ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS LTD LANDHURST, HARTFIELD, EAST SUSSEXproperty.shw.co.uk/documents/Archaeological Report.pdf · which lies within the district of Wealden and county of East

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS LTD

LANDHURST, HARTFIELD, EAST SUSSEX

ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT

HER ref No. 206/14

Authors: Kate Higgs MA (Oxon.) NGR: TQ 4717 3493 Report No. 4641

District: Wealden Site Code: n/a

Approved: Claire Halpin MIfA Project No. 5862

Signed: Date: 30 July 2014

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Landhurst, Hartfield, East Sussex 2

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CONTENTS OASIS SUMMARY SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE 3 METHODOLOGY 4 THE EVIDENCE 4.1 Topography, geology & soils 4.2 Archaeological & historical background 4.3 Cartographic sources 4.4 Constraints 5 SITE VISIT 6 DISCUSSION 7 CONCLUSION 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY Appendix 1 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT RECORD DATA Appendix 2 CARTOGRAPHIC SOURCES Appendix 3 PARISH OF HARTFIELD TITHE APPORTIONMENT,

1842



OASIS SUMMARY SHEET

Project details Project name Landhurst, Hartfield, East Sussex Project Summary In July 2014, Archaeological Solutions Ltd carried out an archaeological desk-based assessment of land at Landhurst, Hartfield, East Sussex. The assessment was carried in support of a planning application for development. It is proposed to erect a new dwelling on the site. The site has a high potential for archaeological remains dating to the Romano-British period, but a low potential for all other archaeological periods. The site lies to the immediate west of a Roman road running north-north-west to south-south-eastwards through the parish of Hartfield, as demarcated by the hedge field boundary to the east of the site. The site thus lies within the Archaeological Notification Area relating to the Roman road. A length of the Lewes road was excavated at Holtye and 4km to the north of the site, where its original surface of slag was seen, with traces of side ditches. Post-medieval, early modern and early 20th century cartographic sources consistently record that the site remained as agricultural land, forming part of two fields, until the late 20th century. Gallipot Hill Farm is first depicted within the site by the 1974 Ordnance Survey map, a date consistent with the breeze block construction of the agricultural barns. Whilst the construction of the six barns on concrete padding may have caused minimal groundworks, the presence of the mound in the southern section of the site suggests that the area was subject to earthmoving. Project dates (fieldwork) - Previous work (Y/N/?) N Future work (Y/N/?) ? P. number 5862 Site code n/a Type of project Archaeological desk-based assessment Site status Archaeological Notification Area Current land use Farm driveway and five disused, agricultural barns Planned development Residential development Main features (+dates) n/a Significant finds (+dates) n/a Project location County/ District/ Parish East Sussex Wealden Hartfield HER/ SMR for area East Sussex HER (ref No. 206/14) Post code (if known) Area of site c. 1,200m²NGR TQ 4717 3493 Height AOD (max/ min) c. 89 - 105m AOD Project creators Brief issued by - Project supervisor/s (PO) Archaeological Solutions Funded by Verve Properties Full title Landhurst, Hartfield, East Sussex. An Archaeological Desk-

Based Assessment Authors Higgs, K. Report no. 4641 Date (of report) July 2014



LANDHURST, HARTFIELD, EAST SUSSEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT

SUMMARY In July 2014, Archaeological Solutions Ltd carried out an archaeological desk-based assessment of land at Landhurst, Hartfield, East Sussex. The assessment was carried in support of a planning application for development. It is proposed to erect a new dwelling on the site. The site has a high potential for archaeological remains dating to the Romano-British period, but a low potential for all other archaeological periods. The site lies to the immediate west of a Roman road running north-north-west to south-south-eastwards through the parish of Hartfield, as demarcated by the hedge field boundary to the east of the site. The site thus lies within the Archaeological Notification Area relating to the Roman road. A length of the Lewes road was excavated at Holtye and 4km to the north of the site, where its original surface of slag was seen, with traces of side ditches. Post-medieval, early modern and early 20th century cartographic sources consistently record that the site remained as agricultural land, forming part of two fields, until the late 20th century. Gallipot Hill Farm is first depicted within the site by the 1974 Ordnance Survey map, a date consistent with the breeze block construction of the agricultural barns. Whilst the construction of the six barns on concrete padding may have caused minimal groundworks, the presence of the mound in the southern section of the site suggests that the area was subject to earthmoving. 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 In July 2014, Archaeological Solutions Ltd (AS) carried out an archaeological desk-based assessment of land at Landhurst, Hartfield, East Sussex (NGR TQ 4717 3493; Figs. 1 & 2). The assessment was commissioned by Verve Properties and was carried in support of a planning application for development. It is proposed to erect a new dwelling on the site. 1.2 The assessment was conducted according to a specification (WSI) issued by AS (dated 14th July 2014). It also conformed to the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-based Assessments (revised 2012). 1.3 The assessment provided for the identification of areas of archaeological potential within the site. It also considered the site within its wider archaeological context. The likely extent, nature, condition and importance of the archaeology were described. The context of future



