AQAEnglishLiteraturePaper1AChristmasCarol

Revisionbooklet

Ms.Gee

REMINDER

Intheexam,youwillbepresentedwithashortextractfromthenovella.TherewillonlybeONEquestiononAChristmasCarol–youMUSTanswerit!

Thequestionwillaskyoutofocusonandideaorcharactersoyoucanshowyourunderstandingofthewholetext.Youcanthendemonstrateyourwordlevellanguageanalysisbyfindingfurtherevidencefromtheextract.Youareadvisedtospend15minutesplanningusingyourhighlighterpen,marginnotesandmind

map,30minuteswritingyourresponseandthen5minutescarefullyproof-readingitforSPAG

accuracy!

(Youwillhavealreadyspenttheprevious50minutesinthisexamwritingyourresponse

tothequestiononShakespeare’sMacbeth.Youhave1hour45minutesforthewholepaper.)

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HOWSHOULDIREVISE?

1. 1)Let’sstartwithremindingyourselfaboutthenovella,itsauthorandthesocialandhistorical

context–seepages2–4.Onceyou’vedonethis,putaticknexttothisstep.

2. 2)Done?Excellent.Nowlookatthesampleexamquestion(unfortunately,wedon’thaveanyold

papersasthisisanewspecification)onpage5.Oncecompletedputaticknexttothissecond

step.

3. 3)Let’snowlookatwhattheexaminersarelookingforandhowyoushouldrespondtoa

question.You’llfindallofthisinformationonpage6.Oncecompleted,putaticknexttothis

thirdstep.

4. 4)Right,herearethegoodquotesthatwecameupwithinclassaswellaswhatyoucouldsay

aboutthemforAO2andAO3.Seepages7–10.Readthroughthistableandputaticknextto

thisoncecompleted.

5. 5)Theblanktableonpage11shouldbeusedtoplanforpossiblequestions.Iwouldsuggest

pickingathemefrompage6andthencreateapossiblequestion,e.g.HowdoesDickenspresent

thesupernatural?Youreventualaimistodothiswithoutreferringtopages7–10.Onceyou

havedonethisforeachofthepossiblethemes,putatickinthisbox.

6. 6)You’llfindthatsomequoteswillbeusefulforprettymuchanyquestion–thoseareyourgold

quotes!Makerevisionflashcardsforthesequotestohelpyoumemorisethem.It’svitalthatyou

memoriseasmanyofthesequotesaspossibleANDthatyouknowwhatyou’regoingtosay

aboutthem(i.e.AO2&AO3).Thisisoneofthemostimportantrevisionstepssospendtimeon

it.Oncecompletedputaticknexttothisstep.

7. 7)Andfinally,practise,practise,practise(intimedconditions–45minutes–andwithyour

quotesmemorised).Themoreyoudo,thebetter(andquicker)you’llgetandthemoreprepared

you’llbe.

PutinthetimeandyouwillhavenoregretsinAugust.

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Dickens’Life:

CharlesDickenswasbornin1812inKentandmovedtoLondonattheageof9.Whenhewas12yearsofage,hisfatherwasarrestedandsenttoadebtors'prison.Dickens'mothermovedsevenoftheirchildrenintoprisonwiththeirfatherbuttookCharlesoutofschoolandarrangedforhimtolivealoneoutsidetheprison,workingwithotherchildlabourersinaterriblejobwhichinvolvedpastinglabelsonbottlesinablacking(shoepolish)warehouse;hewaspoorlypaidandtheconditionswereterrible.Afterhisfatherwasreleasedfromprison,Dickensreturnedtoschool,becomingalawclerkandthenacourtreporterwherehesawtheharshjusticesystemfirst-hand.HeusedhisownexperiencesofgrowingupinKentandworkingasacourtreporterinhisstories.Dickensshockedaudiencesofhisdaywithhisnovels,where‘gentlemen’(theoneswiththewealthandeducation)aretheleastmorally‘good’charactersandaconvictturnsouttobethemostlikeagentleman.Hecampaignedforafairerjusticesystem,areformoftheworkhouses,therightsofthepoor(particularlychildren)tohaveaccesstoeducation,effectivesewersandreasonablehousing;manyofhisnovelsdealwiththesetopics.Withsuchcolourfulcharacters,rivetingnarrativesandwonderfullydescriptivelanguage,DickensbecameoneofthemostpopularEnglishnovelistsofhistime,bothinEnglandandAmerica.In1870,heeventuallycollapsedfromoverworkanddied.

SocialandHistoricalContext:

Dickenswasbornintoatimeofgreatchangeinthewaypeoplelived.Theindustrialrevolutionwastakingplaceandtherewasasuddengrowthofthecities–theeconomyshiftedfromagriculturetoindustryandtrade.Moneyfromindustrymadetherich,richerandtherich/poorgapwidened.Workershadtotoilforlonghoursandlittlemoney.Outofnecessity,childrenofallages(evenasyoungasfiveyearsold!)didn’tgotoschoolandworkedlonghoursforawagein1840s’Britain.Thehousingwasappallingforworkingclassfamilieswholivedinsqualor,deprivation,diseaseandmisery.Theybarelyhadenoughmoneytobuyfoodandthechildmortalitywasveryhigh.InthepoorerquartersofBritain'slargercitiesalmost1in5childrenborninthe1830sand40shaddiedbytheageoffive.Themaincausesofdeathwerepolluteddrinkingwater,dampandtuberculosis,whichclaimedbetween60,000and70,000livesineachdecadeofVictoria'sreign.Therewasnohealthcare–ifyougotillandcouldn'twork,yourwholefamilywasatriskofdeath.Forthosewhowereunabletosupportthemselves,thereweretheworkhouses:thesewerenotintendedaspleasantplacestostay.Men,womenandfamilieswereseparatedandthosewhowerephysicallyablewereexpectedtoworkfortheirkeep.Similartotheworkhousesweredebtors'prisons(thosewhowereunabletopayadebt),suchasMarshalsea,whereCharlesDickens'fatherspenttime.Thewealthyfewontheotherhand,livedinluxurywithlargehouses,plentyofmoney,foodandclothes.Theirchildrendidn’twork,wereeducated,hadexpensivetoysandoftenwentonholiday.BeingseentobecivilisedandadheringtoastrictsetofmoralswasimportanttohighsocietyintheVictorianage.However,thiswasoftencriticisedasbeinghypocriticalforsomeofthereasonsmentionedabove.ControversiallytherewasacallforaSundayObservanceBill(bytheMP,AndrewAgnew)whichwouldbananybusinessorrecreationstakingplaceonaSunday.ThosewhosupporteditbelievedthatitwouldensurethatSundayremainedaspiritualday.Thosewhoopposedit(Dickenswasoneofthose–hewroteascathingessayaboutAndrewAgnew)sawitasanattackonthepoorwhousedSundaystodowhattheyliked.So,whydoyouthinkthatScrooge’scharacterattacksthisideawhenspeakingtotheGhostofChristmasPresent?

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AChristmasCarol:Duringthistimeofunrelentingsocialchange,DickenswroteAChristmasCarol.Firstly,hewantedtowriteagood'ghost'tale–afewscares,afewlaughs,afewtears–tocheerupfamiliesaroundthehearthatwinter(andtopayforhisownturkey,nodoubt);tellingghost-storiesatChristmas-timewasa

long-standingtradition(manyVictoriansbelievedinghostscomingbacktohauntpeople)andthe

gothicgenrewaspopularthroughoutthe19thcentury.However,healsohadtheintentionofdrawing

readers'attentiontotheplightofEngland'spoor,arecurringthemeinmuchofhiswork.Assuch,thenovellacanbereadasasocialcriticismoranallegory(whenaworkhasasocialorpoliticalmessage).Inthetale,DickensincludesadescriptionofthehardshipsfacedbythepooralongsideaheartlessMalthusian*capitalist(Scrooge);theheart-rending,sentimentalcelebrationoftheChristmasseasonwhereScroogeturnsintogenerousprivatebenefactoriswhatDickensfeelscouldbetheanswertomostofsociety’sproblems.Ironically,byconcentratingonthe'pagan'traditionsofChristmas,ratherthanonthenativity,DickenshelpedtochangeChristmasfromaprimarilyChristianfestivaltoaninclusive,secular,socialcelebration–thenovella’spublicationwasthesameyearasthefirstcommerciallyproducedChristmascardwassent!*Malthus’Theory:seegraph.Theeconomist,ThomasMalthussawhavingsmallerfamiliesasonepositivecontributiontoreducingtheproblemofover-population.Healsodescribedanycausesthatcontributedto“decreas[ing]thesurpluspopulation”(Scrooge’swords)aspositive:war,famineandpoorliving&workingconditionswhichmightgiverisetolowresistancetodisease.ThePlot:

1. OnChristmasEve,Scroogemakeshisclerk,BobCratchit,workinthecold.

2. HerefusesaninvitationtohisnephewFred'sChristmaspartyandwillnotgivemoneytothecharitycollectors.

3. Athomeheisvisitedbytheghostofhisoldbusinesspartner,JacobMarley,whowarnsScroogethathis

wayoflifewillleadtomisery.4. TheGhostofChristmasPastwakesScroogeandshowshimmomentsfromhischildhood,his

apprenticeshipandhisfailedengagement.5. TheGhostofChristmasPresenttakeshimtotheCratchit'shome,whereheissaddenedbytheill,but

kind,TinyTim.HeisalsoshownhowFredcelebratesChristmaswithfriendsandhowotherscelebrateChristmastogether,despitebeingpoor.

6. ThefinalghostistheGhostofChristmasYettoComewhoterrifiesScroogewithvisionsofhisdeath,

wherenobodymournshispassing.HealsodiscoversthatTinyTimhasdied.7. ScroogeawakesonChristmasDayandisdelightedtofindhehasthechancetochangehismiserlyways.

HebuysaturkeyfortheCratchitsandattendshisnephew'sparty.8. ScroogebecomeslikeasecondfathertoTinyTim(whodoesn’tdie)andgainsareputationforknowing

howtocelebrateChristmas.

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So…whydoesScroogechange?

1. HeisupsetatthethoughtthatTinyTimmightdie.2. TheGhostofChristmasPresentuseshisowncruelwordsagainsthim.3. Heseeswhatheismissinginthefamilyscenesofcelebration.

Writer’sIdeas/Themes

Thesupernatural:thiswasapartoftheChristmasstory-tellingtraditionthatstartedinthe17thcentury.Bythe19thcentury,therewasaninterestinspiritualism;peoplebelievedspiritswhoresidedintheafterlifewantedtocommunicatewiththeliving.Scroogehas4spiritswhowishtocommunicatewithhim!

Generosityandcompassion:thisistheessenceoftheChristmasspirit.It’satimewhenfamiliesandfriendscometogetherinthehometosharefoodandexchangegiftsbutit’salsoatimewhenwe’resupposedtothinkofthosewhoarelessfortunatethanus.Scrooge’snephewandhisclerkshowcompassiontowardsScroogewhichisinstarkcontrasttothosewhocoldlydismissScrooge(fellowbusinesspeople,hisservants,thepawnshopowner)ashedoesthem.Isthereamessagehere,perhaps?Alackofcompassionleadstoalackofcompassion?

Redemption:Thismeansseeingtheerrorofyourwaysandbeingsavedfromsinorevil.Scroogeistransformedfromamean,greedyandlonelyoldmiser,whowasblindtohissin,intoagenerous,good-natured,belovedcharacter…andjustintime!Themoralmessageofthenovellaisthatallhumanbeingshavetheopportunity/canmakethechoicetobehaveinkinderwaystowardseachotherandbesavedfromdamnation(don’tforgetthereligiousaspect!).

Socialinjustice:JustlikeAnInspectorCalls,Dickens’storyisanattackonasocietywherethereisanunequaldistributionofwealth:therich,whoenjoycomfortandfeastingatChristmas,ignorethedreadfullivingconditionsofthepoor;infact,theyeffectivelypunishthepoorfortheirpovertythroughsuchthingsasthe“Treadmill”andthe“Workhouses”.Thethievesshowhowpeopleweredriventostealfromthedead.TheGhostofChristmasPresentpresentsthechildren(IgnoranceandWant)andstatesthat“TheyareMan’s”responsibility.

Structureofthenovella:

CarolsingingwaspopularwhenDickenswroteAChristmasCarolandhewascertainlyaloverofmusic.Acarolisafestivesong,particularlypopularatChristmas(thesecarolsareoftenaboutChrist’sbirthandthespiritofgiving).Whensongsarewrittenthey’redonesoonstaves.Astaveisasetoffiveparallellinesonwhichamusicalnoteiswritten(seebelow).So,referringtothechaptersasstaveslinkstothetitleofthenovellaandperhapssuggeststothereaderthatthiswillultimatelybeajoyous/moraltale.Thefinal(fifth)stavereturnstomanyoftheideasinStave1sothere’ssymmetrytothenovella.Furthermore,thelaststaveisbothshortandupbeatwithScroogehavingrejectedallofhisearliermiserlyways,becomingagoodChristianagain.

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SAMPLEEXAMQUESTION

Youwillgetanextractfromthenovellaandonequestion,whichwillbeintwoparts.Seebelowforthesamplequestionthattheexamboardhaveprovided.

CharlesDickens:AChristmasCarol

ReadthefollowingextractfromChapter1andthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.InthisextractScroogeisbeingintroducedtothereader.

Startingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentScroogeasanoutsidertosociety?Writeabout:1. howDickenspresentsScroogeinthisextract2. howDickenspresentsScroogeasanoutsidertosocietyinthenovelasawhole.

[30marks]

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WHATARETHEEXAMINERSLOOKINGFOR?

(30marks:AO1=12,AO2=12,AO3=6)

AO1

Read,understandandrespondtotexts.Studentsshouldbeableto:1. maintainacriticalstyleanddevelopaninformedpersonalresponse2. usetextualreferences,includingquotations,tosupportandillustrateinterpretations.

AO2 Analysethelanguage,formandstructureusedbyawritertocreatemeaningsandeffects,usingrelevant

subjectterminologywhereappropriate.

AO3 Showunderstandingoftherelationshipsbetweentextsandthecontextsinwhichtheywerewritten.

WHATSHOULDIWRITE?

1) Firstly,highlightthekeywordsinthequestion

2) Nowreadtheextractandhighlightgoodevidencetoanswerthefirstbulletpointofyour

question,usingyourlefthandmargintonoteinferences(understand,think,feel)andrighthand

margintonotemethods/deliberatechoicesmadebythewriter.Thenmindmap3ideasthat

respondtothequestionfromtheextractand2fromtherestofthetext.(10mins)

3) Writeessay.Don’tbotherwithanintroduction–gostraightintoanalysingtheextractusingup

to3IMERCIparagraphs(20mins)

4) WriteacoupleofdetailedIMERCIsforthesecondpartofyourquestion.(15mins)

5) Sumuphowthewriterpresents…whateverthequestionasks.(5mins)

ModelparagraphforaquestionabouthowScroogeispresented:

AO1(howwellyouanswerthequestion&usequotes):40%

AO2(Analysisoflanguage,structureandform):40%

AO3(ContextandWriter’sIdeas):20%

Thelanguageinthisextractmakesitclearhowmean-spiritedandmiserlyScroogeis.Firstly,heisdescribedasbeing

“assolitaryasanoyster”,asimilewhichdemonstrateshowScroogelockshimselfawayfromsocietyandhasahard

demeanour(althoughthesimilealsoforeshadowsScroogelaterrevealinghissofterside).Thelistingofsimilesalso

suggeststheideaofhimbeingadifficultandcomplicatedcharacter.Furthermore,theuseofsibilancesuggeststhat

heisfrightening;thisisreinforcedbysinisterphysicaldescriptionswhereheisdescribedashaving“eyesred”and

“lipsblue”,evokingimagesofthelivingdead.SuchgothicdescriptionswouldhaveappealedtoaVictorian

readership,whowerefascinatedwiththemacabreandwouldhaveidentifiedScroogeasbeingawickedcharacter;

Dickensmayhavewishedtosuggesttohisprimarilymiddleclassreadership,whowerehighlyconcernedwith

appearance,thatthosewhobehavewickedlywillappearwicked.DickensthenjuxtaposesScrooge’scharacter

alongsideFred’sinorderto…

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AO1(Quotes&response)40%

AO2(Analysisoflanguage,structure&form)40%

AO3(Context)20%

“squeezing,wrenching,grasping,scraping…”linkto“onecoal”

3rdpersonnarrationdeliversajudgementalandsomewhatmockingtonewhichportraysScroogeinanegativelight.Asyndeticlistingofverbmodifierswhichareallsynonymswithnegativeconnotationssuggestthatthere’snoendtohisselfishactions–thisisreinforcedbythe“onecoal”thatheallowshisclerkinthemiddleofwinter;thereaderwouldfeelsympathyforBobCratchit(theclerk).

Thisreflectsthewealthywhomademoneyattheexpenseofthepoorworkers.Dickenswasrenownedforhisdetailedwritingstylewithlotsoflonglists,powerfuladjectives,similesandmetaphors.Afterall,hehadtofillaweeklycolumneachweek!

“assolitaryasanoyster”

Simile–hardontheoutsidebuthints(foreshadowshislatertransformation)atasofterinnerself.Sibilancecreatesasinistereffectwhichlinkstohisdescription(seenextpieceofevidence).

“eyesred…lipsblue”linktotheghost“comingupthestairs”linkto“Thechain...waslong,andwoundabouthimlikeatail”and“infernalatmosphere”

Placementofadjectivesisreverseofexpectations–suggestshe’samonster.GothicatmosphereiscontinuedwithDickens’useofellipsisof“itwas”andtheuseofthepresentparticiple“coming”tocreatetheeffectofithappeningnow–tenseforthereader.SeeGeorgeBooth’sparagraphontheblogtoseehowyoucouldwriteaboutthismorecomplexanalysis.ThedescriptionofMarley’sghostisdisturbingandthe“tail”issuggestiveofasnake,whichitselfissymbolicofthedevil–thisideaisreinforcedby“infernal(relatingtohell)atmosphere”.

Gothicdescription–populargenre.There’salsoasimilaritytothewaythatFrankenstein’smonsterisdescribedinMaryShelley’searliernovel(writtenin1818).Theimageofpurgatorywouldhavebeenveryrecognisable(andfrightening!)toaChristianreadership.

“fog”

Repetition/patheticfallacycreateanuninvitingatmosphere(whichlinkstoScrooge’spersonalityatthestart).AlsosymbolicofScrooge’sinabilitytoseethegoodaroundhim.

Londonwasknownforitssmog(mixtureofsmokeandfog)fromallthefactoriesandhomes.DickensactuallyopenshisnovelBleakHousebydescribingthesmogasbeingresponsibleforthe“deathofthesun”.

“astakeofhollythroughhisheart”vs.Fred’s(“handsome…eyessparkled”)/“thinkofpeoplebelowthem”

UsingitemsassociatedwithChristmastokillthosewhocelebrateChristmasisviolentimagerybutsoexaggeratedthatScrooge’scharacterseemsmoreridiculousthansinister:Dickensdoesn’twantthereadertoreallyhateScrooge’scharacterotherwisewewouldfeelnojoyathislater“transformation”.ThejuxtapositionofFred’scharacterwhoishandsomeandcharitablemakesScrooge’scharacterseemevenuglier.

Readerswouldhaveinstantlyassociatedthe“holly”and“pudding”withChristmas.

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AO1(Quotes&response)40%

AO2(Analysisoflanguage,structure&form)40%

AO3(Context)20%

“Asolitarychild”linkto“father…muchkinderthanheusedtobe”

TheuseoftheGhostofChristmasPastallowsthereadertofeelsympathyforScroogeaswerealisethathemayhavebeentreatedunkindlyasachild.Scroogefeelssympathyfirstforhimselfandthentheyoungcarolsingerhethreatenedthepreviouseveningandthenhefeelsguiltyaboutnotbeingabetteruncletothenephewofhissisterwhohad“alargeheart”anddiedyoung.

Dickenshimselffeltlonelywhenhisfamilywenttoadebtors’prison.

Fezziwig:“fuelheapeduponthefire”/“happinesshegives...asgreat...asafortune”linkto“clerk”

AllofthewordsassociatedwithFezziwighavepositiveconnotations.ScroogeactuallyargueswiththeghostwhotrickshimintodefendinghisformerbossbysayingthatFezziwigdidn’tspendmuchontheparty.ItalsomakesScroogethinkabouthowhetreatshis“clerk”.

“Ireleaseyou”fromthe“contract”linkto“agolden[idol]”

ThisisthelanguageofcommercewhichdemonstratesthatBelle(anamethatmeansbeautifulincidentally)understandsthatScroogeisobsessedwithmoney.ItalsosuggeststhatheisnolongeragoodChristian–seecontextè

Abiblicalallusion(itisaChristmasstoryafterall!)tothestoryofthegoldcalfwhichwasworshippedasafalsegod.

“alone”

Repeated–suggestingthatselfishnesswillleadtoalifeoflonelinessbutalsointimatesthatindividuallywemustpayforoursinsinlife,e.g.likeJacobMarleydoes.

Thesecondideaherewouldhavebeenarecognisablepassagefromthebible(Corinthians)toVictorianreaderswhowouldhavebeenwellversedinthescriptures.

“hecouldnothidethelight”

Lightisrepeatedandissymbolicofseethetruth/rightpathtotake.Scroogedoesn’twanttoknowwhathisgreedhasdonetohim(andothers),i.e.losingBelle.He’dratherremaininhis“fog”thanbeilluminated(learnfromhispasttochangehispresentactions–similarideatoAnInspectorCalls).

There’sanotherbiblicalallusionhere.Lightrepresentsgoodness/hope/God.Again,thiswouldhavebeenobvioustoaVictorianreadership.

“Transformation”linkto“Light”linkto“Letmeprofitbyit”

Scrooge’sroomhadbeentransformedandtheword“light”isrepeatedagainbutScroogehasalsobeentransformed:hewishesto“profit”bylearningany“lesson”theGhostofChristmasPresenthastoteach.However,thelanguageofcommerceheresuggeststhathislearningisn’tyetcomplete.

“Because[poverty]needsitmost.”linkto“Thisearthofyours”linkto“Theyareman’s”–“Ignorance”&“Want”–“shrivelled”&“twisted”

Personificationofpovertytoelicitsympathy–reinforcedbytheshortsentence.WhenScroogequestionsthelawsdoneinGod’sname,there’sanattackbytheghostsayingthelawsareman’screation.Laterhepresentsthetwochildren(morepersonification)tometaphoricallyrepresenttherich(ignorant)andthepoor(thosewhoareneedhelp);Ignorancemightalsobeinterpretedasthelackofeducationaffordedtothepoor,whichwouldhaveenabledthemtoforgebetterlives.Thedescriptionofthepoorchildrenisparticularlyshocking/horrifying.

Dickenswasfamiliarwiththepoorworkingconditionsoftheworkers.Healsocampaignedfortheeducationrightsforchildren.Aswellasthis,seethenoteabouttheproposedSundayObservanceBillinthecontextualinformation,whichrelatestothisexchangebetweentheghost&Scrooge.Youmayneedtorereadtheextract.

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AO1(Quotes&response)40%

AO2(Analysisoflanguage,structure&form)40%

AO3(Context)20%

“Decreasethesurpluspopulation”linkto“Scroogehunghishead”linkto“discoveredWhatthesurplusis”

TheghostusesScrooge’searlierwordstoattackhimwhenScroogebegsforTinyTim’slifetobespared.There’salsoanothernicequote(metaphor)aboutthe“insectontheleaf”thatyoumaywishtouse(seeStave3).

ThisisalsoDickens’attackonMalthus’Theory.Don’tforgetthatScroogeisametaphorforMalthusiancapitalists.Seecontextualinformationaboveifyoucan’trecallwhatthetheoryentails.

“Theirclotheswerescanty…buttheywerehappy”linkto“rememberuponChristmasDay,whomadelamebeggarswalk”

TheCratchitsmakedowiththeverylittletheyhave,arecaringandsupportiveofoneanother–showstheirgenerousspirit,eveninchallengingcircumstances(wealsoseethiswhentheghosttakesScroogetoanumberofterribleplaces).EvenTinyTim’scommentisgenerous:heseeshisdisabilitypositivelyasitwillmakeothersthinkofJesusonChristmasDay.ScroogeisverymovedbyTinyTimandshowsconcern.

Dickenschallengespreconceptionsthatthewealthyhadaboutthepoor.ThestoryofJesusperformingmiraclesuponthelameandtheblindwouldhavebeenwell-known.

“IftheseshadowsremainunalteredbytheFuture,thechildwilldie.”

TheconditionalsubordinateclauserepresentsScrooge’sfutureactions&it’salsorepeatedlater.Intermsofsyntax,themainclausehasbeenplacedattheendtodemonstratetheresultsofthoseactions.Thebrevityofthemainclauseisshocking/emotiveandrepresentsTinyTim’sshortlife.Furthermore,themodalverb“will”conveyscertainty,makingitallthemoreemotive&persuadesScroogethathistransformationisurgentlyrequiredinordertosavetheboy.SeeGeorgeBooth’sparagraphontheblogtoseehowtowriteaboutthis.

Childmortalitywashighandthiswaslargelyduetotheterriblelivingconditionsofthepoorwhostruggledtosurviveonsuchlowwages.Seecontextualinformationabove.

“Hiswealthisofnousetohim.Hedon’tdoanygoodwithit.”

Unlikehisguests,FredfeelssympathynotangertowardsScrooge.He’saforgivingcharactereventhoughhe’sbeentreatedbadlybyScrooge.

LinkstoDickens’desireforafairer,morecaringsociety.Seecontextualnotes.

“Ihopetolivetobeanotherman”or“heresolvedtotreasureupeveryword”or“IwillhonourChristmasinallmyheart”

UseanyofthesequotestocontrastwithScrooge’sstubbornnessandfeelingsaboutothers/Christmasatthestartofthenovella.

“calico…becomingtothebody”linkto“theyhavebroughthimtoarichend”

Scrooge’sgoodshirthasbeenreplacedbyonemadeof“calico”,whichtheservantfeelsisfittingtothetypeofpersonhewas;hismoreexpensiveitemsaresoldtomakethemmoney.Scrooge’sbodyisdealtwithbycruel,uglypeoplewhotreathimthewayhetreatedothersinlife.Scroogeishorrifiedandseemstounderstandthatmoneyisnotasimportantasfriendsandfamily.

Calicoisaverycheapmaterial.Thedeceasedwereusuallydressedintheirbestattire;fortherichthatwouldbesilkshirts,etc.

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AO1(Quotes&response)40%

AO2(Analysisoflanguage,structure&form)40%

AO3(Context)20%

“bereft,unwatched,unwept,uncaredforwasthebody”linkto“hissolefriend,andsolemourner”linkto“ahappierhouseforthisman’sdeath”linkto“[Fred]isthepleasantest-spokengentleman”

Anotherlonglistofadjectives,whicharesynonyms.Comparewithrepetitionof“sole”(6timesinonesentence!)aboutMarleyatthestartofthenovella–emphasisesthatnobodycaresabouthimandremindsushowsimilarMarleyandScroogeare.ThencontrastwhatwassaidaboutScroogewithwhatwassaidaboutFred.

ThiswentagainstwhatVictoriansconsideredtobea“gooddeath”whereyoudiesurroundedbyfriends&familyandthenaremournedafterwards.

“Mylittlechild!Mylittlechild!”linkto“thychildishessencewasfromGod!”

Therepeatedshortexclamationsarehonest&emotive.BobCratchitwouldelicitsympathy(perhapsguilt?)fromprimarilyfemale,wealthyreaders.TinyTim’sgenerousspirit&selflessnessrepresenttheChristmasspiritandassuchheseemslikeanunnecessarysacrificeduetotheselfishnessofthewealthy.

Linktothehighmortalityrateofchildren,particularlyamongstthepoor–seecontextualnotes.

“Iamaslightasafeather…ashappyasanangel…”

LotsofsimilestoshowbothScrooge’selationata‘secondchance’inlife(he’sbeen‘saved’)andtodemonstratehowdifficultitistoputintowordshowhappyheis.The“angel”certainlycontrastswiththedevilishdescriptionofMarleyatthestartofthenovella.

“clang,clash,hammer”linkto“glorious…glorious!”“cold”linkto“everythingcouldyieldhimpleasure”

OnomatopoeiaofunpleasantsoundsandyetScroogeappreciatesthemwhichisevidentwhenherepeats/exclaims,“glorious”.Somethingnormallyunpleasantlikethe“cold”givesScrooge“pleasure”–demonstrateshowhehaschanged/appreciateseverythingaroundhim.

“nofog,nomist,clear,bright”

Motifsofdarkandlightagain.The“fog”thatwasrepeatedatthestartisnowgone.Hehaslearnthislessonandtransformed.

“somepeoplelaughed…thesewouldbeblindanyway”linkto“standinginthespiritatyourelbow”

ThenarratorseemstoremindusthattherearestillthosewhoarelikeScroogeinsociety.Thedeclarativesentencesuggestscertaintyfromamysteriousnarratorwhois“atyourelbow”(suggestingthatthenarratorisanangel/God?)topersuadetheselfishwealthytochangetheirwaysfortheDayofJudgement.

ThisideathatGodisalwayswatchingyouractionsissomethingthataVictorianreadershipwouldhaveoftenheardinchurch.

“toTinyTim,whodidnotdie,hewasasecondfather”

Scroogehasanadoptedfamily.Therelativeclauseandtheitalicising(capitalisationinsomeeditions)of“not”demonstratesthatScrooge’schoices/actionsultimatelysavedTim’slife.Thenovellaendsonpositivenotesuggestingthatwecanallchangeourselfishways.

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AO1(Quotes&response)40%

AO2(Analysisoflanguage,structure&form)40%

AO3(Context)20%

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EXAMPLEEXTRACTSANDPOSSIBLEEXAMQUESTIONSINCHRONOLOGICALORDER

Stave1Readtheextractbelowthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.Here,ScroogeisbeingintroducedtothereaderforthefirsttimeSometimespeoplenewtothebusinesscalledScroogeScrooge,andsometimesMarley,butheansweredtobothnames.Itwasallthesametohim.Oh!Buthewasatight-fistedhandatthegrindstone,Scrooge!asqueezing,wrenching,grasping,scraping,clutching,covetous,oldsinner!Hardandsharpasflint,fromwhichnosteelhadeverstruckoutgenerousfire;secret,andself-contained,andsolitaryasanoyster.Thecoldwithinhimfrozehisoldfeatures,nippedhispointednose,shrivelledhischeek,stiffenedhisgait;madehiseyesred,histhinlipsblue;andspokeoutshrewdlyinhisgratingvoice.Afrostyrimewasonhishead,andonhiseyebrows,andhiswirychin.Hecarriedhisownlowtemperaturealwaysaboutwithhim;heicedhisofficeinthedog-days;anddidn’tthawitonedegreeatChristmas.ExternalheatandcoldhadlittleinfluenceonScrooge.Nowarmthcouldwarm,nowintryweatherchillhim.Nowindthatblewwasbittererthanhe,nofallingsnowwasmoreintentuponitspurpose,nopeltingrainlessopentoentreaty.Foulweatherdidn’tknowwheretohavehim.Theheaviestrain,andsnow,andhail,andsleet,couldboastoftheadvantageoverhiminonlyonerespect.Theyoften“camedown”handsomely,andScroogeneverdid.Nobodyeverstoppedhiminthestreettosay,withgladsomelooks,“MydearScrooge,howareyou?Whenwillyoucometoseeme?”Nobeggarsimploredhimtobestowatrifle,nochildrenaskedhimwhatitwaso’clock,nomanorwomaneveronceinallhislifeinquiredthewaytosuchandsuchaplace,ofScrooge.Eventheblindmen’sdogsappearedtoknowhim;andwhentheysawhimcomingon,wouldtugtheirownersintodoorwaysandupcourts;andthenwouldwagtheirtailsasthoughtheysaid,“Noeyeatallisbetterthananevileye,darkmaster!”Startingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentScroogeasanoutsidertosociety?Writeabout:•HowDickenspresentsScroogeinthisextract•HowDickenspresentsScroogeasanoutsidertosocietyinthenovelasawhole.[30marks]

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Readtheextractbelowthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.

Here,Scroogeistalkingwiththecharityworkerswhoseekhelpforthepoor“Atthisfestiveseasonoftheyear,Mr.Scrooge,”saidthegentleman,takingupapen,“itismorethanusuallydesirablethatweshouldmakesomeslightprovisionforthePooranddestitute,whosuffergreatlyatthepresenttime.Manythousandsareinwantofcommonnecessaries;hundredsofthousandsareinwantofcommoncomforts,sir.”“Aretherenoprisons?”askedScrooge.“Plentyofprisons,”saidthegentleman,layingdownthepenagain.“AndtheUnionworkhouses?”demandedScrooge.“Aretheystillinoperation?”“Theyare.Still,”returnedthegentleman,“IwishIcouldsaytheywerenot.”“TheTreadmillandthePoorLawareinfullvigour,then?”saidScrooge.“Bothverybusy,sir.”“Oh!Iwasafraid,fromwhatyousaidatfirst,thatsomethinghadoccurredtostopthemintheirusefulcourse,”saidScrooge.“I’mverygladtohearit.”“UndertheimpressionthattheyscarcelyfurnishChristiancheerofmindorbodytothemultitude,”returnedthegentleman,“afewofusareendeavouringtoraiseafundtobuythePoorsomemeatanddrink,andmeansofwarmth.Wechoosethistime,becauseitisatime,ofallothers,whenWantiskeenlyfelt,andAbundancerejoices.WhatshallIputyoudownfor?”“Nothing!”Scroogereplied.“Youwishtobeanonymous?”“Iwishtobeleftalone,”saidScrooge.“SinceyouaskmewhatIwish,gentlemen,thatismyanswer.Idon’tmakemerrymyselfatChristmasandIcan’taffordtomakeidlepeoplemerry.IhelptosupporttheestablishmentsIhavementioned—theycostenough;andthosewhoarebadlyoffmustgothere.”“Manycan’tgothere;andmanywouldratherdie.”“Iftheywouldratherdie,”saidScrooge,“theyhadbetterdoit,anddecreasethesurpluspopulation.Besides—excuseme—Idon’tknowthat.”“Butyoumightknowit,”observedthegentleman.“It’snotmybusiness,”Scroogereturned.“It’senoughforamantounderstandhisownbusiness,andnottointerferewithotherpeople’s.Mineoccupiesmeconstantly.Goodafternoon,gentlemen!”Startingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentideasaboutsocialresponsibility?Writeabout:1. HowDickenspresentsideasaboutsocialresponsibilityinthisextract2. HowDickenspresentsideasaboutsocialresponsibilityinthenovelasawhole[30marks]

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Readthefollowingextractthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.

