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Approaches to baseline setting and MRV under the CDM. Urban Methodologies for the Built Environment Workshop Bonn, Germany. Outline. Overview of methodologies in buildings Methodological approaches Suppressed demand Concluding remarks. CDM methodologies in building energy efficiency. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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UNFCCC Secretariat
Victoria Novikova, SDM Programme
Approaches to baseline setting and MRV under the CDM
Urban Methodologies for the Built Environment Workshop
Bonn, Germany
2
Outline
• Overview of methodologies in buildings
• Methodological approaches
• Suppressed demand
• Concluding remarks
CDM methodologies in building energy efficiency
4
Methodological approaches: baseline setting & MRV
Scale
• Large scale
• Small scale
Scope
• Individual end-uses
• Whole building
Methodological approaches
• Survey
• Benchmarking
• Modeling
• Standardized default parameters
5
Methodological approaches: baseline setting and MRV
• Survey
• Benchmarking
• Modeling
• Standardized default parameters
6
Survey and benchmarking
Similar buildings:
•Located in the same municipality, state, province, county
•Built & occupied within 5 years
•Located in region with annual HDD/CDD in range 80% -120%
•Similar socio-economic conditions
• Income level, property prices/m2 (min. 3 socio-economic classes)
•Comparable size (GFA +/- 50%)
•Occupancy
• Year-round residence – residential buildings
• Operated on annual average min. 30hrs/week – commercial &
public buildings
7
Survey and benchmarking
Survey:
•Sample size: statistically representative
•Baseline: average performance
Benchmarking:
•Sample size: 20 buildings
•Baseline: top 20% best performing buildings
Emission reductions:
•monitored difference between baseline & project buildings
8
Modeling
Modeling requirements:
•Validation:
• IEA’s BESTEST protocol (Building Energy Simulation Test)
•Calibration:
• actual energy consumption of project buildings
• first full year of project building operation
•Documentation: software, input files (building & system
characteristics, loads & operating schedules, weather data, etc.)
•Simulation and calibration:
• Skilled operator: min. 3 years of relevant experience, professional
education and/or training
9
Modeling
Baseline model: baseline energy consumption of buildings
•Characteristics of baseline buildings
• New: (1) sample 20 bldngs, top 20% best performing bldngs
(2) interview with 5 construction companies/experts =>
building characteristics
• Retrofit: pre-retrofit characteristics
•Occupancy, control strategies, weather data - project buildings
Project model: project building characteristics, actual consumption,
occupancy, control strategies, weather data
Emission reductions: modeled electrical & thermal energy savings
multiplied by appropriate EFs
10
Standardized default parameters
CFL lighting:
•3.5 hours - default operating hours
Battery charged LED/ LED lighting:
•2 years – default lamp effective use life
•7 years - default lamp effective use life with quality proof
•0.092/tCO2 – default lamp emission factor for baseline
Super efficient refrigerators
•Deemed savings:
•Baseline benchmark: energy consumption of A class refrigerator
in the EU market
•Project annual electricity consumption: manufacturer
11
Suppressed demand - min energy service to meet basic human needs
Deemed to exist:
•Rural areas in country with electrification rate below 20%
•Animal dung – the most common fuel used in project area
•LDCs & SIDs
•Special Underdeveloped Zone* in a developing country
• Zone, municipality, other administrative unit
• More than 50% of population with income less than 2 USD/day (PPP)
• GNI/capita in country is less than 3,000 USD & the population in the
zone is among the 20% poorest in the poverty ranking in the country
* “Guidelines for demonstrating additionality of microscale project
activities”
Energy poverty in low-income residential buildings
Source: OECD/IEA (2011) 12
13
Suppressed demand: standardized default parameters
Rural electrification using renewable energy:
•> 55k Wh of RES: 6.8tCO2/MWh
•55-250 kWh of RES: 1.3 tCO2/MWh
•<250 kWh of RES: 1.0 tCO2/MWh
14
Suppressed demand: whole building based on survey
Suppressed demand factor 1.20 => multiply baseline energy of
targeted end-use (heating, cooking and/or electricity)
•Sample size: 20 buildings
•Located in the same municipality, built & occupied within 5 year
•Located in region with annual HDD/CDD in range 80% -120%
•Similar socio-economic conditions (Income level, property prices/m2)
•Comparable size (GFA range from 50% to 150%)
•Occupancy
• Year-round residence – residential buildings
• Operated on annual average min. 30hrs/week – commercial &
public buildings
15
Suppressed demand: whole building using modeling
Run model: 2 times generate baseline energy in each year of crediting
period
•Baseline building characteristics
•T-settings & weather experienced by project buildings
Run 1: Temperature settings
Specified in relevant building code
Healthy indoor temperatures recommended by WHO
Run 2: Temperature settings
Project model observed in project building
Baseline energy = MIN [Run 1; Run 2]
16
Concluding remarks
CDM- well-tested tool box for MRV-ing emissions from buildings
Methodological approaches tailored to user needs
• Individual end-uses
• Whole building
Tested via application in a variety of context in developing countries
Reduced transaction costs for MRV
• Targeting individual end uses
• Using models and benchmarks
• Providing utilization defaults
Provide methods to address specific needs of LDCs, SIDs, African
countries and Underdeveloped Zones in developing countries
Continuously evolves and becomes more usable taking into account
experience gained from application and international knowledge
17
Thank you for your attention!
18
Building codes 17Côte d’Ivoire Guam Hong Kong India
12 Indonesia Mexico Malaysia Singapore Philippines Vietnam South Africa 9Chile Sri Lanka ArgentinaChina Thailand BangladeshJamaica Taiwan 6 BotswanaJordan Egypt Syria Costa Rica Kazakhstan Israel Brazil DjiboutiKorea, South Lebanon Morocco IranKuwait Pakistan Paraguay NicaraguaTunisia Palestine Algeria UruguayTurkey Saudi Arabia Colombia Venezuela
MandatoryMixed and/or voluntary Proposed No standards
Residential onlyNon-residential onlyBoth/all buildingsNo standards
K .Janda 2009