ARENA 2005 DESY-ARENA 2005 DESY-ZeuthenZeuthen

Conference Summary19 May 2005

John LearnedUniversity of Hawaii

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

2

General Comments

• Heroic times for radio and acoustic, a renaissance… will grand discoveries follow?

• Adventurous field: dangerous for careers perhaps, but opportunities, and a great training ground for students.

• Build on successes of optical Cherenkov in IMB, Kam, SuperK -> SN1987A & muon neutrino oscillations.

• Long campaign of Baikal, DUMAND-US, AMANDA, NESTOR, ANTARES, and NEMO ->ICECUBE… (+KM3?) Soon to bear fruit.

• We had all better wish ICECUBE great success!• Amazingly all highest energy Nu limits from radio and acoust!!• Limits easier than discoveries… knowing what you saw is vital.• But no UHE discoveries yet, though… no Xterr nus.. Danger;

lessons of HE and VHE Gamma Ray Astron.• Seek bread and butter results, ties to particle physics, creative

funding.• International cooperation vital and natural.

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

3

Several Random Comments on History

adding to earlier remarks here and at RADHEP

• M. A. Markov & Frederick Reines – great stimulators of neutrino physics (and nucleon decay….), roles perhaps underappreciated.

• Mistakes often forgotten… early acoust overestimate, other acoustic mechanisms with large output… progress is a crooked path. Amusing how wrong results can initiate later successes.

• Some positive surprises: water and ice transparency >> thought in 1980’s.

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

4

Requirements for UHE Rare Particle Detection

• Need natural targets, natural radiation mechanisms, detection at large impact parameter

• Aevent ~ (Λtransverse)2 = (Λatten/θ)2

• MethodsParticle SamplingParticle Sampling

Fluorescence/ScintillationFluorescence/Scintillation

Optical CherenkovOptical Cherenkov

Radio CherenkovRadio Cherenkov

Radio Geo-SynchrotronRadio Geo-Synchrotron

Thermo-Acoustic RadiationThermo-Acoustic Radiation

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

5

Project Summary

• So many projects and talks at this meeting, cannot cover all in short summary…. Apologies.

• See many wonderful talks on ARENA web.

• Many starting, a few physics results…

• See following table…

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

6

Methods & Projects for UHE Particle DetectionMedium/Medium/

MechanismMechanismAtmosAtmos Water, Water,

Ocean/LakeOcean/LakeDeep IceDeep Ice Salt DomesSalt Domes Lunar Lunar

RegolithRegolithBulk Earth/Bulk Earth/

MoonMoon

Particle Particle SamplingSampling

EAS EAS Arrays… Arrays… AUGERAUGER

IMB, Kam, IMB, Kam, SKSK

xx xx ???? CWI, KGF,…CWI, KGF,…

Fluor/ScintFluor/Scint Fly’s Eye, Fly’s Eye, HiRes, TA,HiRes, TA, ASHRA,ASHRA, EUSOEUSO

xx xx x?x? xx xx

Opt CherenkovOpt Cherenkov Mt. Mt. Hopkins,…,Hopkins,…,

HESS, HESS, ASHRA, ASHRA, MAGICMAGIC, …, …

Baikal,Baikal, DUMAND, DUMAND, NESTOR, NESTOR, ANTARES, ANTARES, NEMONEMO

AMANDA,AMANDA, ICECUBEICECUBE

???? xx xx

Radio Radio CherenkovCherenkov

?? xx RICE,RICE, Forte,Forte, ANITAANITA

SALSA-RSALSA-R GLUE, GLUE, Kalyazin,Kalyazin, WesterbrkWesterbrk

LORDLORD

xx

Radio Geo-Radio Geo-SynchSynch

LOPES, LOPES, CODALEMACODALEMA

AUGER+AUGER+

xx xx xx xx xx

Acoustic Acoustic RadiationRadiation

xx SADCOSADCO,, SAUND, SAUND, ACORNE, ACORNE, NEMO, NEMO, BaikalBaikal

ICECUBE-AICECUBE-A SALSA-ASALSA-A xx (Seismic)(Seismic)

????

