuum, but in asocial framework. The general. principles introd-uce wid.ening concepts6 .

l_ sd


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of society" fhis is the clear tendency in the moclern rrmanagementilof wofves, bears, eagles arrd.certain other high status mammals and-bird-s of Scand-inavia. Their "rights" eu:e safeguarded to a largeextent - sometines tc the d.etriment of interests of humans, sheepand certain other species. (fne sheepovners fu11y agree that car-nivores should. not be externinated )As to the second. objection, all- abstract and general principles seemat the first glance to l -ead- o fanaticism, i f fol loved str ict ly. Butthe very fi:nction of such maxims is to operate in conjulction rrith asystem of norms and.hypotheses. I'Do not d.o to others rrhat you nould.not l-ike others to do to yo':rsel-f 'r is a good mle of thrmt', butoperating al-one it would- lead to absurdities. If high up in themountains we need to find, a place to the north of us, a compass mayhelp, but not if rre only use its ind.ication when we take the nexts r e p .Humans still- try to exte::rninate rats through poison and other meanswhich sometimes are highly painful to these sensitive marnmals.Experts tell people that the erad.ication of 9fl" of rats at a certainlocality does not prevent the place from being overrun after a shortwhile. The way to approach the problem is to change garbage policyand take certain minimum precautions when build-ing houses. Wiserat management turns rats into interesting fel-lorr beings. On th evho1e, genuine interest based on solidarity vith l i fe forns is thefi::m basis of getting rid- of pests and unnecessaJ1r, intense suffer-j-- rrtrr; 1^+^-^inst natu.rert is one of the most ill-conceived humanr r i . r L t Lu


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one must remember, ho'*ever, that the word" ttnaturetrhas, at least,half a dozen different corrnotations. one, in the terrninolog_ca]tradition of lesca'tes-Bacon-Hege1-Marxrconcentrates on th eobptacles erperienced. when hr:-nans ry to utiLize rnaterials fo rsati-sfying basic need.s. To transport lrater from a wet to an arid.zone is a fight against "nature" accord,ing to this way of speaking.The wond-erful amount cf water in ilre vet zone anc the ,n".o"llor."fertility of soil in the arid do of course not count as a. ricirnessand- gift of "naturer in this sense.spinozats. "leus sive Natura', a:rd active rrnd.erstand.ing. Goethe aridothers within the European trad.it ion vho erperience Nature in a largeand" d-eep sense tenc to aclcrowled-ge spinoza as the supreme articufa_t ion of that e4lerience. spinoza, in turn, has some roots in theNear East and. Far East trad-ton of 'roneness vith the whole,r and ofsoft interaction with everything: fellow humans, animalsrplalts, and.the gestal ts they are abstracted. from. Rut spinoza has also rootsin the ind-ivid-ualistic and. acti-vistic renaissance, and. in the westernnatural sci-ence trad.i-t ion. His basic notion of -understand.inE(lntell igere) presupposes action and knowled.ge as a 'nity. \dr:at weund-erstand. reveafs itself only in and. through actlon when this word.is taken in a broai l sense. scienti f ic growt]r s, to take 4n s;1ample;on-y grol 'rth of uld-erstand.ing if and as ma:rifested- in action, ind.ivid.-ual- or col-l-ective. There is no lcrowled-ge in archives and. l ibraries.Hi-s I'und-erstanding love of Goo" (@) is througnhi-s famous equation "God or Nature" (leus sive ltratura), und.ersiand,_ing of Na.bure through active interaction with particulars, not vaguegenera] understarrding. He points to the possibitity of regainngsome of the holiness and integrity in our dealings'wi_th that whichis greater than oursel-ves. He in a way puts God into nature an dthis inplies that we rift the usuar concept of nature (with itscoro1lary, the'rf ight against, a'cr conquest of, nature") up to ahigher l-evei, the all-embracing nhole, Nature with capital- N. Hisnotion cf rLove of God.r ' is equ.ivalent to his notion of 'God.rs l_ove,,of us. substi tut ing "Nature" for lrGod' we arrive at a noticn ofNaturers love of us utterly incompatible r+ith the i l ]usion ofopposition of cultr:re and nature and of the "fighi' against natr:.re.


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So much about Spinoza. There areart iculat:-on of basic intui t ions. of cor:rse other d.eep sources ofArt iculat ion is not the mostinportant, however: marrJrwho never heard" of and real_l_y do not need.to hear abouL Spinoza nevertheless share his kind of intui t iveconception of Nature. a^nd- eriously vish io a.ct nore in conformitywith it. IIow can cond.iticns be rna.d.e ore favorable for tiris to bepract icable?To f ind ou-l pl-ace on the l-ong front of a.ctton. 'Jnf'ori.unately', thereis a suspicion that global thinking, in the way sugges+"edabovL', isincompatible vith doing a concrete job sonewhere aiong the immensefront of environmental action. But the slogan I'Gl-obal tLrinking,local- act ion" expresses not only the compatibi l r ty, but even thenecessity of a combination. We have in our inid-st colieagues whoselife style is formet. in harmony with that slogan. Others were no tabl-e to come to this meeting just because of their local preoccupa-tions. If they came, their a'btention r+oul-d.rresistibJ-y be d_raurrtoward.s the grave envi-ronmental problems facj-ng the morrntain peasantsworking outsid.e the wind.ows of o'+r comfortable conference build.ing.One place along the front may perhaps be characterized. by effortsto connect more closely the phi losophicai, art ist ic and rel igiousenvironmental thinking irith concrete environmental campaigns andact ions .

o


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I ] I . CONCLUSION

The above suggests that unecological thinking is thinking in termsof sectors and aspects rather than in terms of hierarchies of wholes.The notto of rny address might therefore have been ,The primacy ofwholest ' rather than ?'fhe primacy of the wholerr. But the basicsentiment in the environrLental struggle, r think, is that of respecifor an ul-timate whol-e or reafity embracing all of us here, andinf ini tely more.

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THE WORLDAS A CREATUREOF CREATUF.ES

Danilo Dol-ci


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The ear th is becoming one ci ty; i tsBut most human beings are not awaredevelop an organic terrest ia l c i ty ,n { - c n nmmr rn 'i ir r

continents are neighborhoods.of this, and rather than* . ho r r l - oon qnr r . m - inm h r l ' n r f -i n ne r r u J a l u u y u y a w r l r l l 4 I d r r u l u l v r t

new

L t r r r m ^ n c r . ' ' i + h + 1 ^ i r i m n n r r o r i e h o ' i m - m i n . l - ' i n n . n A nurLals, wr- ,Jr r,re,, --..^y . -Lilragl-rraLroru Jlu lnollslrous presump-tion, cannot see or ulderstand how flower upon flower evolves in thef ie lds--hor izontal ly , ver t ica l ly , spher ical ly , in the most var iegated.cornbinations--and allows even the smallest fl-ower to breathe an dthr ive in inf in i te ways. We ih ink Chicago is real l -y a ci ty, notreal- i .z ing the iray f lowers arrange their t 'urban centers ' r is more' i n { - o l l - i s o n t i h r n ^ . . r n i * r r n l o n n - i r, uua' ur. uJ IJI i l r-urrng.

Anbience, environment: what does i t mean? We say i t is what"surrounds" us--but who is it rnade for? Devoid of inragination andpresumptuous, man thinks he is ther rmeasure of al l things"--not justone of the measures.T r r r i n c r t n n n n r t o - i r r - ? - l i * r r r . r ' n a 7 6 1 r r 1 / o n r o q q n n n f I f o n r n


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- rn a certain sense, i t is not possible to conceive an absoluterrthou'r: we shoul-d.not have skin that is a wa1l.-There is no life without breathing in and. out: together.

can be near.can be far.

-Uhatlihat

is fa ris near

-worse than machine-guns or bombs, the instruments of those whohave given up totally, is the externination d.onewhen we impoverishour imagination, resi5gr ourselves to waste, ciespair.-fhe creatr.re must never yield to the flood of events, never l-ethinsel-f be erod-ed-and. swept away.- Do not be a corrnterfei t of the past: you cannot resist byini tat ins.-Cosmic caruribalism shocks us only in plain view.-Cosmic incest shocks us only in plain vier,r.

-The creature blossoms generating a new creatr:re.-Do not be a t ick: conjoin, confecund.ate.-lfe must learn how to see

forked, and. intersecting,time: paths through the living earth,ar:e full of bound.less pitfalls.

things crunbl-e: if sight performsFragmented visj-on makesv iv isec t ions , i t k i l - l s .

-The fragnentrs search for vays to resist fragnenting is attemptto become creature (some have cal- led" i t love).

