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The Status of Abalone Cage Culture and Roles of Women to the Industry
in Wando, Jeonnam Province, Korea
Jeollanam-do Ocean and Fisheries Science Institute Wando Branch Office
27th MAY 2015.
young- j in Park
II. Roles of women in abalone culture and related industries
III. Suggestions for the empowerment of women
I. Abalone and aquatic plant production in Wando (Background)
Per Capita Seafood Consumption by Country
Korea(2010) ranked fourth in the world : 123 lb (56kg)/yr
General Statistics of Wando
• 396.13㎢(3.23% of Jeollanam-do)
• Islands : 265 (Inhabited 55, Uninhabited 210)
• Coastline : 852.97㎞(13.5% of Jeollanam-do)
• Sea area : 4,939.6㎢ (12.6 times of land)
Area
• 53,619 people (0.46% decrease compared to previous year)
Population
• 39 schools (Elementary 21, Middle 12, High 6) 4,856 students
Educational institutions
• 66 (Hospitals 1, Clinics 23, Dentists 10, Oriental Medicines 7, Pharmacies 25)
Medical institutions
• Employment: 10,618 households (16% of a total households over the country)
• Fishing boat/farming area : 10,179 (13%) / 35,342㏊ (14%)
• Fisheries product : 410,000 ton
• Average gross income per household: 75million won (69,813 USD)
Fisheries Status
Jeollanam-do
Wando
Abalone and Aquatic Plant Production in Wando (Background)
• Since the 1970s, Wando has exported various aquatic plants to Japan. • Culture techniques of aquatic plants developed through export have established abalone industry in Wando. • As a result, Wando has led the development of abalone aquaculture techniques and spread them to nationwide
Aquaculture Production of Aquatic Plants for the Past 10 years in Korea
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
laver
Laminraria sp
Undaria sp
etc
Unit : 1,000ton
Phophyra sp., Laminaria sp., and Undaria sp. accounted for 98% of total domestic aquaculture production of aquatic plants. - Phophyra sp 35.8%, Laminaria sp 33.0%, Undaria sp 28.9%
Since 2005, Laminaria sp. production for feeding Abalone have clearly increased. Other major species
- Capsosiphon fulvescens,Hizikia fusiforme,Enteromorpha sp., and Codium frgile.
World Abalone Aquaculture Production
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,00090,694
9,300
1,116 794 910 250 200 171 90 35 100 15 8
2010
2013
Korea: the second largest abalone production country in the world
Domestic Abalone Aquaculture Production
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
3,060
4,498
5,964
7,580
8,578
9,924
8,819 9,328 9,409
2,448
3,688
4,890
5,964 6,887
7,392 7,318
7,420 7,204
Nationwide Wando
Wando: 75-83% of nationwide abalone production
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
180,449
307,487
358,269
437,052
505,263
557,800
655,000
731,440
764,534
171,426
245,006
291,844
415,200
480,000
472,724
542,388
539,754
600,066
Wando County Nationwide
The amount of abalone cages has increased 4.2 fold for the past 9 years.
The Quantitative Scale of Abalone’ s Culturing Cage
Main producing area in Wando
Abalone cage and
Aquatic plants facilities
Age Distribution of Fisheries Workers in Korea(2013)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
under 30yr under 40yr unsder 50yr unsder 60yr unsder 70yr over 70yr
Nationwide Jeonnam Prov.
The ranges of age : 50~60yrs 32%, 60~70yrs 33%, over 70yrs 14% According to the national statistics, nearly 80%of the fisheries workers were more than 50 years old
II. Roles of Women in Abalone Culture
and Related Industries
Grading Young Abalone for Grow-out (Delicate and heedful tasks)
Preparation for Stocking Abalone Spats (Net preparation )
Harvesting Aquatic Plants - Husband: Crane operation - Wife: Assistance in lifting ropes and collection of aquatic plants on board.
Feeding Abalone (Allocation of aquatic plants in each cage)
? Roles of Women
Routine cage management (help net lifting and facility check)
?
Check of befouling organisms on cage nets Check the residual feed and health regularly
Roles of Women
Detaching fouling organisms on the abalone shell
Species : Oysters (on shell), barnacles (on shell), and mussels (on net)
Oysters are the most harmful organism to abalone and also take lots of time to be removed
? Roles of Women
Preparatory job arrangement for a sale Lifting/moving nets in the work station
Manual detaching with a dull kitchen knife Placing abalone on the auto-grader tray
Communal Reciprocity of Labor Force in Harvest and Sales
? Roles of Women
Hanging/mending nets Mopping-up after work
Weighing abalone before sales Assistance in loading products on a truck
Woman Engage Rate in Abalone Farms in Wando
Engaged in farming
activities 75%
Not engaged
25%
Occupation types : Self-employed 100%
Reasons for unengaged are to support children with education, temporary moving to cities, loss of ability to perform labor and/or others.
Woman Education Levels by Age
15.6
25.0
37.5
21.9
66.4
58.9
45.3 42.7
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
elementary school middle school high school collage graduate
Ratio(%) average age
59.4%of the surveyed women took higher education
Women’s Participation Rate in Expertise Training Programs
75
22
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
None one time Twice
participationrate(%)
Do You Get the Gender-Based Discrimination As a Woman?
84%
13%
3%
Indiscrimination Discrimination No comment
Respondents Indiscrimination : 84% Discrimination : 13%
*The women who responded feeling discrimination was over 66 years old (The influence of Confucianism)
Average Daily Wage by Gender
78
108.4
-
20
40
60
80
100
120
female male
In the wage difference between gender, women were admitted to wage gabs because they think men have stronger and more skillful under the same conditions
* Women’s Average daily laboring hours : 6.75hr
Residence After Retirement
Most of woman respondents (90.6%) were satisfied with current living in fisheries villages.
6.3
90.6
3.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
Migration to Cities Remain at the same village Non-response
(%)
Male Assistance in House Chores
House chore share rate by gender
75%
25% female
male
84%
16%
Help
Never
The care of children, cleaning, laundry, study guidance, dishwashing, and waste disposal
III. Suggestions for the Empowerment of Women
Social infrastructures needed to improve the quality of women’s life and empowerment
The Roles of Women Strengthening Measures in Fisheries Communities
Above all, most women wanted to have; - More free time in order to join social communities’ activities. - An half or more housework sharing by their spouse - More child care facilities and pediatrics
New foundation in woman’s professional training center (Financial support of local government)
The most beneficial curriculum development for women. Round-tour training program development for remote islands. Provide local people with education opportunities including gender recognition issues at all kinds of training course.
Central and local governments should prioritize women in various Fisheries Policy Support Projects
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION