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Archaeological Field Research

in the Upper Mantaro, Peru,

1982-1983:

Investigations of Inka Expansion and Exchange

Timothy Earle Terence D'Altroy Christine Hastorf Catherine Scott

Cathy Costin Glenn Russell Elsie Sandefur

With appendixes by Bruce D. Owen

Marilyn A. Norconk

Illustrations by Robert Keller Glenn Russell

Monograph XXVIII Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Archaeological field research in the upper Mantaro, Peru, 1982-1983. (Monograph ; 28) Bibliography: p. 1. Huanca Indians—Antiquities. 2. Incas— Antiquities. 3. Indians of South America— Peru— Antiquities. 4. Peru—Antiquities. I. Earle, Timothy. II. University of California, Los Angeles. Institute of Archaeology. III. Series: Monograph (University of California, Los Angeles. Institute of Archaeology) ; 28. F3430.1.H8A7 1987 985'.01 87-16807 ISBN 0-917956-58-3 Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology include preliminary and final excavation reports, symposia papers, and accounts of research in progress in such wide-ranging subjects as archaeometry, ethnoarchaeology, paleodemography, and rock art. Series editor: Ernestine S. Elster Associated Editors: Timothy Earle, Clement W. Meighan, Merrick Posnansky, James R. Sackett Director of Publications: Ernestine S. Elster Cover Design: Timothy Seymour Cover Photo: Wanka house from Tunanmarca; photo by Glenn Russell Copyright 1987. Regents of the University of California, All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 0-917956-58-3

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Appendix 1

Analysis of the Human Burials, 1977-1983 Field Seasons:

Demographic Profiles and Burial Practices

Bruce D. Owen and Marilyn A. Norconk

INTRODUCTION AND METHODS The remains of 106 individuals from 59 single and multiple burials were recovered during the 1977, 1979, 1982, and 1983 field seasons. Table 16 summarizes the burials from the four seasons. This analysis generally excludes the Wanka IV material, leaving 90 Wanka II and III individuals from 57 separate burials. About 63 percent (57/90) of the individuals are considered primary interments, although some of these appeared to be disturbed or incomplete. Of the primary interments, about 20 percent (11/57) of the individuals are missing extremities and/or crania. Preservation is generally good.

Burials were recovered during the excavation of patios and structures. Field laboratory analysis of all burials used the following determination:

1. Age was determined in infants using dental eruption sequences (Ubelaker 1978) and long bone measurements (Bass 1971). Age was determined in children using dental eruption sequence and epiphyseal closure estimates (Bass 1971). Young adult age was determined by epiphyseal and cranial suture closures (Bass 1971), and the age of mature individuals was determined using the degree of bone resorption of the pubic

Table 16. Distribution of Floor, Subfloor, Patio, and Wall Fall Burials

Patio Period Patio Status

Total Wanka II Wanka III Commoner Elite

Burial Type N % N % N % N % N %

Floor, subfloor 42 79 22 76 20 83 23 93 12 67

Patio 9 17 5 17 4 17 0 0 6 33

Wall fall 2 4 2 7 0 0 2 8 0 0

Total 53 100 29 100 24 100 25 101 18 100

Note: Percentages are the fraction of the burials in the column category

of the specified type.

Post-publication note: A data table listing details of each burial was published in Appendix 2, a report on paleopathologies in the 1983 burials. The table is included in this reprint, as are the combined references for the entire volume.

Appendix 1: Human Burials Analysis

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symphysis (females: Gilbert and McKern 1973; males: Todd 1962). If the pelvis was absent or too incomplete for this method, we estimated a general age based on dental wear (Molnar 1971) and comparison with individuals of known ages.

2. Sex was identified only in mature

individuals with suitable portions of the innominate bone present. We used a combination of criteria, of which the excursion of the iliopectineal line and the presence of the ventral arc and subpubic concavity were the most useful (Bass 1971). Two individuals found with fetal bones in their pelves helped establish the female pattern.

3. Dental wear was estimated using

the technique of Molnar (1971) for all individuals over six years of age. See appendix 2 for a discus-sion of dental pathology.

4. Long bone measurements were

taken of complete long bones (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula). Subadult bones were measured without epiphyses. Diameters of the femoral and humeral heads and the circumference of the femur at midshaft were recorded. This analysis is not yet complete and is not included in this report.

For the purposes of this analysis, a

burial is defined as a set of remains that appears to represent the simultaneous interment of one or more individuals. The unit of analysis may be either the individual or the burial, depending on the question being considered. A number of isolated body parts, including articulated extremities and isolated crania, are labeled as "partial" burials and are not included in this analysis except for a brief description. Identifica-tion numbers (e.g., 83-B6) were assigned in

the field laboratory, generally to individuals that are at least 80 percent complete and to secondary individuals that are at least 50 percent complete. Some less complete individuals also have burial numbers. The first two digits of the burial label represent the year of excavation; the digits following the hyphen reflect the order of processing.

Primary burials are defined as remains

that are sufficiently articulated and complete that they appear to have been interred before the body had decomposed badly and that have not been significantly disturbed since. Primary burials may lack crania or one or more extremities.

Secondary burials are defined as

remains that appear to represent the interment of an individual, but that are not sufficiently complete and articulated to be considered primary. Secondary burials are presumed to result from reburial, disturbance, or burial after the body had largely decomposed. X-ray photographs of Andean mummy bundles at The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago show extensive disarticulation in some instances not unlike our "secondary" burials. Naturally, there are some cases in which the distinction between primary and secondary burial cannot be clear. Except where noted, primary and secondary burials are grouped together in this analysis.

Except as stated otherwise, this

analysis considers only the primary and secondary Wanka II and III remains. It excludes 16 Wanka IV individuals, all partial burials, some scattered earlier remains from Pancan, the isolated human bones and teeth found throughout the excavations, and the redeposited or disturbed human bone in J7=2-1. Because of the incompleteness of the data available for each individual, figures for different categories of analysis often will not add to the same total (see note in table 16). For analyses based on ages, individuals are assigned to age categories according to the midpoint of their estimated age range, rounding up when necessary. Individuals classified only as

Archaeological Field Research, Upper Mantaro, Peru

109

older than a certain age are assigned to the age range that includes the specified minimum age. For example, an individual of 40+ years falls in the 40-49 years of age category.

Because of the small number of

individuals recovered, this analysis does not divide the individuals into small, specific categories such as "Wanka II commoner males." Instead, most parts of the analysis are done by dividing the entire population into two opposed categories, such as "Wanka II" and "Wanka III," or "Commoner" and "Elite." That is, the category "Wanka II" includes remains from both commoner and elite patios, and the category "Elite" includes remains from both Wanka II and Wanka III contexts.