development proposals for the site was examined and areas of significant previous ground disturbance identified. Planning policy 1.4 The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF 2012) states that those parts of the historic environment that have significance because of their historic, archaeological, architectural or artistic interest are heritage assets. The NPPF aims to deliver sustainable development by ensuring that policies and decisions that concern the historic environment recognise that heritage assets are a non-renewable resource, take account of the wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits of heritage conservation, and recognise that intelligently managed change may sometimes be necessary if heritage assets are to be maintained for the long term. The NPPF requires applications to describe the significance of any heritage asset, including its setting that may be affected in proportion to the asset’s importance and the potential impact of the proposal. 1.5 The NPPF aims to conserve England’s heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, with substantial harm to designated heritage assets (i.e. listed buildings, scheduled monuments) only permitted in exceptional circumstances when the public benefit of a proposal outweighs the conservation of the asset. The effect of proposals on non-designated heritage assets must be balanced against the scale of loss and significance of the asset, but non-designated heritage assets of demonstrably equivalent significance may be considered subject to the same policies as those that are designated. The NPPF states that opportunities to capture evidence from the historic environment, to record and advance the understanding of heritage assets and to make this publicly available is a requirement of development management. This opportunity should be taken in a manner proportionate to the significance of a heritage asset and to impact of the proposal, particularly where a heritage asset is to be lost. 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE 2.1 The site of land at Landhurst is located within the parish of Hartfield, which lies within the district of Wealden and county of East Sussex (Fig. 1). The town of East Grinstead is situated 10km to the west-north-west of the site, whilst the settlement of Forest Row is located 4km to the site’s west. The small village of Hartfield is located 800m to the north-east of the site, whilst the linear village of Upper Hartfield lies 500m to the site. The site lies within the small hamlet of Gallipot Street and at the north-western extent of Landhurst, which comprises a country house complex situated 100m to the south-east. To the immediate north-west of the site is the residential dwelling of Gallipot Hill Farm, with the north-east to south-east aligned B2110 Gallipot Hill Road forming the northern boundary of the site. 2.2 The site comprises an irregular plot of land covering an area of approximately 1,200m² (Fig. 2). It lies along the southern frontage of the



B2110 Gallipot Hill Road and comprises part of a driveway associated with Gallipot Hill Farm leading to a range of six, disused agricultural barns. The site covers sections of five of the barns and other than its northern boundary, all of the boundaries of the site remain undefined. 2.3 The site lies within an Archaeological Notification Area (ANA DES9296), which follows the course of a Roman road running north-north-west to south-south-eastwards through the parish of Hartfield. The East Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation also reveals that the site comprises part of a large farmstead beside Gallipot Street dating from the 19th – 20th centuries (HLC HES29865). 3 METHOD OF WORK Information was sought from a variety of available sources, and reference was made to the Institute of Field Archaeologists’ (IFA) Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-based Assessments (revised 2012). The following material was consulted as part of the assessment; 3.1 Archaeological databases The standard collation of all known archaeological sites and finds spots in the surrounding area is the East Sussex Historic Environment Record (HER). In order to provide a representative sample, the HER database was searched for all known entries within a 1km radius of the site. Entries within this radius of the site are listed in Appendix 1, and plotted in Fig. 3. Their significance, where relevant, is discussed in Section 4.2. 3.2 Historical & cartographic documents The principal source of historical and cartographic documents was the East Sussex Record Office (ESRO), based at The Keep, Brighton. Relevant cartographic sources are listed in Appendix 2 and reproduced in Figs. 4 – 11. 3.3 Secondary sources The principal source of secondary material was the East Sussex Record Office (ESRO), based at The Keep, Brighton, as well as AS’s own library. Relevant material is listed in the bibliography. 3.4 Geological/geotechnical information A description of the superficial and solid geology of the local and surrounding area was compiled in order to assess the likely presence and potential condition of any archaeological remains on the site. This information was drawn from appropriate maps published by the Geological Survey of Great Britain (BGS 1978) and the Soil Survey of England and Wales (SSEW 1983).