Here,Marley’sGhostappears.Thesameface:theverysame.Marleyinhispigtail,usualwaistcoat,tightsandboots;thetasselsonthelatterbristling,likehispigtail,andhiscoat-skirts,andthehairuponhishead.Thechainhedrewwasclaspedabouthismiddle.Itwaslong,andwoundabouthimlikeatail;anditwasmade(forScroogeobserveditclosely)ofcashboxes,keys,padlocks,ledgers,deeds,andheavypurseswroughtinsteel.Hisbodywastransparent;sothatScrooge,observinghim,andlookingthroughhiswaistcoat,couldseethetwobuttonsonhiscoatbehind.ScroogehadoftenhearditsaidthatMarleyhadnobowels,buthehadneverbelievedituntilnow.No,nordidhebelieveitevennow.Thoughhelookedthephantomthroughandthrough,andsawitstandingbeforehim;thoughhefeltthechillinginfluenceofitsdeath-coldeyes;andmarkedtheverytextureofthefoldedkerchiefboundaboutitsheadandchin,whichwrapperhehadnotobservedbefore;hewasstillincredulous,andfoughtagainsthissenses.“Hownow!”saidScrooge,causticandcoldasever.Startingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentghosts?Writeabout:1. HowDickenspresentsMarley’sghostinthisextract2. HowDickenspresentsghostsintherestofthenovel[30marks]

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Readthefollowingextractthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.Here,MarleyspeakswithScrooge“Itisrequiredofeveryman,”theGhostreturned,“thatthespiritwithinhimshouldwalkabroadamonghisfellowmen,andtravelfarandwide;andifthatspiritgoesnotforthinlife,itiscondemnedtodosoafterdeath.Itisdoomedtowanderthroughtheworld—oh,woeisme!—andwitnesswhatitcannotshare,butmighthavesharedonearth,andturnedtohappiness!”Againthespectreraisedacry,andshookitschainandwrungitsshadowyhands.“Youarefettered,”saidScrooge,trembling.“Tellmewhy?”“IwearthechainIforgedinlife,”repliedtheGhost.“Imadeitlinkbylink,andyardbyyard;Igirdeditonofmyownfreewill,andofmyownfreewillIworeit.Isitspatternstrangetoyou?”Scroogetrembledmoreandmore.“Orwouldyouknow,”pursuedtheGhost,“theweightandlengthofthestrongcoilyoubearyourself?Itwasfullasheavyandaslongasthis,sevenChristmasEvesago.Youhavelabouredonit,since.Itisaponderouschain!”Scroogeglancedabouthimonthefloor,intheexpectationoffindinghimselfsurroundedbysomefiftyorsixtyfathomsofironcable:buthecouldseenothing.“Jacob,”hesaid,imploringly.“OldJacobMarley,tellmemore.Speakcomforttome,Jacob!”Startingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentthethemeofguilt?Writeabout:1. HowDickenspresentstheguiltofMarleyinthisextract2. HowDickenspresentsguiltinthenovelasawhole[30marks]

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ReadthefollowingextractthenanswerthequestionthatfollowsHere,Marleyreturnstothemist.Theairwasfilledwithphantoms,wanderinghitherandthitherinrestlesshaste,andmoaningastheywent.EveryoneofthemworechainslikeMarley’sGhost;somefew(theymightbeguiltygovernments)werelinkedtogether;nonewerefree.ManyhadbeenpersonallyknowntoScroogeintheirlives.Hehadbeenquitefamiliarwithoneoldghost,inawhitewaistcoat,withamonstrousironsafeattachedtoitsankle,whocriedpiteouslyatbeingunabletoassistawretchedwomanwithaninfant,whomitsawbelow,uponadoorstep.Themiserywiththemallwas,clearly,thattheysoughttointerfere,forgood,inhumanmatters,andhadlostthepowerforever.Whetherthesecreaturesfadedintomist,ormistenshroudedthem,hecouldnottell.Buttheyandtheirspiritvoicesfadedtogether;andthenightbecameasithadbeenwhenhewalkedhome.Scroogeclosedthewindow,andexaminedthedoorbyStartingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentideasaboutactionsandconsequences?Writeabout:3. HowDickenspresentsactionsandconsequencesinthisextract4. HowDickenspresentsactionsandconsequencesinthenovelasawhole[30Marks]

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Stave2Readtheextractbelowthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.Here,ScroogehasbeenvisitedbytheGhostofChristmasPastItwasastrangefigure—likeachild:yetnotsolikeachildaslikeanoldman,viewedthroughsomesupernaturalmedium,whichgavehimtheappearanceofhavingrecededfromtheview,andbeingdiminishedtoachild’sproportions.Itshair,whichhungaboutitsneckanddownitsback,waswhiteasifwithage;andyetthefacehadnotawrinkleinit,andthetenderestbloomwasontheskin.Thearmswereverylongandmuscular;thehandsthesame,asifitsholdwereofuncommonstrength.Itslegsandfeet,mostdelicatelyformed,were,likethoseuppermembers,bare.Itworeatunicofthepurestwhite;androunditswaistwasboundalustrousbelt,thesheenofwhichwasbeautiful.Itheldabranchoffreshgreenhollyinitshand;and,insingularcontradictionofthatwintryemblem,haditsdresstrimmedwithsummerflowers.Butthestrangestthingaboutitwas,thatfromthecrownofitsheadtheresprungabrightclearjetoflight,bywhichallthiswasvisible;andwhichwasdoubtlesstheoccasionofitsusing,initsdullermoments,agreatextinguisherforacap,whichitnowheldunderitsarm.Startingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresenttheappearanceofghosts?Writeabout:5. HowDickenspresentstheappearanceoftheghostinthisextract6. HowDickenspresentstheappearanceofghostsinthenovelasawhole[30Marks]

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Readtheextractbelowthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.

Here,theGhostofChristmasPastshowsScroogehisyoungerselfasaschoolboyThen,witharapidityoftransitionveryforeigntohisusualcharacter,hesaid,inpityforhisformerself,“Poorboy!”andcriedagain.“Iwish,”Scroogemuttered,puttinghishandinhispocket,andlookingabouthim,afterdryinghiseyeswithhiscuff:“butit’stoolatenow.”“Whatisthematter?”askedtheSpirit.“Nothing,”saidScrooge.“Nothing.TherewasaboysingingaChristmasCarolatmydoorlastnight.Ishouldliketohavegivenhimsomething:that’sall.”TheGhostsmiledthoughtfully,andwaveditshand:sayingasitdidso,“LetusseeanotherChristmas!”Scrooge’sformerselfgrewlargeratthewords,andtheroombecamealittledarkerandmoredirty.Thepanelsshrunk,thewindowscracked;fragmentsofplasterfelloutoftheceiling,andthenakedlathswereshowninstead;buthowallthiswasbroughtabout,Scroogeknewnomorethanyoudo.Heonlyknewthatitwasquitecorrect;thateverythinghadhappenedso;thattherehewas,aloneagain,whenalltheotherboyshadgonehomeforthejollyholidays.Hewasnotreadingnow,butwalkingupanddowndespairingly.ScroogelookedattheGhost,andwithamournfulshakingofhishead,glancedanxiouslytowardsthedoor.Startingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentthethemeoflonelinessandisolation?Writeabout:7. HowDickenspresentslonelinessandisolationinthisextract8. HowDickenspresentslonelinessandisolationinthenovelasawhole[30Marks]

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Readtheextractbelowthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.