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

7

Physics Simulations

• Great progress in all areas (GEANT4 + Corsika)… but much to do for solids both acoustic and radio.

• Highest energies still not well handled. Computing time. LPM. (Dedenko made nice hybrid).

• Time domain in radio needed.• Need studies of HEP potential… crossections,

flavor separation, composition….• Have lab demos for radio, need work on acoust.• HE Physicists need to learn to deal with analogue

signals… interesting new options in signal processing

• (Engineers need to learn about non-CW signals).

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

8

Detector Technology

• Much progress in radio antennas, work ongoing… still some black magic.

• Ongoing problem due to our special need for impulse response devices.

• Piezoelectric technology well developed by military & oil industry… commercial devices available. Use it.

• Interesting options with fiber optics (Trono).

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

9

On Site Simulators & Calibrators

• Pingers (bulbs) and transmitters (sparkers) easy, but shower simulation is not.

• Sadly, no physics benchmark.• Shower simulators under development for

acoust (zapper, laser).• Need ideas for ice/salt radio (accel in

hole ?). • Cross calibrate in radio EAS applications.

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

10

Media Properties

• Need work in all areas…• Radio in ice ~ good, lots of variation in

salt measurements, but probably OK.• Acoust well known in water, but ice

mostly theory.• More work needed in accounting for

variable index of refraction, in simulations.

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

11

Radio Atten in Salt- lots of spread

Chiba

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

12

Acoustic absorption in ocean

Pure water absorbs due to its viscosity.

In sea water, a pressure wave shifts chemical equilibrium

between a molecule and ions, taking energy from wave:

B(OH)3 = B3+ + 3 OH-

(relaxation freq. ≈ 1 kHz)

MgSO4 = Mg2+ + SO42-

(relaxation freq. ≈ 100 kHz)

water+ B(OH)3

+ MgSO4

water +MgSO4

water

abs

orp

tivity

[dB

/km

]

Frequency [Hz] Price

Ulrich

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

13

Summary of Acoustic predictions for ice and NaCl

scatt abs

104 Hz 3x104 Hz 104 Hz 3x104

Hz

Ice (D=0.2 cm) 1650 km 20 km 8-12 km 8-12 km

NaCl (D=0.75 cm) 120 km 1.4 km 3x104 km 3300 km

1. Clay, liquid inclusions, and anhydrite in salt domes dominate

scattering and absorption.

2. Scattering in salt domes is worse than in South Pole ice because

grain size is larger (geometric rather than Rayleigh).

3. In ideal salt, absorptivity would be far lower than in ice; in real salt it

will be worsened by heterogeneities.

4. Must measureMust measure scatt and abs in South Pole ice and salt domesPrice

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

14

Predicted depth (temperature)-dependent ice acoustic absorption at

~10 kHz

In simulation, integrate over

absorption from source to receiver

See P.B. Price’s talk: absorption frequency-independent but

temperature (depth)-dependent

Vandenbroucke

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

15

Ocean Acoustic Arrays Can Compete

not optimized yet

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

16

Acoustic Detection Needs

• Need acoustic noise levels in ocean versus depth, direction.

• Realistic ocean propagation modelling.• Survey of promising locations in ocean (deep,

calm, salty, warm surface, possibility to work below reciprocal depth).

• Acoustic absorption and scattering in ice and salt, measured in situ.

• Study of shear wave production in salt and ice.• Investigate use of surplus telephone (fiber)

cables for a mid-ocean array.

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

17

LOPES@KASCADE-GrandeHeino Falcke

KASCADE: ~250 electron & muon scintillator detector hutsLOPES10: 10 radio antennas KASCADE Grande: expansion of KASCADE (red dots)

… KASCADE

KASCADE Grande

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

18

LOPES Summary & Conclusions

Heino Falke

• LOPES works, the geosynchrotron effect is real

• Radio is a faithful tracer of air showers• Radio gives very good energy

information and arrival directions.• Inclined showers: Excellent prospects for

composition studies and neutrino hunting

• Next steps: Argentina, Moon

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

19

Westerbork Proposed Experimentnext 5 slides from Jose Bacelar

Use Westerbork radio observatoryAdvantages:

• 117-175 MHz band• 25 m diameter dishes• 5 degree field of view• 12-14 coincident receivers• 100 hour observation time• 40 M samples/sec (PuMa2)• Polarization information

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

20

Results of calculations for cosmic rays:

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

21

Results of calculations for neutrinos:

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

22

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

23

Published limitsRice,GLUE,FORTE

Calc. limits GLUE

Predicted limits45 days ANITA

Calc. limits100 hours Westerbork

Theoretical predictionsActive galactic nucleiAstro.Phys.3(96)295

GZK induced fluxPhys.Rev.D64(04)93010

Topological defectsAstroPhys. J. 479(97)547

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

24

Strong refraction in firnAcoustic: upward Radio: downward [D. Besson]

Signals always bend toward minimum propagation speed, but:Sound abhors vacuum [c =0]

Radio adores vacuum [c = 3e8 m/s]

Vandenbroucke

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

25

Ice Optical, radio, acoustic independent effective volumes

Preliminary!

Vandenbroucke

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

26

Conclusion

• Wonderful level of activity in AR detection.• New ideas, ranging from deep ice and salt,

to earth and sky.• Exciting rapid progress in radio EAS• Much work to do in studying media,

technology, array design, simulations.• Some projects close to having crucial results

(ANITA, ICECUBE, AUGER).• Many thanksthanks to hosts, and looking forward

to next meeting.

• Advert: (MeV) Geonu meeting in Hawaii 14-16 Dec 2005.

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

27

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

28

ARENA 2006Newcastle UK

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

29

Location

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

30

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

31

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

32

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

33

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

34

EHE CR NusAndreas Ringwald – DESY

• Insert slides limits and spectrum • SM Crossection uncertainties ~x2• New physics x 100 E>EeV?• Strongly interacting nus… depth of

interaction?• Necessity of seeing something soon

or we are in trouble….

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

35

GZK NeutrinosDave Seckel

• Show overall spectrum and limits• ESS benchmark, but could be 10x

lower, or 10x higher depending upon evolution, spectrum,…

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

36

Compare MethodsJulia Becker

• Show plots energy and depth• What geomoetric volume for

ICECUBE?

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

37

Radio Attenuation in Salt and IceChiba

• L = 538 +/- 171 m in pure salt, cavity method 1GHz, 1000+/- 640 m at 300 MHz

• Hockley 275+/- 234 m peculiar spread, 156+/-112m at 300MHz??

Show atten vs freq plotQuestions of water absorption and polycrystaline form

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

38

Acoustic Waves in Ice and SaltBuford Price

• Absorption and scattering both look good for ice and salt (10 km scale, but salt 1km?)

• Salt needs dome with small (<1cm) grains

• Need in situ measurements• Temperature and pressure

dependence?

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

39

Acoustics in SaltEisenblatter and Manthei

• Crack monitoring around cavities… 10KHz

• Peak attenuation around 0.28db/10m in German repository (500m deep).

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

40

Radio Signals in Test Beams at SLAC Dawn Williams & Ped Miocinovic

• 2000 – sand, 2002 – salt• photon beam simulated 1015 – 1019

eV• Amplitude and polarization agrees

with theory over large range.• Measurements of spectrum, phase

and deconvolved time domain consistent.

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

41

UHE SimulationsL. G. Dedenko

• Hybrid calculations producing results• 400 m at 1020 eV due to LPM• Show cascade length vs energy

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

42

Coherent Radio Emission in Solid Media

Jaime Alvarez-Muniz• ZHS, GEANT4 agree in various media• Simple scaling model for various

media

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

43

Structure Function of Charge Excess in Rock Salt

Y. Watanabe

• Model of EM shower with parameters for both longitudinal and lateral densities.

• Uses GEANT4 up to few PeV.

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

44

Radio from CR ShowersHuege & Falcke

• Geomagnetic effect predominates• Scales roughly with energy over

large range• Frequencies < 50 MHz, dists < 1km• Not strong variation with azimuth

around track• Show plots

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

45

EAS Radio Simulations with EGSnrc

A. Konstantinov• See diffraction from Cherenkov• Cherenkov and Geosynchrotron…

latter dominates by x10• Cherenkov becomes dominant >100

MHz

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

46

Radio Signal Pulse ShapesDavid Seckel

• Scaled to universal shapes for long and trans

• Uses gamma functions for shower model

• How to handle flcutuations, phases,…

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

47

Acoustic Signal ProcessingSean Danaher

• Nice review of various signal analysis techniques…. See talk.