Individuals buried in Wanka II contexts

are considered to be from the population of Wanka II times, and individuals buried in Wanka III contexts are considered to be from the population of Wanka III times. This is a reasonable working hypothesis for several reasons. First, all but one of the sites were occupied during only one of the two periods. Second, if abandoned Wanka II sites were used as burial grounds in Wanka III, one would expect to see some difference in burial practices between the burials in patios in abandoned sites and those in occupied sites. There may be temporal differences in burial practices, but they are not immediately apparent. Third, if indivi-duals were buried in abandoned Wanka II sites rather than in Wanka III patios, one might expect a higher density of burials in Wanka II than in Wanka III patios. The density of burials is almost the same in patios of both periods. Fourth, all seven burials that contained copper objects are from Wanka III patios. In nonburial contexts, copper was over three times more ubiquitous in Wanka III than in Wanka II. Although copper cannot strictly be used as a marker for the Wanka III period, the exclusive occurrence of copper in burials in Wanka III patios suggests that these burials date from Wanka III times and that burials in Wanka II patios do not. None of these

lines of evidence is conclusive, but together they tend to support the working hypothesis.

Although the burials are considered to

be from the Wanka II and Wanka III populations, they are not necessarily representative samples of these populations. At several sites human burials also occur in caves and in small circular structures that may be chullpas; other burial locations may exist away from sites. These remains have not been collected nor systematically dated. Some are definitely colonial or later, but we cannot rule out the possibility that some of these unexamined burials may date to Wanka II or Wanka III times. However, the survivorship data, sex distributions, and range of associated grave goods are all consistent with samples from stable, complete populations. No single class or range of individuals appears to be missing from the burial populations. This analysis therefore treats the burials as representing formerly living populations.

Any classification of the burials as

commoner and elite is somewhat problem-atic. Individuals may not always have been buried in the patios in which they lived, and, in fact, the presence/absence and number of grave goods in burials seems to vary independently of the architectural status of the patio in which the burial was placed. This lack of association of grave goods with elite patio burials suggests either that individuals were not always buried in the patios in which they lived, or that burial treatments varied according to different criteria than did the quality of patio architecture. Some parts of this analysis divide burials into those found in elite patios and those found in commoner patios. This division is only for the purpose of elucidating the similarities and differences between burials in commoner and elite patios, and is not meant to imply that the individuals included in each category were necessarily members of that social status category.


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WANKA II AND III BURIAL POPULATIONS

The burial population includes comparable numbers of individuals from both periods, from both elite and commoner patios, and of both sexes. However, because elite patio groups comprise only a small fraction of all patios, the burial population is dispropor-tionately weighted in favor of burials from elite patios as compared with the entire Wanka burial population.

Because of the small size of this burial population, the demographic data should be taken as suggestive only. Table 17 divides the Wanka II and Wanka III population by age, sex, period, and patio status. Figures 70 and 71 illustrate some of this information

as age-at-death/sex pyramids. Because most of the individuals of determinate sex are from Wanka III, the Wanka II figure does not discriminate between males and females. These figures represent distri-butions of ages at death, and are not directly comparable to age/sex pyramids based on census data.

The age-at-death pyramids clearly

illustrate the small deviations of the burial populations from the ideal smooth profile. These deviations can be attributed to the small sizes of the excavated populations. The Wanka III figure shows that there is virtually no difference in age at death between males and females. Preliminary stable isotope analysis data (Hastorf 1985)

Table 17. Wanka II and III Individuals Excavated from 1977 through 1983

Age Sex Patio Period Patio Status

Total Male Female ? Wanka II Wanka III Commoner Elite ? Wanka IVb

Individualsa

0-4 32 -- -- 32 18 14 14 10 8 5

5-9 8 -- -- 8 4 4 3 4 1 0

10-14 5 -- -- 5 2 3 3 1 1 0

15-19 4 1 0 3 3 1 1 3 0 2

20-29 8 5 1 2 4 4 4 2 2 4

30-39 7 3 4 0 1 6 1 6 0 3

40-49 8 3 4 1 2 6 4 4 0 1

50- 5 2 2 1 0 5 5 0 0 0

Subtotal 77 14 11 7 34 43 35 30 12 15

Age Unknown 13 0 2 8 10 3 7 5 1 1

Total 90 14 13 63 44 46 42 35 13 16

Burialsa

Partial

Burialsc 10 -- -- -- 6 4 7 2 1 --

Burials 57 -- -- -- 29 28 27 20 10 6

a. The headings Individuals and Burials refer to the number of bodies represented and the

number of graves, respectively. b. Wanka IV individuals are included only in the far right column. c. Partial burials, that is, burials of hands, feet, legs, or isolated crania, are not

included in the top half of the table, which describes the distribution of burials that apparently represent most or all of the individual.


111

Figure 70. Age-at-death pyramid, Wanka II, showing 34 individuals of known age. Sex is indeterminate for all Wanka II individuals, so the counts are evenly divided between the male and female sides of the pyramid. The numbers at the ends of the bars represent the total number of individuals on that side of the chart. Fractions occur when there are odd numbers of individuals in an age category.

Figure 71. Age-at-death pyramid, Wanka III, showing 43 individuals of known age. Areas with darker stippling represent individuals of known sex; individuals of indeterminate sex are evenly divided be-tween the male and female sides of the pyramid. The numbers at the ends of the bars represent the total number of individuals on that side of the chart. Fractions occur when there are odd numbers of individuals of indeterminate sex in an age category.


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suggests that males in Wanka III ate more maize than did females, but this dietary difference does not seem to have strongly affected male and female mortality rates. Since there are virtually equal numbers of adult males and adult females, there was probably also little difference in overall infant and juvenile mortality between males and females. The figures also show that the excavated Wanka II and III populations seem to have rather different distributions of ages at death. This pattern is clearer when the data are recast as survivorship curves.

The limited data suggest that there

may have been a significant drop in mortality rates in Wanka III. Figure 72 illustrates the survivorship curves for Wanka II and Wanka III individuals, and for the two populations combined. As suggested by the age-at-death pyramids (figs. 70-71), the age

structures of the two periods appear to be quite different. Figure 73 shows the same two survivorship curves compared with the best-fitting stable population models from Weiss (1973). The survivorship curve for the Wanka III individuals corresponds closely to Weiss's stable population model 25-55, which is within the range he cites as being typical of preindustrial societies (Weiss 1973:48-51). The good fit suggests that the burial population reflects the survivorship of a population.