Here,theGhostofChrismtasPasthastakenScroogetoFezziwig’sball.Incameafiddlerwithamusic-book,andwentuptotheloftydesk,andmadeanorchestraofit,andtunedlikefiftystomach-aches.IncameMrs.Fezziwig,onevastsubstantialsmile.IncamethethreeMissFezziwigs,beamingandlovable.Incamethesixyoungfollowerswhoseheartstheybroke.Incamealltheyoungmenandwomenemployedinthebusiness.Incamethehousemaid,withhercousin,thebaker.Incamethecook,withherbrother’sparticularfriend,themilkman.Incametheboyfromovertheway,whowassuspectedofnothavingboardenoughfromhismaster;tryingtohidehimselfbehindthegirlfromnextdoorbutone,whowasprovedtohavehadherearspulledbyhermistress.Intheyallcame,oneafteranother;someshyly,someboldly,somegracefully,someawkwardly,somepushing,somepulling;intheyallcame,anyhowandeveryhow.Awaytheyallwent,twentycoupleatonce;handshalfroundandbackagaintheotherway;downthemiddleandupagain;roundandroundinvariousstagesofaffectionategrouping;oldtopcouplealwaysturningupinthewrongplace;newtopcouplestartingoffagain,assoonastheygotthere;alltopcouplesatlast,andnotabottomonetohelpthem!Whenthisresultwasbroughtabout,oldFezziwig,clappinghishandstostopthedance,criedout,“Welldone!”andthefiddlerplungedhishotfaceintoapotofporter,especiallyprovidedforthatpurpose.Butscorningrest,uponhisreappearance,heinstantlybeganagain,thoughtherewerenodancersyet,asiftheotherfiddlerhadbeencarriedhome,exhausted,onashutter,andhewereabran-newmanresolvedtobeathimoutofsight,orperish.Startingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresenthappinessandjoyinthenovel?Writeabout:9. HowDickenspresentshappinessandjoyinthisextract10. HowDickenspresentshappinessandjoyinthenovelasawhole[30Marks]

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Readtheextractbelowthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.Here,ScroogegetsridoftheghostofChristmaspast.“Leaveme!Takemeback.Hauntmenolonger!”Inthestruggle,ifthatcanbecalledastruggleinwhichtheGhostwithnovisibleresistanceonitsownpartwasundisturbedbyanyeffortofitsadversary,Scroogeobservedthatitslightwasburninghighandbright;anddimlyconnectingthatwithitsinfluenceoverhim,heseizedtheextinguisher-cap,andbyasuddenactionpresseditdownuponitshead.TheSpiritdroppedbeneathit,sothattheextinguishercovereditswholeform;butthoughScroogepresseditdownwithallhisforce,hecouldnothidethelight,whichstreamedfromunderit,inanunbrokenfloodupontheground.Hewasconsciousofbeingexhausted,andovercomebyanirresistibledrowsiness;and,further,ofbeinginhisownbed-room.Hegavethecapapartingsqueeze,inwhichhishandrelaxed;andhadbarelytimetoreeltobed,beforehesankintoaheavysleep.

Startingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentScrooge’sattitudetochange?

Writeabout:11. HowDickenspresentsScrooge’sattitudetochangeinthisextract12. HowDickenspresentsScrooge’sattitudetochangeinthenovelasawhole[30Marks]

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Stave3

Readtheextractbelowthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.Here,ScroogemeetstheGhostofChristmasPresent.Heapeduponthefloor,toformakindofthrone,wereturkeys,geese,game,poultry,brawn,greatjointsofmeat,sucking-pigs,longwreathsofsausages,mince-pies,plum-puddings,barrelsofoysters,red-hotchestnuts,cherry-cheekedapples,juicyoranges,lusciouspears,immensetwelfth-cakes,andseethingbowlsofpunch,thatmadethechamberdimwiththeirdelicioussteam.Ineasystateuponthiscouch,theresatajollyGiant,glorioustosee;whoboreaglowingtorch,inshapenotunlikePlenty’shorn,andhelditup,highup,tosheditslightonScrooge,ashecamepeepingroundthedoor.“Comein!”exclaimedtheGhost.“Comein!andknowmebetter,man!”Scroogeenteredtimidly,andhunghisheadbeforethisSpirit.HewasnotthedoggedScroogehehadbeen;andthoughtheSpirit’seyeswereclearandkind,hedidnotliketomeetthem.“IamtheGhostofChristmasPresent,”saidtheSpirit.“Lookuponme!”Scroogereverentlydidso.Itwasclothedinonesimplegreenrobe,ormantle,borderedwithwhitefur.Thisgarmenthungsolooselyonthefigure,thatitscapaciousbreastwasbare,asifdisdainingtobewardedorconcealedbyanyartifice.Itsfeet,observablebeneaththeamplefoldsofthegarment,werealsobare;andonitsheaditworenoothercoveringthanahollywreath,sethereandtherewithshiningicicles.Itsdarkbrowncurlswerelongandfree;freeasitsgenialface,itssparklingeye,itsopenhand,itscheeryvoice,itsunconstraineddemeanour,anditsjoyfulair.Girdedrounditsmiddlewasanantiquescabbard;butnoswordwasinit,andtheancientsheathwaseatenupwithrust.“YouhaveneverseenthelikeofmebeforeStartingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentsocialresponsibility?Writeabout:13. HowDickenspresentsthethemeofgenerosityinthisextract14. HowDickenspresentsthethemeofgenerosityinthenovelasawhole[30Marks]

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Readtheextractbelowthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.

Here,theGhostofChristmasPresenttakesScroogetoseetheCratchitt’sdinner.Hesatveryclosetohisfather’ssideuponhislittlestool.Bobheldhiswitheredlittlehandinhis,asifhelovedthechild,andwishedtokeephimbyhisside,anddreadedthathemightbetakenfromhim.“Spirit,”saidScrooge,withaninteresthehadneverfeltbefore,“tellmeifTinyTimwilllive.”“Iseeavacantseat,”repliedtheGhost,“inthepoorchimneycorner,andacrutchwithoutanowner,carefullypreserved.IftheseshadowsremainunalteredbytheFuture,thechildwilldie.”“No,no,”saidScrooge.“Oh,no,kindSpirit!sayhewillbespared.”“IftheseshadowsremainunalteredbytheFuture,noneotherofmyrace,”returnedtheGhost,“willfindhimhere.Whatthen?Ifhebeliketodie,hehadbetterdoit,anddecreasethesurpluspopulation.”ScroogehunghisheadtohearhisownwordsquotedbytheSpirit,andwasovercomewithpenitenceandgrief.Startingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentthetransformationofScrooge?Writeabout:15. HowDickenspresentsthetransformationofScroogeinthisextract16. HowDickenspresentsthetransformationofScroogeinthenovelasawhole[30Marks]

