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Center for Immigration Studies
1629 K Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20006 • Phone 202.466.8185 • Fax 202.466.8076 • www.cis.org
C I S
CIS Letterhead_Layout 1 7/26/12 4:34 PM Page 1
May 2013
This analysis tests the often-made argument that immigrants do only jobs Americans don’t want. If the ar-gument is correct, there should be occupations comprised entirely or almost entirely of immigrants (legal and illegal). But Census Bureau data collected from 2009 to 2011, which allows for detailed analysis of all
472 separate occupations, shows that there were only a handful of majority-immigrant occupations. Thus, there really are no jobs that Americans won’t do. Further, we estimated the share of occupations that are comprised of illegal immigrants, and found that there are no occupations in which the majority of workers are illegally in the country.
Among the findings:
• Of the 472 civilian occupations, only six are majority immigrant (legal and illegal). These six occupations ac-count for 1 percent of the total U.S. workforce. Moreover, native-born Americans still comprise 46 percent of workers even in these occupations.
• Many jobs often thought to be overwhelmingly immigrant (legal and illegal) are in fact majority native-born:- Maids and housekeepers: 51 percent native-born- Taxi drivers and chauffeurs: 58 percent native-born- Butchers and meat processors: 63 percent native-born- Grounds maintenance workers: 64 percent native-born- Construction laborers: 66 percent native-born- Porters, bellhops, and concierges: 72 percent native-born- Janitors: 73 percent native-born
• There are 67 occupations in which 25 percent or more of workers are immigrants (legal and illegal). In these high-immigrant occupations, there are still 16.5 million natives — accounting for one out of eight natives in the labor force.
• High-immigrant occupations (25 percent or more immigrant) are primarily, but not exclusively, lower-wage jobs that require relatively little formal education.
• In high-immigrant occupations, 59 percent of the natives have no education beyond high school, compared to 31 percent of the rest of the labor force.
Are There Really Jobs Americans Won’t Do?A detailed look at immigrant and native employment across occupations
By Steven Camarota and Karen Zeigler
Steven A. Camarota is the Director of Research and Karen Zeigler is a demographer at the Center for Immigration Studies.
1629 K Street, NW, Suite 600 • Washington, DC 20006 • (202) 466-8185 • [email protected] • www.cis.org
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Center for Immigration Studies
• Natives tend to have high unemployment in high-immigrant occupations, averaging 14 percent during the 2009-2011 period, compared to 8 percent in the rest of the labor market. There were a total of 2.6 million unemployed native-born Americans in high-immigrant occupations.
• Some may think that native-born workers in high-immigrant occupations are mostly older, with few young natives will-ing to do such work. But 34 percent of natives in these occupations are age 30 or younger, compared to 27 percent of natives in the rest of labor force.
• It is worth remembering that not all high-immigrant occupations are lower skilled. For example, 36 percent of software engineers are immigrants as are 27 percent of physicians.
• A number of politically important groups tend to face very little job competition from immigrants (legal and illegal). For example, just 10 percent of reporters are immigrants, as are only 6 percent of lawyers and judges and 6 percent of farmers and ranchers.
Estimates of Illegal Immigrants
• We find that there are no occupations in the United States in which a majority of workers are illegal immigrants.
• Illegal immigrants work mostly in construction, cleaning, maintenance, food service, garment manufacturing, and ag-ricultural occupations. However, the overwhelming majority of workers even in these areas are native-born or legal im-migrants.
• Although illegal immigrants comprise a large share of workers in agriculture, farm workers are only a tiny share of the total labor force. Consistent with other research, just 5 percent of all illegal immigrants work in agriculture.
Discussion
Immigration overall. The table at the end of this report uses the American Community Survey (ACS), 2009 to 2011, to show the share of each occupation that is comprised of immigrants (legal and illegal) and natives.1 Immigrants (or the foreign-born, as the Census Bureau refers to them) are individuals residing in the United States who were not American citizens at birth. The data presented here make clear that the often-made argument that immigrants only take jobs Americans don’t want is mistaken. Looking at the most detailed level of analysis possible there are very few occupations that are majority im-migrant — just six out of 472.2 Moreover, these occupations are quite small, accounting for a tiny share of workers.
The American economy is dynamic, and it would be a mistake to think that every job taken by an immigrant is a job lost by a native. Many factors impact employment and wages. But it would also be a mistake to assume that dramatically increasing the number of workers in these occupations as a result of immigration policy has no impact on the employment prospects or wages of natives. To talk about the labor market as if there were jobs done entirely or almost entirely by immigrants is not helpful to understanding the potential impact of immigration on American workers. It gives the false impression that the job market is segmented between immigrant and native jobs. This is clearly not the case.
It is important to understand that the possible impact of immigration on the labor market opportunities of natives is not confined to those who are in the labor force. The ACS shows nearly 40 million native-born Americans ages 18 to 65 not in the labor force. It is very possible that one of the ways immigration impacts natives is by reducing the share who are employed or in the labor force at any one time.
This analysis focuses on the nation as a whole. Of course, the immigrant share of occupations will vary significantly at the state and local level. However, we live in a national economy in which workers can and do move to higher-wage and lower-
3
Center for Immigration Studies
unemployment areas over time. Of native-born native adults, 14 percent changed addresses in just the last year. Moreover, 38 percent live outside of their state of birth.3 In its magisterial 1997 study of immigration, the National Research Council concluded that the effects of immigration are likely to be national in scope. Capital, labor, goods, and services can all move. This means that the impact of immigration is not confined to only those areas of the country where immigrants settle.4
Illegal Immigrants. In addition to reporting the share of each occupation that is foreign-born, the table at the end of this report also reports an estimate for the share of each occupation that is comprised of illegal immigrants. We include in our es-timate only those illegal immigrants captured by the American Community Survey. Prior research indicates that perhaps 10 percent of illegal immigrants are missed by the ACS.5 Illegal immigrants tend to be concentrated in a relatively modest num-ber of occupations. There are 22 occupations out of 472 in which illegal immigrants comprise 20 percent or more of workers.6
There are 5.6 million natives in these high-illegal-immigrant occupations, 70 percent of whom have no education beyond high school. In contrast, in occupations that are made up of 10 percent or fewer illegal immigrants, 70 percent of natives have educa-tion beyond high school. This suggests that the impact of illegal immigration on wages and employment opportunities will be felt most by less-educated natives. More-educated natives will tend to avoid competition with illegal immigrants.
Methodology
The data for this analysis come from the public-use file of the combined three-year sample of the American Community Survey (ACS) for 2009 through 2011. The ACS public-use file is enormous, allowing for detailed analysis by occupation. The file includes almost 4.5 million individuals in the civilian, non-institutionalized labor force, about 630,000 of whom are im-migrants. Persons in the labor force are either working or looking for work. Like almost all the labor force statistics reported by the government, we confine our analysis to civilians 16 years of age and older not in institutions. The immigrant popula-tion, which can also be referred to as the foreign-born, is defined as persons living in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. In the ACS this includes people who responded to the survey that they are naturalized American citizens, legal permanent residents (green card holders), illegal aliens, and people on long-term temporary visas such as students or guest workers. It does not include those born abroad of American parents or those born in outlying territories of the United States, such as Puerto Rico. Prior research indicates that some 90 percent of illegal immigrants respond to the ACS.7
By design our estimate of the illegal immigrant population matches the overall figures from the Department of Homeland Se-curity. We purposefully match published DHS estimates for 2009 to 2011 by gender, country, age, state of residence, and year of arrival.8 However, estimating the illegal immigrant share by detailed occupations is still open to some significant uncertainty. Therefore, we report a range for the illegal share in each occupation in order not to convey a false sense of specificity.
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Center for Immigration Studies
End Notes1 Figures include those employed in the occupation and those who are unemployed and who indicated that their last job was in that occupation.
2 Between 2009 and 2010, the Census Bureau reclassified occupations. Because the dataset for this analysis spans the years 2009 through 2011, the occupation variable has to reflect this change. We used the “Crosswalk” provided by the Census Bu-reau to create occupational categories that are consistent for all years. To eliminate duplicate categories, older occupational codes that only changed code number were simply reported under the new codes. Also recoded were newer codes that could easily be placed into original code groupings. This includes 4 percent of the sample. About 1 percent of the sample did not have a straightforward re-code. These were coded into new categories using a main grouping strategy. For example, the older code for Public Relations (value 2820) was grouped with the new Public Relations category (value 2825) and not new Market Research Analyst (value 0735). The Census Bureau occupational Crosswalk can be found here.