3.5 Site visit A physical walkover of the site was undertaken during the course of the desk-based assessment on Wednesday 23rd July 2014 (see Section 5, below; DPs 1 – 18). The site visit had the following purposes: to examine the areas of archaeological potential identified during the

desk-based assessment, in particular, with a view to gauging the likely survival or condition of the archaeological remains, and;

to consider the significance of above ground structures (e.g. industrial archaeology), historic buildings, historic landscape features, their settings and potential impacts for the proposed development.

4 THE EVIDENCE 4.1 Topography, Geology & Soils 4.1.1 The parish and village of Hartfield are located within the High Weald of East Sussex (Fig. 1). It also lies at the north-eastern extent of Ashdown Forest, which comprises open heathland occupying the highest sandy ridge-top of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty AONB). The surrounding topography is thus characterised by a varied relief with extensive woodland and coverts. The area surrounding the site is also characterised by a large number of small watercourse, which feed into the River Medway 2.1km to the north-east. The site itself lies upon a varying relief sloping down northwards from c. 105m AOD towards the B2110 Gallipot Hill Road at c. 89m AOD. 4.1.2 The Hartfield area of East Sussex is located on a solid geology of Ashdown Beds, which typically comprise siltstones and silty fine-grained sandstones with small amounts of finely-bedded mudstone and mudstone (BGS 1978). The drift geology of the area comprises alluvium, particularly in association with the aforementioned watercourses and River Medway. Soils of the area surrounding the site comprise those of the Batcombe Association, which are described as fine silty over clayey and fine loamy over clayey soils with slowly permeable subsoils and slightly seasonal waterlogging, as well as some well drained clayey soils over chalk (SSEW 1983). Such Batcombe association soils are commonly used in agriculture in the South East for cereals, permanent grassland and deciduous woodland. 4.2 Archaeological & Historical Background Prehistoric 4.2.1 There is extensive artefactual evidence from the High Weald and Ashdown Forest areas, which suggests that the area surrounding the site has been occupied since the Mesolithic period onwards. A Mesolithic site at Kilnwood Farm and 800m to the south of the site was identified c. 1966 during the levelling of ground next to the farmhouse (HER MES5189). A burnt area at a depth of c. 3ft contained a number of flint flakes and a small polished flint



axe dated to the Mesolithic. In 1967, another concentration of flints was found together with a core, thumbnail scraper and a number of pieces of burnt sandstone. 4.2.2 Further Mesolithic flints cores, comprising three scrapers, two microliths and unretouched blades or flakes were found from the levelling of the terrace above the stream at Parrock and approximately 150m to the north-west (HER MES5282). In contrast, the later prehistoric period is poorly represented in the archaeological record (Drewett 1978), possibly as a result of the limited previous archaeological work undertaken in the area of the site. However, the iron ore plentiful in parts of the Weald zone is known to have been exploited in the Iron Age period (Margary 1971), with associated small-scale occupation evidence known from the wider Ashdown Forest area. Romano-British 4.2.3 The Iron Age exploitation of the High Weald area for ironstone, as well as charcoal from the forest, continued throughout the Romano-British period, as confirmed by the abundance of Romano-British bloomery sites, which comprised a type of furnace used for smelting iron from its oxides. The downland area of Roman Sussex was also intensively farmed, whilst the large dumps of hard slag resulting from iron ore exploitation formed material for road-making. Such Roman roads were necessary both for the transportation of heavy iron products and that of corn from the Downs to London (Margary 1971). 4.2.4 The only Romano-British findspot recorded in proximity to the site comprises the London to Lewes Roman road, which runs north-north-west to south-south-eastwards through the parish of Hartfield (HER MES5138). The course of the Roman road is demarcated by an Archaeological Notification Area (ANA DES9296), which incorporates the site, thus suggesting that the course of the Roman road runs along the eastern boundary of the site, as demarcated by the extant hedge boundary. A length of the Lewes road was excavated at Holtye and 4km to the north of the site, where its original surface of slag can still be seen, with traces of side ditches (Margary 1971). Anglo-Saxon 4.2.5 The Anglo-Saxon occupation of Ashdown Forest is relatively unknown and no Anglo-Saxon findspots are recorded in proximity to the site. Place-name evidence suggests that Ashdown Forest was established in the Saxon period, deriving from ‘Aescen Dun’ meaning Aesc’s Hill (Roberts 1914). However, little is known about Ashdown Forest in the Saxon period, when it appears to have extended almost to the South Coast. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 893 AD describes it as extending 120 miles from west to east and 30 miles from north to south, yet Saxon remains are limited to coins discovered in a peat bog at Duddleswell and Maresfield (Drewett 1978). The manor of Hertevel or Hartfield is listed in Domesday, when it boasted three ploughlands and a mill, held by Walter of Ricarville from Count of Mortain (Mothersell 1976).