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Readtheextractbelowthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.Here,theGhostofChristmasPresentrevealsIgnoranceandWanttoScrooge.Fromthefoldingsofitsrobe,itbroughttwochildren;wretched,abject,frightful,hideous,miserable.Theykneltdownatitsfeet,andclungupontheoutsideofitsgarment.“Oh,Man!lookhere.Look,look,downhere!”exclaimedtheGhost.Theywereaboyandgirl.Yellow,meagre,ragged,scowling,wolfish;butprostrate,too,intheirhumility.Wheregracefulyouthshouldhavefilledtheirfeaturesout,andtouchedthemwithitsfreshesttints,astaleandshrivelledhand,likethatofage,hadpinched,andtwistedthem,andpulledthemintoshreds.Whereangelsmighthavesatenthroned,devilslurked,andglaredoutmenacing.Nochange,nodegradation,noperversionofhumanity,inanygrade,throughallthemysteriesofwonderfulcreation,hasmonstershalfsohorribleanddread.Scroogestartedback,appalled.……………………………………………………………“Spirit!aretheyyours?”Scroogecouldsaynomore.“TheyareMan’s,”saidtheSpirit,lookingdownuponthem.“Andtheyclingtome,appealingfromtheirfathers.ThisboyisIgnorance.ThisgirlisWant.Bewarethemboth,andalloftheirdegree,butmostofallbewarethisboy,foronhisbrowIseethatwrittenwhichisDoom,unlessthewritingbeerased.Denyit!”criedtheSpirit,stretchingoutitshandtowardsthecity.“Slanderthosewhotellitye!Admititforyourfactiouspurposes,andmakeitworse.Andabidetheend!”“Havetheynorefugeorresource?”criedScrooge.“Aretherenoprisons?”saidtheSpirit,turningonhimforthelasttimewithhisownwords.“Aretherenoworkhouses?”Thebellstrucktwelve.ScroogelookedabouthimfortheGhost,andsawitnot.Startingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentideasaboutguiltandblame?Writeabout:17. HowDickenspresentsideasaboutguiltandblameinthisextract18. HowDickenspresentsideasaboutguiltandblameinthenovelasawhole[30Marks]

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Stave4Readtheextractbelowthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.Here,ScroogemeetstheGhostofChristmasYettoCome.THEPhantomslowly,gravely,silentlyapproached.Whenitcamenearhim,Scroogebentdownuponhisknee;forintheveryairthroughwhichthisSpiritmoveditseemedtoscattergloomandmystery.Itwasshroudedinadeepblackgarment,whichconcealeditshead,itsface,itsform,andleftnothingofitvisiblesaveoneoutstretchedhand.Butforthisitwouldhavebeendifficulttodetachitsfigurefromthenight,andseparateitfromthedarknessbywhichitwassurrounded.Hefeltthatitwastallandstatelywhenitcamebesidehim,andthatitsmysteriouspresencefilledhimwithasolemndread.Heknewnomore,fortheSpiritneitherspokenormoved.“IaminthepresenceoftheGhostofChristmasYetToCome?”saidScrooge.TheSpiritanswerednot,butpointedonwardwithitshand.“YouareabouttoshowmeshadowsofthethingsthathaveStartingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentasenseofmysteryandfear?Writeabout:19. HowDickenspresentsasenseofmysteryandfearinthisextract20. HowDickenspresentsasenseofmysteryandfearinthenovelasawhole[30Marks]

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Readtheextractbelowthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.Here,ScroogewitnessesBobdealingwithTinyTim’sDeath.IpromisedhimthatIwouldwalkthereonaSunday.Mylittle,littlechild!”criedBob.“Mylittlechild!”Hebrokedownallatonce.Hecouldn’thelpit.Ifhecouldhavehelpedit,heandhischildwouldhavebeenfartherapartperhapsthantheywere.Helefttheroom,andwentup-stairsintotheroomabove,whichwaslightedcheerfully,andhungwithChristmas.Therewasachairsetclosebesidethechild,andthereweresignsofsomeonehavingbeenthere,lately.PoorBobsatdowninit,andwhenhehadthoughtalittleandcomposedhimself,hekissedthelittleface.Hewasreconciledtowhathadhappened,andwentdownagainquitehappyStartingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentthethemeofloss?Writeabout:21. HowDickenspresentsthethemeoflossinthisextract22. HowDickenspresentsthethemeoflossinthenovelasawhole[30Marks]

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Readtheextractbelowthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.Here,Scroogevisitshisowngrave.TheSpiritstoodamongthegraves,andpointeddowntoOne.Headvancedtowardsittrembling.ThePhantomwasexactlyasithadbeen,buthedreadedthathesawnewmeaninginitssolemnshape.“BeforeIdrawnearertothatstonetowhichyoupoint,”saidScrooge,“answermeonequestion.ArethesetheshadowsofthethingsthatWillbe,oraretheyshadowsofthingsthatMaybe,only?”StilltheGhostpointeddownwardtothegravebywhichitstood.“Men’scourseswillforeshadowcertainends,towhich,ifperseveredin,theymustlead,”saidScrooge.“Butifthecoursesbedepartedfrom,theendswillchange.Sayitisthuswithwhatyoushowme!”TheSpiritwasimmovableasever.Scroogecrepttowardsit,tremblingashewent;andfollowingthefinger,readuponthestoneoftheneglectedgravehisownname,EBENEZERSCROOGE.AssuremethatIyetmaychangetheseshadowsyouhaveshownme,byanalteredlife!”Thekindhandtrembled.“IwillhonourChristmasinmyheart,andtrytokeepitalltheyear.IwillliveinthePast,thePresent,andtheFuture.TheSpiritsofallThreeshallstrivewithinme.Iwillnotshutoutthelessonsthattheyteach.Oh,tellmeImayspongeawaythewritingonthisstone!”Inhisagony,hecaughtthespectralhand.Itsoughttofreeitself,buthewasstronginhisentreaty,anddetainedit.TheSpirit,strongeryet,repulsedhim.Holdinguphishandsinalastprayertohavehisfatereversed,hesawanalterationinthePhantom’shoodanddress.Itshrunk,collapsed,anddwindleddownintoabedpost.Startingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentScrooge’sregret?Writeabout:23. HowDickenspresentsScrooge’sregretinthisextract24. HowDickenspresentsScrooge’sregretinthenovelasawhole[30Marks]

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Stave5

Readtheextractbelowthenanswerthequestionthatfollows.Here,Scroogewakesuptorealisehehasbeengivenanotherchance.“IwillliveinthePast,thePresent,andtheFuture!”Scroogerepeated,ashescrambledoutofbed.“TheSpiritsofallThreeshallstrivewithinme.OhJacobMarley!Heaven,andtheChristmasTimebepraisedforthis!Isayitonmyknees,oldJacob,onmyknees!”Hewassoflutteredandsoglowingwithhisgoodintentions,thathisbrokenvoicewouldscarcelyanswertohiscall.HehadbeensobbingviolentlyinhisconflictwiththeSpirit,andhisfacewaswetwithtears.“Theyarenottorndown,”criedScrooge,foldingoneofhisbedcurtainsinhisarms,“theyarenottorndown,ringsandall.Theyarehere—Iamhere—theshadowsofthethingsthatwouldhavebeen,maybedispelled.Theywillbe.Iknowtheywill!”Hishandswerebusywithhisgarmentsallthistime;turningtheminsideout,puttingthemonupsidedown,tearingthem,mislayingthem,makingthempartiestoeverykindofextravagance.“Idon’tknowwhattodo!”criedScrooge,laughingandcryinginthesamebreath;andmakingaperfectLaocoönofhimselfwithhisstockings.“Iamaslightasafeather,Iamashappyasanangel,Iamasmerryasaschoolboy.Iamasgiddyasadrunkenman.AmerryChristmastoeverybody!AhappyNewYeartoalltheworld.Hallohere!Whoop!Hallo!”Startingwiththisextract,howdoesDickenspresentScroogeasachangedman?Writeabout:25. HowDickenspresentsScroogeasachangedmaninthisextract26. HowDickenspresentsScroogebeforethischange[30Marks]