3 Figures are from the 2009-2011 public-use file of the American Community Survey.
4 James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston, eds., The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, Washington, DC: National Research Council National Press, 1997.
5 The Department of Homeland Security estimates a 10 percent undercount of illegal aliens in Census Bureau data. See Table 2 in Michael Hoefer, Nancy Rytina, and Bryan Bak, “Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2011”, Office of Immigration Statistics Policy Directorate, Department of Homeland Security, March 2012.
6 Although we report ranges for the illegal share of each occupation, we do have point estimates and these figures reflect those point estimates.
7 See end note 4.
8 To distinguish legal from illegal immigrants in the survey this report uses citizenship status, year of arrival in the United States, age, country of birth, educational attainment, sex, receipt of welfare programs, receipt of Social Security, veteran status, and marital status. We use these variables to assign probabilities to each respondent. Those individuals who have a cumulative probability of 1 or higher are assumed to be illegal aliens. The probabilities are assigned so that both the total number of illegal aliens and the characteristics of the illegal population closely match other research in the field, particularly the estimates developed by the Department of Homeland Security. This method is based on some very well established facts about the characteristics of the illegal population. For example, it is well known that illegal aliens are disproportionately young, male, under age 45, and have few years of schooling, etc. Thus, we assign probabilities to these and other factors in or-der to select the likely illegal population. In some cases, we assume that there is no probability that an individual is an illegal alien. For example, veterans, those who directly report they receive a welfare program, Cubans, and several other categories are assumed not to be illegal immigrants. We further took into account whether a particular occupation is highly regulated and licensed (e.g. doctors and pharmacists), and/or if it requires background checks and screening (e.g. security and law enforcement.)
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) estimate for 2009 through 2011 can be found here. The Pew Hispanic Center has estimated 11.2 million illegal immigrant population as of March 2010 based on the CPS. This includes an adjustment for those missed by the survey. Older studies by the INS and Census Bureau are also available. An INS report found seven mil-lion illegal aliens in 2000 and an annual increase of about 500,000. A Census Bureau report estimated eight million illegals in 2000. (Appendix A of Report 1 contains the estimates).
5
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011
OccupationCensus Code
Source: 2009-2011 public-use files of the American Community Survey. The occupational shares include those employed and those unemployed who indicated the occupation of their most recent job. a See text for explanation of illegal immigrant estimates.
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
6040
4520
6460
8320
6050
8350
4230
6330
8310
1650
2860
9640
9140
8750
6510
6420
1760
6240
8800
8300
7810
4250
8330
8460
GRADERS AND SORTERS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
MISCELLANEOUS PERSONAL APPEARANCE WORKERS
PLASTERERS AND STUCCO MASONS
SEWING MACHINE OPERATORS
MISCELLANEOUS AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, INCLUDING ANIMAL BREEDERS
TAILORS, DRESSMAKERS, AND SEWERS
MAIDS AND HOUSEKEEPING CLEANERS
DRYWALL INSTALLERS, CEILING TILE INSTALLERS, AND TAPERS
PRESSERS, TEXTILE, GARMENT, AND RELATED MATERIALS
MEDICAL SCIENTISTS, AND LIFE SCIENTISTS, ALL OTHER
MISCELLANEOUS MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION WORKERS
PACKERS AND PACKAGERS, HAND
TAXI DRIVERS AND CHAUFFEURS
JEWELERS AND PRECIOUS STONE AND METAL WORKERS
ROOFERS
PAINTERS, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE
PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS, ALL OTHER
CARPET, FLOOR, AND TILE INSTALLERS AND FINISHERS
PACKAGING AND FILLING MACHINE OPERATORS AND TENDERS
LAUNDRY AND DRY-CLEANING WORKERS
BUTCHERS AND OTHER MEAT, POULTRY, AND FISH PROCESSING WORKERS
GROUNDS MAINTENANCE WORKERS
SHOE AND LEATHER WORKERS AND REPAIRERS
MISCELLANEOUS TEXTILE, APPAREL, AND FURNISHINGS WORKERS, EXCEPT UPHOLSTERERS
63%
59%
56%
52%
52%
52%
49%
47%
46%
46%
46%
42%
42%
40%
40%
40%
39%
39%
39%
38%
37%
36%
36%
36%
37%
41%
44%
48%
48%
48%
51%
53%
54%
54%
54%
58%
58%
60%
60%
60%
61%
61%
61%
62%
63%
64%
64%
64%
40%-46%
9%-15%
35%-45%
20%-26%
37%-43%
25%-31%
22%-28%
34%-40%
25%-31%
<1%
11%-16%
21%-27%
6%-12%
11%-17%
29%-35%
23%-29%
<1%
21%-27%
18%-24%
15%-21%
17%-23%
23%-29%
12%-23%
15%-25%
26%
8%
27%
16%
16%
8%
15%
29%
16%
2%
7%
21%
10%
7%
25%
23%
3%
21%
18%
12%
12%
20%
12%
16%
29,459
109,975
18,922
109,943
438,258
42,817
853,288
92,838
30,939
71,216
52,464
304,114
213,489
23,911
152,288
387,610
115,481
119,543
184,106
140,013
178,906
948,256
5,965
18,744
50,723
161,224
23,991
120,346
478,956
46,479
815,024
83,694
26,608
60,448
44,392
218,952
153,504
16,208
102,808
254,317
75,306
77,259
116,057
85,025
107,046
543,410
3,410
10,704
2,245
7,005
973
6,740
28,175
2,638
43,407
4,174
1,499
3,956
2,734
13,510
9,445
1,168
5,974
16,041
5,994
4,844
7,914
5,875
7,531
38,239
281
787
6
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
1020
4000
8860
7800
8950
6260
7720
6600
6220
1800
4140
8400
6250
3260
1400
9350
6400
1700
7710
7850
4130
6005
7610
4020
4400
8920
8450
SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS, APPLICATIONS AND SYSTEMS SOFTWARE
CHEFS AND HEAD COOKS
CLEANING, WASHING, AND METAL PICKLING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS AND TENDERS
BAKERS
HELPERS-PRODUCTION WORKERS
CONSTRUCTION LABORERS
ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND ELECTROMECHANICAL ASSEMBLERS
HELPERS, CONSTRUCTION TRADES
BRICKMASONS, BLOCKMASONS, AND STONEMASONS
ECONOMISTS
DISHWASHERS
TEXTILE BLEACHING AND DYEING, AND CUTTING MACHINE SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS
CEMENT MASONS, CONCRETE FINISHERS, AND TERRAZZO WORKERS
HEALTH DIAGNOSING AND TREATING PRACTITIONERS, ALL OTHER
COMPUTER HARDWARE ENGINEERS
PARKING LOT ATTENDANTS
INSULATION WORKERS
ASTRONOMERS AND PHYSICISTS