The survivorship curve for the Wanka

II burials, however, corresponds to Weiss' stable population model 15-30, which features the highest juvenile and adult mortalities that he calculates. Weiss does not cite any anthropological or archaeo-logical populations with mortality rates this high. Weiss (1975:54-55) argues elsewhere

Figure 72. Survivorship curves for Wanka II, Wanka III, and both periods combined.


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that the effects of sporadic events, such as epidemics or warfare, are strongly and quickly damped out in burial populations, so a more continuous cause for the unusually high Wanka II mortality rates is required.

It is possible that burial practices were

significantly different in Wanka II than in Wanka III, such that older juveniles and older adults but not infants and young adults, were selectively buried outside the residential settings. Such an unlikely burial practice would account for the observed Wanka II age-at-death distribution. How-ever, one might expect other changes in burial practices to accompany such a strong shift in the location of burials. There may be some changes in burial practices over time, but they are not clear or strong.

A more likely explanation is that the

Wanka II populations, living in dense, walled, hilltop settlements under conditions of intense intersettlement hostility, were severely stressed and suffered from un-usually high mortality rates. When the Inka pacified the region and resettled much of the populace into lower altitude agricultural sites, the stress was relieved and mortality rates dropped to more normal levels.

The skeletal pathologies of the indivi-

duals excavated in 1983 show no indication of long-term nutritional stress or unusual prevalence of trauma in Wanka II. The skeletal evidence cannot confirm or reject the presence of contagious disease encour-aged by dense settlement and poor sanitation as the cause of the high mortality rates in Wanka II.

The survivorship curve in figure 74

Figure 73. Survivorship curves for Wanka II and Wanka III compared with the best-fitting stable population models from Weiss (1973).


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indicates that there was probably no important difference in mortality rates between individuals buried in elite and commoner patios.

BURIAL PRACTICES

About 80 percent (42/53) of the burials were found in the floor or subfloor fill of habitation structures. Roughly 17 percent (9/53) were in open patio space, either in cultural fill or midden deposits. The remaining two burials (3 individuals) were postoccupation interments in the rubble of collapsed structures. All the burials in commoner patios are located inside structures, while one-third of the burials in elite patios are found in open patio areas. This feature is one of the few apparent differences between burials in elite and commoner pat ios. Burial in open patio

space does not seem to have been related to age, sex, or grave goods. There was no particular orientation or special treatment for patio burials. Table 16 summarizes the locations of burials by period and patio status.

Burial pits were visible in only ten

cases, and the stratigraphically significant top surfaces of the pits were poorly defined. Many burial pits were defined in part by bedrock, and four were bordered by rocks or limestone slabs set in place. The wall fall burials appeared to be in crude stone chambers.

Most primary individuals (about 85%) were buried in a fully flexed position. Many of these were flexed extremely tightly, strongly suggesting binding of the corpse or mummy bundling. Another 10 percent were buried with legs flexed but arms extended,

Figure 74. Survivorship curves for individuals from elite and commoner patios.


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generally alongside the torso. Some of these were also very tightly flexed. Three individuals in two structures (J59=1-1 and J7=3-1) were interred in vertical, seated positions inside structures, with their backs against the wall.

Individuals buried inside structures

were generally placed in the structure floor or subfloor fill close to the wall and parallel to it. Few burials extended more than 100 cm from the wall, and many were directly against it, facing up, down, to either side, toward or away from the wall. This placement suggests that the individuals were wrapped as mummy bundles and the position of the body inside the bundle could not be discerned. Burials were clearly not located according to compass directions or to the position of the structure's door. Placement of the burial along the wall was evidently determined primarily by the location of sufficient fill above the irregular bedrock. Secondary burials were placed inside structures and in patio space in the same manner as primary burials.

Not all excavated patios produced

burials. While the five patios fully exca-vated in 1982 did have burials, only 16 of the 25 patios partially excavated in 1983 had burials. This discrepancy may be an artifact of the sampling strategy, or it may

suggest that some patios were used for burials while others were not.

The strongly clustered distribution of

some unusual dental and skeletal traits that may be genetically determined suggests that at least some individuals buried in the same patio may have been genetically related. There are seven occurrences of shovel-shaped incisors among the individuals excavated in 1983. Three patios each contained two individuals with shovel-shaped incisors, one patio contained one individual with shovel-shaped incisors, and in the remaining twelve patios with burials, there were no individuals with shovel-shaped incisors. Similarly, occurrences of sutural bones tend to be concentrated in particular patios and even particular multiple burials, rather than dispersed throughout the exca-vated areas. Sutural bones may or may not have a genetic component (see appendix 2 for details).

About 72 percent of all burials con-

tained only a single individual. Most of the remainder contained two or three indivi-duals. Table 18 and figure 75 summarize the distributions of single and multiple burials. The individuals in the small-size, multiple burials are typical of the general population in age and sex distributions, and they are not differentiated by grave goods

Table 18. Distribution of Multiple Burials by Period and Patio Status

Number of

Individuals Total Patio Period Patio Status

In Burial Burials Wanka II Wanka III Commoner Elite

N % N % N % N % N %

1 38 72 21 72 17 71 17 68 13 72

2 7 13 5 17 2 8 4 16 2 11

3 4 8 2 7 2 8 2 8 1 6

4 1 2 0 0 1 4 1 4 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 2 4 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 6

8 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 Note: Percentages are the fraction of the burials in the column category

that contained the specified number of individuals.


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Figure 75. Single and multiple burials, Wanka II and III.

or special treatments. There is little difference in the frequency or nature of small-size, multiple burials between elite and commoner patios or between Wanka II and Wanka III.

In Wanka III, however, there were two

large-size, multiple primary burials. One, in commoner patio structure J54=10-1, con-tained seven individuals, one of whom had five gold, copper, and lead objects on his chest. The chest cavities of these individuals were without dirt, suggesting that the structure they were buried in was not used after their interment; the rich grave goods suggest that the individuals might not have lived in the commoner patio in which they were buried.

The other large multiple primary

burial, found in elite patio structure J54=7-

1, contained eight individuals and some modest grave goods. The structure appears to have been reused after the interments for some unusual, perhaps ritual, purpose. (See the section on Marca for details.)

Males and females and most age

categories are represented in these large-size, multiple burials. The age and sex distributions do not differ in any systematic way from those of the rest of the population. The practice of interring several individuals in single burials persisted into Wanka IV, as indicated by the five individuals buried together in J2=701.