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-To integrate is unity: but which unity? lJhat way of integrating?-f,ooking d"isintegrates into infinite eyes: sometimes the vaves of

c a o i n c o o d a o n o r i n i n d a n t h s -e E s r r r 6 v u v v y e &

-Listening is fra4nented i-n end-less islands of ears: sornetimes thewaves of hearing go deeper into d.epths.

-I t is too late to be attendant to the inf ini te births: invent anew creature by sowing breath: by changing the matrices of h.istory.

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Darrilo Dolci was born in }lorthern rtaly, n L)2Q. with a 'promisingfuturet in architecture ahead of him, he d.ecidecl o l-eave the pro_fession, a.d become inr,'olved in work more basic than urban plarrningor buifding d-esign. After participating in cornmr:nity living experi_ments, he moved', in r9i2, to ?rappeto, then on to part inico (bcttrtowns in western sici ly). with the ]ocal popr.rrat ion, mostly peasantsand fishermenr he helped ini t iate a series of communal ,,reseachesrrwith a view to a'alyzing the real need.s cf the area and its possiblecourses of act ion.rn 1957, the center for stu.d-ies and. nit iat ives was set into motion.Having conceived- it through in-d-epth discussions about waste ofenergr a'd reso,rces and the vital issue of r.memplo;rment, the focalpeople decided- together not to adopt external models but to d-iscoverliving roots of dever-opment in the ind-igenous culture. with aprograrn of non-violent actons, they exerted press.ure on the rtaliangovernment to build a large dam on the Jato River,This first dan provid-ed- leverage for structuraf change. The peopiej-nvolved- were calreful to have the water distributed d"emocratically--not as the Mafia d-ictated,. Tc get water at a fair price, thepeasants gradually organized, makj-ng themselves the democratic alter-native to the old Mafia power-block. ( l r ter this dam ras operatrng,the inhabitants of l lestern siciJ-y proposed the bui lding of erevenmore d-ams. Their proposal lras accepted. by regional and federar_authorities as part of the rgTB plan to reclaim this earthquake-r idden area and to d.evelop the new conception of a ,rterr i torial_c i t y " . )The local peop-e were al-so successful in blocking the constnrct ionof an oil -refinery i,n casterr-ama-reBay--inspite of heavy pressrlresof near-sighted' power-gf:oups (poriticaf parties and unions incrud.ed)to have it bui l t .


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The ongoing work to d-evelop the area involves the stud.y and uti l iza-tion of the most d-iversified. natrrral and.human resources: once burnecl+ ^ ^ - l a n r I o n , ' l , . r n n d l . . l i r r a a l m n - A n - r ^ h ' i a m ^ n ^ - o - o o l i c n n r ^ r n . r tU V U I g @ I J A I U , w U U u \ U l I v E t A f r l r v l l u , v r i l V U t f , E l l . I , W L d l i o v ) r I I U W P U Uto cther uses by ski l led" art i .sans; the musical- trad"i t ions are beingn r c s e r v e d : n d r o v i t a l i z c r l : n o L r o x n e r i m e n t r l m e t h o c | s i n e d u c a t i o n a r e" / " , \being appl ied (by the Training Center at Trappeto and Mirto); arid^ ^ ^ - ^ - ^ + " ^ ^ ^ - ' r - ^ ^ ^ ^ - ^ L ^ ^ - . + ^ - s a r e c o n r n i t t e d - o e v a l r r a t i n r a n dv v P g u v g D 4 f q r g g ( i l u r l u g t t u c r D l a g v v l t u t t a u u g uput t ing to good use aspects of l -oca. l c l - ima. te and cul ture.

p L t . i ^ , - ^ - 1 " - , . f w r r v @ } / f r J .

Jus t in V i t ie l lo is- , . L l - i ^ ^ + . i ^ - ^ l + 1 , . ^P u v I i v A U f V f J : U f I 9

-S i c i l i an S to r ies

resnnnsi r ' le fnr t l r c fnr ihnnmi nc" Amer i-canfol lowing vorks of lani lo Dolc j - :

/ L . o - o . . 1 o I q q a l f - a v n r o q q i n n q r ' \.- *1o analysl-s/-Creature of Crea. t r : res lnoet-v l tY ": 1-n"pe"iences "na Hefl* (documentation and- theory)

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Arne Naess - The Primacy of the Whole