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE, SURFACES, RIGGING, AND SYSTEMS ASSEMBLERS
FOOD COOKING MACHINE OPERATORS AND TENDERS
MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PREPARATION AND SERVING RELATED WORKERS
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF FARMING, FISHING, AND FORESTRY WORKERS
HELPERS--INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR WORKERS
COOKS
GAMING SERVICES WORKERS
MOLDERS, SHAPERS, AND CASTERS, EXCEPT METAL AND PLASTIC
UPHOLSTERERS
36%
36%
36%
35%
35%
34%
34%
34%
34%
33%
33%
32%
32%
32%
32%
32%
32%
32%
31%
31%
31%
31%
31%
30%
29%
29%
28%
64%
64%
64%
65%
65%
66%
66%
66%
66%
67%
67%
68%
68%
68%
68%
68%
68%
68%
69%
69%
69%
69%
69%
70%
71%
71%
72%
<1%
5%-11%
18%-28%
13%-19%
15%-21%
19%-25%
7%-13%
20%-26%
18%-24%
≤1%
18%-24%
11%-21%
20%-26%
<1%
≤1%
5%-12%
18%-24%
<1%
≤10%
12%-23%
14%-20%
11%-17%
14%-24%
15%-21%
≤3%
11%-17%
11%-17%
4%
11%
20%
9%
24%
25%
16%
32%
28%
2%
24%
10%
30%
2%
5%
16%
20%
3%
10%
11%
16%
8%
20%
16%
10%
11%
14%
580,861
236,206
6,386
137,939
39,652
1,247,772
115,247
54,368
125,380
17,719
230,031
9,039
56,607
14,232
42,694
61,371
34,436
8,737
7,992
8,788
272,614
42,613
18,930
1,712,093
81,111
26,494
29,330
329,750
132,129
3,544
73,132
20,969
646,866
59,302
27,813
63,516
8,736
112,140
4,341
26,633
6,674
19,887
28,425
15,944
4,040
3,644
3,946
121,075
18,896
8,337
750,752
32,767
10,568
11,608
26,082
9,083
275
5,564
1,548
49,002
5,039
2,065
4,872
858
8,696
382
2,092
664
1,760
2,194
1,266
390
324
351
10,243
2,119
740
63,932
3,188
1,028
1,191
7
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
4530
9610
3060
1720
8220
6500
8340
4220
1410
1240
6230
7840
4030
8810
5500
8960
1010
4610
6710
8710
8510
8760
7830
7750
1006
4830
310
1060
BAGGAGE PORTERS, BELLHOPS, AND CONCIERGES
CLEANERS OF VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT
PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
CHEMISTS AND MATERIALS SCIENTISTS
MISCELLANEOUS METAL WORKERS AND PLASTIC WORKERS, INCLUDING MILLING AND PLANING MACHINE SETTERS,
REINFORCING IRON AND REBAR WORKERS
SHOE MACHINE OPERATORS AND TENDERS
JANITORS AND BUILDING CLEANERS
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS
MISCELLANEOUS MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE OCCUPATIONS, INCLUDING MATHEMATICIANS AND STATISTICIANS
CARPENTERS
FOOD BATCHMAKERS
FOOD PREPARATION WORKERS
PAINTING WORKERS
CARGO AND FREIGHT AGENTS
OTHER PRODUCTION WORKERS, INCLUDING SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESSORS AND COOLING AND FREEZING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS
PERSONAL CARE AIDES
FENCE ERECTORS
CUTTING WORKERS
FURNITURE FINISHERS
MEDICAL, DENTAL, AND OPHTHALMIC LABORATORY TECHNICIANS
FOOD AND TOBACCO ROASTING, BAKING, AND DRYING MACHINE OPERATORS AND TENDERS
MISCELLANEOUS ASSEMBLERS AND FABRICATORS
COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYSTS
TRAVEL AGENTS
FOOD SERVICE MANAGERS
DATABASE ADMINISTRATORS
28%
28%
27%
27%
27%
27%
27%
27%
26%
25%
25%
25%
25%
25%
25%
25%
24%
24%
24%
24%
24%
23%
23%
23%
23%
23%
22%
22%
72%
72%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
74%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
76%
76%
76%
76%
76%
77%
77%
77%
77%
77%
78%
78%
10%-16%
14%-20%
<1%
<1%
6%-12%
18%-26%
≤10%
9%-15%
<1%
<1%
12%-18%
9%-15%
11%-16%
11%-16%
≤3%
8%-14%
≤1%
≤5%
10%-15%
9%-15%
6%-16%
≤5%
7%-17%
5%-11%
<1%
≤3%
≤5%
≤1%
9%
19%
1%
4%
15%
27%
13%
12%
4%
4%
20%
10%
16%
16%
8%
14%
5%
11%
21%
13%
14%
5%
16%
18%
5%
7%
7%
6%
63,403
289,504
633,324
65,015
310,753
7,175
3,623
2,006,669
173,644
34,684
1,098,212
71,899
695,819
123,062
16,127
1,024,586
367,054
846,458
25,609
63,500
12,546
68,167
9,003
806,215
250,040
59,215
778,812
86,283
24,897
111,576
237,582
24,251
115,728
2,656
1,337
730,620
62,331
11,813
373,651
24,099
232,225
40,617
5,295
332,714
118,614
273,245
8,222
20,289
3,999
20,911
2,671
237,932
73,397
17,280
223,083
24,663
2,151
10,174
27,178
2,683
12,430
247
152
77,296
6,989
1,366
39,596
2,613
24,111
4,563
536
39,431
14,349
31,408
894
2,371
499
2,552
334
29,877
9,117
2,306
25,650
3,369
8
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
4200
360
8000
1530
9720
6720
7150
2200
3600
6300
4120
1106
3010
8850
3050
1005
1340
9630
1450
9600
8650
1910
8200
340
4600
840
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF HOUSEKEEPING AND JANITORIAL WORKERS
NATURAL SCIENCES MANAGERS
GRINDING, LAPPING, POLISHING, AND BUFFING MACHINE TOOL SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS, METAL AND PLASTIC
MISCELLANEOUS ENGINEERS, INCLUDING NUCLEAR ENGINEERS
REFUSE AND RECYCLABLE MATERIAL COLLECTORS
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REMOVAL WORKERS
AUTOMOTIVE BODY AND RELATED REPAIRERS
POSTSECONDARY TEACHERS
NURSING, PSYCHIATRIC, AND HOME HEALTH AIDES
PAVING, SURFACING, AND TAMPING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
FOOD SERVERS, NON-RESTAURANT
COMPUTER NETWORK ARCHITECTS
DENTISTS
ADHESIVE BONDING MACHINE OPERATORS AND TENDERS
PHARMACISTS
COMPUTER AND INFORMATION RESEARCH SCIENTISTS
BIOMEDICAL AND AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS
MACHINE FEEDERS AND OFFBEARERS
MATERIALS ENGINEERS
INDUSTRIAL TRUCK AND TRACTOR OPERATORS
CRUSHING, GRINDING, POLISHING, MIXING, AND BLENDING WORKERS
BIOLOGICAL TECHNICIANS
PLATING AND COATING MACHINE SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS, METAL AND PLASTIC
LODGING MANAGERS
CHILDCARE WORKERS
FINANCIAL ANALYSTS
22%
22%
22%
22%
22%
22%
22%
22%
21%
21%
21%
21%
21%
21%
21%
21%
21%
21%
21%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
19%
78%
78%
78%
78%
78%
78%
78%
78%
79%
79%
79%
79%
79%
79%
79%
79%
79%
79%
79%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
81%
≤10%
<1%
6%-12%
<1%
11%-16%
6%-12%
6%-12%
<1%
≤5%
7%-18%
≤10%
<1%
<1%
6%-16%
<1%
≤1%
<1%
6%-12%
<1%
8%-14%
6%-12%
≤1%
≤10%
≤1%
≤10%
<1%
7%
5%
20%
4%
14%
17%
9%
3%
9%
28%
10%
4%
0%
12%
1%
5%
4%
16%
4%
18%
14%
5%
15%
8%
11%
4%
193,887
17,942
43,232
346,742
81,870
31,496
134,760
1,113,434
1,890,701
15,901
171,967
51,967
132,311
11,489
208,260
229,072
12,744
33,775
27,145
454,141
82,245
20,118
15,751
107,579
1,191,103
67,147
55,376
5,061
12,192
97,146
22,899
8,790
37,508
305,723
517,146
4,331
46,367
13,975
35,410
3,061
54,458
59,881
3,325
8,777
7,021
115,657
20,784
5,066
3,914
26,509
290,459
16,080
7,076
744
1,668
13,817
2,921
1,052
4,808
44,606
66,246
557
6,013
1,772
5,399
422
8,214
8,397
431
1,217
1,039
15,306
2,976
740
558
3,976
42,110
2,395
9
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
3300
4500
4210
7200