In addition to the multiple burials from

Wanka III and IV, there are two earlier deposits of bone representing numerous individuals. The large multiple secondary burial of some seven individuals in the


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Wanka II elite structure J41=8-1 may or may not be similar to the later multiple burials. Some of the long bones in this burial were neatly bundled or stacked together with two crania, while others were tossed in care-lessly. Associated with the remains were seven silver disks (possibly representing a single item), a bone pin, and a perforated stone discoid. Although the burial was close to the surface, the bones were in very good condition, suggesting that this may be a postoccupation interment. A dense deposit of completely disarticulated bones repre-senting up to seven individuals was found in the Wanka II structure J7=2-1. The bones may have been redeposited unintentionally as fill rather than as a secondary burial and are not included in any analyses.

The large-size, multiple burials could

reflect epidemics resulting from European contact, or they could represent warfare, special burial practices, or some more ordinary event. Both of the large primary Wanka III multiple burials were found at Marca (J54), suggesting that they might be due to the same cause, perhaps one of the historically documented epidemics that swept the region before and after the Spanish conquest.

Many more secondary burials come

from Wanka II contexts than from Wanka III. About 60 percent of all Wanka II individuals were found in secondary burials, while only 13 percent of the Wanka III individuals were

found in secondary burials. This decline in secondary burial may indicate a change in burial practices in Wanka III such that fewer individuals were reburied, disturbed, or buried after substantial decomposition than had been the case in Wanka II. Alternatively, the finding may suggest that secondary burials in Wanka III times were more often placed outside residential areas. Finally, the larger proportion of secondary burials in Wanka II sites may simply be due to the earlier burials being in the ground longer and so being exposed to more disturbance by subsequent uses of the sites. This last explanation would be especially likely if a disproportionate fraction of the Wanka III burials were from the end of the Wanka III period or the beginning of Wanka IV, when epidemics swept the region and sites were quickly abandoned. These late burials would have been subject to little subsequent disturbance because the sites were abandoned and the regional population was significantly reduced. Table 19 summarizes the distributions of primary and secondary burials.

About 54 percent (49/90) of all indivi-

duals, both primary and secondary, were buried in pits containing one or more objects or grave goods. In multiple burials the goods were sometimes clearly associated with a single individual; in other cases, the goods could pertain to any or several of the individuals. In this analysis, such questionable goods are assigned equally to

Table 19. Distribution of Secondary and Primary Burials

Patio Period Patio Status Sex

Type Total Wanka II Wanka III Commoner Elite Male Female

N % N % N % N % N % N % N %

Primary 57 63 17 39 40 87 27 64 21 60 12 86 10 77

Secondary 33 37 27 61 6 13 15 36 14 40 2 14 3 23

Note: Percentages are based on column totals.


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all individuals in the burial by dividing the number of objects by the number of individuals in the burial.

Most grave lots contain one, two, or

occasionally three items, generally recovered from the soil immediately around the remains but in no particular anatomical relationship to the individual. The number of grave goods is not clearly related to elite or commoner patio status, primary or secondary burial, or sex. The fraction of individuals buried with grave goods is almost identical in Wanka II and Wanka III. Table 20 and figure 76 summarize and illustrate the distributions of grave goods in burial pits.

Older individuals are more likely to be

buried in pits with one or more grave goods than are younger individuals, as illustrated in figure 77. Moreover, when goods are present, older individuals tend to be buried with more of them than are younger indivi-duals, as illustrated in figure 78. The latter pattern is not strong, probably in part because of the analytical strategy of

dividing grave goods among all the indivi-duals in each multiple burial. Table 21 summarizes the occurrences of grave goods by age ranges as used in this analysis. Because the population is so small, the trends illustrated in figures 77 and 78 are based on combined age categories. There are not enough individuals to compare the distributions of grave goods by age in Wanka II and Wanka III. The overall pattern of association of grave goods with older indivi-duals is traditionally taken to suggest a society featuring attained, rather than ascribed, status.

Examples of virtually all artifact

types other than flaked stone tools were found in burials. Table 22 summarizes the distributions of various types of grave goods by sex, period, and patio status. The most common grave good (found with 10% of all individuals) is a large sherd or several large sherds covering the head of the individual, and occasionally covering the body. In several cases, aryballoid bases appear to have been specially prepared to cover the head of the deceased, a pract ice found

Table 20. Numbers of Individuals from Pits According to Number of Grave Goods Total

Number Indivi- Sex Patio Period Patio Status Burial Type

of Items duals Male Female Wanka II Wanka III Commoner Elite Primary Secondary

in Pit N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N %

0 61 68 7 50 8 62 31 70 30 65 29 69 23 66 39 68 22 67

1 14 16 3 21 2 15 5 11 9 20 6 14 7 20 8 14 5 15

2 7 8 0 0 1 8 5 11 2 4 3 7 2 6 4 7 3 9

3 2 2 1 7 1 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 4 1 3

4 1 1 1 7 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0

5 1 1 1 7 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3

10 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3

11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13 1 1 0 0 1 8 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 3 1 2 0 0

14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 1 1 1 7 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0

Note: Percentages are based on column totals. Sherds covering the head count as one grave good.


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Figure 76. Grave goods per burial pit, Wanka II and III.

Figure 77. Percentages of individuals of given age categories that were buried in pits containing grave goods. Where a burial with one or more grave goods contains more than one individual, each individual is counted as being buried with grave goods.


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Figure 78. Median number of grave goods associated with individuals of given age categories. Only individuals from burials with at least one grave good are included. Goods not associated with a specific individual are divided equally among all individuals in the burials.

Table 21. Distribution of Grave Goods by Individual's Age

Number of Number of Individuals

Grave Goods Age Groups

per Individual 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50

0 19 5 3 3 4 3 4 1

0.1-1.0 6 1 1 0 1 3 0 1

1.1-2.0 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 1

2.1-3.0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

3.1-4.0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Note: Goods in multiple burials that cannot be associated with a single individual

are divided among all the individuals in the burial. These data are illustrated in figures 77 and 78. Sherds covering the head are counted as one grave good.


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primarily in elite patios. Twenty percent of all individuals buried in elite patios were treated this way compared with two percent of those in commoner patios. This associa-tion of sherds on the head with elite patios is the only noticeable difference between burials in commoner and elite patios other than the restriction of burials in open patio space to elite patios.