Medieval 4.2.6 During the medieval period, the village of Hartfield developed as a significant forest settlement, with place-name evidence suggesting Hartfield developed as an 'open space frequented by harts' (Roberts 1914). To the north-east of the village and 1.1km from the site stands the village’s medieval motte and bailey castle, which comprises a low motte and two baileys. A map and survey of 1597 - 98 refers to the area as ‘Castle Fields’, whilst antiquarian excavations have confirmed a broadly medieval date for the castle (Salzman 1914). A number of archaeological watching briefs have also been carried out during groundworks in the vicinity of the monument, one of which found evidence of a deep ditch around the motte (Tebbutt 1980). 4.2.7 The medieval period in Hartfield was also dominated by its location within Ashdown Forest, which in 1372 was given by King Edward III to his third son, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, who conserved it as a hunting chase (Drewett 1978). It has been suggested that Castle Field and the site of the aforementioned medieval motte and bailey castle marks the site of a hunting lodge of the Barons of Pevensey, whilst Hartfield was also noted for its royal Coney Warren at Gardine Hill, which extended to 86 acres. The iron industry was also prevalent at Hartfield throughout the medieval period and the village boasted one of the first iron furnaces to use water power. 4.2.8 A number of medieval findspots are recorded in proximity to the site, which attest to the importance of Hartfield (HER MES20278). The village includes the Church of St. Mary, which is 13th century and later and Grade I listed (HER MES5211). Lych Gate Cottage is dated to 1520 and is Grade II listed (HER MES5225). Beyond the village itself are a number of ng medieval and post-medieval farm complexes, including Cotchford Farm 500m to the south-east, Sackville Court to the north-north-east, and Hodore Farm to the north-west (HERs MES20275, MES21212 & MES21932). A medieval and later bloomery or burning site is also recorded at Hammer Mead, which stands 550m to the south (HER MES5182). Post-medieval & later 4.2.9 The settlement of Hartfield occupied a relatively prominent and significant location in the post-medieval period, situated on the road between Royal Tunbridge Wells and Forest Row, which became known as ‘the Capital of the Forest’. Throughout the post-medieval and early modern periods, the area was still dominated by Ashdown Forest, which remained an important hunting country. However, the last wild deer in Ashdown Forest was apparently accidently killed near Gill’s Lap, which lies to the south of the site, by the Hartfield Harriers in 1808. The local iron industry also rapidly declined in the 17th and 18th centuries, with completion from the Midlands and Europe the prime reason for failure. 4.2.10 The area surrounding the site also incorporates a large number of post-medieval and early modern listed buildings (Appendix 1 below), the majority of which are located within the village of Hartfield. The small hamlet of Gallipot



Street, within which the site lies, also includes the Grade II listed The Gallypott Inn and Lavender Cottage (HER DES5778) and Elder Cottage (HER DES4796), which date to the 19th and 17th centuries respectively. The modern period is represented by the 20th century Grade II registered garden at Cotchford Farm (HER MES5235), which lies 800m to the south-east, as well as a an observer corps post that opened on Cotchford Hill in May 1960 (HER MES19334). 4.2.11 Very little is known about the history of the site and no relevant documents could be found in the East Sussex Record Office (ESRO). Cartographic sources (Section 4.3 below) reveal that Landhurst, of which the site forms a part, but is dominated by the country house complex situated 100m to the south-east, dates to the early 19th century. Landhurst or Laudhurst is first depicted on Greenwoods’ map of Sussex, which dates to 1825 (Fig. 6). An early 19th century date for Landhurst is consistent with census data, which first lists the dwelling as Land Hurst in 1841, when it was in the occupation of George Elliott, farmer. The site, however, lies to the north-east of the complex at Landhurst, with no development recorded at Gallipot Hill Farm until the 1974 Ordnance Survey map (Fig. 11). 4.3 Cartographic Evidence Pre-Ordnance Survey Maps 4.3.1 The earliest cartographic source to depict the site comprises Richard Budgen’s map of Forest Row and Hartfield, which dates to 1725 (Fig. 4). The site lay some distance to the south-west of the post-medieval settlement of Hartfield. It lay to the south of the road leading to Forest Row, in the area then labelled as Dogs Cros, possibly a precursor to Gallipot Street. No buildings are depicted in the immediate vicinity of the site in 1725, other than Paddock to the west and structures to the south-east in the area of Cotchford Farm. William Gardner’s map of Sussex, which dates to 1795 (Fig. 5), also depicts the site and its immediate surroundings as agricultural land, with development limited to Sotchford Farm to the south-east and three structures at Gallipot Street, which is consistent with the 17th century date for Elder Cottage. 4.3.2 Greenwoods’ map of Sussex, which dates to 1825 (Fig. 6), is consistent with the previous post-medieval and early modern cartographic evidence. In 1824 the site was some distance to the south-west of the early modern settlement of Hartfield. It lay along the southern frontage of the road leading to Forest Row, to the south-east of Hooden Farm, the precursor to Hodore Farm. The site remained as agricultural land, yet Laudhurst had been established to the south-east of the site and north of Catchford Farm, within what appeared to be two enclosures or plots of land. Parish of Hartfield tithe map, 1842 4.3.3 The parish of Hartfield tithe map, which dates to 1842, is the earliest cartographic source to depict the site in significant detail (Fig. 7). As