5630
8140
1350
4320
4950
8930
8540
6760
1610
1360
8500
1460
8740
8420
1520
110
5610
7120
6120
4510
CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS
BARBERS
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF LANDSCAPING, LAWN SERVICE, AND GROUNDSKEEPING WORKERS
AUTOMOTIVE SERVICE TECHNICIANS AND MECHANICS
WEIGHERS, MEASURERS, CHECKERS, AND SAMPLERS, RECORDKEEPING
WELDING, SOLDERING, AND BRAZING WORKERS
CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF PERSONAL SERVICE WORKERS
DOOR-TO-DOOR SALES WORKERS, NEWS AND STREET VENDORS, AND RELATED WORKERS
PAPER GOODS MACHINE SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS
WOODWORKING MACHINE SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS, EXCEPT SAWING
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION WORKERS, INCLUDING SEPTIC TANK SERVICERS AND SEWER PIPE CLEANERS
BIOLOGICAL SCIENTISTS
CIVIL ENGINEERS
CABINETMAKERS AND BENCH CARPENTERS
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
INSPECTORS, TESTERS, SORTERS, SAMPLERS, AND WEIGHERS
TEXTILE WINDING, TWISTING, AND DRAWING OUT MACHINE SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS
PETROLEUM, MINING AND GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERS, INCLUDING MINING SAFETY ENGINEERS
COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGERS
SHIPPING, RECEIVING, AND TRAFFIC CLERKS
ELECTRONIC HOME ENTERTAINMENT EQUIPMENT INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS
FOREST AND CONSERVATION WORKERS
HAIRDRESSERS, HAIRSTYLISTS, AND COSMETOLOGISTS
19%
19%
19%
19%
19%
19%
19%
19%
19%
18%
18%
18%
18%
18%
18%
18%
18%
18%
18%
18%
17%
17%
17%
17%
81%
81%
81%
81%
81%
81%
81%
81%
81%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
83%
83%
83%
83%
≤1%
≤10%
6%-12%
≤10%
≤10%
6%-12%
<1%
≤1%
5%-11%
≤10%
≤7%-17%
6%-12%
<1%
<1%
≤10%
<1%
≤5%
≤4%-14%
≤1%
<1%
≤10%
≤10%
≤6%-16%
≤5%
4%
4%
7%
9%
13%
16%
3%
5%
13%
14%
24%
18%
3%
4%
17%
6%
12%
21%
3%
5%
13%
11%
20%
4%
292,009
82,495
164,464
724,009
66,486
514,462
45,451
156,921
160,483
26,628
20,589
44,578
67,148
259,888
56,193
181,252
678,457
11,920
27,006
431,836
522,956
57,267
15,526
674,936
69,926
19,684
38,753
170,528
15,536
119,764
10,519
36,308
37,122
6,032
4,608
9,972
14,875
57,240
12,329
39,750
145,931
2,548
5,763
91,721
110,756
11,867
3,217
139,278
10,432
2,780
5,602
24,884
2,517
18,877
1,684
5,089
5,661
984
747
1,495
2,565
9,622
2,052
6,572
24,381
418
999
15,662
17,536
1,766
624
23,115
10
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
300
8255
1300
6010
5410
1107
800
5900
8910
1320
4110
3640
1420
1200
9130
4720
5560
4740
1430
8410
7550
4010
7900
8530
9620
3160
7340
7320
ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING MANAGERS
PRINTING PRESS OPERATORS
ARCHITECTS, EXCEPT NAVAL
AGRICULTURAL INSPECTORS
RESERVATION AND TRANSPORTATION TICKET AGENTS AND TRAVEL CLERKS
COMPUTER OCCUPATIONS, ALL OTHER
ACCOUNTANTS AND AUDITORS
OFFICE MACHINE OPERATORS, EXCEPT COMPUTER
ETCHERS AND ENGRAVERS
AEROSPACE ENGINEERS
WAITERS AND WAITRESSES
DENTAL ASSISTANTS
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS
ACTUARIES
DRIVER/SALES WORKERS AND TRUCK DRIVERS
CASHIERS
POSTAL SERVICE MAIL SORTERS, PROCESSORS, AND PROCESSING MACHINE OPERATORS
COUNTER AND RENTAL CLERKS
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS, INCLUDING HEALTH AND SAFETY
TEXTILE KNITTING AND WEAVING MACHINE SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS
MANUFACTURED BUILDING AND MOBILE HOME INSTALLERS
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF FOOD PREPARATION AND SERVING WORKERS
COMPUTER CONTROL PROGRAMMERS AND OPERATORS
SAWING MACHINE SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS, WOOD
LABORERS AND FREIGHT, STOCK, AND MATERIAL MOVERS, HAND
PHYSICAL THERAPISTS
MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR WORKERS, GENERAL
HOME APPLIANCE REPAIRERS
17%
17%
17%
17%
17%
17%
17%
17%
17%
16%
16%
16%
16%
16%
16%
16%
16%
16%
16%
16%
16%
16%
16%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
83%
83%
83%
83%
83%
83%
83%
83%
83%
84%
84%
84%
84%
84%
84%
84%
84%
84%
84%
84%
84%
84%
84%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
<1%
≤10%
<1%
≤10%
≤3%
≤1%
<1%
≤5%
≤10%
<1%
≤10%
≤5%
<1%
≤1%
≤10%
≤10%
≤1%
≤10%
<1%
≤10%
6%-15%
≤10%
≤3%
5%-11%
≤10%
<1%
≤10%
≤10%
3%
12%
8%
5%
8%
5%
4%
11%
12%
3%
13%
6%
2%
2%
10%
17%
6%
15%
5%
14%
20%
9%
14%
18%
18%
1%
7%
7%
123,464
184,950
154,107
15,608
110,933
194,982
1,757,739
40,759
9,543
116,782
1,970,280
244,288
27,390
21,422
2,808,845
3,290,979
69,367
110,404
151,168
10,346
8,311
498,544
68,380
30,833
2,002,239
167,929
464,598
35,517
25,268
37,753
31,322
3,150
22,282
39,101
350,828
8,115
1,898
22,868
384,759
47,524
5,272
4,074
531,886
619,130
13,013
20,602
28,188
1,920
1,539
91,875
12,544
5,615
364,551
30,558
84,156
6,416
4,753
6,342
5,763
576
3,667
6,567
65,014
1,397
332
4,431
59,254
8,297
989
762
97,498
105,104
2,515
3,447
5,576
384
249
15,700
2,531
1,242
66,311
6,120
16,419
1,230
11
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
5850
6440
5350
8100
7430
7260
7730
5540
1960
5130
1900
2630
8256
3945
5510
5300
7620
3130
4710
1030
7700
9150
940
5620
1550
MAIL CLERKS AND MAIL MACHINE OPERATORS, EXCEPT POSTAL SERVICE
PIPELAYERS, PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS, AND STEAMFITTERS
CORRESPONDENCE CLERKS AND ORDER CLERKS
MOLDERS AND MOLDING MACHINE SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS, METAL AND PLASTIC
PRECISION INSTRUMENT AND EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS
MISCELLANEOUS VEHICLE AND MOBILE EQUIPMENT MECHANICS, INSTALLERS, AND REPAIRERS
ENGINE AND OTHER MACHINE ASSEMBLERS
POSTAL SERVICE CLERKS
MISCELLANEOUS LIFE, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE TECHNICIANS, INCLUDING SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ASSISTANTS AND NUCLEAR
GAMING CAGE WORKERS
AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE TECHNICIANS
DESIGNERS
PRINT BINDING AND FINISHING WORKERS
TRANSPORTATION SECURITY SCREENERS
COURIERS AND MESSENGERS
HOTEL, MOTEL, AND RESORT DESK CLERKS
OTHER INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR WORKERS, INCLUDING COMMERCIAL DIVERS, AND SIGNAL AND TRACK SWITCH REPAIR
REGISTERED NURSES
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF NON-RETAIL SALES WORKERS
WEB DEVELOPERS
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF PRODUCTION AND OPERATING WORKERS
MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATORS, ALL OTHER
TAX PREPARERS
STOCK CLERKS AND ORDER FILLERS
ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS, EXCEPT DRAFTERS
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
14%
14%
14%
14%
14%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
≤5%
≤8%
≤8%
3%-9%
≤3%
6%-12%
≤10%
<1%
≤3%
≤1%
≤3%
≤3%
≤10%
<1%
≤5%
≤5%
≤8%
<1%
≤3%
<1%
≤5%
≤5%
≤1%
≤10%
≤1%
14%
16%
11%
16%
6%
14%
16%
4%
7%
7%
6%
9%
15%
5%
11%
13%
10%
2%
5%
6%
7%
11%
21%
16%
7%
100,724
496,501
132,330
41,350
58,226
77,012
14,181
108,848
159,533
10,840
26,332
686,825
27,563
15,204
268,268
134,161
219,817
2,465,342
1,030,828
96,918
793,790
53,751
100,586
1,490,154
372,523
18,172
89,530
23,716
7,375
10,311
13,632
2,506
19,212
28,078
1,903
4,597
119,311
4,765
2,603
45,927
22,934
37,560
420,662
175,622
16,485
133,478
9,033
16,903
248,403
61,903
3,353
16,268
4,666
1,458
2,137
2,385
515
4,091
5,616
391
1,012
23,593
918
495
8,852
4,163
7,415
90,041
35,504
3,221
29,236
1,937
3,640
47,531
13,049
12
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
1105
6740
6360
9110
710
8010
8030
7110
8610
3535
5250
510
7160
9750
7940
4050
735
8250
4650
740
7010
4700
700
1540
NETWORK AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS ADMINISTRATORS
RAIL-TRACK LAYING AND MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
GLAZIERS
AMBULANCE DRIVERS AND ATTENDANTS, EXCEPT EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIANS
MANAGEMENT ANALYSTS
LATHE AND TURNING MACHINE TOOL SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS, METAL AND PLASTIC
MACHINISTS
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS, MOTOR VEHICLES
STATIONARY ENGINEERS AND BOILER OPERATORS
MISCELLANEOUS HEALTH TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS
ELIGIBILITY INTERVIEWERS, GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS
BUYERS AND PURCHASING AGENTS, FARM PRODUCTS
AUTOMOTIVE GLASS INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS
MISCELLANEOUS MATERIAL MOVING WORKERS, INCLUDING MINE SHUTTLE CAR OPERATORS, AND TANK CAR, TRUCK, AND SHIP LOADERS
ROLLING MACHINE SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS, METAL AND PLASTIC
COMBINED FOOD PREPARATION AND SERVING WORKERS, INCLUDING FAST FOOD
MARKET RESEARCH ANALYSTS AND MARKETING SPECIALISTS
PREPRESS TECHNICIANS AND WORKERS
PERSONAL CARE AND SERVICE WORKERS, ALL OTHER
BUSINESS OPERATIONS SPECIALISTS, ALL OTHER
COMPUTER, AUTOMATED TELLER, AND OFFICE MACHINE REPAIRERS
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF RETAIL SALES WORKERS
LOGISTICIANS
DRAFTERS
14%
14%
14%
14%
14%
14%
14%
14%
14%
14%
14%
14%
14%
14%
14%
14%
14%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
<1%
≤3%
3%-9%
≤5%
<1%
≤5%
≤5%
≤8%
≤3%
≤1%
≤1%
≤3%
≤10%
≤10%
≤10%
≤10%
≤1%
≤3%
≤5%
≤1%
≤3%
≤3%
≤1%
≤1%
5%
5%
18%
7%
6%
23%
9%
15%
6%
5%
3%
8%
11%
13%
13%
16%
6%
15%
10%
6%
9%
6%
6%
12%
319,246
11,663
39,883
12,210
619,305
11,418
333,091
15,164
81,957
117,548
63,076
10,839
18,923
53,586
9,516
341,945
202,554
38,552
94,321
212,624
243,550
2,733,407
94,251
166,582
52,743
1,923
6,562
2,004
101,415
1,867
54,386
2,450
13,241
18,825
10,090
1,721
2,999
8,441
1,496
53,752
31,694
5,999
14,661
32,943
37,729
422,236
14,551
25,711
10,681
376
1,272
411
21,961
409
11,805
477
2,894
3,854
2,247
391
551
1,841
331
10,544
6,758
1,299
2,881
7,378
7,802
89,805
2,985
5,889
13
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
7330
7040
9360
3930
4930
8060
2060
7950
120
3110
4820
7510
9000
3630
9410
4920
7310
1920
8550
9420
1050
3030
5160
6350
830
2600
INDUSTRIAL AND REFRACTORY MACHINERY MECHANICS
ELECTRIC MOTOR, POWER TOOL, AND RELATED REPAIRERS
AUTOMOTIVE AND WATERCRAFT SERVICE ATTENDANTS
SECURITY GUARDS AND GAMING SURVEILLANCE OFFICERS
SALES ENGINEERS
MODEL MAKERS AND PATTERNMAKERS, METAL AND PLASTIC
RELIGIOUS WORKERS, ALL OTHER
CUTTING, PUNCHING, AND PRESS MACHINE SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS, METAL AND PLASTIC
FINANCIAL MANAGERS
PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS
SECURITIES, COMMODITIES, AND FINANCIAL SERVICES SALES AGENTS
COIN, VENDING, AND AMUSEMENT MACHINE SERVICERS AND REPAIRERS
SUPERVISORS OF TRANSPORTATION AND MATERIAL MOVING WORKERS
MASSAGE THERAPISTS
TRANSPORTATION INSPECTORS
REAL ESTATE BROKERS AND SALES AGENTS
HEATING, AIR CONDITIONING, AND REFRIGERATION MECHANICS AND INSTALLERS
CHEMICAL TECHNICIANS
MISCELLANEOUS WOODWORKERS, INCLUDING MODEL MAKERS AND PATTERNMAKERS
MISCELLANEOUS TRANSPORTATION WORKERS, INCLUDING BRIDGE AND LOCK TENDERS AND TRAFFIC TECHNICIANS
COMPUTER SUPPORT SPECIALISTS
DIETITIANS AND NUTRITIONISTS
TELLERS
ELECTRICIANS
CREDIT ANALYSTS
ARTISTS AND RELATED WORKERS
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
≤5%
≤5%
≤5%
<3%
<1%
≤1%
≤1%
≤8%
≤1%
≤1%
<1%
≤5%
≤3%
≤1%
≤3%
≤1%
≤5%
≤1%
≤5%
≤3%
≤1%
≤1%
≤3%
≤5%
<1%
≤1%
8%
7%
17%
12%
5%
20%
3%
19%
4%
2%
7%
10%
6%
5%
7%
6%
10%
6%
12%
8%
7%
3%
7%
14%
5%
8%
353,657
28,208
120,070
941,807
28,737
6,048
78,415
91,169
966,894
99,840
277,773
41,283
208,136
132,112
44,161
692,045
321,247
61,900
26,616
22,066
479,616
77,419
389,563
707,131
25,073
172,342
54,430
4,335
18,425
143,747
4,383
916
11,778
13,685
144,627
14,799
41,067
6,097
30,724
19,466
6,482
101,444
46,975
9,048
3,889
3,209
69,644
11,239
56,501
102,289
3,622
24,781
12,816
1,015
3,778
29,155
1,012
204
2,973
3,101
33,175
3,248
8,997
1,402
6,986
4,425
1,513
23,455
10,420
2,165
984
690
15,422
2,686
13,198
23,292
817
6,108
14
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
3650
6100
4760
8830
430
10
2800
5340
140
1600
950
9120
8720
6200
6520
7130
3500
4550
2740
3120
410
1220
4340
7350
7420
5800
130
2540
6530
MEDICAL ASSISTANTS AND OTHER HEALTHCARE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, EXCEPT DENTAL ASSISTANTS
FISHING AND HUNTING WORKERS
RETAIL SALESPERSONS
PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS WORKERS AND PROCESSING MACHINE OPERATORS
MISCELLANEOUS MANAGERS, INCLUDING FUNERAL SERVICE MANAGERS AND POSTMASTERS AND MAIL SUPERINTENDENTS
CHIEF EXECUTIVES AND LEGISLATORS
ANNOUNCERS
NEW ACCOUNTS CLERKS
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION MANAGERS
AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENTISTS
FINANCIAL SPECIALISTS, ALL OTHER
BUS DRIVERS
EXTRUDING, FORMING, PRESSING, AND COMPACTING MACHINE SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF CONSTRUCTION TRADES AND EXTRACTION WORKERS
SHEET METAL WORKERS
SECURITY AND FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS INSTALLERS
LICENSED PRACTICAL AND LICENSED VOCATIONAL NURSES
TRANSPORTATION ATTENDANTS
DANCERS AND CHOREOGRAPHERS