Sherds on the head are somewhat more

common in primary burials (12%, 7/57 indi-viduals) than in secondary burials (6%, 2/33 individuals ), probably because some or all of the secondary burials are disturbed or reburied such that any sherds originally on the head of the individual have been lost. Both of the secondary burials covered by sherds are infants. There is no other pattern to sherds covering the head; they are not associated with age, sex, other

grave goods, or chronological period. A phyllite slab covering the Wanka III multiple burial in commoner patio J54=2-1 may be analogous to the sherds covering individual crania.

The practice of covering the head of

the deceased persisted into the early colonial period, as indicated by the phyllite slab on the head of Wanka IV burial 82-B1 in J54=1-1, the aryballoid sherd covering the crania of 82-B2 and 82-B3 in the Wanka IV burials in J54=1-20, and the sherds on the head of 77-B6 in the colonial burial in J2=701.

Grave lots tend to consist of sets of

similar or related objects. The most striking example of this tendency is found in burial 83-B43 from the large primary multiple burial in J54=10-1. This 25 to 30

Table 22. Occurrences of Various Grave Goods

Sex Patio Period Patio Status

Type of Goods Total Male Female Wanka II Wanka III Commoner Elite

N % N % N % N % N % N % N %

Sherds on head 9 10 2 14 1 8 4 9 5 11 1 2 7 20

Copper 7 12 2 14 3 23 0 0 7 25 5 19 2 10

Silver 2 4 1 7 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 0 1 5

Lead 2 4 2 14 0 0 0 0 2 7 2 7 0 0

Gold 1 2 1 7 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 4 0 0

Ceramic 7 12 3 21 2 15 3 10 4 14 4 15 2 10

Worked stone 6 6 2 14 0 0 4 14 2 7 2 7 2 10

Worked bone 5 9 1 7 2 15 3 10 2 7 2 7 2 10

Phyllite 3 5 3 21 0 0 0 0 3 11 1 4 2 10

Camellid mandible 2 4 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 1 4 0 0

Ore 2 4 0 0 2 15 1 3 1 4 0 0 2 10

Shell 1 2 1 7 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 4 0 0

Whorl blank 1 2 1 7 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 4 0 0

Deer antler 1 2 0 0 1 8 1 3 0 0 1 4 0 0

Hematite ball 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 5

Note: Sherds on the head are associated with specific individuals, so the numbers are counts of individuals with sherds on their heads and the percentages represent the individuals in the column category with sherds on their heads. Other goods generally cannot be associated with specific individuals, so all other numbers are counts of burial pits with the stated type of good and all other percentages are the fractions of the burial pits in the column category that contained that good. Sex is specified when the burial pit contained one individual or individuals of the same sex.


122

year old male was found with a collection of metal items on his chest: three copper disks, a packet of small lead laminae, and a piece of rolled repoussé gold sheet.

There are several examples of paired

items in two-piece grave lots, such as the two bone implements with 83-B1, the two phyllite slabs with 83-B38, the two copper needles with 83-B40, and the two ceramic vessels with 83-B5. Larger grave lots tend to be made up of several sets of similar items, such as the three copper needles, six ceramic vessels, and three bone implements with 83-B3, as well as the five or six camelid mandibles and five worked stone items with the secondary burial in J7=3-51. The homogeneity of goods within grave lots and the heterogeneity between them suggests that the items buried with each individual may have been expressions by the survivors of ideas or roles specific to the deceased individual, rather than ideas pertaining to generalized notions concerning death for which the same assortments of goods could have served for all individuals.

Most grave lots contained one to three

items, but there were a few notable exceptions. The 35 to 45 year old Wanka III woman 83-B3 from elite patio J2=1-1 was buried with six ceramic vessels, three small bone implements, and some sort of plain woven textile gathered around her throat and preserved by three copper needles pinning it together. She lay on limestone slabs, and her head was covered with large sherds. The 25 to 30 year old Wanka III man 83-B43 in the large primary multiple burial in commoner patio J54=10-1 was buried with three copper disks, a packet of small lead laminae, and a gold ornament on his chest. The two Wanka III adults, 82-B12 and 82-B13, and two or three children were buried in commoner patio J54=2-1 with a stone discoid, a lead ball, a copper fragment, two shell fragments, two manos, a pestle, three bone implements, a stone hoe, and two guinea pig crania. The whole burial was covered by a phyllite slab.

The burial of individuals with large

grave lots persisted into Wanka IV. In the triple burial in J2=701, the male 77-B6 had sherds on his head, colonial beads around his neck, and a shell fragment nearby. Two groundstone items, an iron knife, a worked bone implement, a copper axe, two large copper and lead balls with suspension holes, a copper clip, a tumi-shaped ornament, and sherds of several reconstructable vessels could be associated with any of the three individuals.

Finally, the secondary remains of the

seven individuals, 79-B1 through 79-B5, which were stacked and jumbled in a single pit in elite patio J41=8-1, were buried with seven silver disks and a perforated stone discoid. If the silver disks are the remains of a single valuable item, a textile with silver bangles sewn on it, for example, then this grave lot is not unusually rich.

Except for this strange secondary

Wanka II burial, all three large precolonial grave lots are from Wanka III. This association may suggest a change in beliefs regarding the afterlife or in economic, social, ritual, or other stratification in Wanka III. However, the data set is too small to infer secure conclusions.

In addition to the comparatively

complete burials, there were nine burials of isolated, fully or partially articulated body parts representing nine or ten individuals. These finds probably do not represent the interments of individuals, but rather some ritual, surgical, or other practices. As such, they are not included in any of the analyses in this appendix.

In Wanka II there were five such

partial burials: an articulated leg and foot in a midden in the open patio space of elite patio J7=7, an adult's feet and hands under and inside the door of commoner structure J41=4-1, an infant's torso and arms in commoner structure J41=5-2, a cranium and mandible in structure J41=6-1, and an associated arm and vertebral column with sacrum in the open patio space of J7=3. The arm and vertebral column may represent


123

one or two individuals. In Wanka III, there were bones from

one or two feet of a child in the open patio space of the elite patio J2=3, and three isolated crania in commoner structure J54=9-1. This structure also contained seven subfloor burials, one of which was a dismembered, fragmentary, and partially burned adult female.

Three burials contained burned human

bone. The dismembered female and the partial burials of a spinal column and an arm described above were partially burned. The third partially burned individual was infant 83-B25 found in a triple primary burial in the Wanka II structure J41=6-1. Fragments of carbonized cloth were preserved among the pieces of the burned cranium. None of these cases suggests intentional cremation. The bone was blackened and sometimes broken up, but never cracked or charred white.

