How did AQ Khan influence today’s global proliferation efforts?

Overview | AQ Khan The Man, The Myth, The Legend

Abdul Qadeer Khan (1936-Present)

• Pakistani nuclear physicist/metallurgical engineer

• Founder of Pakistan’s uranium enrichment program

• Global nuclear black market

Overview | NetworkThe Man, The Myth, The Legend (Image from “Shopping for Bombs”)

Overview | Tension Between Pakistan and IndiaConflicts and Motivations

Overview | AQ Khan The Man, The Myth, The Legend

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1928-1979)

• Founded nuclear program in 1972

• January 24, 1972: Multan Meeting

• “With granite determination, I put my entire vitality behind the takes of acquiring nuclear capability for my country”

Overview | Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Purpose: To Build Industrial Nuclear Infrastructure Throughout the Country

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

1955: PAEC Established

• Peaceful program became weapons program

• Turning Point: 1971: India’s humiliating win in Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

• Retracted non-weapon

policy and began research in 1972

Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | OverviewObjective: To obtain a nuclear weapon

Crash-Program

1972: President Bhutto approved a nuclear bomb crash-program

1974: Due to India’s "Smiling Buddha” Test, Bhutto created Project-706 “We will eat grass, even go hungry, but we will get one”

Overview | AQ Khan in HollandEarly Espionage

Almelo, Holland Enrichment Plant

1974: 16 Day Espionage• URENCO• Major information leak – centrifuge technology1976: Return to Pakistan

Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview Objective: To obtain nuclear weapons.

Project 706 (1974-1983)• Uranium based nuclear program• Maintain intelligence on India’s nuclear program

Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview Objective: To obtain nuclear weapons.

1976: Project 706 "Kahuta Research Laboratories" • Highly-Enriched Uranium Production

Kahuta Research Laboratories

Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview Objective: To obtain nuclear weapons.

1978: A. Q. Khan Launches Global Recruiting Campaign• Promises of riches• Revamped recruitment effort

Global Recruitment for Nuclear Weapons Development

Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview Objective: To obtain nuclear weapons.

1980: Pakistan advertises nuclear potential • Centrifuge designs

• Enough fuel for 3-6 weapons per year

Self-Sustainability

Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview Objective: To obtain nuclear weapons.

1983: Dutch court sentences A.Q. Khan to four years’ jail - technicality (URENCO 16 Days Espionage)

1986: Pakistan and Iran sign nuclear cooperation agreement• $3,000,000 Deal

• United States: CIA tells the Dutch government to back off AQ Khan

About

Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview Objective: To obtain nuclear weapons

About

1991: Gadaffi spent $40,000,000 on nuclear components • Pakistan black market dealers and scientists

1992: A.Q. Khan talks with North Korea to obtain intermediate-range ballistic missiles for gas centrifuge designs

Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | OverviewTension with India

April 1998: Pakistan test-fires 937-mile range Ghauri missile, can carry nuclear warheads May 1998: India conducts five nuclear tests

Back – and - Forth

Progress in India

1996: India tests Prithvi II missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads

June 1998: Pakistan conducts its first nuclear tests, six in total

Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | OverviewTension with India

Back – and - Forth

Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | OverviewObjective: To obtain a nuclear weapons

Rising Tensions

2001: President Musharraf promotes A.Q. Khan to scientific adviser to president

2002: India and Pakistan close to war after attack on parliament in New Delhi blamed on Pakistani militants

IAEA | AQ Khan How the IAEA Shut Down AQ Khan

IAEA

2003: Iran• IAEA found a large

enrichment facility (Natanz)

• Using centrifuge based on the Urenco Pak-1 gas centrifuge

2003: LibyaIAEA dismantled Libya's nuclear program

Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | OverviewObjective: To obtain a nuclear weapon

The Downfall

2003: Pakistan questioning nuclear scientists, including A.Q. Khan• Information from Iran and Libya passed on by the U.N.'s

International Atomic Energy Agency

2004: Removal of A.Q. Khan as adviser to prime minister.

Global Network | AQ Khan What programs were enabled by AQK, how did he influence proliferation efforts worldwide?

Abdul Qadeer Khan’s Role