PODIATRISTS
PROPERTY, REAL ESTATE, AND COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION MANAGERS
OPERATIONS RESEARCH ANALYSTS
ANIMAL TRAINERS
MAINTENANCE WORKERS, MACHINERY
TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS
COMPUTER OPERATORS
HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGERS
TEACHER ASSISTANTS
STRUCTURAL IRON AND STEEL WORKERS
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
12%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
≤3%
≤5%
≤5%
≤3%
≤1%
<1%
≤5%
≤1%
≤1%
<1%
≤1%
≤1%
≤5%
≤5%
≤8%
<3%
≤1%
≤1%
≤5%
<1%
≤1%
<1%
≤5%
≤5%
≤5%
≤1%
≤1%
≤3%
≤5%
7%
13%
12%
9%
5%
4%
10%
4%
6%
2%
4%
5%
17%
11%
16%
10%
4%
5%
16%
1%
6%
3%
6%
9%
10%
9%
5%
7%
23%
765,132
40,476
3,349,897
50,354
2,886,558
975,138
51,930
20,470
211,671
28,835
67,373
552,371
32,491
809,229
128,857
53,514
604,999
120,012
22,490
8,037
497,945
117,083
39,015
28,633
159,810
128,970
387,724
957,153
66,311
108,807
5,752
474,534
7,118
405,055
136,401
7,238
2,840
29,293
3,986
9,300
76,227
4,453
110,876
17,634
7,312
82,389
16,325
3,029
1,076
66,130
15,537
5,158
3,771
20,992
16,873
50,724
125,023
8,625
24,114
1,477
105,500
1,493
99,338
34,588
1,525
661
7,531
1,096
2,213
19,011
1,048
28,927
4,165
1,590
21,074
3,887
548
295
16,261
4,064
1,244
962
4,878
4,199
13,929
33,704
2,112
15
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
520
4900
1007
2760
5860
2040
500
5260
2340
2440
4300
2750
7740
3040
220
7540
160
3420
900
3220
4060
350
2300
5240
5110
2710
820
3000
20
2910
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL BUYERS, EXCEPT FARM PRODUCTS
MODELS, DEMONSTRATORS, AND PRODUCT PROMOTERS
INFORMATION SECURITY ANALYSTS
ENTERTAINERS AND PERFORMERS, SPORTS AND RELATED WORKERS, ALL OTHER
OFFICE CLERKS, GENERAL
CLERGY
AGENTS AND BUSINESS MANAGERS OF ARTISTS, PERFORMERS, AND ATHLETES
FILE CLERKS
OTHER TEACHERS AND INSTRUCTORS
LIBRARY TECHNICIANS
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF GAMING WORKERS
MUSICIANS, SINGERS, AND RELATED WORKERS
STRUCTURAL METAL FABRICATORS AND FITTERS
OPTOMETRISTS
CONSTRUCTION MANAGERS
LOCKSMITHS AND SAFE REPAIRERS
TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE, AND DISTRIBUTION MANAGERS
HEALTH PRACTITIONER SUPPORT TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS
FINANCIAL EXAMINERS
RESPIRATORY THERAPISTS
COUNTER ATTENDANTS, CAFETERIA, FOOD CONCESSION, AND COFFEE SHOP
MEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES MANAGERS
PRESCHOOL AND KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS
CUSTOMER SERVICE REPRESENTATIVES
BILLING AND POSTING CLERKS
PRODUCERS AND DIRECTORS
BUDGET ANALYSTS
CHIROPRACTORS
GENERAL AND OPERATIONS MANAGERS
PHOTOGRAPHERS
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
11%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
89%
≤1%
≤3%
<1%
≤1%
≤3%
≤1%
≤1%
≤3%
≤1%
≤3%
≤1%
≤3%
≤8%
<1%
≤3%
≤5%
≤3%
≤1%
<1%
<1%
≤8%
<1%
≤1%
≤3%
≤1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
≤1%
≤1%
7%
19%
4%
12%
9%
1%
8%
11%
7%
6%
8%
8%
15%
0%
10%
4%
8%
5%
3%
2%
20%
3%
6%
11%
7%
8%
2%
2%
5%
12%
204,108
69,245
30,016
41,352
1,169,979
386,702
39,164
359,563
832,953
53,425
74,216
176,158
27,574
30,931
673,206
24,844
211,937
487,091
13,156
91,996
235,740
530,444
550,383
2,278,935
462,602
135,629
45,545
49,954
886,129
143,544
26,514
8,980
3,892
5,332
150,115
49,067
4,898
44,842
103,796
6,625
9,203
21,832
3,406
3,783
82,227
3,030
25,837
59,375
1,599
11,111
28,343
63,540
65,895
272,719
55,320
16,213
5,442
5,967
105,235
16,959
6,809
2,206
964
1,257
38,721
15,134
1,183
12,188
27,940
1,954
2,378
5,897
901
1,163
21,794
796
6,751
15,324
424
3,172
7,069
18,028
17,439
69,190
15,080
4,281
1,572
1,694
29,492
4,533
16
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
5810
7210
8640
9260
2810
3320
5330
2920
930
4540
9560
3520
50
7140
1740
5000
3840
5820
6940
5360
5120
850
5930
7220
5420
DATA ENTRY KEYERS
BUS AND TRUCK MECHANICS AND DIESEL ENGINE SPECIALISTS
CHEMICAL PROCESSING MACHINE SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS
SUBWAY, STREETCAR, AND OTHER RAIL TRANSPORTATION WORKERS
NEWS ANALYSTS, REPORTERS AND CORRESPONDENTS
DIAGNOSTIC RELATED TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS
LOAN INTERVIEWERS AND CLERKS
TELEVISION, VIDEO, AND MOTION PICTURE CAMERA OPERATORS AND EDITORS
TAX EXAMINERS AND COLLECTORS, AND REVENUE AGENTS
TOUR AND TRAVEL GUIDES
CONVEYOR OPERATORS AND TENDERS, AND HOIST AND WINCH OPERATORS
OPTICIANS, DISPENSING
MARKETING AND SALES MANAGERS
AIRCRAFT MECHANICS AND SERVICE TECHNICIANS
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS AND GEOSCIENTISTS
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF OFFICE AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT WORKERS
MISCELLANEOUS LAW ENFORCEMENT WORKERS
WORD PROCESSORS AND TYPISTS
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTION WORKERS, INCLUDING ROOF BOLTERS AND HELPERS
HUMAN RESOURCES ASSISTANTS, EXCEPT PAYROLL AND TIMEKEEPING
BOOKKEEPING, ACCOUNTING, AND AUDITING CLERKS
PERSONAL FINANCIAL ADVISORS
MISCELLANEOUS OFFICE AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT WORKERS, INCLUDING DESKTOP PUBLISHERS
HEAVY VEHICLE AND MOBILE EQUIPMENT SERVICE TECHNICIANS AND MECHANICS
INFORMATION AND RECORD CLERKS, ALL OTHER
11%
11%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
89%
89%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
≤1%
≤5%
≤5%
≤3%
≤1%
<1%
≤1%
≤1%
<1%
≤1%
≤5%
≤1%
<1%
≤1%
<1%
≤1%
≤1%
≤1%
≤5%
≤1%
≤1%
<1%
≤1%
≤5%
≤1%
13%
7%
7%
7%
6%
3%
11%
11%
5%
10%
13%
4%
7%
4%
3%
6%
7%
9%
14%
7%
7%
3%
7%
8%
6%
404,433
283,900
49,338
9,518
74,053
285,204
118,886
46,517
58,571
49,379
13,242
48,117
789,114
167,359
66,958
1,340,859
10,772
302,016
69,373
52,243
1,320,586
318,464
590,380
202,124
96,757
47,586
33,339
5,750
1,109
8,593
33,014
13,756
5,381
6,764
5,696
1,526
5,535
90,756
19,196
7,647
153,013
1,226
34,216
7,843
5,898
148,783
35,772
66,261
22,665
10,840
13,251
9,430
1,706
311
2,522
9,717
3,655
1,451
2,011
1,759
485
1,611
25,840
5,356
2,386
44,657
331
11,323
2,310
1,680
46,642
10,371
18,936
7,216
3,267
17
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
3510
5320
7020
6800
5200
3620
3940
8040
2700
1860
4850
2010
5550
6320
1840
150
565
40
2720
910
2145
4150
7560
3240
5920
1440
5400
3210
5100
MEDICAL RECORDS AND HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNICIANS
LIBRARY ASSISTANTS, CLERICAL
RADIO AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS
DERRICK, ROTARY DRILL, AND SERVICE UNIT OPERATORS, AND ROUSTABOUTS, OIL, GAS, AND MINING