The burial data raise an interesting

question concerning the lengths of occupation of sites and patios in the two periods. Taking all the excavated structure and patio areas together, approximately the same number of individuals was recovered per square meter excavated in Wanka II and Wanka III contexts. In 672 m2 of Wanka II deposits excavated in 1982 and 1983, 37 individuals were unearthed, or 0.055/m2. In 730 m2 of Wanka III deposits excavated in 1982 and 1983, 45 individuals were disinterred, or 0.062/m2.

Current radiocarbon dates (see chap. 4) suggest that Wanka II lasted from A.D. 1350-1460, or about 110 years, while Wanka III is known from historical sources to have lasted only about 70 years. Wanka II was thought therefore to be 1.5 times as long as Wanka III, yet Wanka II patios actually have a slightly lower density of burials.

There are several possible explana-

tions for the absence of higher burial density in the supposedly longer Wanka II period. Burial practices may have changed from a pattern of large-scale burial outside patios or in unexcavated chullpas in Wanka II to burial mostly within patios in Wanka III. This explanation postulates a massive change in the numbers of individuals buried outside patios, from close to 70 percent in Wanka II to none in Wanka III. It seems unlikely that such a major change would not be accompanied by other noticeable changes in burial practices.

More people may have lived in Wanka

III patios than in Wanka II patios. This possibility is unlikely, however, since Wanka III patios have about the same density and absolute quantity of domestic refuse as do Wanka II patios.

Most likely, however, Wanka III burial

density may be inflated by unusually large numbers of interments at the end of the period as a result of the epidemics that preceded and immediately followed the Spanish conquest of the region.

124

Appendix 2

Analysis of the UMARP Burials, 1983 Field Season: Paleopathology Report

Marilyn A. Norconk

[The primary data table for Appendix 1 (Owen and Norconk 1987, Analysis of the Human Burials, 1977-1983 Field Seasons: Demographic Profiles and Burial Practices) was included in Appendix 2, which begins on this page and continues through page 133. The table was prepared by Bruce Owen for Appendix 1, and is reproduced here with the published pagination. The age and sex determinations shown in the table were done by Marilyn Norconk.]


125

Table 23. Burial Data from 1983, 1982, 1979, and 1977 Floor/ Number Com- Primary/ Subfloor/ of ID oner/ Secondary/ Patio/ Indivi- Provenience Number Phase Elite Age Sex Partial Wall Fall duals Associated Artifacts and Comments

1983 Burials

J2=1-1-3-5-6 83-B3 W III E 35-45 F Primary Subfloor 1 Sherds on head. Body lies on limestone slabs. Textile with three copper needles at throat. Aryballoid. Olla. Four other vessels. Two bone tools. One bone pin. Charcoal. J2=1-1-3-5-7 83-B8 W III E 2-4 - Primary Subfloor 1 Sherds cover body. Head rests on grindstone, body on two limestone slabs. J2=2-1-1-4-5 83-B7 W III C 2-4 - Primary Subfloor 1 Missing cranium, mandible, right leg, right and left feet. J2=2-1-4-5-3 83-B9 W III C Fetus - Primary Subfloor 1 J2=3-1-4-4-6 83-B10 W III E 3-7 - Primary Subfloor 1 J2=3-53-3-6-6 - W III E Child - Partial Patio 1 One or two isolated feet found in pit defined by placed rocks and bedrock. J2=3-53-4-6-7 83-B16a W III E 0-1 - Primary Patio 1 Missing cranium and various bones. J2=3-53-4-6-8 83-B16 W III E 20-25 F Primary Patio 1 Pit in bedrock. J2=3-54-2-5-4 #1 83-B13 W III E 30-40 F Primary Patio J2=3-54-2-5-4 #2 83-B14 W III E 30-40 F Primary Patio 3 Piece of galena. J2=3-54-2-5-4 #3 83-B15 W III E 3-4 - Primary Patio J2=6-1-3-2-4 #1 83-B19 W III C 4-5 - Primary Subfloor Three infants buried in a linear pit defined by bedrock and the J2=6-1-3-2-4 #2 - W III C 8-12 - Primary Subfloor 3 structure wall. Numbers 2 and 3 not fully removed due to caliche J2=6-1-3-2-4 #3 - W III C 4-6 - Primary Subfloor deposit. J7=5-1-2-1-3 - W II C Adult ? Secondary Wall Fall 1 Only cranium, spine, ribs, femur. Postoccupation. J7=5-1-4-2-5 #1 83-B6 W II C 23-53 F Secondary Subfloor Two intermixed. B6 lacks cranium. 2 Infant lacks cranium, spine, J7=5-1-4-2-5 #2 - W II C Infant - Secondary Subfloor various bones. Two broken vessels, deer antler. J7=5-1-3-2-4 83-B5 W II C Adult ? Secondary Subfloor 1 Missing some vertebrae and ribs. Two broken vessels. J7=7-2-2-2-4 #1 83-B18 W II E 0-1 - Secondary Subfloor 1 Large sherd, hematite ball, possible copper ore. J7=7-2-4-4-6 #2 83-811 W II E 1-3 - Primary Subfloor 2 J7=7-2-4-4-6 #3 83-812 W II E 0-1 - Primary Subfloor J7=7-3-1-3-4 83-B2 W II E 2-3 - Secondary Subfloor 1 Sherds on head. J7=7-51-4-2-2 - W II E ? ? Partial Patio 1 Isolated articulated leg and foot. J7=8-2-3,4-2-5 #1 - W II C 20-30 ? Secondary Wall Fall Missing cranium, mandible present. 2 Postoccupation. Possibly J7=8-2-3,4-2-5 #2 - W II C 1-2 - Secondary Wall Fall associated camelid mandible. J7=9-1-4-4-3 83-B1 W II C 40-50 F Primary Subfloor 1 Bone needle, bone pin.