previously, the site lay still some distance to the south-west of the early modern settlement of Hartfield and along the southern frontage of the road leading to Forest Row. In 1842, Gallipot Street was labelled as Cat Street, whilst Landhurst Farm was clearly depicted to the south-east. The 1824 map depicts the site to the immediate west of a north-north-west to south-south-east aligned field boundary, which is now known to follow the course of the London to Lewes Roman road. The site straddled two agricultural fields (#779 & #812), located to the west of the field boundary. In 1824, the site was thus us usage as meadow and was split between the ownership of Lord De La Warr’s Waters Farm to the north, and George Elliott’s Landhurst Farm to the south (Appendix 3 below). 1st edition Ordnance Survey map, 1875 4.3.4 The 1st edition Ordnance Survey map dates to 1875 (Fig. 8) depicts very limited change or development to the site in the mid 19th century. In 1875, the site lay still some distance to the south-west of the early modern settlement of Hartfield and along the southern frontage of the road leading to Forest Row. In 1875, Gallypot Street was almost correctly labelled, whilst Landhurst was clearly depicted to the south-east. The 1875 map depicts the site to the immediate west of a north-north-west to south-south-east aligned field boundary, which is now known to follow the course of the London to Lewes Roman road. However, in contrast to the previous cartographic source, the site appeared to comprise part of only one agricultural field, located to the west of the field boundary. 2nd edition Ordnance Survey map, 1899 4.3.5 The 2nd edition Ordnance Survey map of 1899 records little change (Fig. 9). In 1899, the site lay still some distance to the south-west of the early modern settlement of Hartfield and along the southern frontage of the road leading to Forest Row. Gallypot Street was almost correctly labelled, whilst Landhurst was clearly depicted to the south-east and appeared to comprise a significant country house rather than simply a farmstead. The 1899 map depicts the site to the immediate west of a north-north-west to south-south-east aligned field boundary, which is now known to follow the course of the London to Lewes Roman road. As previously, but in contradiction to the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map, in 1899 the site clearly straddled two agricultural fields located to the west of the field boundary. 3rd edition Ordnance Survey map, 1910 4.3.6 The 3rd edition Ordnance Survey map, which dates to 1910 (Fig. 10), depicts no change or development of note within the site. As previously, in 1910 the site clearly straddled two agricultural fields (#932 & #980) located to the west of the field boundary.



Ordnance Survey map, 1974 4.3.7 The most recent historic cartographic source to depict the site comprises the Ordnance Survey map, which dates to 1974 (Fig. 11). It is the earliest cartographic source to depict the development of the site, notably as Gallipot Hill Farm. By 1974, Gallipot Hill Farm had been built across sections of the two former agricultural fields, with the farmhouse located close to the road and a range of six agricultural barns situated further southwards. As now, in 1974 the site comprised part of the driveway associated with Gallipot Hill Farm, leading to five of the six, disused agricultural barns. 4.4 Constraints Listed Buildings – There are no listed buildings located within the site. The Grade II listed The Gallypott Inn and Lavender Cottage (HER DES5778) and Elder Cottage (HER DES4796) are located in Gallipot Street. Registered Park and Gardens – The site does not lie within a designated historic park and garden, but the Grade II garden at Cotchford Farm (HER MES5235) lies 800m to the south-east. Archaeological Priority Area – The site lies within an Archaeological Notification Area (ANA DES9296), which follows the course of a Roman road running north-north-west to south-south-eastwards through the parish of Hartfield. Scheduled Ancient Monuments – The site does not lie within a Scheduled Ancient Monument and none are recorded in the surrounding area. Conservation Areas – The site lies to the south-west of Hartfield Conservation Area (HER DES9794), which demarcates the historic village. 5 SITE VISIT 5.1 A site visit was undertaken on Wednesday 23rd July 2014 to examine the areas of archaeological potential and to consider the significance of above ground structures and potential impacts for the proposed development. The site visit confirmed that the site is located within the parish of Hartfield and within the small hamlet of Gallipot Street. It also lies at the north-western extent of Landhurst, which comprises a country house complex situated 100m to the south-east. To the immediate north-west of the site stands the residential dwelling of Gallipot Hill Farm, with the north-east to south-east aligned B2110 Gallipot Hill Road forming the northern boundary of the site. The site visit also confirmed that it lies upon a varying relief sloping down northwards from c. 105m AOD towards the B2110 Gallipot Hill Road at c. 89m AOD.