BROKERAGE CLERKS
PHYSICAL THERAPIST ASSISTANTS AND AIDES
CROSSING GUARDS
METAL FURNACE OPERATORS, TENDERS, POURERS, AND CASTERS
ACTORS
MISCELLANEOUS SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, INCLUDING SURVEY RESEARCHERS AND SOCIOLOGISTS
SALES REPRESENTATIVES, WHOLESALE AND MANUFACTURING
SOCIAL WORKERS
POSTAL SERVICE MAIL CARRIERS
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATORS, EXCEPT PAVING, SURFACING, AND TAMPING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNERS
PURCHASING MANAGERS
COMPLIANCE OFFICERS
ADVERTISING AND PROMOTIONS MANAGERS
ATHLETES, COACHES, UMPIRES, AND RELATED WORKERS
CREDIT COUNSELORS AND LOAN OFFICERS
PARALEGALS AND LEGAL ASSISTANTS
HOSTS AND HOSTESSES, RESTAURANT, LOUNGE, AND COFFEE SHOP
RIGGERS
THERAPISTS, ALL OTHER
STATISTICAL ASSISTANTS
MARINE ENGINEERS AND NAVAL ARCHITECTS
RECEPTIONISTS AND INFORMATION CLERKS
RECREATIONAL THERAPISTS
BILL AND ACCOUNT COLLECTORS
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
≤1%
≤1%
≤3%
≤5%
<1%
≤1%
≤1%
≤5%
≤1%
<1%
≤1%
<1%
<1%
≤6%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
≤1%
≤1%
≤1%
≤5%
≤5%
≤1%
<1%
<1%
≤3%
<1%
≤3%
6%
5%
7%
13%
6%
4%
16%
13%
35%
6%
6%
4%
2%
17%
2%
5%
4%
6%
10%
7%
7%
13%
16%
3%
7%
3%
12%
4%
12%
104,358
112,001
165,777
39,103
8,936
65,185
59,014
23,560
47,112
49,584
1,326,938
734,998
302,435
349,687
19,698
182,444
184,957
51,772
255,013
301,540
360,740
282,371
11,088
126,725
23,819
11,371
1,219,034
12,381
226,572
11,684
12,537
18,483
4,354
991
7,207
6,404
2,542
4,980
5,227
139,541
77,287
31,796
36,727
2,061
19,076
19,314
5,383
26,427
31,183
37,211
29,121
1,143
13,054
2,449
1,168
123,814
1,238
22,442
3,361
4,084
5,221
1,271
298
2,173
1,999
774
1,366
1,631
44,015
24,370
10,820
12,544
722
6,160
6,339
1,646
7,930
9,618
11,338
8,264
364
4,202
825
391
37,366
407
6,457
18
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
2020
4240
7000
5600
4840
9520
1930
630
3150
6210
4810
5140
4040
8130
3310
2830
725
7920
530
6430
2900
5230
1820
6660
8730
860
4960
4620
10,393
2,104
9,553
9,263
18,950
1,525
564
22,179
2,742
779
17,252
5,609
11,002
2,191
5,077
5,375
2,458
375
8,203
191
2,785
1,535
6,166
3,162
388
3,115
10,989
12,283
31,625
6,627
27,151
27,809
58,499
3,936
1,532
67,338
7,625
2,125
48,598
15,464
37,273
5,625
13,510
14,358
7,215
1,016
21,754
488
8,100
4,363
15,472
8,162
974
8,588
29,334
33,745
319,474
67,979
279,138
286,204
605,072
40,873
15,958
701,595
81,408
22,725
526,205
169,306
408,484
61,677
148,788
158,849
79,848
11,245
245,066
5,504
91,745
49,807
177,877
93,972
11,234
99,299
340,318
391,625
6%
9%
5%
6%
10%
13%
5%
7%
1%
23%
5%
7%
11%
11%
2%
8%
8%
10%
7%
22%
7%
7%
1%
7%
8%
3%
8%
10%
≤1%
≤3%
≤1%
≤1%
≤1%
≤5%
<1%
≤1%
<1%
≤5%
≤1%
≤1%
≤3%
≤1%
<1%
<1%
≤1%
≤3%
≤1%
≤5%
≤1%
≤1%
<1%
<1%
<5%
<1%
≤1%
≤1%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
9%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL SERVICE SPECIALISTS
PEST CONTROL WORKERS
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF MECHANICS, INSTALLERS, AND REPAIRERS
PRODUCTION, PLANNING, AND EXPEDITING CLERKS
SALES REPRESENTATIVES, SERVICES, ALL OTHER
DREDGE, EXCAVATING, AND LOADING MACHINE OPERATORS
GEOLOGICAL AND PETROLEUM TECHNICIANS, AND NUCLEAR TECHNICIANS
HUMAN RESOURCES WORKERS
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPISTS
BOILERMAKERS
INSURANCE SALES AGENTS
PAYROLL AND TIMEKEEPING CLERKS
BARTENDERS
TOOL AND DIE MAKERS
DENTAL HYGIENISTS
EDITORS
MEETING, CONVENTION, AND EVENT PLANNERS
EXTRUDING AND DRAWING MACHINE SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS, METAL AND PLASTIC
PURCHASING AGENTS, EXCEPT WHOLESALE, RETAIL, AND FARM PRODUCTS
PAPERHANGERS
BROADCAST AND SOUND ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS AND RADIO OPERATORS
CREDIT AUTHORIZERS, CHECKERS, AND CLERKS
PSYCHOLOGISTS
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING INSPECTORS
FURNACE, KILN, OVEN, DRIER, AND KETTLE OPERATORS AND TENDERS
INSURANCE UNDERWRITERS
SALES AND RELATED WORKERS, ALL OTHER
RECREATION AND FITNESS WORKERS
19
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
5310
4430
6700
420
6130
640
5020
5700
5150
5520
3730
2160
2000
9510
2840
4750
8150
230
8210
7240
3540
9300
540
6730
2430
4800
2550
650
3250
INTERVIEWERS, EXCEPT ELIGIBILITY AND LOAN
MISCELLANEOUS ENTERTAINMENT ATTENDANTS AND RELATED WORKERS
ELEVATOR INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS
SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE MANAGERS
LOGGING WORKERS
COMPENSATION, BENEFITS, AND JOB ANALYSIS SPECIALISTS
TELEPHONE OPERATORS
SECRETARIES AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANTS
PROCUREMENT CLERKS
DISPATCHERS
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF PROTECTIVE SERVICE WORKERS, ALL OTHER
MISCELLANEOUS LEGAL SUPPORT WORKERS
COUNSELORS
CRANE AND TOWER OPERATORS
TECHNICAL WRITERS
PARTS SALESPERSONS
HEAT TREATING EQUIPMENT SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS, METAL AND PLASTIC
EDUCATION ADMINISTRATORS
TOOL GRINDERS, FILERS, AND SHARPENERS
SMALL ENGINE MECHANICS
OTHER HEALTHCARE PRACTITIONERS AND TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS
SAILORS AND MARINE OILERS, AND SHIP ENGINEERS
CLAIMS ADJUSTERS, APPRAISERS, EXAMINERS, AND INVESTIGATORS
HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE WORKERS
LIBRARIANS
ADVERTISING SALES AGENTS
OTHER EDUCATION, TRAINING, AND LIBRARY WORKERS
TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT SPECIALISTS
VETERINARIANS
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
≤1%
≤3%
≤1%
<1%
<5%
<1%
≤1%
≤1%
≤1%
≤3%
<1%
<1%
≤1%
<5%
<1%
≤3%
≤3%
<1%
≤1%
≤5%
<1%
≤1%
<1%
≤5%
<1%
≤1%
<1%
≤1%
<1%
24%
17%
8%
5%
13%
4%
11%
7%
7%
7%
4%
6%
5%
12%
8%
8%
10%
3%
9%
11%
5%
10%
4%
9%
3%
10%
4%
4%
0%
196,244
198,134
26,108
298,640
71,565
42,187
49,151
3,556,345
29,498
268,081
85,428
215,122
664,795
67,847
59,990
107,419
7,672
804,386
6,971
47,390
83,626
32,820
280,046
106,771
163,283
220,327
98,761
83,739
69,415
16,890
16,994
2,239
25,589
6,127
3,602
4,155
300,616
2,490
22,619
7,205
18,127
55,995
5,660
4,993
8,922
625
65,504
566
3,837
6,749
2,648
22,580
8,597
13,006
17,547
7,828
6,602
5,472
6,131
6,151
824
10,227
2,865
1,346
1,435
123,509
1,028
8,415
2,758
6,916
21,304
2,121
2,122
3,405
250
27,900
267
1,565
2,660
1,037
8,795
3,943
6,087
6,652
3,435
2,669
2,596
20
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
5030
5840
7930
4640
1310
2050
100
4350
7960
60
2825
2320
5220
7030
3610
6840
7410
2850
600
6820
9030
7300
4940
2100
5010
5910
4410
COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT OPERATORS, ALL OTHER
INSURANCE CLAIMS AND POLICY PROCESSING CLERKS
FORGING MACHINE SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS, METAL AND PLASTIC
RESIDENTIAL ADVISORS
SURVEYORS, CARTOGRAPHERS, AND PHOTOGRAMMETRISTS
DIRECTORS, RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES AND EDUCATION
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES MANAGERS
NONFARM ANIMAL CARETAKERS
DRILLING AND BORING MACHINE TOOL SETTERS, OPERATORS, AND TENDERS, METAL AND PLASTIC
PUBLIC RELATIONS AND FUNDRAISING MANAGERS
PUBLIC RELATIONS SPECIALISTS
SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
COURT, MUNICIPAL, AND LICENSE CLERKS
AVIONICS TECHNICIANS
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ASSISTANTS AND AIDES
MINING MACHINE OPERATORS
ELECTRICAL POWER-LINE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS
WRITERS AND AUTHORS
COST ESTIMATORS
EARTH DRILLERS, EXCEPT OIL AND GAS
AIRCRAFT PILOTS AND FLIGHT ENGINEERS
CONTROL AND VALVE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS
TELEMARKETERS
LAWYERS, AND JUDGES, MAGISTRATES, AND OTHER JUDICIAL WORKERS
SWITCHBOARD OPERATORS, INCLUDING ANSWERING SERVICE
PROOFREADERS AND COPY MARKERS
MOTION PICTURE PROJECTIONISTS
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
7%
6%
6%
6%
6%
6%
6%
6%
6%
6%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
93%
94%
94%
94%
94%
94%
94%
94%
94%
94%
≤5%
≤1%
≤3%
≤1%
≤1%
≤1%
<1%
≤3%
≤5%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
≤1%
≤5%
≤5%
<1%
<1%
≤5%
<1%
≤3%
≤3%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
8%
6%
15%
6%
5%
2%
5%
9%
17%
4%
5%
3%
5%
3%
1%
7%
7%
7%
8%
11%
3%
8%
31%
2%
10%
12%
10%
12,405
293,567
8,005
73,325
37,000
47,874
112,968
184,908
5,005
54,656
133,275
775,981
86,555
23,166
13,996
60,692
113,854
185,801
124,977
27,763
143,699
21,068
154,361
1,005,435
42,319
13,961
8,369
975
23,029
627
5,740
2,889
3,700
8,716
14,253
381
4,097
9,951
57,801
6,434
1,714
1,034
4,481
8,083
12,975
8,662
1,907
9,767
1,430
10,315
66,907
2,816
927
548
373
9,004
272
2,580
1,267
1,717
3,756
5,743
167
1,814
4,280
25,931
2,929
676
471
2,149
3,698
6,260
4,184
922
4,820
648
4,231
34,196
1,309
464
230
21
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
4420
330
2310
2400
2105
5530
810
3910
205
1710
3140
2330
9040
3200
9230
8630
3400
7100
3850
3955
8620
7360
9310
9650
3820
3230
8940
3800
USHERS, LOBBY ATTENDANTS, AND TICKET TAKERS
GAMING MANAGERS
ELEMENTARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL TEACHERS
ARCHIVISTS, CURATORS, AND MUSEUM TECHNICIANS
JUDICIAL LAW CLERKS
METER READERS, UTILITIES
APPRAISERS AND ASSESSORS OF REAL ESTATE
PRIVATE DETECTIVES AND INVESTIGATORS
FARMERS, RANCHERS, AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL MANAGERS
ATMOSPHERIC AND SPACE SCIENTISTS
AUDIOLOGISTS
SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS AND AIRFIELD OPERATIONS SPECIALISTS
RADIATION THERAPISTS
RAILROAD BRAKE, SIGNAL, AND SWITCH OPERATORS
MISCELLANEOUS PLANT AND SYSTEM OPERATORS
EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIANS AND PARAMEDICS
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS REPAIRERS, TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT, AND INDUSTRIAL AND UTILITY
POLICE OFFICERS
LIFEGUARDS AND OTHER RECREATIONAL, AND ALL OTHER PROTECTIVE SERVICE WORKERS
WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SYSTEM OPERATORS
MILLWRIGHTS
SHIP AND BOAT CAPTAINS AND OPERATORS
PUMPING STATION OPERATORS
DETECTIVES AND CRIMINAL INVESTIGATORS
SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGISTS
TIRE BUILDERS
BAILIFFS, CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS, AND JAILERS
6%
6%
6%
6%
6%
6%
6%
6%
6%
6%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
4%
4%
4%
4%
94%
94%
94%
94%
94%
94%
94%
94%
94%
94%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
96%
96%
96%
96%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
≤3%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
≤3%
≤1%
≤1%
≤1%
<1%
≤1%
≤1%
≤1%
≤1%
≤1%
<1%
<1%
≤1%
<1%
17%
6%
3%
5%
11%
5%
3%
6%
3%
2%
1%
3%
4%
1%
10%
5%
4%
4%
2%
14%
3%
15%
10%
5%
1%
1%
10%
3%
48,257
17,886
3,272,218
44,071
12,171
35,978
91,204
80,014
597,567
11,025
14,307
232,949
42,151
12,052
6,839
38,574
181,558
23,309
679,302
196,024
79,351
51,415
44,892
25,255
124,614
117,097
16,042
436,490
3,132
1,158
211,340
2,845
784
2,312
5,803
5,089
37,090
650
831
13,394
2,392
657
361
2,014
9,338
1,184
34,273
9,811
3,905
2,492
2,152
1,201
5,707
5,305
724
19,357
1,430
607
114,850
1,523
408
1,113
3,139
2,383
28,151
334
463
7,220
1,235
426
202
1,342
5,530
733
20,092
6,170
2,848
1,763
1,439
889
3,713
3,975
513
13,722
22
Center for Immigration Studies
Table 1. Immigrant and Native Share of Occupations 2009-2011 (Cont.)
OccupationCensus Code
Native Share
ImmigrantShare
Estimated Illegal
Immigrant Sharea
Native Unemployment
Rate
Total Natives in
Occupation
Total Immigrants
in OccupationSample
Size
9200
3700
1560
4460
6830
3750
8600
9240
3710
3740
3900
1640
3720
425
320
LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS AND OPERATORS
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS
SURVEYING AND MAPPING TECHNICIANS
EMBALMERS AND FUNERAL ATTENDANTS
EXPLOSIVES WORKERS, ORDNANCE HANDLING EXPERTS, AND BLASTERS
FIRE INSPECTORS
POWER PLANT OPERATORS, DISTRIBUTORS, AND DISPATCHERS
RAILROAD CONDUCTORS AND YARDMASTERS
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF POLICE AND DETECTIVES
FIREFIGHTERS
ANIMAL CONTROL WORKERS
CONSERVATION SCIENTISTS AND FORESTERS
FIRST-LINE SUPERVISORS OF FIRE FIGHTING AND PREVENTION WORKERS
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT DIRECTORS
FUNERAL DIRECTORS
Totalb
4%
4%
4%
4%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
2%
2%
2%
2%
1%
1%
16%
96%
96%
96%
96%
97%
97%
97%
97%
97%
98%
98%
98%
98%
99%
99%
84%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
≤1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%
4-5%
3%
2%
14%
8%
8%
6%
3%
6%
1%
3%
4%
2%
2%
7%
3%
10%
48,806
62,159
75,601
14,153
18,735
18,974
45,353
45,999
122,702
278,647
11,204
25,135
51,647
6,733
40,880
131,118,358
2,129
2,662
3,156
528
642
640
1,490
1,355
3,293
6,999
252
549
949
101
475
25,558,717
1,518
2,200
2,423
515
540
653
1,615
1,414
3,825
8,395
342
990
1,712
208
1,365
4,546,080
b Totals include those unemployed who did not report an occupation either because they had not worked in the last five years or because they are new entrants into the labor market.