Appendix 2: Paleopathology Report

126

Table 23, continued

Floor/ Number Com- Primary/ Subfloor/ of ID oner/ Secondary/ Patio/ Indivi- Provenience Number Phase Elite Age Sex Partial Wall Fall duals Associated Artifacts and Comments J41=4-1-2-3-3 83-B24 W II C 8-12 - Primary Subfloor 1 J41=4-1-2-3-5 - W II C Adult ? Partial Subfloor 1 Isolated partially articulated hands and feet under and inside structure door. J41=5-1-3-4-3 83-B21 W II C 25-30 M Primary Subfloor 1 J41=5-2-1-2-2 83-B22 W II C 2-3 - Partial Subfloor 1 Articulated torso and arms. Small lead ball J41=5-2-1-3-3 83-B23 W II C 0-1 - Primary Subfloor 1 Large sherds cover body. Missing mandible, various long bones. J41=6-1-1-3-6 #1 83-B25 W II ? 9-12 - Primary Subfloor B25 has burned arm bones and cranium, and burned textile J41=6-1-1-3-6 #2 83-827 W II ? 18-25 M Primary Subfloor 3 fragments. B27 lacks cranium and mandible. Possibly pertains to J41=6-1-1-3-6 #3 83-B26 W II ? 0-2 - Primary Subfloor cranium and mandible in 41=6-1-1- 3-1. Folded silver disk could be associated with any of three individuals. J41=6-1-1-3-1 - W II ? 16-20 F? Partial Subfloor 1 Isolated cranium and mandible with large sherds. May pertain to B27 above. J41=6-2-1-3-3 83-B20 W II ? 7-8 - Primary Subfloor 1 J41=6-53-1-2-1 - W II ? Adult ? Secondary Patio 1 J41=7-1-3-3-3 - W II C Infant - Secondary Subfloor 1 Missing cranium, various bones. J41=7-1-2-3-5 - W II C 0-2 - Secondary Floor J41=7-1-2-3-5 - W II C Adult ? Secondary Floor 3 J41=7-1-2-3-5 - W II C Old ? Secondary Floor J54=7-1-1,2-4-4 #1 83-B30 W III E 10-15 - Primary Subfloor J54=7-1-1,2-4-4 #2 83-B31 W III E 45-50 F Primary Subfloor Copper pin may be associated with B31 or another of these individuals. J54=7-1-1,2-4-4 #3 83-B32 W III E 30-40 M Primary Subfloor J54=7-1-1,2-4-4 #4 83-B33 W III E 30-40 F Primary Subfloor 8 J54=7-1-1,2-4-4 #5 83-B34 W III E 30-40 M Primary Subfloor Sherds on head of B34. J54=7-1-1,2-4-4 #6 83-B35 W III E 0-3 - Primary Subfloor Infant B35 on chest of male B34; sherds on head of infant B35. J54=7-1-1,2-4-4 #7 83-B36 W III E 30-40 M Primary Subfloor Small vessel covered by phyllite slab near head of B36 J54=7-1-1,2-4-4 #8 83-B37 W III E 39-44 M Primary Subfloor J54=7-54-1,2-5-3 83-B38 W III E 20-35 M Primary Patio 1 Two phyllite slabs define one side of pit. Two aryballoid bases cover cranium. J54=9-1-2-2-3 #1 83-B40 W III C 9-12 - Secondary Floor 1 Two copper needles. Postoccupation. J54=9-1-3-2-4 #2 83-B39 W III C 50+ M Secondary Floor 1 Miniature ceramic spoon. Postoccupation.

Post-publication note: This copper pin, metal ID 610, was cataloged as J54=7-1-2-3-4


127

Table 23, continued

Floor/ Number Com- Primary/ Subfloor/ of ID oner/ Secondary/ Patio/ Indivi- Provenience Number Phase Elite Age Sex Partial Wall Fall duals Associated Artifacts and Comments J54=9-1-2-3-5 #3 83-B40a W III C 50+ F Secondary Subfloor 1 Copper needle. Lacks cranium, hands, and feet.

J54=9-1-2-3-5 #4 83-B40b W III C 6-8 - Primary Subfloor 2 Copper needle. J54=9-1-2-3-5 #5 83-B40c W III C 0-2 - Primary Subfloor J54=9-1-1-3-13 #6 83-B40d W III C 0-2 - Primary Subfloor 1 Lacks cranium and mandible. Rocks define pit. J54=9-1-1-3-7 #7 83-B42 W III C 50+ M Primary Subfloor B43 missing mandible and feet. 2 Ceramic spoon, stone mortar, and J54=9-1-1-3-7 #8 83-B41 W III C 0-1 - Primary Subfloor pestle. Each body has a spindle whorl blank at top of cranium J54=9-1-1-3-7 #9 83-B41a W III C Adult F Secondary Subfloor 1 Dismembered and partially burned. J54=9-1-2-2-1/5 - W III C Old ? Partial Floor 1 Isolated cranium. J54=9-1-3-3-4/12 - W III C ? ? Partial Floor 1 Isolated cranium. Postoccupation. J54=9-1-4-1-1 - W III C ? ? Partial Wall Fall 1 Isolated skullcap. Postoccupation. J54=10-1-3-4-6 #1 83-B43 W III C 25-30 M Primary Subfloor Rolled silver repoussé sheet, packet of lead laminae, three J54=10-1-3-4-6 #2 83-B44 W III C 20-25 M Secondary Subfloor copper disks, all on chest of B43. All chest cavities are open and hollow -postoccupation? B44 lacks finger phalanges. 7

J54=10-1-3-4-5 #3 83-B45 W III C 18-20 M Primary Subfloor J54=10-1-3-4-5 #4 83-B46 W III C 1-2 - Primary Subfloor J54=10-1-3-4-5 #5 83-B47 W III C 35-45 F Primary Subfloor J54=10-1-3-4-5 #6 83-B48 W III C 0-1 - Primary Subfloor J54=10-1-3-4-5 #7 83-B49 W III C 1-2 - Primary Subfloor J59=1-1-1-1-3 83-B28 W III C 50-60 F Primary Floor 1 Seated with back to wall. Postoccupation. J59=1-1-2-2-5 83-B29 W III C 40-45 M Primary Floor 1 Seated with back to wall. Possibly postoccupation. Prior to B28. J74=1-1-3-1-3 83-B50 W III C Adult F? Primary Floor 1 Missing cranium, one leg, both hands and feet. Postoccupation.

1982 Burials

J7=1-2-2-2-3 82-B5 W II ? Fetus - Primary Subfloor 2 Pit in bedrock. J7=1-2-2-2-3 82-B6 W II ? 3-5 - Secondary Subfloor J7=2-1-4-2-3 82-B8 W II E 6-8 - Primary Subfloor 1 Pit defined by bedrock and J7=2-2-1-3-3 82-B7 W II E .5-1 - Secondary Subfloor 1 Lacks many small bones. J7=2-1-2-2-1 - W II E ? ? Secondary Floor 7 Lots of disarticulated bones. Redeposited?

Post-publication note: Only one copper needle, metal ID 655, was cataloged from J54=9-1-2-3-5

Post-publication note: The repoussé sheet appears to be gold, not silver, with no corrosion products.