5.2 The northern section of the site thus comprises a hardstanding driveway associated with Gallipot Hill Farm and running off Gallipot Hill Road (DPs 1 & 2). The site’s northern section also incorporates an area of hardstanding associated with the farmhouse at Gallipot Hill Farm (DP 3), which is a modern, two storey and detached dwelling. The Gallipot Hill Farm driveway continues southwards to form a north to south aligned hardstanding trackway and runs through the northern section of the site (DP 4). To its immediate west lies a hedge line and former field boundary, which separates Gallipot Hill Farm’s farmhouse from the six barns to the south (DP 5). 5.3 The majority of the site incorporates five of the six, disused agricultural barns that formerly constituted Gallipot Hill Farm, which stood along the western frontage of the trackway (DP 6). The southernmost of the six barns, Barn 1, stands in the centre of the site, has been converted into stables and was in use until recently (DP 7). The barn was built on a concrete pad, with part breeze block and timber construction and a corrugated metal roof (DPs 8 & 9). In contrast, Barns 2 and 3 are predominantly modern breeze block construction with a corrugated metal roof (DPs 10 – 13). The barns appear to have been agricultural structures almost certainly built for pig sheds, as the boom in weaner rearing and associated subsidies was a lucrative business in the late 1960s – 1970s; a date consistent with the construction of the barns. 5.4 Barn 4 is partially dilapidated and has been supplemented with a metal container shed (DP 14), all of which will be subject to demolition as part of the proposed development. Barn 5 is completely dilapidated and consists only of a pile of rubble (DP 15). To the immediate south of Barn 5 lies a large, overgrown mound of earth, which is located within the footprint of the proposed new dwelling (DPs 16 & 17; Fig. 12). The mound of earth is almost 2m high and is covered with vegetation and waste agricultural and building material, possibly originating from earth moving associated with the construction of the barns at Gallipot Hill Farm. To the immediate east of the site lies the aforementioned north to south aligned trackway, with the course of the Roman road demarcated by the eastern hedge field boundary (DP 18). 6 DISCUSSION 6.1 The Impact of the Proposed Development 6.1.1 The archaeological desk-based assessment of land at Landhurst, Hartfield, East Sussex was carried in support of a planning application for the proposed erection of a new dwelling on the site. Such development proposals will cause extensive disturbance to underlying stratigraphy, and thus it is necessary to consider the extent of archaeology that may be disturbed by associated groundworks. The new dwelling will be located within the southern section of the site. The proposed development will also require the demolition and removal of five of the six agricultural barns currently within the site, although two of which are already dilapidated.



6.2 Previous ground disturbance 6.2.1 The cartographic sources consistently record that the site remained as agricultural land until the late 20th century. 6.2.2 Gallipot Hill Farm is first depicted within the site by the 1974 Ordnance Survey map, a date consistent with the breeze block construction of the agricultural barns. Whilst the construction of the six barns on concrete padding may have caused minimal groundworks, the presence of the mound in the southern section of the site suggests that the area was subject to earthmoving. 6.3 Archaeological Potential 6.3.1 Based on the known archaeology the potential of the site may be judged as follows:

Prehistoric – low. Two findspots of Mesolithic flints recorded in the area, whilst later prehistoric evidence in the Hartfield area is limited.

Romano-British – high. The site lies within an Archaeological Notification Area (ANA DES9296), which follows the course of a Roman road running north-north-west to south-south-eastwards through the parish of Hartfield.

Anglo-Saxon – low. No Anglo-Saxon remains were recorded in the area surrounding the site, although the place-name Hartfield has Anglo-Saxon origins.

Medieval – low. The site lies beyond any known areas of medieval settlement, particularly the village of Hartfield to the north-east.

Post-medieval – low. The site consisted of agricultural land, notably meadow throughout the post-medieval period.

Early modern – low. The site consisted of agricultural land, notably meadow throughout early modern period.