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

48

Experience from SAUNDJason Vandenbroucke

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

49

Analysis of ITEP Baikal Acoustic Data

D. Zaborov• Doing reconstruction of possible

sources of EAS generated pulses• No correlated events with EAS

counters• Threshold maybe 1021 eV?

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

50

Acoustic Detectors in AntaresC. Neumann

• Developing piezo devices• Deployed recording device• Have some noise spectra, but

peculiar• Crazy plan to use sensors on glass

housing

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

51

Piezoceramics StudiesK. Salomon

• Calculated and measured characteristics of hydrophones

• FE calculations …

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

52

Fiber laser hydrophone measurements

C. Trono• Doped fiber laser gives distributed

response• Many sensors on one string with one

pump laser• Sensitivity to levels of hydrophones

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

53

Hydrophone Calibration with a Proton Beam

Giulia de Bonis

• Using commercial hydrophones (Benthos, ITC, ..)

• 100 MeV beam at ITEP into water tank

• See nice acoustic signal, linearity over x10

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

54

GlaciophonesSebastian Boser

• Made various tests and designs for ice use

• Use ring transmitter

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

55

High Frequency Acoustic Noise in Baikal

N. Budnev

• No convincing coincidences between counter array and hydrophones, but some peculiar impulsive noise

• Some lovely bipolar pulses need further exploration

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

56

Acoustic Studies at ITEPV. Lyashuk

• Tests with proton beam, exploring 4 deg point…

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

57

Acoustic Signals with Proton and Laser BeamsK. Graf

• Interesting investigation of temp depend with laser and with proton beam

• See peculiar business with zero crossing differences between protons and laser.

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

58

SAUND I ResultsJustin Vandenbroucke

• Report of first data paper….

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

59

NEMO Acoustic Test FacilityG. Riccobene

• Running on line from 2km deep test site

• 4 hydrophones operating• Many recordings of surface noises

from dolphins and whales, ships

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

60

Acoustic Detection in ValenciaM. Ardid

• Just getting started with lots of acoustical expertize not only in neutrino business

• Designing and characterizing hydrophones

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

61

Results from Kalyazin Radiotelescope

Rustam Dagkesamanskiy• Now have results with 55m telescope

and set limits similar to GLUE with 60hr of data

• Slightly less stringent limit due to more conservative assumptions

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

62

Westerbork Observatory to Observe Lunar Nus

J. Bacelar

• Suggests using 100MHz• Get penetration to 250m, angle to 75

deg• 5 orders of mag greater acceptance

for CRs, down to 1E22 eV• Neutrinos up by ~1E4• 14 telescopes, 5 deg FOV• Show slide of spectral response

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

63

RICE StatusDave Besson

• Revised (down) volume (show fig)• Paper out soon on limits on low scale

gravity under assumptions of GZK flux (various).

• No coinc for GRBs…

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

64

Status of ANITA, MCsPed Miocinovic &Amy Connolly

• Fly 2006-7• Rays reflected from bottom may

contribute new signals over larger solid angle

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

65

Radio Detection of CRsHeino Falcke

• Running LOPES since Jan 2004 with KASKADE, >1017 eV

• Radio flashes correl to <1 deg with EAS

• Nature paper reporting first clean detections

• Sho figures

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

66

LOPESAndreas Horneffer & Andreas Haungs

• 40-80 MHz, 10 -> 30 antennas• Corr well with N_mu but not so well

N_e

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

67

CODALEMA ResultsRichard Dallier

• 7000 m2, 50 PeV threshold• 7 log periodic antennas, 24-82 MHz• Demonstrated stand alone capability

with impact parameter detection, angles, energy

• Program to import antennas to Auger

19

May 2

005 D

ES

Y-Z

eu

then

John

Learn

ed a

t A

REN

A 2

00

5

68