Appendix 2: Paleopathology Report

128

Table 23, continued

Floor/ Number Com- Primary/ Subfloor/ of ID oner/ Secondary/ Patio/ Indivi- Provenience Number Phase Elite Age Sex Partial Wall Fall duals Associated Artifacts and Comments J7=2-4-2-4-4 82-B9 W II E 14-22 ? Primary Subfloor 1 Missing cranium, pelvis, one leg, part of one arm. Disturbed. Looted in excavation. J7=2-52-1-1-3 - W II E Fetus - Secondary Patio 1 In rich garbage midden. J7=2-53-4-1-2 - W II E 14-22 ? Secondary Patio 2 Both fragmentary. J7=2-53-4-1-2 - W II E Child - Secondary Patio J7=3-1-2-2-4 - W II ? Infant - Primary Subfloor 1 Missing most long bones. In niche in bedrock. J7=3-1-3-1-3 - W II ? 15-25 ? Primary Floor 1 Seated with back to wall in stone- lined pit. Lacks cranium, some long bones. Bone needle, tiny pot. Disturbed? Postoccupation? J7=3-2-1-3-4 - W II ? 0-5 - Primary Subfloor 1 Large sherd covers cranium. Well articulated, but missing pelvis, legs, and vertebrae. Grindstone. In niche formed by bedrock and wall. J7=3-51-1-1-3 - W II ? 0-8 - Secondary Patio 1 Five or six camelid mandibles, camelid long bone fragments, four grinding stones, one donut stone blank with hole started. Associations uncertain. Missing vertebrae. J7=3-53-2-2-3 - W II ? Infant - Primary Patio 1 Articulated torso and head, but most long bones missing. In niche in bedrock. J7=3-55-1,2-1-3 82-B14 W II ? 14-22 ? Partial Patio Articulated arm, articulated 2 vertebrae with sacrum. Arm and J7=3-55-1,2-1-3 82-B10 W II ? ? ? Partial Patio vertebrae may or may not be the same individual. Some burned bone. J41=1-2-3-4-6 82-B11 W II E Child - Secondary Subfloor 1 Large sherd covers cranium, another next to it. Cranium, mandible; rib and long bone fragments. J54=1-1-1-4-7 82-B1 W IV? E 20-30 F Primary Subfloor B1: copper tumi near head, 2 phyllite slab covers head. J54=1-1-1-4-7 82-B1b W IV? E Fetus - Primary Subfloor B1b cranium in pelvis of B1. No postcranials. J54=1-20-2-4-9 82-B2 W IV? E 20-25 F Primary Subfloor In rectangular structure. Iron horseshoe and nail may be J54=1-20-2-4-9 82-B3 W IV? E 30+ M Primary Subfloor 3 associated. Large Inka aryballoid body sherd covers crania of B2 and J54=1-20-2-4-9 82-B4 W IV? E Fetus - Primary Subfloor B3. B2 and B3 lie on their sides, facing each other. J54=2-1-2-4-4 82-B12 W III C 40+ M Primary Subfloor Multiple burial covered by phyllite slab. Stone discoid, J54=2-1-2-4-4 82-B13 W III C 50+ ? Primary Subfloor lead ball, copper fragment, two 4-5 shell fragments, two manos, one J54=2-1-2-4-4 - W III C Child - Primary Subfloor pestle, three bone tools, stone hoe, two Cavia crania. In J54=2-1-2-4-4 - W III C Infant - Primary Subfloor depression in bedrock. Infant may be one or two individuals.

Post-publication note: These metals are cataloged as J54=2-1-2-4-1


129

Table 23, continued Floor/ Number Com- Primary/ Subfloor/ of ID oner/ Secondary/ Patio/ Indivi- Provenience Number Phase Elite Age Sex Partial Wall Fall duals Associated Artifacts and Comments

1979 Burials

J41-8-1-1-2-1 79-B1 W II E 6-8 - Secondary Floor Lacks femora, tibia, various bones. J41=8-1-1-2-1 79-B2 W II E Adult ? Secondary Floor Assorted postcranial bones not assignable to other individuals. J41=8-1-1-2-1 79-B2a W II E 14-18 ? Secondary Floor Cranium only. 7 7 J41=8-1-1-2-1 79-B3 W II E 40+ ? Secondary Floor Cranium and assorted long bones. J41=8-1-1-2-1 79-B4 W II E ? ? Secondary Floor Cranial fragments. J41=8-1-1-2-1 79-B4a W II E 3-7 - Secondary Floor Pelvis, vertebrae, femora only. J41=8-1-1-2-1 79-B5 W II E Adult ? Secondary Floor Cranium only. Seven silver disks, bone pin, stone perforated diskoid may be

associated with any or all of these individuals. Some bones were tossed in carelessly, some long bones appear bundled or stacked with two crania. Largest articulated portion is a leg and foot. bones are close to floor surface and in good condition. Postoccupation?

1977 Burials

J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B1 W IV? ? 30+ F Primary Subfloor J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B1a W IV? ? 1-3 - Secondary Subfloor B1a extremely fragmentary: cranial fragments and illiac crest only. J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B1b W IV? ? ? ? Secondary Subfloor 5 B1b extremely fragmentary: vertebrae, phalanges, and patella only. J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B2 W IV? ? 20-25 M? Primary Subfloor J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B3 W IV? ? 12-18 F? Primary Subfloor J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B4 W IV? ? 40+ M Primary Subfloor 1 May be associated with B1-B3 above. Large sherd on head, sherds over body. Copper pin, bone bead, ceramic bowl. J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B5 W IV? ? 2-3 - Primary Subfloor B5 lacks pelvis, tibia, many small 2 bones. J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B5a W IV? ? 0-1 - Secondary Subfloor - B5a lacks cranium, assorted bones. J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B6 W IV ? 18-23 M Primary Subfloor - B6 has sherds on head, colonial beads around neck, glass bead at J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B7 W IV ? 30+ F Primary Subfloor 3 pelvis, shell fragment. B8 is disturbed. All three in rock- J2=701-0-0-3-1 77-B8 W IV ? 16-18 F? Primary Subfloor - lined cavity; two rocks are ground stone. Iron, worked bone, copper axe, two copper balls, copper tumi-shaped ornament,

charcoal concentration, ocher? Copper clip may be associated. Sherds of several reconstructable vessels. J2=702-0-0-2-2 77-B9 W III ? 1.5-2 - Secondary Subfloor 1

Post-publication note: These metals were cataloged in the 1979 system, as J41=707-0-0-1 and J41=707-0-0-2

Post-publication note: These metals were cataloged as J2=701-0-0-2-1, J2=701-0-0-2-3, J2=701-0-0-3-1, and J2=701-0-0-3-3

134

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