7 CONCLUSION 7.1 The site has a high potential for archaeological remains dating to the Romano-British period, but a low potential for all other archaeological periods. The site lies to the immediate west of a Roman road running north-north-west to south-south-eastwards through the parish of Hartfield, as demarcated by the hedge field boundary to the east of the site. The site thus lies within the Archaeological Notification Area relating to the Roman road. A length of the Lewes road was excavated at Holtye and 4km to the north of the site, where its original surface of slag can still be seen, with traces of side ditches. 7.2 Post-medieval, early modern and early 20th century cartographic sources consistently record that the site remained as agricultural land, forming part of two fields, until the late 20th century. Gallipot Hill Farm is first depicted within the site by the 1974 Ordnance Survey map, a date consistent with the breeze block construction of the agricultural barns. Whilst the construction of



the six barns on concrete padding may have caused minimal groundworks, the presence of the mound in the southern section of the site suggests that the area was subject to earthmoving. 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Archaeological Solutions would like to thank Mr Ashley Nicholson of Verve Properties for commissioning and funding the project. Thanks are also due to the staff at the East Sussex Record Office (ESRO), based at The Keep, Brighton. AS is also grateful to Ms Sophie Unger of the East Sussex Historic Environment Record (HER). 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY British Geological Survey (BGS) 1978 Legend for the 1:625,000 Geological map of the United Kingdom (solid geology); London. BGS, Mansfield Dawkes, G. 2008 An Archaeological Evaluation at Upper Parrock Farm, Parrock Lane, Hartfield, East Sussex. Archaeology South-East unpublished report No. 2008078 Drewett, P. L. 1978 Archaeology in Sussex to AD 1500. CBA research report No. 29 Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) 1994 (revised 2012) Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessments. IfA, Reading Margary, I. D. 1971 Roman Sussex Illustrated. Sussex Archaeological Society Mothersell, J. 1976 Domesday Book; Sussex. Phillimore & Co Ltd, Chichester Roberts R. G. 1914 The Place-Names of Sussex. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Salzman, L. 1914 ‘Exploration of the Castle Mound at Hartfield’, in; Sussex Archaeological Collections 56, pp. 201 - 02 Soil Survey of England & Wales (SSEW) 1983 Legend for the 1:250,000 Soil Map of England and Wales. SSEW, Harpenden Stevens, S. 2007 A Watching Brief at Hartfield Wastewater Treatment Works, Hartfield, East Sussex. Archaeology South-East unpublished report Tebbutt, C. 1980 ‘Castle Field, Hartfield (TQ 481 361)’, in; Sussex Archaeological Collections 118, pp. 377 - 78



Websites www.ads.ahds.ac.uk www.british-history.ac.uk



APPENDIX 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATABASE (HER) The following sites are those that lie within a 1km radius of the site. The table has been compiled from data held by the East Sussex Historic Environment Record (HER). The locations of the sites are shown in Fig. 3. Their significance, where relevant, is discussed in Section 4.2.

HER NGR TQ Description Prehistoric MES5189 4726 3426 Mesolithic site at Kilnwood Farm identified c. 1966

during the levelling of ground next to the farmhouse, where a burnt area at a depth of c 3ft contained a number of flint flakes and a small polished flint axe. In 1967, another concentration of flints was found together with a core, thumbnail scraper and a number of pieces of burnt sandstone

MES5282 473 343 Mesolithic flints cores, 3 scrapers, 2 microliths and unretouched blades or flakes were found from the levelling of the terrace above the stream at Parrock

Romano-British MES5138 4502 2817 London to Ouse Valley Roman road, a short section of

which is visible at Roman Road car park comprising agger and trace of side ditches. Agger is traceable for a short distance north and south beyond this area, but on the north side there are other earthworks. Cut by modern ride to north

Medieval MES5182 471 344 A bloomery or burning site at Hammer Mead, Hartfield

has a little cinder in the bordering ditch. It may have been connected with the nearly post-medieval furnace

MES5211 4796 3572 Church of St. Mary, Hartfield is 13th century and later and Grade I listed

MES5225 479 357 Lych Gate Cottage is dated 1520, restored in 1946 and comprises a small timber-framed cottage of which the first floor overhangs the entrance to the church yard and is Grade II listed

MES20275 4760 3444 Medieval and post-medieval farm complex at Cotchford Farm

MES20278 4782 3573 Medieval and post-medieval village of Hartfield MES21212 4730 3546 Sackville Court comprises a medieval and post-

medieval farm complex MES21932 4671 3551 Hodore Farm comprises a medieval and post-medieval

farm complex Post-medieval & later MES5221 478 357 Vine House is a Grade II listed 17th century timber-

framed building with plaster infilling, ground floor rebuilt in red brick

MES5222 477 356 Stairs Farmhouse is a Grade II listed mid 19th century structure

MES5226 480 356 The Rectory, Church Street is a Grade II listed 17th century house with 18th century additions

MES5234 4765 3444 Cotchford Farm is a Grade II listed L-shaped 17th



century or earlier timber-framed house, refaced with red brick on ground floor and tile-hung above

MES5235 4767 3446 Cotchford Farm incorporates a 20th century garden of 1ha within larger wood and heathland setting. Garden developed after 1925 by Mrs Dorothy Milne and is a Grade II listed registered garden

MES19334 4788 3451 Site of observer corps post on Cotchford Hill, opened May 1960, closed October 1968

MES20277 4778 3571 Hollands Stores at Vine Cottage is a Grade II listed 16th century timber-framed and partly close-studded building with roughcast infilling

MES23562 4780 3573 Nos. 2 2A 3 4 5 & 6 High Street comprise a Grade II listed 17th century range now fronted with painted brick on ground floor and weather-boarding above

MES23928 4792 3578 Spring Cottage comprises a Grade II listed 17th century or earlier timber-framed building refaced on east side with tile-hanging

DES5778 47021 35020 The Gallypott Inn and Lavender Cottage are a Grade II listed early 19th century range

DES4796 47113 35092 Elder Cottage is Grade II listed and probably 17th century in date



APPENDIX 2 CARTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE

Date Description Fig. No. Scale Location1724 Richard Budgen’s map of Forest Row &

Hartfield 4 - ESRO

1795 William Gardner’s map of Sussex 5 - ESRO1825 Greenwoods’ map of Sussex 6 - ESRO1842 Parish of Hartfield tithe map 7 - ESRO 1875 Sussex sheet IX.2; 1st edition Ordnance

Survey map 8 25”:1 mile ESRO

1899 Sussex sheet IX.2; 2nd edition Ordnance Survey map

9 25”:1 mile ESRO

1910 Sussex sheet IX.2; 3rd edition Ordnance Survey map

10 25”:1 mile ESRO

1974 Sheets TQ 4734 4735; Ordnance Survey map

11 1:2,500 Old Maps

APPENDIX 3 PARISH OF HARTFIELD TITHE APPORTIONMENT, 1842

# Land Owner Occupier Farm Name Description Land Use Area (a.r.p.)

779 Lord De La Warr John Shoesmith Waters Farm Meadow Opposite Gallipot

Meadow -

812 George Elliott George Elliott Landhurst Farm Gallipot Mead Meadow 7 acres 37 perches

PHOTOGRAPHIC INDEX

1 Northern section of the site comprising a hardstanding driveway associated with Gallipot Hill Farm running off Gallipot Hill Road, view south

2 Northern section of the site comprising a hardstanding driveway associated with Gallipot Hill Farm running off Gallipot Hill Road, view north

3 Area of hardstanding located in the northern section of the site and associated with the farmhouse at Gallipot Hill Farm, view north

4 North to south aligned trackway through the northern section of the site leading southwards from the Gallipot Hill Farm driveway, view north

5 Hedge line and former field boundary located at the centre of the site and separating Gallipot Hill Farm’s farmhouse from the barns, view east

6 North to south aligned trackway to the immediate east of the site, with the modern agricultural barns, which will be demolished, view south

7 Barn 1 in the centre of the site, which will be demolished but had been converted to stables and was in use until recently, view west

8 Western elevation of Barn 1, which is built on a concrete pad, with part breeze block and timber construction with corrugated metal roof, view east

9 Interior of Barn 1, which had been converted to stables and was in use until recently, with part breeze block and timber construction

10 Door entrance to Barn 1, consisting of a modern wooden door, leading to a breeze block lobby with a corrugated metal roof

11 Interior of Barn 2, which appears to have been agricultural almost certainly built for pig sheds, with further access from its western elevation

12 Barn 3, which was almost identical to Barn 2, with breeze block walls and a corrugated metal roof, but will also be demolished, view west

13 Eastern elevation of the barns, which will be subject to demolition, with the trackway leading northwards towards the farmhouse, view north

14 Barn 4, which was partially dilapidated and had been supplemented with a metal container shed, which will also subject to demolition, view west

15 Barn 5, which was completely dilapidated and consisted only of a pile of rubble, with an overgrown mound of earth to its north, view west

16 Overgrown mound of earth lying between Barns 5 & 6 and located within the footprint of the proposed new dwelling, view south-west

17 Overgrown mound of earth standing almost 2m high and covered with vegetation and waste agricultural and building material, view west

18 North to south aligned trackway to the immediate east of the site, with the course of the Roman road demarcated by the eastern hedge, view north

Documents

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS LTD LANDHURST, HARTFIELD, EAST SUSSEXproperty.shw.co.uk/documents/Archaeological Report.pdf · which lies within the district of Wealden and county of East